Artificial Insemination - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FEREN...

Author: Health Publica Icon Health Publications

52 downloads 1014 Views 3MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

ARTIFICIAL

INSEMINATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Artificial Insemination: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83744-9 1. Artificial Insemination-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on artificial insemination. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION ...................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Artificial Insemination.................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION ............................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Artificial Insemination ................................................................ 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION ...................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 General References ....................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION ........................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Dissertations on Artificial Insemination ..................................................................................... 59 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION ................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patents on Artificial Insemination............................................................................................... 61 Patent Applications on Artificial Insemination........................................................................... 95 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 105 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION .................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 107 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 109 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 111 Chapters on Artificial Insemination .......................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.......................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 113 Bibliography: Multimedia on Artificial Insemination ............................................................... 114 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION....................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 115 Academic Periodicals covering Artificial Insemination ............................................................. 117 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 119 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 120 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 125 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 128 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129

viii Contents

Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 129 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 136 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 139 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 139 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 139 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 145 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 145 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION DICTIONARY ...................................................................... 147 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 187

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with artificial insemination is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about artificial insemination, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to artificial insemination, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on artificial insemination. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to artificial insemination, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on artificial insemination. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on artificial insemination.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and artificial insemination, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Focus : A Guide to AIDS Research and Counseling Contact: University of California San Francisco, AIDS Health Project, 1855 Folsom St Ste 670, San Francisco, CA, 94103-4241, (415) 502-8378, http://www.ucsf-ahp.org. Summary: This journal discusses the decision made by pregnant women with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) to continue or terminate the pregnancy, and the issues surrounding such a choice. The first article in the journal provides information concerning the perinatal transmission of HIV/AIDS from mother to child, and how this can be prevented through the use of therapeutic drugs such as AZT. It suggests a number of issues that reproductive counselors can discuss with clients with HIV/AIDS who are considering having a child, and recommends how to conduct such counseling. The second article of the journal

4

Artificial Insemination

examines ethical issues surrounding the use of the therapeutic drug, Nevirapine, in the medical treatment of HIV-positive pregnant women. It analyzes the data from clinical trials in which pregnant women had used Nevirapine in their treatment regimen, and discusses the ethical issues that are a result of these studies. The journal includes articles that suggest that it may be possible to predict the perinatal transmission of HIV in pregnant women, analyze survey results concerning the attitudes of HIV-positive women towards having children, and examine the use of frozen sperm versus fresh sperm to prevent the spread of HIV in artificial insemination.

Federally Funded Research on Artificial Insemination The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to artificial insemination. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to artificial insemination. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore artificial insemination. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for artificial insemination: •

Project Title: HUMAN SPERM ZONA ACCEPTOR: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Benoff, Susan H.; Associate Professor; North Shore University Hospital 300 Community Dr Manhasset, Ny 11030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We focus on developing an understanding of toxic metal action in the human testis. A male factor is present about 60% of infertile couples, but underlying molecular mechanisms are largely uncharacterized. Exciting results from our current work hints at one mechanism. Lead levels were elevated markedly in testes and seminal plasma (in 25% of males in four independent populations). High lead correlated with expression of particular potassium and calcium ion channel isofomis, with poor sperm-fertilization-potential biomarkers and low fertility by IVF, artificial insemination and coitus. A significant fraction of subjects studied longitudinally switched from high lead states to low lead states, with simultaneous conversion of biomarkers from infertile to fertile and switch in potassium channel isoform expression. This suggested lead epigerietically modified testicular gene expression (at the levels of transcription and mRNA splicing) and that potassium channel isoforms could be developed as biomarkers for lead exposure. A preliminary DNA microarray study of a lead-treated "lead-resistant" rat strain identified many lead-affected genes as being involved in calcium-mediated induction of apoptosis, including a potassium channel.

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

Supported by current somatic cell apoptosis mechanisms, this prompted our hypothesis that lead exposures produce male infertility by altering calcium homeostatsis, and a related detailed mechanism of lead action. These will be tested in a lead-treated leadsensitive" rat strain and in humans. We will use microarrays to probe in rats for affected testicular genes with CAMP response elements and other genes involved in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV signaling. Controls include metal testing by atomic absorption, TUNEL estimates of apoptosis, cell type levels by histology and by cell-type-specific mRNA levels, and protein expression by Westerns. Comparison with the "lead-resistant" strain should identify lead-sensitivity" genes. We will probe for the same genes in a human clinical population, with similar controls. We will also probe for genes co-regulated with the potassium channel above. Results will test several specific steps in our proposed mechanism: verifying, negating or modifying it. Because microarrays cannot detect differential calcium channel splicing events correlated with lead effects upon human testes, this gene and other calcium transporters will be studied by immunocytochemistry, RT in situ PCR and real-time PCR. Outcome is test of hypothesis, and possible mechanism explaining infertility associated with low sperm counts or idiopathic male infertility, tools for diagnosis, and hope for treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VANADOCENES AS A NEW CLASS OF SPERMICIDAL DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: D'cruz, Osmond J.; Paradigm Pharmaceuticals, Llc 2685 Patton Rd St. Paul, Mn 55113 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-MAR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Detergent-based spermicides are the most popular forms of reversible contraception in the United States the active ingredient in these spermicides is nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a non-ionic surfactant, which has been available in various forms for over 30 years. Surfactant spermicides have high contraceptive failure rate and interfere with natural and protective vaginal mechanisms thereby enhancing the risk of transmission and infection by a sexually transmitted disease. It would be desirable, therefore, to provide improved vaginal spermicides without toxicity. In a systematic search effort to identify non-toxic spermicides potentially capable of performing better and without the drawback of detergent-type spermicides, we have rationally designed and synthesized several disubstituted metallocene derivatives, where bis(cyclopentadienyl) moieties are positioned in a tetrahedral symmetry and in a bent conformation with respect to the central transition metal atoms. We discovered bis (cyclopentadienyl) complexes of vanadium(IV) or vanadocenes to have rapid, potent, and selective spermicidal activity. They work by targeting the motility-apparatus of sperm Vanadocenes lack membrane toxicity and hence have the potential to perform better, than those available today. We have synthesized a series of vanadocenes and studied how chemical modification of simple inorganic vanadium salt alters the properties of vanadium as potent spermicides. Unlike N-9, vanadocenes are spermicidal at nanomolar to micromolar ranges without cytotoxicity to human female genital tract epithelial cells and lack mucosal, systemic, and reproductive toxicity in animal models. Vanadocenes, because of their potent spermicidal activity and lack of inflammatory and toxic effects, may be useful as a new class of vaginal contraceptives for women. Results of our in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the lead vanadocene complex, vanadocene dithiocatbamate (VDDTC), would be an attractive candidate to further explore as a vaginal spermicide. Therefore, preclinical studies will be performed to test the in vivo contraceptive efficacy in the relevant animal model. The porcine model was found to be a suitable animal model for investigating the in vivo contraceptive efficacy

6

Artificial Insemination

of spermicidal vanadocenes. Using the minipig model, we will test our hypothesis that vaginally delivered gel-microemulsion formulation of VDDTC prior to artificial insemination will prevent the conception without side effects. We will test the dose and duration of vaginally applied gel formulation of VDDTC on fertility rates in artificially inseminated and hormonally primed gilts. The development of a mechanism-based spermicide aimed at mild contraception will be a potentially paradigm shifting area in contraception research. The preclinical data on the in vivo efficacy of gel formulation of VDDTC will be essential to further explore the utility of VDDTC as an intravaginal spermicide in Phase II. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for artificial insemination in the PubMed Central database: •

PCR Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Semen Specimens Processed for Artificial Insemination. by Pannekoek Y, Westenberg SM, de Vries J, Repping S, Spanjaard L, Eijk PP, van der Ende A, Dankert J.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87472

•

Transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus in domestic cats via artificial insemination. by Jordan HL, Howard J, Sellon RK, Wildt DE, Tompkins WA, KennedyStoskopf S.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190907

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

7

number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with artificial insemination, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for artificial insemination (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of successful use of reproductive technology for a couple with subfertility due to retrograde ejaculation, where artificial insemination had failed. Author(s): Kovacs GT, Lawrence M, Burden J, Poulos C. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1994 February; 34(1): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8053865&dopt=Abstract

•

A double method sperm wash for artificial insemination. Author(s): Chan PJ, Tredway DR, Su BC, Corselli J, Pang SC. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1992 July-August; 29(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503523&dopt=Abstract

•

A pilot study of gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa)/superovulation/donor intrauterine insemination (IUI) after unsuccessful artificial insemination with donor sperm (DI). Author(s): Hercz P, Walker SM, Wells C, Gregory L. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1994 May; 11(5): 278-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711390&dopt=Abstract

•

A preliminary study on the usefulness of huIL-8 in cervical relaxation of the ewe for artificial insemination and for embryo transfer. Author(s): Croy BA, Prudencio J, Minhas K, Ashkar AA, Galligan C, Foster RA, Buckrell B, Coomber BL. Source: Theriogenology. 1999 July 15; 52(2): 271-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10734394&dopt=Abstract

•

A prospective randomized study comparing fresh semen and cryopreserved semen for artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Iddenden DA, Sallam HN, Collins WP. Source: Int J Fertil. 1985; 30(1): 50, 55-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2862120&dopt=Abstract

8

Artificial Insemination

•

A prospective randomized trial of artificial insemination versus intercourse in cycles stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropin or clomiphene citrate. Author(s): Karlstrom PO, Bergh T, Lundkvist O. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1993 March; 59(3): 554-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8458457&dopt=Abstract

•

A prospective, randomized, cross-over comparison of two methods of artificial insemination by donor on the incidence of conception: intracervical insemination by straw versus cervical cap. Author(s): Flierman PA, Hogerzeil HV, Hemrika DJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 September; 12(9): 1945-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9363712&dopt=Abstract

•

A protocol for the recruitment and screening of semen donors for an artificial insemination by donor programme. Author(s): Chauhan M, Barratt CL, Cooke S, Cooke ID. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1988 October; 3(7): 873-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3182978&dopt=Abstract

•

A randomized trial between GIFT and ovarian stimulation for the treatment of unexplained infertility and failed artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Hogerzeil HV, Spiekerman JC, de Vries JW, de Schepper G. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1992 October; 7(9): 1235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1479004&dopt=Abstract

•

A within-patient comparison between superovulation with intra-uterine artificial insemination using husband's washed spermatozoa and gamete intrafallopian transfer in unexplained infertility. Author(s): Iffland CA, Reid W, Amso N, Bernard AG, Buckland G, Shaw RW. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1991 May 10; 39(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1903346&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of the attitudes and emotional processes in couples undergoing artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Rojo-Moreno J, Valdemoro C, Garcia-Merita ML, Tortajada M. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 February; 11(2): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671213&dopt=Abstract

Studies

9

•

Anaphylactic reaction after artificial insemination. Author(s): Orta M, Ordoqui E, Aranzabal A, Fernandez C, Bartolome B, Sanz ML. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 April; 90(4): 446-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722969&dopt=Abstract

•

Appraisal, coping, and emotional health of infertile couples undergoing donor artificial insemination. Author(s): Prattke TW, Gass-Sternas KA. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1993 November-December; 22(6): 516-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133361&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization using donor spermatozoa: a report on 15 years of experience. Author(s): Clarke GN, Bourne H, Hill P, Johnston WI, Speirs A, McBain JC, Baker HW. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 April; 12(4): 722-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9159432&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor (AID) and the use of surrogate mothers. Author(s): Davis JH, Brown DW. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1984 July; 141(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6475039&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor at Groote Schuur Hospital. Author(s): Allen DG, Alperstein A, Tsalacopoulos G. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1985 February 23; 67(8): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3983777&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor results in relation to husband's semen. Author(s): Formigli L, Formigli G, Gottardi L. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1985; 14(2-3): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4062417&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Hargreave TB. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 September 7; 291(6496): 6134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3928048&dopt=Abstract

10

Artificial Insemination

•

Artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Jones WR, Denholm EH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 September 1; 141(5): 317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6472171&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): MacLean AB, Aickin DR, Evans JJ, Stemmer MR. Source: N Z Med J. 1984 July 25; 97(760): 484-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6591002&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor. Safety and secrecy. Author(s): Guinan ME. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 March 15; 273(11): 890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869563&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor: a review of 12 years' experience. Author(s): James WH. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1984 January; 16(1): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6699039&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor: an alternative for single women. Author(s): Baetens P, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1995 June; 10(6): 1537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7593531&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor: problems and issues. Author(s): Poteet GW, Lamar EK. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1986; 7(5): 391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3639871&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor--a new look. Author(s): Peterson EP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 October; 46(4): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3758379&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by husband in unexplained infertility compared with infertility associated with peritoneal endometriosis. Author(s): Omland AK, Tanbo T, Dale PO, Abyholm T. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 September; 13(9): 2602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9806292&dopt=Abstract

Studies

11

•

Artificial insemination faces regulation, testing of donor semen, other measures. Author(s): Marwick C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 September 9; 260(10): 1339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3404587&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination for oligospermia. A critical review. Author(s): Schoysman R, Daniore V. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1991 March-April; 22(2): 75-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1746215&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination in a lesbian. A case analysis. Author(s): Perkoff GT. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1985 March; 145(3): 527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3977520&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination in lesbians. Ethical considerations. Author(s): Fletcher JC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1985 March; 145(3): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3977509&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination in RhD negative women. Author(s): Greiss MA, Terry P, Urbaniak SJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1995 August; 10(8): 2176. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567866&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination of single women and lesbian women with donor semen. Artificial insemination with donor semen: particular requests. Author(s): Englert Y. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1994 November; 9(11): 1969-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868654&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination of single women. Author(s): Sheriff DS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1985 November; 44(5): 713-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4054354&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination of single women. Author(s): McGuire M, Alexander NJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1985 February; 43(2): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3967780&dopt=Abstract

12

Artificial Insemination

•

Artificial insemination performed by husband. Author(s): Mazzola P, Stangel JJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1984 April; 41(4): 654. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6705944&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination report prompts call for regulation. Author(s): Byrne G. Source: Science. 1988 August 19; 241(4868): 895. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3406745&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination using fresh donor semen. Author(s): Glezerman M, Potashnik G. Source: Andrologia. 1988 September-October; 20(5): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3207196&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination with donor cryopreserved semen: importance of the volume of semen and influence of ovulatory dysfunctions. Author(s): Painvain E, Barlese MG, Sanna F. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1989 March-April; 20(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2800934&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination with donor semen: the necessity of frequent donor screening. Author(s): Marks JL, Marks D, Lipshultz LI. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1990 February; 143(2): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2153844&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination with fresh donor semen. Author(s): Hassiakos D, Zourlas PA, Mantzavinos T. Source: Int J Fertil. 1990 September-October; 35(5): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980665&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination with fresh donor semen. Author(s): Brotherton J. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1990; 25(2): 173-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2222080&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination with frozen semen. Sex ratio at birth. Author(s): Alfredsson JH. Source: Int J Fertil. 1984; 29(3): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6152252&dopt=Abstract

Studies

13

•

Artificial insemination with husband's sperm (AIH): techniques for sperm selection. Author(s): Pardo M, Bancells N. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1989; 22(1): 15-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2653254&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination, egg donation and adoption. Author(s): Dorff EN. Source: Conserv Jud. 1996 Fall; 49(1): 3-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831267&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination. Progress and clinical application. Author(s): Iizuka R. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1991; 626: 399-413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2058963&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination. Role of endometrial thickness and pattern, of vascular impedance of the spiral and uterine arteries, and of the dominant follicle. Author(s): Tsai HD, Chang CC, Hsieh YY, Lee CC, Lo HY. Source: J Reprod Med. 2000 March; 45(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10756496&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination: an overview. Author(s): Olshansky EF, Sammons LN. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1985 November-December; 14(6 Suppl): 49S-54S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3908630&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination: can appropriate stimulation improve success rates? Author(s): Eberhard WG. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1991 October; 36(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1779918&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination: right of privacy and the difficulty of maintaining donor anonymity. Author(s): Dollens LR. Source: Indiana Law Rev. 2001; 35(1): 213-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715814&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination--where do we stand now? Author(s): Hovatta OL. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1992 April; 24(2): 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1610543&dopt=Abstract

14

Artificial Insemination

•

Assessing doctors as reasonable doctors and as reasonable persons: a reminder in the context of negligent transmission of HIV during artificial insemination. Ter Neuzen v. Korn. Author(s): Casswell DG. Source: J Contemp Health Law Policy. 1993 Spring; 9: 159-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10183887&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessing the physician's standard of care when HIV is transmitted during artificial insemination. Ter Neuzen v. Korn. Author(s): Casswell DG. Source: J Contemp Health Law Policy. 1994 Spring; 10: 231-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10184121&dopt=Abstract

•

Attitudes and opinions of donors on an artificial insemination by donor (AID) programme. Author(s): Rowland R. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1983 December; 2(4): 249-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6687214&dopt=Abstract

•

Attitudinal survey of sperm donors to an artificial insemination clinic. Author(s): Sauer MV, Gorrill MJ, Zeffer KB, Bustillo M. Source: J Reprod Med. 1989 May; 34(5): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2732985&dopt=Abstract

•

Better postcoital test for oligospermic patients using split ejaculate artificial insemination. Author(s): Adoni A, Palti Z. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1979 May; 31(5): 587-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=446782&dopt=Abstract

•

Caffeine and artificial insemination. Author(s): Ronen A, Marcus M. Source: Mutation Research. 1978 June; 53(3): 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=672926&dopt=Abstract

•

Cervical cap homologous artificial insemination (AIH): the University of Florence experience. Author(s): Noci I, Chelo E, Scarselli G, Messori A. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1986 March-April; 17(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3739559&dopt=Abstract

Studies

15

•

Changes in artificial insemination regimens for male factor infertility. Author(s): Jacobs LA, Ory SJ. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 September; 32(3): 586-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2673602&dopt=Abstract

•

CIBA foundation symposium. Legal and other aspects of artificial insemination by donor (AID) and embryo transfer. Author(s): McLaren A, Parkes AS. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1973 April; 5(2): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4698899&dopt=Abstract

•

Clomiphene use for donor artificial insemination. Author(s): Portuondo JA, Echanojauregui AD, Agustin A, Herran C. Source: Int J Fertil. 1982; 27(3): 171-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6128323&dopt=Abstract

•

Clomiphene-regulated ovulation for donor artificial insemination. Author(s): Klay LJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1976 April; 27(4): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1269803&dopt=Abstract

•

Community attitudes to artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Kovacs GT, Morgan GC, Rawson G, Wood C. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1986 January; 15(1): 50-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3964131&dopt=Abstract

•

Community attitudes to artificial insemination by husband or donor, in vitro fertilization, and adoption. Author(s): Rowland R, Ruffin C. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1983 September; 2(3): 195-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6677395&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of semen quality and follicular growth between conception and nonconception cycles after artificial insemination by donor using cryopreserved semen. Author(s): Glander HJ, Baier D, Haake KW. Source: Int J Fertil. 1988 May-June; 33(3): 178-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2899563&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of the methods of artificial insemination on the incidence of conception in single unmarried women. Author(s): Peters AJ, Hecht B, Wentz AC, Jeyendran RS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1993 January; 59(1): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8419198&dopt=Abstract

16

Artificial Insemination

•

Comparison of the role of cervical and intrauterine insemination techniques on the incidence of multiple pregnancy after artificial insemination with donor sperm. Author(s): Tur R, Buxaderas C, Martinez F, Busquets A, Coroleu B, Barri PN. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1997 May; 14(5): 250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9147237&dopt=Abstract

•

Complexity of motivation for artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Brand HJ. Source: Psychological Reports. 1987 June; 60(3 Pt 1): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3615738&dopt=Abstract

•

Complications and pitfalls of artificial insemination. Author(s): Stone SC. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 September; 23(3): 667-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7418285&dopt=Abstract

•

Concentration of viable spermatozoa for artificial insemination. Author(s): Jeyendran RS, Perez-Pelaez M, Crabo BG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 January; 45(1): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3943644&dopt=Abstract

•

Continuing problems of artificial insemination. Author(s): Fish SA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1965 October; 38(4): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5827661&dopt=Abstract

•

Counselling patients for artificial insemination and subsequent pregnancy. Author(s): Thompson W, Boyle DD. Source: Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1982 April; 9(1): 211-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7105610&dopt=Abstract

•

Cryopreservation of semen in men with testicular tumour or Hodgkin's disease: results of artificial insemination of their partners. Author(s): Scammell GE, White N, Stedronska J, Hendry WF, Edmonds DK, Jeffcoate SL. Source: Lancet. 1985 July 6; 2(8445): 31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2861465&dopt=Abstract

Studies

17

•

Cumulative conception rate following intrauterine artificial insemination with husband's spermatozoa: influence of husband's age. Author(s): Mathieu C, Ecochard R, Bied V, Lornage J, Czyba JC. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1995 May; 10(5): 1090-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7657747&dopt=Abstract

•

Current practice of artificial insemination by donor in the United States. Author(s): Curie-Cohen M, Luttrell L, Shapiro S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 March 15; 300(11): 585-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=763271&dopt=Abstract

•

Current status of artificial insemination with donor semen. Author(s): Goss DA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 May; 122(2): 246-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1171622&dopt=Abstract

•

Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in semen of artificial insemination donors by the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): van den Brule AJ, Hemrika DJ, Walboomers JM, Raaphorst P, van Amstel N, Bleker OP, Meijer CJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1993 May; 59(5): 1098-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8486181&dopt=Abstract

•

Differences in the attitudes of couples whose children were conceived through artificial insemination by donor in 1980 and in 1996. Author(s): van Berkel D, van der Veen L, Kimmel I, te Velde E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 February; 71(2): 226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9988389&dopt=Abstract

•

Discovering donors: legal rights to access information about anonymous sperm donors given to children of artificial insemination in Johnson v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Author(s): Bauman JH. Source: Gold Gate Univ Law Rev. 2001 Spring; 31(2): 193-218. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666687&dopt=Abstract

•

Donor artificial insemination at a private infertility center. Author(s): Kating CE, Patton GW Jr. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1984 February; 80(2): 56-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6584683&dopt=Abstract

18

Artificial Insemination

•

Donor fertility in an artificial insemination program. Author(s): Thorneycroft IH, Bustillo M, Marik J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1984 January; 41(1): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6692953&dopt=Abstract

•

Duplication-deficiency of the short arm of chromosome 8 following artificial insemination. Author(s): Weleber RG, Verma RS, Kimberling WJ, Fieger HG Jr, lubs HA. Source: Annales De Genetique. 1976 December; 19(4): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1087853&dopt=Abstract

•

Early detection of implantation by pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein secretion in an infertile woman treated by artificial insemination and human chorionic gonadotropin. Author(s): Seppala M, Ronnberg L, Ylostalo P, Jouppila P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1979 November; 32(5): 608-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=315331&dopt=Abstract

•

Early detection of ovulatory LH in women: increased efficiency in artificial insemination. Author(s): McIntosh JE, Seamark RF. Source: Theriogenology. 1977 October; 8(4): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=924005&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of artificial insemination with donor semen on the psyche of the husband. Author(s): Blaser A, Maloigne-Katz B, Gigon U. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1988; 49(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3237956&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of factors related to the recipient and insemination characteristics on the success of artificial insemination with frozen semen. Author(s): Mahadevan MM, Trounson AO, Milne BJ, Leeton JF. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1982 September; 1(3): 195-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7187266&dopt=Abstract

•

Effectiveness of prevention of cystic fibrosis by artificial insemination by donor can be markedly improved by DNA-analysis of sperm donors. Author(s): ten Kate LP, te Meerman GJ, Buys CH. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1989 January; 32(1): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2705476&dopt=Abstract

Studies

19

•

Effects of age, gravidity and male infertility status on cumulative conception rates following artificial insemination with cryopreserved donor semen: analysis of 2998 cycles of treatment in one centre over 10 years. Author(s): Shenfield F, Doyle P, Valentine A, Steele SJ, Tan SL. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1993 January; 8(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8458928&dopt=Abstract

•

Enhancement of ovulation by Chorigon for successful artificial insemination. Author(s): Fuchs K, Brandes JM, Paldi E. Source: Int J Fertil. 1966 April-June; 11(2): 211-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5957248&dopt=Abstract

•

Estimation of fertility and fecundity in women receiving artificial insemination by donor semen and in normal fertile women. Author(s): Peek JC, Godfrey B, Matthews CD. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1984 October; 91(10): 1019-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6487564&dopt=Abstract

•

Ethical and legal aspects of in-vitro fertilization and artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Andrews LB. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1987 August; 14(3): 633-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3617272&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluation of heterologous artificial insemination. Author(s): Rajan R. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1978 February; 28(1): 121-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=689278&dopt=Abstract

•

Experience in the establishment and running of a clinic for artificial insemination by donor in the Scottish Highlands. Author(s): Mahmood TA. Source: Public Health. 1988 May; 102(3): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3387531&dopt=Abstract

•

Experiences with artificial insemination. Author(s): Hill AM. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1970 May; 10(2): 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5274332&dopt=Abstract

20

Artificial Insemination

•

Factors affecting donor artificial insemination success rates. Author(s): Corson SL. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1980 April; 33(4): 415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6444898&dopt=Abstract

•

Factors affecting the success of artificial insemination by frozen donor semen. Author(s): Wong AW, Ho PC, Kwan M, Ma HK. Source: Int J Fertil. 1989 January-February; 34(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2565300&dopt=Abstract

•

Factors in the infertile couple influencing the success of artificial insemination with donor semen. Author(s): Edvinsson A, Forssman L, Milsom I, Nordfors G. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1990 January; 53(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2295349&dopt=Abstract

•

Factors influencing the success of artificial insemination. Author(s): Albrecht BH, Cramer D, Schiff I. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1982 June; 37(6): 792-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7084499&dopt=Abstract

•

Failure of artificial insemination of husband's semen in the treatment of male infertility. Author(s): Aydin S, Inci O, Alagol B, Huseyin I, Kaya E, Dellaloglu G. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1996; 28(1): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8738630&dopt=Abstract

•

Familial histiocytosis in offspring of two pregnancies after artificial insemination. Author(s): Shapiro DN, Hutchinson RJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 March 26; 304(13): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7464884&dopt=Abstract

•

Female fecundity as a function of age: results of artificial insemination in 2193 nulliparous women with azoospermic husbands. Federation CECOS. Author(s): Schwartz D, Mayaux MJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 February 18; 306(7): 404-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7057832&dopt=Abstract

Studies

21

•

Female fertility status and clomiphene regulated ovulation for donor artificial insemination. Author(s): Rajan R. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1978 July 16; 71(2): 33-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=731043&dopt=Abstract

•

Fifteen years experience with artificial insemination. Author(s): Koren Z, Lieberman R. Source: Int J Fertil. 1976; (2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8384&dopt=Abstract

•

Filiation and secrecy in artificial insemination with donor. Author(s): Matot JP, Gustin ML. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1990 July; 5(5): 632-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2394797&dopt=Abstract

•

Frequency of insemination for artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Selwood TS, Leeton JF. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1982 May; 22(2): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958258&dopt=Abstract

•

Frozen human semen for artificial insemination. Author(s): Matheson GW, Carlborg L, Gemzell C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 June 15; 104(4): 495-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5786698&dopt=Abstract

•

Frozen semen: efficiency in artificial insemination and advantage in testing for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Sherman JK. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1987 January; 47(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3792573&dopt=Abstract

•

Further evaluation of the split ejaculate for artificial insemination. Author(s): Propping D, Katzorke T, Tauber PF. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1981 May; 11(6): 385-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7195836&dopt=Abstract

22

Artificial Insemination

•

Gender after artificial induction of ovulation and artificial insemination. Author(s): Sampson JH, Alexander NJ, Fulgham DL, Burry KA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1983 October; 40(4): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6617908&dopt=Abstract

•

Genetic aspects of artificial insemination by donor (AID). Indications, surveillance and results. Author(s): Mattei JF, Le Marec B. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1983 February; 23(2): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6839526&dopt=Abstract

•

Genetic aspects of artificial insemination with donor semen: the French CECOS Federation guidelines. Author(s): Jalbert P, Leonard C, Selva J, David G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1989 June; 33(2): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2764037&dopt=Abstract

•

Genetic screening for artificial insemination by donor (AID). Results of a study on 676 semen donors. Author(s): Selva J, Leonard C, Albert M, Auger J, David G. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1986 May; 29(5): 389-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3742846&dopt=Abstract

•

Genetic screening for donors in artificial insemination. Author(s): Simpson JL. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 April; 35(4): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7215563&dopt=Abstract

•

Genetic screening of donors for artificial insemination. Author(s): Timmons MC, Rao KW, Sloan CS, Kirkman HN, Talbert LM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 April; 35(4): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7194195&dopt=Abstract

•

History of artificial insemination. Author(s): Magyar LA. Source: Ther Hung. 1991; 39(3): 151-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1818431&dopt=Abstract

•

HIV infection after artificial insemination. Author(s): Areneta MR. Source: Nurs Stand. 1995 April 5-11; 9(28): 15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7748727&dopt=Abstract

Studies

23

•

HIV transmission through donor artificial insemination. Author(s): Araneta MR, Mascola L, Eller A, O'Neil L, Ginsberg MM, Bursaw M, Marik J, Friedman S, Sims CA, Rekart ML, et al. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 March 15; 273(11): 854-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869555&dopt=Abstract

•

HIV-1 infection by artificial insemination. Author(s): Matz B, Kupfer B, Ko Y, Walger P, Vetter H, Eberle J, Gurtler L. Source: Lancet. 1998 March 7; 351(9104): 728. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9504526&dopt=Abstract

•

HIV-1 transmission through artificial insemination. Author(s): Ross RS, Elgas M, Roggendorf M. Source: Lancet. 1998 June 13; 351(9118): 1812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9635976&dopt=Abstract

•

Homologous artificial insemination (AIH) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) in Roman Catholicism and Halakhic Judaism. Author(s): Grazi RV, Wolowelsky JB. Source: Int J Fertil. 1993 March-April; 38(2): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8097502&dopt=Abstract

•

Homologous artificial insemination after long-term semen cryopreservation. Author(s): Friedman S, Broder S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 March; 35(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7202757&dopt=Abstract

•

Homologous artificial insemination and oligospermia. Author(s): Speichinger JP, Mattox JH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1976 February; 27(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1248659&dopt=Abstract

•

Homologous artificial insemination following retrograde ejaculation. Author(s): Bryce RL, Medcalf SC, Saunders DM. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1981 August; 21(3): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6949572&dopt=Abstract

24

Artificial Insemination

•

Homologous artificial insemination for oligoasthenospermia: a randomized controlled study comparing intracervical and intrauterine techniques. Author(s): Hughes EG, Collins JP, Garner PR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1987 August; 48(2): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3301417&dopt=Abstract

•

Homologous artificial insemination. Author(s): Corson SL, Batzer FF. Source: J Reprod Med. 1981 May; 26(5): 231-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6454780&dopt=Abstract

•

Homologous artificial insemination. A reappraisal. Author(s): Moghissi KS, Gruber JS, Evans S, Yanez J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 December 15; 129(8): 90915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=930974&dopt=Abstract

•

How useful is Leuven personalism in the world of bioethics? The test case of artificial insemination. Author(s): de Wachter MA. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 December; 81(2): 227-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989870&dopt=Abstract

•

Human artificial insemination: donors in Melbourne. From our medical schools. Author(s): Worsnop D, Mack H, Robbie M, Pick A, Song LY, McGuire P. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1982 March; 11(3): 218, 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7073630&dopt=Abstract

•

Human immunodeficiency virus transmission through artificial insemination. Author(s): Chiasson MA, Stoneburner RL, Joseph SC. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 1990; 3(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2293645&dopt=Abstract

•

Hydatidiform mole as a complication of artificial insemination. Author(s): Stone SC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 November 15; 132(6): 6967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=717477&dopt=Abstract

Studies

25

•

Hydatidiform mole following successful gonadotropin ovulation induction and donor artificial insemination. Author(s): Portuondo JA, Camarero MC, Matia JC, Roldan MJ. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1982 June; 20(3): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6127247&dopt=Abstract

•

Hysterosalpingographic evaluation of donor artificial insemination failures. Author(s): Rajan R, Joseph KC, Devi U. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1979 February; 29(1): 191-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=488507&dopt=Abstract

•

Immunological usefulness of semen manipulation for artificial insemination homologous (AIH) in subjects with antisperm antibodies bound to sperm surface. Author(s): Lenzi A, Gandini L, Claroni F, Lombardo F, Morrone S, Dondero F. Source: Andrologia. 1988 July-August; 20(4): 314-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3195724&dopt=Abstract

•

Impact of cryopreservation on spermatozoa from infertile men: implications for artificial insemination. Author(s): Mossad H, Morshedi M, Toner JP, Oehninger S. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1994 July-August; 33(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7979809&dopt=Abstract

•

Improved cryopreserved semen fecundability in an alternating fresh-frozen artificial insemination program. Author(s): Brown CA, Boone WR, Shapiro SS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1988 November; 50(5): 825-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3181497&dopt=Abstract

•

Improved semen qualities after continuous-step density gradient centrifugation: application to artificial insemination and pregnancy outcome. Author(s): Sato H, Kaneko S, Kobayashi T, Oda T, Ohno T, Iizuka R. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1990; 24(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2327816&dopt=Abstract

•

Improved separation of motile sperm in asthenospermia and its application to artificial insemination homologous (AIH). Author(s): Harris SJ, Milligan MP, Masson GM, Dennis KJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 August; 36(2): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7262337&dopt=Abstract

26

Artificial Insemination

•

In vitro fertilization, a practical option after failed artificial insemination with donor semen. Author(s): Kovacs GT, King C, Rogers P, Wood C, Baker HW, Yates C. Source: Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 1989; 1(4): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2636426&dopt=Abstract

•

Incidence of birth defects after artificial insemination with frozen donor spermatozoa: a collaborative study of the French CECOS Federation on 11,535 pregnancies. Author(s): Thepot F, Mayaux MJ, Czyglick F, Wack T, Selva J, Jalbert P. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 October; 11(10): 2319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8943549&dopt=Abstract

•

Incidence of spontaneous abortion following artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Alfredsson J. Source: Int J Fertil. 1988 July-August; 33(4): 241-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2902037&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of semen and donor factors on the success rate of artificial insemination with frozen semen. Author(s): Mahadevan MM, Trounson AO, Milne BJ, Leeton JF. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1982 September; 1(3): 185-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6897907&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of the number of days spent training in an abattoir with access to live cows on the efficiency of do-it-yourself artificial insemination. Author(s): Howells HM, Davies DA, Dobson H. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1999 March 20; 144(12): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212504&dopt=Abstract

•

Inherited Treacher-Collins syndrome in twins after artificial insemination. Author(s): Sailer HF, Josca R. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 1994 May; 5(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7918856&dopt=Abstract

•

Intrauterine insemination with spermatozoa recovered from the aspirate of artificial spermatocoele. Author(s): Micic S, Papic N, Mladenovic I, Prorocic M, Genbacev O. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1990 July; 5(5): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2394789&dopt=Abstract

Studies

27

•

Invasive mole as a complication of artificial insemination. Author(s): Virutamasen P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1981 April; 64(4): 207-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6265578&dopt=Abstract

•

In-vitro fertilization with donor sperm after failure of artificial insemination. Author(s): Vekemans M, Englert Y, Camus M, de Maertelaer G. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1987 February; 2(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3584414&dopt=Abstract

•

Is matching between women and donors feasible to avoid cytomegalovirus infection in artificial insemination with donor semen? Author(s): Liesnard CA, Revelard P, Englert Y. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 May; 13 Suppl 2: 25-31; Discussion 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9665324&dopt=Abstract

•

Karyotype screening of potential sperm donors for artificial insemination. Author(s): Perez MM, Marina S, Egozcue J. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1990 April; 5(3): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2351711&dopt=Abstract

•

Laparoscopic findings in twenty-five failures of artificial insemination. Author(s): Broekhuizen FF, Haning RV Jr, Shapiro SS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1980 October; 34(4): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6448168&dopt=Abstract

•

Law for the nurse manager. The nurse and artificial insemination. Author(s): Creighton H. Source: Nursing Management. 1985 May; 16(5): 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3846165&dopt=Abstract

•

Letter: Artificial insemination (donor). Author(s): Pennington GW, Naik S. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 October 25; 4(5990): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1192004&dopt=Abstract

•

Life-threatening anaphylaxis after artificial insemination. Author(s): Matheu V, Caloto M, de Barrio M, Baeza ML, Rubio M. Source: Lancet. 2002 May 18; 359(9319): 1779. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049895&dopt=Abstract

28

Artificial Insemination

•

Male infertility: artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Cox J. Source: Health Visit. 1993 February; 66(2): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8449748&dopt=Abstract

•

Marital break-up among couples raising families by artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Bendvold E, Skjaeraasen J, Moe N, Sjoberg D, Kravdal O. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1989 June; 51(6): 980-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2721732&dopt=Abstract

•

Medical progress in artificial insemination. Author(s): Gerber CT. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1968 December; 134(6): 755-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4387457&dopt=Abstract

•

Methods for improvement of the success rate of artificial insemination with donor semen. Author(s): Comhaire FH, Thiery M. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1986 February; 9(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3744584&dopt=Abstract

•

Methods to increase the success rate of artificial insemination with donor semen. Author(s): Depypere HT, Gordts S, Campo R, Comhaire F. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1994 April; 9(4): 661-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8046019&dopt=Abstract

•

Microorganisms in semen used for artificial insemination. Author(s): Leiva JL, Peterson EM, Wetkowski M, de la Maza LM, Stone SC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 May; 65(5): 669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2984619&dopt=Abstract

•

Minimal endometriosis and reduced fecundability: prospective evidence from an artificial insemination by donor program. Author(s): Jansen RP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 July; 46(1): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3720971&dopt=Abstract

•

Molar pregnancy after artificial insemination (donor) Author(s): Olesnicky G, Quinn M. Source: Lancet. 1984 June 9; 1(8389): 1296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6145000&dopt=Abstract

Studies

29

•

Monitoring of artificial insemination. Author(s): Szollosi J, Ugocsai G, Sas M. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1988; 20(4): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3170110&dopt=Abstract

•

Multi-level modelling of conception in artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Ecochard R, Clayton DG. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 1998 May 30; 17(10): 1137-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9618774&dopt=Abstract

•

Necessity of formal genetic screening in artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Verp MS, Cohen MR, Simpson JL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 October; 62(4): 474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6888826&dopt=Abstract

•

Noninvasive method of semen collection for successful artificial insemination in a case of retrograde ejaculation. Author(s): Mahadevan M, Leeton JF, Trounson AO. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 August; 36(2): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7262339&dopt=Abstract

•

Non-medical selection criteria for artificial insemination and adoption. Author(s): Freedman B, Taylor PJ, Wonnacott T, Brown S. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1987 February-April; 5(1-2): 55-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3690464&dopt=Abstract

•

Offspring from artificial insemination demand fathers' details. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 September 16; 321(7262): 654. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987755&dopt=Abstract

•

On genetic screening of donors for artificial insemination. Author(s): Fraser FC, Forse RA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1981; 10(4): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7332031&dopt=Abstract

•

One artificial insemination per cycle with donor sperm is as efficacious as two inseminations. Author(s): Lincoln SR, Long CA, Cowan BD. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1995 February; 12(2): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7670277&dopt=Abstract

30

Artificial Insemination

•

Organising a clinic for artificial insemination by donor (AID). Author(s): Dunlop M. Source: Nurs Times. 1982 June 9-15; 78(23): 983-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6919925&dopt=Abstract

•

Parameters of semen analysis affecting the pregnancy rate of artificial insemination with husband's spermatozoa. Author(s): Huang HY, Chang MY, Lee CL, Lai YM, Chang SY, Soong YK. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995 June; 18(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641101&dopt=Abstract

•

PCR assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of semen specimens processed for artificial insemination. Author(s): Pannekoek Y, Westenberg SM, de Vries J, Repping S, Spanjaard L, Eijk PP, van der Ende A, Dankert J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 October; 38(10): 3763-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015399&dopt=Abstract

•

Personality characteristics analysis in couples undergoing artificial insemination. Author(s): Rojo Moreno J, Valdemoro Garcia C, Garcia Merita ML, Tortajada Martinez MG. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1994 January; 9(1): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8195343&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharmacologic induction of multiple follicular development improves the success rate of artificial insemination with husband's semen in couples with male-related or unexplained infertility. Author(s): Melis GB, Paoletti AM, Strigini F, Fabris FM, Canale D, Fioretti P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1987 March; 47(3): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3104096&dopt=Abstract

•

Possible teratogenic effects of artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Forse RA, Ackman CF, Fraser FC. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1985 July; 28(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028496&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-operative artificial insemination--does it improve GIFT outcome? Author(s): Tucker MJ, Wong CJ, Chan YM, Leong MK, Leung CK. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1990 February; 5(2): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2324259&dopt=Abstract

Studies

31

•

Practical aspects of banking patient's semen for future artificial insemination. Author(s): Bergman S, Howards S, Sanger W. Source: Urology. 1979 April; 13(4): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=433049&dopt=Abstract

•

Pregnancy following use of the cervical cup for home artificial insemination utilizing homologous semen. Author(s): Diamond MP, Christianson C, Daniell JF, Wentz AC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1983 April; 39(4): 480-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6832404&dopt=Abstract

•

Pregnancy outcome after artificial insemination or IVF with frozen semen donor: a collaborative study of the French CECOS Federation on 21,597 pregnancies. Author(s): Lansac J, Thepot F, Mayaux MJ, Czyglick F, Wack T, Selva J, Jalbert P. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1997 August; 74(2): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306124&dopt=Abstract

•

Pregnancy outcome in 242 conceptions after artificial insemination with donor sperm and effects of maternal age on the prognosis for successful pregnancy. Author(s): Virro MR, Shewchuk AB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 March 1; 148(5): 518-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6702911&dopt=Abstract

•

Pregnancy rates with artificial insemination by donor: the influence of the cryopreservation method and coexistent infertility factors. Author(s): Gillett WR, Cameron MC, MacKay-Duff M, Seddon RJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1986 November 26; 99(814): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3468413&dopt=Abstract

•

Pregnancy rates with fresh versus computer-controlled cryopreserved semen for artificial insemination by donor in a private practice setting. Author(s): DiMarzo SJ, Huang J, Kennedy JF, Villanueva B, Hebert SA, Young PE. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 June; 162(6): 1483-8; Discussion 1488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2360580&dopt=Abstract

•

Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18: case report on homologous artificial insemination. Author(s): Cariati E, Acanfora L, Chelo E, Scarselli G, Branconi F. Source: Int J Biol Res Pregnancy. 1982; 3(4): 178-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6891374&dopt=Abstract

32

Artificial Insemination

•

Problems of selecting donors for artificial insemination. Author(s): Schoysman R. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 1975 April; 1(1): 34-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1165573&dopt=Abstract

•

Proceedings: The results of artificial insemination with frozen semen. Author(s): Richardson DW. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1976 May; 83(5): 411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1268153&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychological and attitudinal profiles in donors for artificial insemination. Author(s): Handelsman DJ, Dunn SM, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, Jansen RP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1985 January; 43(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3965318&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychological and legal aspects of artificial insemination (A.I.D.): an overview. Author(s): Waltzer H. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1982 January; 36(1): 91-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7081520&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychological reactions of couples to artificial insemination with donor sperm. Author(s): Czyba JC, Chevret M. Source: Int J Fertil. 1979; 24(4): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=45092&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychosocial aspects of donor insemination. Sperm donors--their motivations and attitudes to artificial insemination. Author(s): Pedersen B, Nielsen AF, Lauritsen JG. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1994 October; 73(9): 701-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7976245&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychosocial aspects of parenthood by artificial insemination donor. Author(s): Kremer J, Frijling BW, Nass JL. Source: Lancet. 1984 March 17; 1(8377): 628. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6142329&dopt=Abstract

•

Real time pelvic ultrasonography during the periovulatory period of patients attending an artificial insemination clinic. Author(s): Marinho AO, Sallam HN, Goessens LK, Collins WP, Rodeck CH, Campbell S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1982 May; 37(5): 633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7075798&dopt=Abstract

Studies

33

•

Recovery of microorganisms from the pelvic cavity after intracervical or intrauterine artificial insemination. Author(s): Stone SC, de la Maza LM, Peterson EM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 July; 46(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3720980&dopt=Abstract

•

Reiter's syndrome--a possible consequence of artificial insemination? Author(s): Kingsley G, Ridley MG, Grahame R. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1985 November; 24(4): 370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3840710&dopt=Abstract

•

Relationship of exercise to semen parameters and fertility success of artificial insemination donors. Author(s): Baker ER, Stevens C, Lenker R. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1988 December; 84(12): 580-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3221673&dopt=Abstract

•

Removal of bacterial contaminants from semen for in vitro fertilization or artificial insemination by the use of buoyant density centrifugation. Author(s): Bolton VN, Warren RE, Braude PR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 December; 46(6): 1128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3536605&dopt=Abstract

•

Request for artificial insemination. Author(s): Reynolds JL, Morrissy J. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1994 October; 40: 1711-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7950465&dopt=Abstract

•

Results of 6139 artificial insemination cycles with donor spermatozoa. Author(s): Botchan A, Hauser R, Gamzu R, Yogev L, Paz G, Yavetz H. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 November; 16(11): 2298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679508&dopt=Abstract

•

Results of artificial insemination at home by the partner with cryopreserved donor semen: a randomized study. Author(s): Hogerzeil HV, Hamerlynck JV, van Amstel N, Nagelkerke NJ, Lammes FB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1988 June; 49(6): 1030-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3371480&dopt=Abstract

34

Artificial Insemination

•

Results of donor artificial insemination (AID) in 415 couples. Author(s): Katzorke T, Propping D, Tauber PF. Source: Int J Fertil. 1981; 26(4): 260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6120906&dopt=Abstract

•

Results of genetic screening of donors for artificial insemination. Author(s): Czeizel A, Szentesi I, Horvath L. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1983 August; 24(2): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6616950&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde ejaculation: a more convenient method for artificial insemination. Author(s): Garcea N, Caruso A, Campo S, Siccardi P. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1982 December; 14(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7160527&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde ejaculation: a systematic approach to non-invasive recovery of spermatozoa from post-ejaculatory urine for artificial insemination. Author(s): Braude PR, Ross LD, Bolton VN, Ockenden K. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1987 January; 94(1): 76-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3814559&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde ejaculation: successful treatment with artificial insemination. Author(s): van der Linden PJ, Nan PM, te Velde ER, van Kooy RJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 January; 79(1): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1727570&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde ejaculation: successful treatment with artificial insemination. Author(s): Scammell GE, Stedronska-Clark J, Edmonds DK, Hendry WF. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1989 February; 63(2): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2702408&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde ejaculation--pregnancy following artificial insemination. Author(s): Heasley RN, Traub AI, Boyle DD, Thompson W. Source: Ir Med J. 1989 September; 82(3): 128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2599839&dopt=Abstract

•

Rights and birth by artificial insemination. Author(s): Fitzgerald JL. Source: Med Leg Bull. 1975 October; 24(10): 1-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1196234&dopt=Abstract

Studies

35

•

Risk of AIDS with artificial insemination. Author(s): Morgan J, Nolan J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 February 6; 314(6): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3945259&dopt=Abstract

•

Risks for transmission of hepatitis C virus during artificial insemination. Author(s): McKee TA, Avery S, Majid A, Brinsden PR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 July; 66(1): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752631&dopt=Abstract

•

Risks of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from artificial insemination from an infected donor. Author(s): Mayer KH. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 March; 18(3): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093965&dopt=Abstract

•

Screening of karyotype and semen quality in an artificial insemination program: acceptance and rejection criteria. Author(s): Matthews CD, Ford JH, Peek JC, McEvoy M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1983 November; 40(5): 648-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6628709&dopt=Abstract

•

Screening to reduce transmission of sexually transmitted diseases in semen used for artificial insemination. Author(s): Mascola L, Guinan ME. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 May 22; 314(21): 1354-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3010110&dopt=Abstract

•

Seasonal distribution in conceptions achieved by artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Paraskevaides EC, Pennington GW, Naik S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 November 19; 297(6659): 1309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3144368&dopt=Abstract

•

Seasonal distribution in conceptions by artificial insemination. Author(s): Tang L, Obhrai MS, Macken A, Samra J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 December 17; 297(6663): 1611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3147101&dopt=Abstract

36

Artificial Insemination

•

Seasonal effects on ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotrophins and successful artificial insemination in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Author(s): Roth TL, Armstrong DL, Barrie MT, Wildt DE. Source: Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 1997; 9(3): 285-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9261877&dopt=Abstract

•

Selection of high fertility donors for artificial insemination programmes. Author(s): McGowan MP, Baker HW, Kovacs GT, Rennie G. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1983 December; 2(4): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6678602&dopt=Abstract

•

Semen abnormalities in artificial insemination donor candidates. Author(s): Gerber WL, Bresaw LS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1983 August; 130(2): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6876272&dopt=Abstract

•

Semen and cervical mucus parameters and success in artificial insemination. Author(s): Boyers AI, Shenfield F, Valentine A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1991 September; 6(8): 1108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1806571&dopt=Abstract

•

Semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination for Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Redman JR, Bajorunas DR, Goldstein MC, Evenson DP, Gralla RJ, Lacher MJ, Koziner B, Lee BJ, Straus DJ, Clarkson BD, et al. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1987 February; 5(2): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3806168&dopt=Abstract

•

Seminal lead concentrations negatively affect outcomes of artificial insemination. Author(s): Benoff S, Hurley IR, Millan C, Napolitano B, Centola GM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 September; 80(3): 517-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12969691&dopt=Abstract

•

Serum PP12, PP14, SP1 and hCG values in the 28 days after the LH-surge in patients who do and do not conceive after artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Than GN, Tatra G, Arnold L, Szabo DG, Csaba IF, Bohn H. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1988; 243(3): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3262331&dopt=Abstract

Studies

37

•

Severe anaphylactic reaction to bovine serum albumin at the first attempt of artificial insemination. Author(s): Wuthrich B, Stern A, Johansson SG. Source: Allergy. 1995 February; 50(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604943&dopt=Abstract

•

Sex and its problems. 8. Artificial insemination. Author(s): Pollock M. Source: The Practitioner. 1967 August; 199(190): 244-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6058649&dopt=Abstract

•

Sex ratio of birth resulting from artificial insemination. Author(s): Godfrey B. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1982 August; 89(8): 683-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7104263&dopt=Abstract

•

Sex ratio of births resulting from artificial insemination. Author(s): Mortimer D, Richardson DW. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1982 February; 89(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7066245&dopt=Abstract

•

Sex ratio of births resulting from artificial insemination. Sex ratio of live born Hausa infants. Author(s): Potashnik G, Holcberg G, Insler V. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1983 June; 90(6): 587. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6860606&dopt=Abstract

•

Sexually communicable micro-organisms in human semen samples to be used for artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Tjiam KH, van Heijst BY, Polak-Vogelzang AA, Rothbarth PH, van Joost T, Stolz E, Michel MF. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1987 April; 63(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3034761&dopt=Abstract

•

Social and environmental factors as criteria for success in artificial insemination by donor (AID). Author(s): Ledward RS, Symonds EM, Eynon S. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1982 July; 14(3): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7107665&dopt=Abstract

38

Artificial Insemination

•

Social conditions of children born after artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Bendvold E, Moe N, Skjaeraasen J. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1990 September; 18(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2237328&dopt=Abstract

•

Social factors in patients for artificial insemination by donor (AID). Author(s): Ledward RS, Crawford L, Symonds EM. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1979 October; 11(4): 473-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=511874&dopt=Abstract

•

Socio-economic characteristics of artificial insemination donor (AID) couples compared with matched population controls. Author(s): Hogerzeil HV, Knijn T, Mol BW. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1996 January; 64(1): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8801135&dopt=Abstract

•

Some aspects of artificial insemination using donor semen. Author(s): Rajan R, John R. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1978 December; 28(6): 1076-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=751821&dopt=Abstract

•

Some attitudes to artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Tyler JP, Nicholas MK, Crockett NG, Driscoll GL. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1983 June; 2(2): 151-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6671192&dopt=Abstract

•

Sperm motility characteristics and pregnancy outcome of artificial insemination with husband's semen for male infertility. Author(s): Terada Y, Fukaya T, Haraya H, Yajima A. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1995 December; 177(4): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8928193&dopt=Abstract

•

Spermatozoa selection in discontinuous Percoll gradients for use in artificial insemination. Author(s): Pardo M, Barri PN, Bancells N, Coroleu B, Buxaderas C, Pomerol JM Jr, Sabater J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1988 March; 49(3): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3342903&dopt=Abstract

Studies

39

•

Sperm-immobilizing antibodies in women undergoing artificial insemination with donor sperm. Author(s): Mashu A, Tanabe K, Kamei K, Saijo A, Nozawa S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 September; 62(3): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8062967&dopt=Abstract

•

Sperm-mucus interaction and artificial insemination. Author(s): Joyce D, Vassilopoulos D. Source: Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1981 December; 8(3): 587-610. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7032799&dopt=Abstract

•

Spontaneous pregnancy in couples waiting for artificial insemination donor because of severe male infertility. Author(s): Matorras R, Diez J, Corcostegui B, Gutierrez de Teran G, Garcia JM, Pijoan JI, Rodriguez-Escudero FJ. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1996 December 27; 70(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9119099&dopt=Abstract

•

Successful artificial insemination following retrograde ejaculation. Author(s): Fuselier HA Jr, Schneider GT, Ochsner MG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1976 October; 27(10): 1214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=971777&dopt=Abstract

•

Successful artificial insemination in a case of retrograde ejaculation. Author(s): Lim HT, Rodrigues Pereira A. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1979 August; 9(4): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=264092&dopt=Abstract

•

Successful artificial insemination in a diabetic with retrograde ejaculation. Author(s): Bourne RB, Kretzschmar WA, Esser JH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1971 April; 22(4): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5555258&dopt=Abstract

•

Successful gamete intrafallopian transfer following failed artificial insemination by donor: evidence for a defect in gamete transport? Author(s): Cefalu E, Cittadini E, Balmaceda JP, Guastella G, Ord T, Rojas FJ, Asch RH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1988 August; 50(2): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3294044&dopt=Abstract

40

Artificial Insemination

•

Surface structure of spermatozoa frozen for artificial insemination. Author(s): Alexander NJ. Source: Andrologia. 1977 April-June; 9(2): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=883675&dopt=Abstract

•

Surrogate motherhood and artificial insemination: contractual implications. Author(s): Greenberg LJ, Hirsh HL. Source: Med Trial Tech Q. 1982 Fall; 29(2): 149-66. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6759839&dopt=Abstract

•

Survival of chlamydiae in human semen prepared for artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Thorsen P, Moller BR, Halkier-Sorensen L, From E, Nielsen NC. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1991; 70(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1882659&dopt=Abstract

•

The basal body temperature chart in artificial insemination by donor pregnancy cycles. Author(s): Newill RG, Katz M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1982 October; 38(4): 431-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7117570&dopt=Abstract

•

The cervical cap for home artificial insemination. Author(s): Corson SL, Batzer FR, Otis C, Fee D. Source: J Reprod Med. 1986 May; 31(5): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3746786&dopt=Abstract

•

The development of a psychosocial approach to artificial insemination of donor sperm. Author(s): Stewart CR, Daniels KR, Boulnois JD. Source: N Z Med J. 1982 December 8; 95(721): 853-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6962376&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of hormones on the sex ratio of infants following artificial insemination. Author(s): James WH. Source: Annals of Human Biology. 1987 January-February; 14(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3592611&dopt=Abstract

Studies

41

•

The establishment of a programme of artificial insemination by donor semen within the National Health Service. Author(s): Ledward RS, Crich J, Sharp P, Cotton RE, Symonds EM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1976 December; 83(12): 917-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1009030&dopt=Abstract

•

The female factor in infertile couples treated by homologous artificial insemination. Author(s): Bacz A. Source: Ginekol Pol. 1988 May; 59(5): 304-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3234874&dopt=Abstract

•

The first child after artificial insemination with fractionated semen. Author(s): Sillo-Seidl G. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1972 October 14; 46(41): 1517-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4645027&dopt=Abstract

•

The frequency of consanguineous matings due to multiple use of donors in artificial insemination. Author(s): Curie-Cohen M. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1980 July; 32(4): 589-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7395872&dopt=Abstract

•

The genetics of secrecy in adoption, artificial insemination, and in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Lamport AT. Source: American Journal of Law & Medicine. 1988; 14(1): 109-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3232692&dopt=Abstract

•

The impact of AIDS on artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Tyler JP, Dobler KJ, Driscoll GL, Stewart GJ. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1986 October; 4(5): 305-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3542178&dopt=Abstract

•

The influence of ovulatory dysfunction and timing of insemination on the success of artificial insemination donor (AID) with fresh or cryopreserved semen. Author(s): Smith KD, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Steinberger E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 October; 36(4): 496-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7286272&dopt=Abstract

42

Artificial Insemination

•

The law and artificial insemination. Author(s): Reilly P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 September 6; 301(10): 558. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=460320&dopt=Abstract

•

The physical and mental development of children born following artificial insemination. Author(s): Iizuka R, Sawada Y, Nishina N, Ohi M. Source: Int J Fertil. 1968 January-March; 13(1): 24-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5638879&dopt=Abstract

•

The potential transmission of infectious agents by semen packaging during storage for artificial insemination. Author(s): Russell PH, Lyaruu VH, Millar JD, Curry MR, Watson PF. Source: Animal Reproduction Science. 1997 July; 47(4): 337-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9360772&dopt=Abstract

•

The practice of artificial insemination of donor sperm in New Zealand. Author(s): Daniels KR. Source: N Z Med J. 1985 April 10; 98(776): 235-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3857500&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of artificial insemination in infertility. Author(s): Shahani SM, Kulkarni PP. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1978 June; 28(3): 345-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=729895&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of artificial insemination in the management of infertility. Author(s): Ladipo OA. Source: East Afr Med J. 1979 May; 56(5): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=467291&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of the nurse practitioner in artificial insemination. Author(s): D'Andrea KG. Source: Jogn Nurs. 1984 March-April; 13(2): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6562257&dopt=Abstract

•

The screening of donors enrolled in an artificial insemination program. Author(s): Narod SA. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1988 April; 11(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3396256&dopt=Abstract

Studies

43

•

The separation of X-and Y-spermatozoa with regard to the possible clinical application by means of artificial insemination. Author(s): Adimoelja A, Hariadi R, Amitaba IG, Adisetya P, Soeharno. Source: Andrologia. 1977 July-September; 9(3): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=562084&dopt=Abstract

•

The single woman and artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Strong C, Schinfeld JS. Source: J Reprod Med. 1984 May; 29(5): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6726699&dopt=Abstract

•

The social and psychological consequences of secrecy in artificial insemination by donor (AID) programmes. Author(s): Rowland R. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1985; 21(4): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4049010&dopt=Abstract

•

The study of psychological factors in couples receiving artificial insemination by donor: a discussion of methodological difficulties. Author(s): Carr EK, Friedman T, Lannon B, Sharp PC. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1990 August; 15(8): 906-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2229686&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of a one-day luteinizing hormone assay for timing of artificial insemination in infertility patients. Author(s): Younger JB, Boots LR, Coleman C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1978 December; 30(6): 648-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=729826&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of fresh and frozen semen in human artificial insemination. Author(s): Jackson MC, Richardson DW. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1977 April; 9(2): 251-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=853052&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of frozen semen for artificial insemination. Author(s): Pinedo WM, Rodriguez Acevedo RA. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1979 September; 71(9): 342-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=293185&dopt=Abstract

44

Artificial Insemination

•

The use of HCG in delayed ovulation during artificial insemination. Author(s): Kohane ES, Sharf M, Kuzminsky T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1967 September-October; 18(5): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6037448&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of human immunodeficiency virus postexposure prophylaxis after successful artificial insemination. Author(s): Bloch M, Carr A, Vasak E, Cunningham P, Smith D. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 September; 181(3): 760-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10486500&dopt=Abstract

•

The value of artificial insemination with husband's semen in infertility due to failure of postcoital sperm-mucus penetration--controlled trial of treatment. Author(s): Glazener CM, Coulson C, Lambert PA, Watt EM, Hinton RA, Kelly NJ, Hull MG. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1987 August; 94(8): 774-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3311134&dopt=Abstract

•

The value of hysterosalpingography prior to donor artificial insemination. Author(s): Nash D, Haning RV Jr, Shapiro SS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1979 April; 31(4): 378-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=428579&dopt=Abstract

•

The warranty of sperm: a modest proposal to increase the accountability of sperm banks and physicians in the performance of artificial insemination procedures. Author(s): Hodgson AM. Source: Spec Law Dig Health Care Law. 1993 September; (175): 9-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10128516&dopt=Abstract

•

Timing and frequency of artificial insemination in women under menotropin therapy. Author(s): Kemmann E, Pasquale S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1985 August; 44(2): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926545&dopt=Abstract

•

Timing of ovulation for artificial insemination. Author(s): Cant S, Bell L, Emslie C, Scott S, Fowlie J, Templeton A. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1989 January; 47(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2703346&dopt=Abstract

Studies

45

•

Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis by artificial insemination. Author(s): Nagel TC, Tagatz GE, Campbell BF. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 November; 46(5): 959-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3781013&dopt=Abstract

•

Transmission of gonorrhoea by artificial insemination. Author(s): Fiumara NJ. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1972 August; 48(4): 308-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5083446&dopt=Abstract

•

Transmission of hepatitis B virus by artificial insemination. Author(s): Berry WR, Gottesfeld RL, Alter HJ, Vierling JM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 February 27; 257(8): 1079-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3806899&dopt=Abstract

•

Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Stewart GJ, Tyler JP, Cunningham AL, Barr JA, Driscoll GL, Gold J, Lamont BJ. Source: Lancet. 1985 September 14; 2(8455): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2863597&dopt=Abstract

•

Transmission of Ureaplasma urealyticum by artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Barwin BN. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1984 February; 41(2): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6698226&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of idiopathic infertility, cervical mucus hostility, and male infertility: artificial insemination with husband's semen or in vitro fertilization? Author(s): Hewitt J, Cohen J, Krishnaswamy V, Fehilly CB, Steptoe PC, Walters DE. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1985 September; 44(3): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4029423&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of infertile couples by intrauterine artificial insemination homologous (AIH) of motile sperm collected by swim-up in human serum. Author(s): Francavilla F, Catignani P, Romano R, Fabbrini A. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1985 November-December; 16(6): 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3914161&dopt=Abstract

46

Artificial Insemination

•

Tubal patency testing in a programme of artificial insemination with donor semen. Author(s): Edmonds DK, Matthews CD, Cox LW. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981 July; 88(7): 761-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6454438&dopt=Abstract

•

Tubal surgery and subsequent artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Lauritsen JG, Vangsted P, Pagel JD, Starup J. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1983; 62(4): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6637405&dopt=Abstract

•

Turkey-baster babies: the demedicalization of artificial insemination. Author(s): Wikler D, Wikler NJ. Source: The Milbank Quarterly. 1991; 69(1): 5-40; Discussion 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2034184&dopt=Abstract

•

Twin pregnancy following artificial insemination. Author(s): O'Donovan M. Source: Nurs Mirror Midwives J. 1976 May 20; 142(21): 47-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1047325&dopt=Abstract

•

Two hundred years of artificial insemination. Author(s): Beck WW Jr. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1984 February; 41(2): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6698213&dopt=Abstract

•

Ultrasound in the timing of artificial insemination with frozen donor semen. Author(s): Saaranen M, Suhonen M, Saarikoski S. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1986; 22(3): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3536682&dopt=Abstract

•

Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen for artificial insemination. Author(s): Horne HW Jr, Kundsin RB. Source: Int J Fertil. 1987 July-August; 32(4): 267. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2887522&dopt=Abstract

•

Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen for artificial insemination: its effect on conception and semen analysis parameters. Author(s): Lumpkin MM, Smith TF, Coulam CB, O'Brien PC. Source: Int J Fertil. 1987 March-April; 32(2): 122, 126-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2883137&dopt=Abstract

Studies

47

•

Use of an ATP-supplemented medium for the conservation of human semen and the effect of caffeine on the motility of preserved sperm. Results in artificial insemination. Author(s): Diaz JW, Gonzalez MA, Avedo F, Mallea L, Rodriguez N. Source: Andrologia. 1992 May-June; 24(3): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503249&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of home insemination in programmes of artificial insemination with donor semen. Author(s): McLaughlin EA, Bromwich PD, Macken AM, Walker AP, Newton JR. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 October 15; 287(6399): 1110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6414591&dopt=Abstract

•

Whose child am I? A look at how consent affects a husband's obligation to support a child conceived through heterologous artificial insemination. Author(s): De Haan K. Source: Brandeis Law J. 1998 Summer; 37(4): 809-27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568075&dopt=Abstract

•

Why donor artificial insemination is immoral. Author(s): James DN. Source: Logos (Santa Clara). 1988; 9: 181-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708427&dopt=Abstract

49

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and artificial insemination.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Artificial Insemination The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

50

Artificial Insemination

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “artificial insemination” (or a synonym): •

Assessing the risk of multiple gestation in gonadotropin intrauterine insemination cycles. Author(s): Fertility Center at Women's Care, Eugene, Ore., USA. Source: Kaplan, Paul F Patel, Misha Austin, Douglas J Freund, Richard Am-J-ObstetGynecol. 2002 June; 186(6): 1244-7; discussion 1247-9 0002-9378

•

Assessing the status of intrauterine insemination before forming a medically assisted conception unit. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Tenteram, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. Source: OMarch, M H Ong, F B Adeeb, N N Sharif, J M Nasri, N Yassin, M J Med-JMalaysia. 1999 Mar; 54(1): 65-71 0300-5283

•

Birth of offspring following artificial insemination in the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. Author(s): Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Gottingen, Germany. Source: Morrell, J M Nowshari, M Rosenbusch, J Nayudu, P L Hodges, J K Am-JPrimatol. 1997; 41(1): 37-43 0275-2565

•

Comparison of three approaches for synchronization of ovulation for timed artificial insemination in Bos indicus-influenced cattle managed on the Texas gulf coast. Author(s): Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M University Agricultural Research Station, Beeville 78102-9410, USA. Source: Williams, S W Stanko, R L Amstalden, M Williams, G L J-Anim-Sci. 2002 May; 80(5): 1173-8 0021-8812

•

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination for infertility associated with endometriosis: a retrospective analysis. Author(s): Family Planning Infertility Research and Treatment Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Goker, E N Ozcakir, H T Terek, M C Levi, R Adakan, S Tavmergen, E ArchGynecol-Obstet. 2002 January; 266(1): 21-4 0932-0067

•

Cycle-specific and cumulative fecundity in patients with endometriosis who are undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation-intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Author(s): Institute for the Study and Treatment of Endometriosis, Oak Brook, Illinois, USA. [email protected] Source: Dmowski, W P Pry, M Ding, J Rana, N Fertil-Steril. 2002 October; 78(4): 750-6 0015-0282

•

Delayed timing of intrauterine insemination results in a significantly improved pregnancy rate in female partners of quadriplegic men. Author(s): Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Source: Pryor, J L Kuneck, P H Blatz, S M Thorp, C Cornwell, C E Carrell, D T FertilSteril. 2001 December; 76(6): 1130-5 0015-0282

•

Effects of presynchronization and bovine somatotropin on pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol in lactating dairy cows. Author(s): Department of Dairy and Poultry Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA. Source: Moreira, F Orlandi, C Risco, C A Mattos, R Lopes, F Thatcher, W W J-Dairy-Sci. 2001 July; 84(7): 1646-59 0022-0302

Nutrition

51

•

Elevated serum progesterone-to-estradiol ratio during gonadotropin stimulation for intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization is not associated with diminished ovarian reserve. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bethesda Center for Reproductive Health and Fertility, Bethesda Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45206, USA. [email protected] Source: Hofmann, Glen E Khoury, Jane Michener, Chad Fertil-Steril. 2002 July; 78(1): 4750 0015-0282

•

Evaluation of two hormonal protocols for synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination in dairy cows managed in grazing-based dairies. Author(s): Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. Source: Cordoba, M C Fricke, P M J-Dairy-Sci. 2001 December; 84(12): 2700-8 0022-0302

•

Factors that influence the outcome of the intrauterine insemination with husband's sperm. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Cruces-Baracaldo, University of Pais Vasco, Vizcaya, Spain. Source: Matorras, R Garcia, F Corcostegui, B Ramon, O Montoya, F Rodriguez Escudero, F J Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1994; 21(1): 38-44 0390-6663

•

Influence of GnRH analogue (fertirelin acetate) doses on synchronization of ovulation and fixed-time artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yamada, K Nakao, T Nakada, K Matsuda, G Anim-Reprod-Sci. 2002 November 15; 74(1-2): 27-34 0378-4320

•

Relationship of follicle number, serum estradiol level, and other factors to clinical pregnancy rate in gonadotropin-induced intrauterine insemination cycles. Author(s): Family Planning and Infertility Resarch and Treatment Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Source: Ozcakir, H T Goker, E N Terek, M C Adakan, S Ulukus, M Levi, R Tavmergen, E Arch-Gynecol-Obstet. 2002 January; 266(1): 18-20 0932-0067

•

Relationship of uterine perfusion to outcome of intrauterine insemination. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Source: Tsai, Y C Chang, J C Tai, M J Kung, F T Yang, L C Chang, S Y J-Ultrasound-Med. 1996 September; 15(9): 633-6 0278-4297

•

Seasonal effects on ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotrophins and successful artificial insemination in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Author(s): Conservation and Research Center, Smithsonian Institution, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA. Source: Roth, T L Armstrong, D L Barrie, M T Wildt, D E Reprod-Fertil-Devolume 1997; 9(3): 285-95 1031-3613

•

The use of progestins in regimens for fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cattle. Author(s): Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Source: Martinez, Marcelo F Kastelic, John P Adams, Gregg P Cook, Byrne Olson, Walter O Mapletoft, Reuben J Theriogenology. 2002 February; 57(3): 1049-59 0093-691X

52

Artificial Insemination

•

Use of an ATP-supplemented medium for the conservation of human semen and the effect of caffeine on the motility of preserved sperm. Results in artificial insemination. Author(s): Hospital Gineco-Obstetrico Ramon Gonzalez Coro, Habana, Cuba. Source: Diaz, J W Gonzalez, M A Avedo, F Mallea, L Rodriguez, N Andrologia. 1992 May-June; 24(3): 131-3 0303-4569

•

Use of estradiol cypionate in a presynchronized timed artificial insemination program for lactating dairy cattle. Author(s): Department of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA. Source: Pancarci, S M Jordan, E R Risco, C A Schouten, M J Lopes, F L Moreira, F Thatcher, W W J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 January; 85(1): 122-31 0022-0302

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

53

55

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to artificial insemination. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to artificial insemination and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to artificial insemination: •

A study of artificial insemination in relation to fertility and hatchability in white Leghorn birds. Author(s): Dubey RA, Johari DC, Singh RP, Singh BP. Source: Indian Vet J. 1977 February; 54(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=863506&dopt=Abstract

•

A view of artificial insemination. Author(s): Small EC, Turksoy RN. Source: Adv Psychosom Med. 1985; 12: 105-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4013877&dopt=Abstract

56

Artificial Insemination

•

An in situ hybridization study of the effects of artificial insemination on the localization of cells expressing MHC class II mRNA in the chicken oviduct. Author(s): Zheng WM, Nishibori M, Isobe N, Yoshimura Y. Source: Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2001 October; 122(4): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570965&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Macnaughton MC. Source: Scott Med J. 1982 April; 27(2): 109-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7089522&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination donor: a constitutional model. Author(s): Levine RS. Source: Leg Med. 1985; : 196-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3835419&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination in Callithrix jacchus using fresh or cryopreserved sperm. Author(s): Morrell JM, Nubbemeyer R, Heistermann M, Rosenbusch J, Kuderling I, Holt W, Hodges JK. Source: Animal Reproduction Science. 1998 August 21; 52(2): 165-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776489&dopt=Abstract

•

Artificial insemination: the state of the art. Author(s): Vishwanath R. Source: Theriogenology. 2003 January 15; 59(2): 571-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499005&dopt=Abstract

•

Delay in ovulation during artificial insemination. Author(s): KOHANE S, POLISHUK WZ. Source: Gynaecologia. 1964; 157: 110-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14124960&dopt=Abstract

•

Editorial: Artificial insemination, donor: an issue of ethical and moral values. Author(s): Horne HW Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 October 23; 293(17): 873-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1177979&dopt=Abstract

•

Effectiveness of pentoxifylline in semen preparation for intrauterine insemination. Author(s): Negri P, Grechi E, Tomasi A, Fabbri E, Capuzzo A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 June; 11(6): 1236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671431&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 57

•

Human artificial insemination by donor and the Australian community. Author(s): Rawson G. Source: Clin Reprod Fertil. 1985 March; 3(1): 1-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3978534&dopt=Abstract

•

Human artificial insemination: some social and legal issues. Author(s): Kraus J, Quinn PE. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1977 May 7; 1(19): 710-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=875837&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro fertilisation and artificial insemination by donor. Author(s): Dunn HP. Source: N Z Med J. 1984 April 25; 97(754): 273. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6587214&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of hormone supplementation to extended semen on artificial insemination, uterine contractions, establishment of a sperm reservoir, and fertility in swine. Author(s): Willenburg KL, Miller GM, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Knox RV. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 April; 81(4): 821-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723068&dopt=Abstract

•

Spermatozoal characteristics from fresh and frozen donor semen and their correlation with fertility outcome after intrauterine insemination. Author(s): Marshburn PB, McIntire D, Carr BR, Byrd W. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1992 July; 58(1): 179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1624002&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of infertile patients by intrauterine insemination of washed spermatozoa. Author(s): Wiltbank MC, Kosasa S, Rogers B. Source: Andrologia. 1985 January-February; 17(1): 22-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3994000&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

58

Artificial Insemination

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to artificial insemination; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

59

CHAPTER 4. INSEMINATION

DISSERTATIONS

ON

ARTIFICIAL

Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to artificial insemination. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “artificial insemination” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on artificial insemination, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Artificial Insemination ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to artificial insemination. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Christian Understanding of Parental and Marital Relationships and Their Implications for an Ethical Analysis of Artificial Insemination by Donor (parents) by Durso, Keith Eugene, Phd from Baylor University, 1992, 315 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9307285

•

An Economic Study of an Agricultural Innovation: Artificial Insemination by Cordrey, John Bertus, Phd from North Carolina State University, 1969, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6916830

•

Artificial Insemination with Donor Sperm (aid) As an Alternative for Childless Couples in South Africa. (afrikaans Text) by Van Delft, Willem Friedemann, Dphil from University of South Africa (south Africa), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3025317

60

Artificial Insemination

•

Conceptualizing Interactive Behavior toward Legal Change: Perspectives on Birth Control and Artificial Insemination by Dienes, Charles Thomas, Phd from Northwestern University, 1968, 556 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6901821

•

In Vitro Fertilization and Artificial Insemination: Ethical Consideration by Ekweariri, Joseph Ibegbulem, Phd from Loyola University of Chicago, 1997, 318 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9726378

•

Psychological Aspects in the Artificial Insemination Donor (aid) (spanish Text) by Martin Inigo, Sagrario; Dr from Universidad De Deusto (spain), 2002, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056704

•

The Social Meanings of Biological Ties a Study of Participants in Artificial Insemination by Donor by Achilles, Rona Grace; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34093

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

61

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “artificial insemination” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on artificial insemination, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Artificial Insemination By performing a patent search focusing on artificial insemination, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

62

Artificial Insemination

The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on artificial insemination: •

Apparatus and method for human artificial insemination and embryo transplanting Inventor(s): Nag; Kamala M. (88 Howard St., #1703, San Francisco, CA 94105) Assignee(s): Nag; Kamala M. (San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 6,027,443 Date filed: June 2, 1998 Abstract: An apparatus and method for human artificial insemination and embryo transplanting are provided wherein a catheter is utilized having an extremely flexible barrel which has sufficient flexibility and softness to avoid irritation or trauma of the walls of the cervix and uterus. The catheter is made of high elasticity polyvinyl chloride and is more than ten times as flexible as prior art catheters. The method includes positioning the female recipient in a flat, supine position with pelvis elevated and legs flexed. The cervical canal, internal os and the lower segment of the uterine cavity are expanded with a speculum to minimize the distance from the vaginal opening to the uterine cavity and to minimize contact between the barrel of the catheter and the cervical and uterine walls. The soft and extremely flexible barrel of the catheter is inserted through the vaginal opening, through the cervical opening and into the uterine cavity and introducing either semen or an embryo into the uterine cavity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of human fertility. More particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for increasing the success rate in either human artificial insemination or embryo transplanting. The technique most frequently used in the prior art is placing the patient in the lithotomy position and grasping the anterior lip of the cervix with a tenaculum and pulling downwardly to straighten the utero-cervical angle in order to introduce a relatively stiff catheter into tile cervix and through the internal os to reach the uterine cavity. The effect of utilizing this position and grasping and pulling the anterior lip of the cervix downwardly results in narrowing and elongation of the uterine cavity, the internal os, and cervical canal. In attempting to negotiate the extra distance and the narrowed passage with a relatively stiff catheter, the chances of causing irritation and/or possible trauma of the walls of the cervix or uterus are quite high, which creates the risk of expulsion of the semen or embryo. Another serious drawback of prior art catheters is trauma caused by their relative stiffness, as reflected by the force necessary to cause them to bend or to buckle. Such force is provided by the walls of the cervix or uterus and stiffer catheters inherently cause greater trauma. The present invention reduces the force necessary to bend the catheter by 95% as compared to the catheter shown in the Fischl et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,814. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06027443__

•

Apparatus for dispensing liquid into tubes Inventor(s): Berger; Moshe (Hadera, IL) Assignee(s): Ariel and Berger Industries Ltd. (Hadera, IL) Patent Number: 4,804,022 Date filed: December 17, 1987

Patents 63

Abstract: Apparatus for dispensing predetermined doses of a liquid into individual tubes, particularly for the artificial insemination of poultry, comprises a tube feeder for feeding the tubes individually to a dispensing station; a dispensing device at the dispensing station including a discharge nozzle dispensing a predetermined dose of the liquid with each actuation of the dispensing device; and a manipulator at the dispensing station and movable from a home position for receiving a tube fed thereto with one end of the tube spaced from the discharge nozzle, to an actuated position bringing the one end of the tube into dispensing position with respect to the discharge nozzle. The apparatus further includes a control system comprising a first sensor sensing the tube feeder in its actuated position, a second sensor sensing the tube feeder in its normal position, and a third sensor sensing the presence of a tube in the manipulator, for controlling the operation of the apparatus. Excerpt(s): The present application is related to my copending application Ser No. 07/134,383, filed the same day as this application and assigned to the same assignee. The present invention relates to liquid dispensing apparatus. The invention is particularly applicable for dispensing predetermined doses of a liquid into individual tubes used for artifical insemination of poultry, and is therefore described below with respect to this application. In the artificial insemination of poultry, which is now a widely used technique, predetermined doses of semen are dispensed into small plastic tubes, which tubes are used for the artificial insemination. Apparatus is known for dispensing predetermined does of the semen into the individual tubes, as described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,593,761, 3,683,977 and 3,880,210. However, such known apparatus is generally of very complicated construction which is bulky and expensive to produce and to maintain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04804022__ •

Artificial insemination and embryo transfer device Inventor(s): Chung; Byung H. (Seoul, KR), Chung; Kil S. (Seoul, KR), Lee; Byeong H. (Kyunggi-Do, KR), Lee; Hoon T. (Seoul, KR), Lee; Kyung K. (Daejeon, KR), Lee; Won C. (Seoul, KR), Yoon; Hwa J. (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Kwahak International Co., Ltd. (Kyunggi-Do, KR) Patent Number: 5,496,272 Date filed: June 3, 1994 Abstract: An artificial insemination and embryo transfer device comprises an elongate hollow tube, and a hollow straw containing a reproductive organism therein and fitted in the elongate tube. A flexible tip is secured to an end of the elongate tube and engaged with the straw. The tip has a passage in communication with the straw and a conical portion adapted to smoothly pass it through a cervical canal of a female subject. A piston rod is slidably mounted in the elongate tube and constructed to enter into the straw so as to discharge the reproductive organism contained in the straw through the passage of the tip by its axial advancement. A locking element is disposed between the elongate tube and the piston rod for restraining a free axial movement of the piston rod within the elongate tube. A first enclosure is inserted around the elongate tube so as to protect the elongate tube against contamination from infectious materials in the cervical canal during the passing of the device through the cervical canal. A second enclosure surrounds the tip and the first enclosure for preventing them from being contaminated from infectious materials in a vaginal canal during the insertion of the device into the vaginal canal.

64

Artificial Insemination

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an instrument for artificial insemination or embryo transfer; and, more particularly, to a device for transferring a reproductive organism of a mammal such as semen or embryo into a genital organ of a female to provide artificial insemination or embryo transplantation. Various techniques have been proposed to provide artificial insemination or embryo implantation in the reproductive systems of humans and animals (e. g., a cow), which are schematically represented in FIGS. 1 and 2, showing a vagina 8, a cervical canal 2 and a uterine cavity 4. Usually, in order to enhance the rate of pregnancy by artificial insemination, sperms should be introduced to a rear zone of the cervical canal 2 or at a front zone 4a of the uterine cavity 4. In case of the embryo implantation, the embryo of the human should be deposited at a rear zone of the uterine cavity 4 and the embryo of the animal at a rearmost zone 6a of a uterine horn 6 so as to attain a better rate of conception. Particularly, care should be taken to avoid the contamination of the sperm or embryo during the artificial insemination or embryo implantation thereof. Generally, the artificial insemination is performed by a non-surgical technique and the embryo transfer is done by a surgical or non-surgical technique depending on the structural characteristics of the reproductive system of the subject or the level of operator's transplanting skill. In the latter case, it is recognized that the rate of pregnancy obtained by the laparotomy technique is higher than that by the non-surgical operation due to the more accurate deposition of the embryo in an optimum zone of the uterine horn and the ability to better control the embryo contamination. However, there exist various deficiencies in the surgical embryo transfer: the complicated and highly time consuming procedure, relatively high cost, and likelihood of increasing damages to the object. Further, it is difficult to perform repeatedly the embryo implantation on the same subject by using the surgical technique. For these reasons, the operators are reluctant to employ the surgical embryo transplantation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05496272__ •

Artificial insemination apparatus Inventor(s): Cassou; Bertrand (Saint Symphorien des Bruyeres, 61300 L'Aigle, FR), Cassou; Maurice (Rue Clemenceau, 61300 L'Aigle, FR), Cassou; Robert (Rue Clemenceau, 61300 L'Aigle, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,654,025 Date filed: April 24, 1985 Abstract: The invention relates to apparatus for artificial insemination of animals, and particularly carnivores such as dogs, foxes, wolves and even smaller animals such as mink.The apparatus comprises a flexible probe having apertures at each end, in which is mounted slidingly a semen reservoir tube, which is also flexible, a projecting end of the semen tube presenting a head and an orifice behind said head through which the semen is ejected from the tube, the other end of the semen tube being coupled with a sheath having a removable abutment limiting the stroke of the sheath and tube in the probe, a piston extending through the sheath to engage in the tube for actuation to eject semen therefrom, and balloons extending externally round the probe for inflation once the probe is disposed in the vaginal cavity of the animal by compressed air blown through a separate conduit in the probe from that receiving the semen tube. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to non-surgical artificial insemination apparatus for various animals and particularly, but not exclusively, for carnivores such as dogs, foxes,

Patents 65

wolves and even smaller sized animals such as mink, for example. Natural insemination of carnivores is vaginal. During coitus, the turgescent erectile bulbs lock the penis in the vagina and ejaculation occurs into the region in front; the partners may stay coupled for more than ten minutes, so that this physiological adaptation avoids the sperm flowing back out under gravity, which would otherwise be likely to occur, due to the anatomy of the genital organs of these animals. Unlike the larger species, such as cows and horses particularly, it is not indispensable for carnivores to deposit the semen directly into the uterus. Natural insemination is vaginal, as indicated above, and in any case this operation would be very difficult to achieve and likely to be traumatic for the animal. Current techniques, using rigid probes, use massive quantities of sperm, and require a very uncomfortable retention during several minutes to avoid the sperm flowing back out. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04654025__ •

Artificial insemination apparatus Inventor(s): Fuccella; Daniel C. (Cary, NC), Lynch; Robert C. (Cary, NC), Martin; Craig C. (Clayton, NC), Williams; Stanley (Ames, IA), Wright; Bert (Winterville, NC) Assignee(s): Artificial Insemination Technologies LLC (Holly Springs, NC) Patent Number: 5,868,661 Date filed: August 26, 1997 Abstract: An artificial insemination apparatus for insertion into a cervix of a sow, including a tubular passage member which is helically coiled at a distal end. The helically coiled distal end terminates in an open tip including an opening communicating with a bore of the tubing. The helically coiled distal end is inserted into and is secured by the muscular folds in the cervix, and semen is transmitted therethrough. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to artificial insemination and, more particularly, to an apparatus for artificially inseminating livestock. Artificial insemination (AI) is an increasingly valuable technique and management practice for the pork producer. AI allows the pork producer widespread use and dissemination of outstanding boars and increases the number of offspring from the best boars. AI is invaluable for breeding under various environmental and managerial conditions, and allows the pork producer to accelerate the introduction of new genetic material. AI also reduces the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases within the stock and prevents injuries common in natural service. Pork producers and researchers have attempted to mimic the anatomy of a boar to make artificial insemination successful for the pork industry. In natural service the boar's penis has developed spiral glands to engage the muscular folds of the sow's cervix. This specialization locks the spiral tip of the penis in the folds of the cervix. This locking action during coitus ensures the bulk of the semen is transmitted into the uterus of the sow. The artificial insemination rods currently used by pork producers include an overmolded tip portion designed to simulate the spiral tip of the boar's penis. The insemination rod is inserted into the cervix and manipulated to simulate the natural locking action. Boar semen is then passed through the hollow rod and into the uterus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05868661__

66

Artificial Insemination

•

Artificial insemination device for private use Inventor(s): Chang; Won-Kyong (Suwon, KR), Lee; Myeung-Sik (Kyungki-Do, KR), Park; Jin-Ki (Suwon, KR), Park; Soo-Bong (Suwon, KR), Park; Yong-Yun (Suwon, KR) Assignee(s): Rural Development Administration (Suwon, KR) Patent Number: 6,059,716 Date filed: December 9, 1998 Abstract: An artificial insemination device for private use which is capable of allowing unskilled persons to achieve an artificial insemination of livestock such as cattle, horses, and deer, etc. in a simple and easy manner using frozen semen of those livestock. The device includes an in-vagina insert unit inserted into the vagina of a female to be inseminated upon injecting semen into the female, and a semen injection unit inserted into the womb canal of the female through the in-vagina insert unit upon injecting semen into the female. The in-vagina insert unit includes a hollow insert body, and an insert tube slidably fitted at its rear end in a front end of the insert body in such a manner that its length protruded from the insert body is adjustable in accordance with the depth of the vagina of the female. The semen injection unit includes an elongated semen injection tube connected at a rear end thereof to an injector, and a guide/nozzle member separably coupled to a front end of the semen injection tube. The guide/nozzle member guides an insertion of the semen injection tube into the womb canal of the female. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an artificial insemination device for private use which is capable of allowing unskilled persons to achieve an artificial insemination of livestock such as cattle, horses, and deer, etc. in a simple and easy manner using frozen semen of those livestock. Generally, the term "artificial insemination of livestock" means a method for inseminating a female by injecting semen mechanically collected from a male into the genital of the female (womb canal) using an injector, in place of a direct copulation of the female with the male. The collected semen is preserved in a frozen state, and thawed upon using it. Such an artificial insemination of livestock is generally performed on farms. For such an artificial insemination of livestock, frozen semen of a superior domestic animal is supplied to livestock breeders. Since this artificial insemination enables an improvement in the quality of livestock as well as a reliable pregnancy, it is encouraged for an increase in income and an increase in competitiveness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06059716__

•

Artificial insemination semen collection phantom Inventor(s): Emery; Joseph B. (15083 E. "C" Ave., Augusta, MI 49012) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,744,352 Date filed: January 16, 1987 Abstract: An artificial vagina releaseably attached to one end of a phantom mare. The phantom includes a body section that is adjustable such that the vertical height and angle of inclination can be set to accommodate stallions of all sizes. The body section also includes a recessed area to simulate the shape and size of a mare's body and to

Patents 67

provide the stallion with a gripping area. The phantom of the present invention makes collection more natural for the stallion and will be less work for the handler. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to artificial insemination devices, and more particularly to a device used to collect semen from stallions. Collection of semen from stallions for artificial insemination are taken manually into an artificial vagina. The stallion is taught to mount and breed a phantom or dummy mare and the penis is deflected to one side of the phantom into a manually held artificial vagina. Collection by this method is unnatural for the stallion and requires the efforts of a handler, as well as an assistant. Those concerned with these and other problems recognize the need for an improved semen collection phantom for stallions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04744352__ •

Artificial insemination system with valve assembly Inventor(s): Nichols; Lew O. (1519 James St., Webster City, IA 50595) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,090,088 Date filed: February 3, 1999 Abstract: A phantom mare includes a housing having inlet and outlet ends with a bore therebetween. A bladder surrounds the bore. Upon injection of a warmed fluid into the housing, the fluid is captured between the bladder and bore surface to distend and warm the bladder. Upon stallion penetration in the outlet end the discharged semen is directed to a collection container at the outlet end. A valve assembly regulates a user discharge of the fluid from the housing so that the distended bladder returns to a nondistended position to preclude irritation on the stallion upon withdrawal. The removal of heat of the discharged fluid from the housing reduces the possibility of damage to the deposited semen. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a semen collection device and, more particularly, to an improved collection device having a user operable valve assembly thereon for enhancing the volume and quality of semen collected thereby. The collection of semen from a stallion utilizing a phantom mare is known. One such device is as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,352 to Emery, which is incorporated by reference herein. Emery shows the utilization of a phantom mare having an artificial vagina in the form of a cylinder, with the cylinder having a first end for stallion penetration and a second in communication with a semen collection container. Upon insertion of the stallion's reproductive member into the cylinder and subsequent semen release, the semen is directed to the collection container. The cylinder includes a rubber bladder about the interior wall of the cylinder. A fill spout in the exterior cylinder wall allows for injection of water warmed to a desired temperature into the cylinder for capture between the rubber bladder and the cylinder wall. This structure is said to simulate the vagina of a mare. After semen release the water within the cylinder is released upon stallion withdrawal to allow the user to open the fill spout. One problem with the use of this past design is that upon withdrawal of the stallion from the cylinder, the distended bladder is bearing on portions of the tumescent (Docket 2642) reproductive member. This pressure irritates the stallion. Also, a suction is created which can cause an undesirable migration of a portion of the discharged semen towards the inlet end of the cylinder upon stallion withdrawal. Furthermore, the stallion should be removed from the phantom to allow the user safe access to the fill spout. As such, the semen within the cylinder is subject to

68

Artificial Insemination

a prolonged heat exchange with heat from the warmed bladder. This prolonged exchange may, if not kill the sperm, degrade the quality thereof. Thus, it is desirable to eliminate these problems found in prior phantom mare devices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06090088__ •

Artificial insemination tool Inventor(s): Root; Robert W. (6060 N. Drury, Kansas City, MO 64119) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,674,178 Date filed: June 12, 1996 Abstract: An improved artificial insemination tool includes a tip made of a medical grade thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) which is insert molded around one end of a elongate tube made of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). The TPE material is extremely durable and includes a series of annular rings which are progressively graduated in size from a small diameter to a larger diameter. The annular rings are separated by respective annular recesses. The graduated size of the tip allows it to be used with both young and mature animals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved artificial insemination tool, specifically designed for use with swine. More particularly, the improved device includes a elongate tube made of medical grade thermoplastic elastomer which is insert molded around a High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) tube and shaped as a series of annular rings of graduated diameter. The use of artificial insemination as a breeding management technique in the swine industry is on the increase. As production facilities increase in size and scale, efforts to maximize production and minimize costs in swine herds have received increased scrutiny. Artificial insemination (AI) achieves a number of advantages in this regard. For example, a single boar, by using natural service techniques, can inseminate up to 500 sows per year. The same boar, by using AI techniques, can service up to 3000 sows in a year, with about the same farrowing rate. Thus, a breeder can concentrate his resources in fewer, and presumably higher quality, boars by using AI techniques. Also, semen can be secured from boars outside of the herd to economically increase the quality and diversity of breeding stock. Furthermore, reducing the number of boars needed decreases the barn space requirement for boars, consequently increasing the barn space available for farrowing sows. For example, typical recommended floor space for a confined boar is about 50 square feet while a farrowing sow needs only about 18 square feet. Thus every boar eliminated frees up space for about three farrowing sows, each of which can produce between 2 and 3 litters per year. Other advantages include greater flexibility in breeding scheduling and no limitations on the use of older, heavier boars with younger, lighter sows. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05674178__

Patents 69

•

Belt for self-insemination of sows Inventor(s): Dumoulin; Michael W. (16N393 Walker Rd., Hampshire, IL 60140), Dumoulin; Patrick E. (16N393 Walker Rd., Hampshire, IL 60140) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,690,060 Date filed: October 23, 1995 Abstract: A self-insemination belt for use in the artificial insemination of sows. The belt has a body strap that wraps around the stomach of the sow just ahead of the hind legs and a back strap attached to the body strap so that the back strap lays along the sow's back. A detachable catheter holding strap is then attached to the back strap and then wrapped around the catheter to hold it in place. Excerpt(s): The raising of hogs as a business requires that the sows be artificially inseminated with boar semen. Products for carrying out the artificial insemination of sows are available and include catheters that are inserted into the cervix of the sow and are then connected to a cochette, tube or bottle containing the boar semen. In order to carry out self-insemination of the sows, there are currently available saddles which are typically weighted blankets that are set on the back of the sow and to which there can be attached a tube of semen which is in turn connected to the catheter. The device containing the boar semen must be in some manner attached to and held by the saddle. The known devices of this type for self-insemination are not adjustable so as to provide for differences in the heights of the sows. Also, the saddle tends to move as the sow moves around the confinement crate, and the saddles can fall off. Also, using the saddle and known devices can cause injury to the sow because the catheter projects outwardly, and if the sow backs into something, the sow can be injured. For this reason, sows being self-inseminated using known devices must always be inseminated in crates with an open back to minimize the possibility of injury. Moreover, the saddles are heavy and cumbersome and not easy to handle. There is therefore a need for a simple, easy to use device to facilitate the self-insemination of sows. The need for such a device extends to a device that is fully adjustable, will not easily fall off and can be used with catheters having a flexible tube so that the sow will not be injured. The invention provides a selfinsemination belt that can be wrapped around the stomach of the sow with the free ends connectable and adjustable for any size of sow. The belt has affixed to it a back Strap that is laid on the back of the sow and to which there can be easily attached and detached a catheter-holding strap which is wrapped around the catheter tubing to hold the tubing in place. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05690060__

•

Catheter for artificial insemination of birds, in particular turkey-hens, and method for producing such a catheter Inventor(s): Saint-Ramon; Jean-Gerard (Montmorency, FR) Assignee(s): IMV Technologies (L'Aigle, FR) Patent Number: 6,293,905 Date filed: May 14, 1999 Abstract: A catheter for artificial insemination of birds includes a plastic tube obtained by extrusion, each of the tube ends is shaped such that the tube's internal diameter at its

70

Artificial Insemination

ends is reduced to a value ranging between two-thirds and three-quarters of the tube's internal diameter, the reduction being obtainable by cold forming at the extruder outlet. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns storage tubes adapted to contain animal semen and used for artificial insemination, and more particularly catheters for artificial insemination of birds, in particular turkeys. Such catheters are well known per se; generally made of a plastics material, their length is in the order of 10 cm, their outside diameter is in the order of 4 mm and their inside diameter is in the order of 3.3 mm throughout the length of the tube, the overall thickness of the wall of the tube being 0.35 mm. The order of magnitude of the above dimensions responds to various imperatives; such catheters are, of course, suited to the anatomy of turkeys; moreover, firstly, they are designed to be used only once, to prevent contamination; they are therefore designed to contain only one dose of semen; secondly, to simplify handling, given the viscosity of semen, the semen is retained in the tube by capillary action; thirdly, they are suited to filling devices or machines and to emptying devices or guns designed to prevent any contact of the hands with the catheters. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06293905__ •

Chemotactic factors for human spermatozoa and their use in human assisted fertilization Inventor(s): Eisenbach; Michael (Rehovot, IL) Assignee(s): Yeda Research and Development Co. Ltd. (Rehovot, IL) Patent Number: 5,849,713 Date filed: January 5, 1996 Abstract: The invention relates to chemotactic factors for human spermatozoa that are purifiable from human follicular fluid. The factors are of peptidic and hydrophilic nature and have, one, a molecular size of about 13 kDa and, the other, an apparent molecular size smaller than 1.3 kDa, as determined by high pressure gel filtration. They are for use in procedures related to human fertilization, such as in various types of assisted fertilization, particularly artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, micromanipulation and direct microinjection of sperm into oocytes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of human fertilization, and more particularly to human factors purifiable from human follicular fluid exerting both chemotactic and chemokinetic activities on human spermatozoa. The invention further concerns various treatment and diagnostic procedures related to human fertilization. The problem of infertility afflicts about 10% of all couples. Of these, about 40-50% are related to female disorders and about 40% to male disorders, the remaining 10-20% of the cases lacking explanation. There is an ever growing number of procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of female sterility, while means for the treatment of male infertility or of infertility caused by defects in the sperm-egg interactions are quite limited. One of the questions in mammalian fertilization, in general, and in human fertilization, in particular, was whether the egg communicates with spermatozoa in the female genital tract before the actual contact between them, or whether the sperm-egg contact is coincidental. A common mode of communication in nature is chemotaxis (i.e., the response of motile cells or organisms to the gradient of a chemical stimulus, resulting in modulation of the direction of travel so as to approach an attractant or to move away from a repellent), often accompanied by chemokinesis (i.e., a change in swimming speed in response to a chemical stimulus). Sperm chemotaxis is known to

Patents 71

occur in species with external fertilization, primarily in metazoa whose females spawn their eggs into sea water before fertilization. Animal sperm attractants are peptides or proteins with molecular sizes varying from 1.5 kDa for sea urchin sperm attractant to 25 kDa for the sperm attractant of the siphonophore Muggiaea atlantica. Sperm chemotaxis is less obvious in species with internal fertilization, where very large numbers of spermatozoa (ca. 10.sup.7 -10.sup.9 in mammals) are ejaculated directly into the female reproductive tract; there, a sufficient number may reach the egg coincidentally, and a need for a directed movement or for sperm chemotaxis is not self-evident. However, recent studies indicate that sperm chemotaxis is also present in mammals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05849713__ •

Container for semen and other biological liquids Inventor(s): Simmet; Ludwig (Verona, WI) Assignee(s): Minitube of America, Inc. (Verona, WI) Patent Number: 6,551,819 Date filed: June 29, 2000 Abstract: A container for biological fluids useful in artificial insemination is disclosed. The inventive container has a nozzle for delivery of the biological liquid, wherein the nozzle has means for bending such that the container may be used in a vertical position while attached to a horizontal catheter. The nozzle also has means to facilitate opening the tube without tools. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a container for biological liquids, more particularly, biological liquids used in the artificial insemination of animals. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer involves the delivery of biological cells useful for the purposes of procreation (such as semen or embryos) to the reproductive tract of a female animal. Typically, especially in the case of inseminating livestock, these biological cells are stored in sealed containers prior to use. Several suitable containers are known. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,117, issued to Cassou, discloses a container for biological liquids comprising a hollow body of elastomeric material including a tubular intermediate part, rounded ends, and a portion adapted to be perforated by a cannula. The improvement of the device of U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,117 comprises the interior and exterior surfaces of the container being smooth and curved throughout and the means performable by a cannula comprising a thick wall portion. In practice, this container is a flexible flat plastic bag which is adapted to seal around a specially designed catheter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06551819__

•

Device and method for artificial insemination of bovines and other animals Inventor(s): Mendoza; Marco Antonio Hidalgo (Rebaamen 573, Col. Narvarte 03020, MX), Niven; William A. (4011 Guilford Ave., Livermore, CA 94550) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,071,231 Date filed: July 11, 1997 Abstract: An artificial insemination device is formed by attaching a semen filled straw or tube to one end of a pipette to which a syringe is attached at the other end. An

72

Artificial Insemination

anchorable tip is attached to the other end of the semen filled tube. The semen filled tube is attached by forming tapered bores in the pipette and anchorable tip so that semen filled tubes of various diameters can be press fit into the tapered bores. The pipette-tube-tip assembly is inserted into the animal's vagina using a speculum until the tip enters the cervix, and a seal is formed between the tip and cervix by inflating an attached balloon. The syringe, which contains a diluent fluid, is pushed to force semen and diluent fluid out through ejection port(s) in the tip into the animal's uterus. Optimum amounts of semen and diluent fluid can be delivered to various sized animals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to artificial insemination of bovines and other animals. Worldwide, artificial insemination (AI) has penetrated about 80% of the dairy industry but only about 5% of the beef producing industry. One reason is the need for skilled personnel, veterinarians and technicians, trained to grasp the cervix via the rectum and to guide the AI pipette into or through the cervix. In the traditional method, the inseminator must learn to insert the insemination tube into the cervix by developing the tactile skill to work through the wall of the large intestine while pushing the tube forward through the vagina with the other hand. The cervix is a number of inches long (4-6" in beef cattle), and sometimes has several bends (e.g. "s" or "v" shape in some Brahman cattle), and has several very tight sphincters through which the tube must be guided. Hence there is the ever present danger of perforating the wall of the cervix or the uterus with the inseminating tube, causing injury to the animal. Because of these difficulties, it is often impossible to advance the inseminating tube very far into the cervix, with a corresponding lower insemination efficiency and conception success rate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06071231__ •

Device and method for facilitating animal artificial insemination Inventor(s): Douglas-Hamilton; Margaret M. (Beverly, MA) Assignee(s): 501 Hamilton/Thorn Research Associates (Wenham, MA) Patent Number: 4,690,678 Date filed: June 24, 1985 Abstract: In an artificial vagina for use in animal artificial insemination that includes a tubular section with an intromission orifice, a thin, flexible plastic sheet liner of a generally cylindrical shape with an intromission opening and a collection chamber is insertable into the artificial vagina, and disposable after one use. A filter mounted on a ring is located within the liner at a reduced diameter portion located intermediate the collection chamber and the main portion of the liner. An external strap frictionally engages the ring to secure the filter. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device and method for facilitating animal artificial insemination, and particularly to devices and methods for improving the use of artificial vaginas in that practice. In horse and other animal breeding, the method of artificial insemination is frequently used. It is, in fact, being used more frequently, as improvements in devices and methods occur. Artificial insemination offers great advantages to horse breeders by permitting simultaneous fertilization of a number of mares by one stallion, by permitting fertilization of incompetent mares, and by preventing injury to stallions from recalcitrant mares. In equine and other animal artificial insemination the use of an artificial vagina (AV) is ordinarily required in order to collect the semen from the male animal. After it is used to collect semen from one animal, the AV has to be carefully cleaned and disinfected in order to prevent any

Patents 73

possible propagation of disease. The cleaning and disinfecting can take considerable time and effort. Furthermore, the AV is unavailable for use until it is cleaned and disinfected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04690678__ •

Device and process for artificial insemination of animals Inventor(s): Haubrich; Mark A. (35584 C-44, Le Mars, IA 51031) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,899,848 Date filed: July 14, 1997 Abstract: An artificial insemination device and process for animals and mammals having an elongated, hollow catheter tube adapted for attachment in a bonded manner at one end with an annular, bulbous tip, the tip having a axial passage formed therethrough and with a balloon having perforations formed therein at one closed end and having an opposite, open end affixed in a bonded manner with the tip, whereby fluid may flow from the tube through the tip and into the balloon for ejection through the perforations caused by uterine contractions of an animal being artificially inseminated, the combination acting upon the inflated balloon. The balloon is capable of being tucked within the tip passage prior to and during insertion into the animal. A semen container is attachable to an opposite end of the catheter tube, with a device associated with the tube opposite end for allowing the flow of semen only from the container toward the balloon. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05899848__

•

Device for trans-cervical artificial insemination and embryo transfer Inventor(s): Christine; Robert R. (Bethel, MO), Hladky; Donald F. (Janesville, WI), Schoenbeck; Ricky A. (Walworth, WI) Assignee(s): Continental Plastic Corp. (Delavan, WI) Patent Number: 6,511,415 Date filed: November 3, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and a method useful for non-surgical embryo transfer or artifical insemination of mammals. An apparatus for depositing media into the uterus of a mammal includes a conical chamber that has a plurality of perforations and flaps. An exterior spiral formation is configured for traversing or penetrating cervical passageway. A sheath having a frusto-conical rearward end extends axially from an aft end of the conical chamber. A tubular depositing chamber extends axially from the conical chamber to a position beyond a fore end of the conical chamber. Coupled to the rearward end of the depositing chamber is an embryo or semen packaging unit. The tubular depositing chamber has an end that has an aperture to permit the flow of semen out of the depositing chamber and into the uterus. The invention also involves a method for depositing of embryos or semen into a uterus of a mammal by a) inserting a conical chamber having a fore end and an exterior spiral formation into a cervix of a mammal, b) securing the conical chamber with the walls of

74

Artificial Insemination

the cervix, c) projecting a depositing chamber through an interior portion of the conical chamber, d) moving the depositing chamber to an embryo or semen release position for release of embryos or semen in the uterus, and e) securing an embryo or semen packaging unit to the depositing chamber to deposit embryos or semen in the uterus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to the field of artificial insemination of mammals. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and a method useful for non-surgical embryo transfer and artificial insemination of mammals. Specifically, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to transfer of fluid medium comprising semen, a fluid medium containing embryos or some medicinal fluid into the uterus of a female mammal such as a sow. In recent years, effective application of artificial impregnation including artificial insemination and non-surgical embryo transfer has established a proven method for improving the production of domestic livestock. Generally, such techniques enhanced the ability to selectively breed a single genetically superior male for production traits with a large number of females. Selective breeding of course allows for livestock with improved genetic traits for production. Artificial insemination techniques also decrease the chance of diseases and physical injury that can be associated with the natural breeding process. As a result of these and other advantages, the use of artificial insemination and non-surgical embryo transfer have become a widespread technique in the management of many species of domestic livestock. One of the non-surgical embryo transfer systems described in the prior art, involves inserting a tubular instrument into the cervix of a recipient female, and then depositing 10-12 milliliters of liquid medium containing embryos into and through the instrument, the objective being to deposit the embryos in the uterus. However, other procedures have several drawbacks. First, there is no way to determine whether the instrument has been inserted far enough into the cervix so that its forward end is adjacent to the body of the uterus. As a result, instances where the forward end of the instrument remains lodged within the cervix, the embryos may never reach the uterus to initiate pregnancy, and thus pregnancy rate may be reduced. As a result of the aforementioned problems, the pregnancy rate or liter size in embryotransfer may be reduced. This results in annual monetary losses due to the cost of maintaining the non-pregnant recipient animals. Other conventional artificial insemination (AI) techniques in the industry for some species may result in reduced pregnancy rate or litter size because not enough sperm cells were deposited into the uterus. To compensate for this and to maximize pregnancy rate or liter size, larger numbers of sperm cells are introduced than may be necessary if the entire insemination dose was deposited into the uterus. This is also due to the difficulty associated with passing a conventional straight AI device through the cervix of some species. The reason why the passageway of the cervix is difficult to navigate in most mammalian species is that the inside of the cervix has ridged folds of tissue which block straight entry. These folds need to be circumvented to penetrate the cervical passageway and reach the uterine body. Therefore, there is a need for an improved system for affecting the nonsurgical transfer of embryos into recipient animals and artificial insemination, particularly those species having a cervix of the type, which is difficult to navigate, such as swine, sheep, and goats. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06511415__

Patents 75

•

Device to facilitate artificial insemination of bovines and similar animals Inventor(s): Mendoza; Marco A. H. (Rebsamen 573, Col. Narvarte, 03020, MX), Niven; Malcolm (Montes Urales 625, Lomas de Chapultepec, 11000, MX) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,147,299 Date filed: January 29, 1990 Abstract: The addition of one or more lateral ejecting holes in the end of the insemination device that is introduced into the entrance of the neck of the uterus of the cow, for depositing semen, will permit a better application of the semen and also will allow the device to be used not only for the insemination of bovines, but also for other animals of different species whose sexual anatomical characteristics are similar to those of cows, by adapting the size of the device to the particular characteristics of the other animals. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of Mexican patent application No. 14720/14076 filed Jan. 31, 1989. The invention relates to the artificial insemination of bovines and other animals. The device to facilitate the artificial insemination of cows, that has been described in Mexican patent No. 154491, has proved to be a great advancement in artificial insemination, reducing time, expenses and effort, in the training and availability of expert inseminators, surpassing to a great extent the traditional practices used for insemination and increasing its effectiveness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05147299__

•

Devices for collecting animal semen and method of use Inventor(s): Michelle; Beth (Acton, CA) Assignee(s): Double H.Ranch Products, LLC (Acton, CA) Patent Number: 6,520,922 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: A device for collecting animal semen for later artificial insemination. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains generally to artificial insemination in animals, and in particular to both female and male condom-like devices which serve to collect semen for that purpose. Animal breeding is a large industry throughout the world. Particularly in the field of horse breeding, prized stallions can be worth $100,000 to $20,000,000 with stud fees ranging from $10,000 to $150,000. In view of the sizable financial investment represented by the animals, it is most desirable to provide the maximum probability of breeding success with the minimum possibility of injury to the breeding animals. In each breeding encounter, there is always risk of injury to a breeding pair of animals, such as through kicks or falls. In some instances the injury can be so severe that one or both of the animals has to be destroyed. For example, some mares kick during breeding. If the mare kicks the leg of the stallion, the leg may break thereby necessitating destruction of the stallion. Therefore to minimize this risk, artificial insemination is usually employed wherein a large amount of semen bearing sperm is collected from one breeding encounter and then utilized to impregnate several mares. This technique is also useful since the breeding animals do not have to be physically brought together, but can rather reside great distances apart. A problem exists however with the method of collecting the sperm. The current method uses a

76

Artificial Insemination

leather "boot" costing about $500. The stallion is brought to a mare that is in heat, thereby by precipitating sexual arousal. Under the guidance of one or more handlers, the stallion mounts the mare. Rather than allowing the stallion's penis to enter the mare's vagina, a handler manually deflects the penis into the boot, thereby hoping to fool the stallion into believing that a natural sexual position has been attained. Unfortunately, in many instances upon feeling the unnatural boot, the stallion becomes angry, and commences to scream, dismounts the mare and proceeds to kick and stomp. Obviously, such behavior represents a potential danger to horses and handlers alike. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06520922__ •

Encapsulation of sperm for artificial insemination Inventor(s): van Blerkom; Jonathan (Denver, CO) Assignee(s): Genetic Engineering, Inc. (New City, NY) Patent Number: 4,840,891 Date filed: September 3, 1986 Abstract: Sperm are encapsulated in a nontoxic polymer which is freely flowing at body temperature and a gel or solid at temperatures of storage and transfer. On delivery to the reproductive tract, the polymer microcapsule liquifies and the sperm are released. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the storage, transport, maintenance and insemination of viable sperm. For breeding of animals, maximum fertilization is dependent upon precise insemination of sufficient numbers of healthy, viable sperm at the appropriate times. The decrease in fertilization due to poor timing of insemination may be a result of either a loss of sperm viability or a reduction in numbers of viable sperm available during the fertile life of the ovum. It is desirable to improve conception rates in artificially bred animals through the prolongation of viable sperm retention and release in the female reproductive tract. Studies have already been undertaken by several laboratories to evaluate the efficiency of microencapsulation of spermatozoa as a means of enhancing sperm retention in the female following artificial insemination. Microencapsulation is based on the fact that large losses of sperm occur from and within the female during insemination, especially after the deposition of previously cryopreserved spermatozoa. The major causes of sperm disappearance appear to be leucocytic phagocytosis (engulfment of sperm by white blood cells which invade the uterus at the time of heat), and retrograde removal (expulsion of sperm from the uterus back through the cervix). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04840891__

•

Enhancement of the pro-fertility action of a molecule involved in a sperm-egg binding Inventor(s): Amann; Rupert P. (Ft. Collins, CO), Gill; Surinder P. S. (State College, PA), Hammerstedt; Roy H. (Boalsburg, PA) Assignee(s): BioPore, Inc. (State College, PA) Patent Number: 6,100,378 Date filed: March 12, 1999

Patents 77

Abstract: A synthetic peptide with enhanced pro-fertility action was produced by inclusion of additional amino acids at the carboxyl end of a previously disclosed synthetic peptide. Improvement in bioactivity over the previously disclosed peptide was demonstrated. A direct comparison of an earlier known synthetic peptide and an extended peptide involved brief exposure of sperm in vitro to one or the other peptide at several concentrations. When sperm then were evaluated in vitro using an eggmembrane substrate, an increased percentage of sperm bound for cells exposed to the new extended peptide. Similarly, when fertility of sperm after artificial insemination was the criterion, a greater percentage of eggs was fertilized by sperm exposed to the new extended peptide. In one preferred embodiment, this enhanced pro-fertility action was achieved with a peptide having a 68 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO 1:): Cys-GlnSer-Leu-Gln-Glu-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Glu-Gln-Asn-Gln-Arg-Gln-Leu-Glu-Ser-As n-Lys-Ile-ProGlu-Val-Asp-Leu-Ala-Agr-Val-Val-Ala-Pro-Phe-Met-Ser-Asn-Ile-P ro-Leu-Leu-Leu-TyrPro-Gln-Asp-Arg-Pro-Arg-Ser-Gln-Pro-Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-AsnGlu-Asp-Val-Cys-ValAsn-His-His-His-His-His-His. Excerpt(s): Subfertility is a major problem with domestic animals, humans and certain endangered species. Subfertility has a billion dollar impact on food production. In many circumstances, most sperm in a sample must have a low fertilizing potential despite normality of motion, morphology, or "viability" (plasma membrane excludes dye). This is evidenced in two ways. First, attributes of each spermatozoan other than "motility" and "viability" are important, and failure in one of many critical functions renders a spermatozoan incapable of fertilizing an oocyte (Amann and Hammerstedt, 1993; Hammerstedt, 1996). An in vitro sperm-binding assay (Barbato et al., 1998; Amann et al., 1999) allows detection of certain males ejaculating semen with a relatively low percentage of sperm capable of binding in this assay and, hence, likely to be of low fertility. Fertility trials confirm general correctness of the classification (Barbato et al., 1998). Knowledge of sperm-associated proteins is evolving rapidly, and it is evident that sperm are exposed to, and modified by, specific proteins secreted at multiple sites within the testis and/or excurrent duct system. As summarized by Amann et al. (1999), individual glycosylated molecules have received emphasis in considerations of spermto-egg binding, at the potential risk of overlooking non-glycosylated molecules. Also, some authors rightly have highlighted the need for multiple and synergistic ligands. Hammerstedt et al. (1997) disclosed a novel native protein and several non-glycosylated, synthetic peptides which, when included in buffer suspending sperm, increased the percentage of sperm bound using an in vitro assay and also increased fertility of sperm used for artificial insemination. The native peptide is thought to be formed from prosaposin. Full-length, unprocessed prosaposin (Collard et al., 1988; O'Brien and Kishimoto, 1991; Kishimoto et al., 1992; Azuma et al., 1998) also has been termed sulfated glycoprotein 1 or SGP-1. Conventionally, prosaposin is proteolytically processed (Hiraiwa et al., 1993) into 4 saposins (A, B, C and D; each 13 to 15 kD) and 3 intervening segments (A-B, B-C and C-D; each 6 to 8 kD). Saposins are considered to be activator proteins increasing the catalytic rate of lipid-modifying enzymes, as in lysosomes (O'Brien and Kishimoto, 1991; Kishimoto et al., 1992; Mumford et al., 1995). Until Hammerstedt et al. (1997) , no function had been ascribed to any of the 3 intervening segments. Prosaposin (or mature products thereof) is produced throughout the body although not secreted by most tissues (Collard et al., 1988; Kishimoto et al., 1992; Sylvester et al., 1984, 1989; Igdoura et al., 1993; Rosenthal et al., 1995). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06100378__

78

Artificial Insemination

•

Filler nozzle for packaging for biological liquids, in particular for artificial insemination Inventor(s): Beau; Christian (Voisins-le-Bretonneux, FR), Ehrsam; Alain (Lyon, FR), Louviot; Thierry (L'Aigle, FR), Saint-Ramon; Jean-Gerard (Montmorency, FR) Assignee(s): Instruments de Medecine Veterinaire (L'Aigle, FR) Patent Number: 6,305,585 Date filed: May 30, 2000 Abstract: A filler nozzle for packaging, in particular for use in artificial insemination, has a plastics material body with a male or female conical part that partly surrounds a capillary tube made from stainless steel or a plastics material. The filler nozzle is particularly suitable for filling straws with seminal liquid. It prevents pollution of the closing area of the straw. It is also compatible with automatic placement and with manual handling. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a filler nozzle (or connector) for packaging for volumes of seminal liquid or any other biological product, such as straws, canulae, tubes and catheters, for example. Straws are tubular reservoirs for packaging animal semen intended for artificial insemination or biological liquids, having an inside diameter which is sufficiently small for the dose to remain in place by capillary action alone, which simplifies handling in the case where the straw must be used as soon as it is filled, without intermediate storage. Existing filler nozzles or connectors are more particularly intended for filling devices of the flask, beaker, bottle, etc type but are not suitable for filling tubes, straws, canulae or catheters, especially if it is required to leave an area free of any soiling by the filler product, for example in the case of closing by welding. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06305585__

•

Increasing reproductive efficiency of bull semen using fucose or a compound with a fucose moiety Inventor(s): Suarez; Susan S. (Ithaca, NY) Assignee(s): Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (Ithaca, NY) Patent Number: 5,972,592 Date filed: December 29, 1997 Abstract: Inclusion of fucose or fucose-containing bull sperm monovalent binding oligosaccharide in semen extender increases the reproductive efficiency of bull semen extended therewith, for artificial insemination of cows by increasing non-return rates for normal concentrations of sperm and providing acceptable non-return rates at sperm concentrations lower than 5 million motile sperm per insemination. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a bull semen extender composition, to extended bull semen composition and to a method of increasing the reproductive efficiency of bull semen for artificial insemination of cows. Most dairy cattle are bred by artificial insemination. Frozen semen is used by top producers to inseminate 95% of cows and 89% of heifers. Semen is extended (diluted) and frozen until thawed for use for insemination. A single ejaculate from a good bull can be used to inseminate as many as 1,000 cows. Presently, sperm dilution is normally considered to be limited to a concentration of not less than 5 million motile sperm for a 1/2 ml insemination (not less

Patents 79

than 10 million motile sperm per milliliter). This dilution provides a "non-return" rate of 70% if conditions are optimal. The non-return rate refers to the failure of cows to return to the estrous state and therefore is directly correlated with incidence of pregnancy. Typically, 10 to 30 million bull sperm are inseminated in a volume of 0.5 ml to obtain a non-return rate of 50 to about 75%. So even if artificial insemination is used to significantly increase the reproductive efficiency of valuable bulls, millions of sperm are still needed for insemination. It is of interest to the dairy industry to be able to improve the non-return rate or reduce the number of sperm required per insemination. We turn now to some technical background from which the invention was conceived. It has been discovered that for cows sperm become trapped in the oviduct just beyond the entrance to the oviduct by sticking (binding) to the inner surface of the wall of the oviduct (referred to hereinafter sometimes as "oviductal epithelium"). This results in formation of a sperm reservoir. As the time of ovulation approaches, sperm are released from the reservoir to fertilize the egg. Capacitation is considered to change the sperm to cause said release. It has been found that the molecules on the oviductal epithelium provide certain sugar moieties which bind to molecules on sperm and that this causes the binding of sperm to oviductal epithelium and formation of a sperm reservoir thereon. Binding of sperm to oviductal epithelium and release therefrom may serve the functions of reducing or preventing polyspermic fertilization and of prolonging the life and fertility of sperm (i.e., maintaining sperm fertilizing capacity). Thus, the binding of sperm to oviductal epithelium to form a sperm reservoir is considered a beneficial occurrence and important to fertilization. Research is and has been carried out on how sperm transport is regulated by oviductal epithelium. Fucose has been detected on the oviductal epithelial surface and sperm binding is reduced when fucose is enzymatically removed from the epithelial surface, indicating that fucose is what sperm bind to when they enter the oviduct. Furthermore, it has been discovered that the application of fucose, polymerized fucose, and fucose linked in certain linkages in oligosaccharide, inhibits the binding of the sperm to oviductal epithelium presumably by competitive inhibition of binding, i.e., by binding to sperm so fucose in oviductal epithelium cannot bind to sperm. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972592__ •

Injector of sperm for artificial insemination or fertilized ovum for transplantation of domestic animal and method of operating thereof Inventor(s): Sasaki; Katsuhiko (Fujimi-mura, JP) Assignee(s): Livestock Improvement Association of Japan, Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,454,756 Date filed: May 24, 2000 Abstract: The injector of the present invention (10) comprises a heat-retaining tube (12), an outer pipe (18) for inserting into a uterus which is fixed parallel to a front end of the heat-retaining tube (12), a syringe (22) for injection inserted into the heat-retaining tube (12) from the rear end of the heat-retaining tube (12), an elastic and flexible tube for injection (24) which is connected to the front end of the syringe (22) and is pulled out of the front end of the heat-retaining tube and is inserted slidably into inside of the hollow of the outer pipe (18),and a discharge nozzle (28) which is mounted integrally to the front end of the tube (24) and projects from the front end of the tube (18), and in which a portion between a projecting position from the heat-retaining tube (12) and the outer pipe (18) is regarded as a surplus length portion (24a) and the surplus length portion

80

Artificial Insemination

(24a) is paid out in a state that the outer pipe (18) is inserted to a given depth in a uterus, thereby making the discharge nozzle (28) reach to the deep portion of the uterus along the shape of the uterus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an injector of a sperm for artificial insemination or a fertilized ovum for transplantation of a domestic animal such as cattle and the like and a method of operation therefor. Semen of so-called bull used for an artificial insemination is extremely valuable and expensive and is conserved in freezing state in an elongate sealed tube called a straw and is thawed at the time of artificial insemination when using. As an operation of injection of this semen into a uterus of a cow, a rectovaginal method has been generally used. A conventional injector of semen comprises an elongated narrow pipe 5 of small diameter, an injection tube 6 screwed to the front end of the pipe 5 and having a semen discharge opening perforated at the front end thereof, and a push bar 7 which is slidably inserted into a rear end of the pipe 5. A straw is provided inside the injection tube 6 in such a manner that a front end of the push bar 7 is to be inserted into the rear end of the straw to push and carry a cotton plug in the straw. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06454756__ •

Instrument for artificial insemination, embryo transfer or sampling follicular liquids in mammals Inventor(s): Cassou; Bertrand (Saint Symphorien des Bruyeres, 61300 L'Aigle, FR), Cassou; Maurice (Rue Clemenceau, 61300 L'Aigle, FR), Cassou; Robert (Rue Clemenceau, 61300 L'Aigle, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,846,785 Date filed: January 20, 1988 Abstract: An instrument of artificial insemination or embryo transfer by a transperitoneal and/or cervical route or for sampling follicular liquids in mammals especially horses, pigs, sheep, goats, deer and carnivores is of the type constituted by a syringe formed by a sheath in which slides in fluid-tight manner a piston movable in translation. The sheath is externally protected by a rigid cover and is immobilized in a manipulator sleeve comprising a rotary member adapted to actuate the piston. The anterior end of the sheath is fitted with a needle. The cover protecting the sheath is covered by and guides a palpator the length of which is greater than that of the cover but less than that of the sheath (including the needle). Thus the needle of the syringe is selectively covered or exposed in whole or in part by axial sliding movement of the cover. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns an instrument for artificial insemination, embryo transfer or sampling follicular liquids in mammals in general and in horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, deer and all carnivores in particular. There are known laparoscopy techniques for "in situ" manipulation of the genital tract and the ovaries using instruments manipulated from outside the animal but inserted into the abdominal cavity through the opening in a trocar previously inserted through the skin and the peritoneum. This technique is employed when the neck of the uterus is difficult to pierce, as in goats, or even impossible to pierce, as in sheep and dogs. It is preferred over surgical intervention (laparotomy) which usually causes as a post-operative complication adherence of the broad ligament and/or of the peritoneum to the oviduct

Patents 81

and/or the uterus and/or endometrial adhesions. The invention is therefore concerned with an instrument that can be used for artificial insemination or embryo transfer by a transperitoneal route, for example in goats, sheep and dogs, or by the natural path where the morphology of the mammal lends itself to this. This instrument may also be applied to sampling follicular liquids by the cervical route. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04846785__ •

Metering and filling device, in particular for artificial insemination of poultry Inventor(s): Beau; Christian (Voisins-le-Bretonneux, FR), Brillard; Jean-Pierre (Joue-lesTours, FR) Assignee(s): Instruments de Medecine Veterinaire (L'Aigle, FR) Patent Number: 6,035,904 Date filed: April 25, 1997 Abstract: The disclosure concerns an automatic machine for metering and filling, for example volumes of animal semen, in any packaging member, regardless of its diameter and the material from which it is made (straws, glass or plastics material catheters, all types of flask, etc). Essentially intended for artificial insemination of poultry, for example turkeys, this device nevertheless has an extremely wide range of application. For example, using a peristaltic cassette (12) (described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,679 filed by MALBEC), under the control of a digital controller, the machine enables small volumes of liquid to be dispensed with the greatest possible accuracy and very high rates of artificial insemination to be maintained. The objectives of the invention include a device for precise and fast metering of any fluid, primarily for use in animal husbandry and research laboratories. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns an automatic metering and filling machine, in particular for volumes of animal semen packaged in any kind of packaging member (by way of non-limiting example: cannulas, straws, catheters, tubes, flasks, etc) regardless of their diameter and of the material from which they are made. This device is more particularly, although not exclusively, suitable for insemination of poultry, such as turkeys, for example. 4--easy and fast disinfection. The construction of automatic metering and filling machines commercially available at this time does not satisfy all these requirements simultaneously. Although this equipment in all cases satisfies the last two of the specifications mentioned above, this is not so in respect of the first two. The equipment is designed on the principle of distribution using a syringe or an air suction system. The use of a syringe generally limits the speed with which doses can be dispensed and the use of an air suction system does not allow accurate metering of the liquid substance to be introduced into the interior of a cannula, for example. Consequently, and regardless of their qualities, this equipment is either very accurate and rather slow or fairly fast and somewhat inaccurate. What is more, most of this equipment is generally relatively costly and must in some cases be associated with a compressor, which does not facilitate the work of inseminators moving amongst animals or in poultry batteries, for example. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06035904__

82

Artificial Insemination

•

Method and apparatus for creating a pathway in an animal Inventor(s): Anderson; Donald E. (2090 Canyon Crest Ave., San Ramon, CA 94583), Anderson; Mark E. (2090 Canyon Crest Ave., San Ramon, CA 94583) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,526,917 Date filed: May 31, 2002 Abstract: A method and apparatus for safer and more effective deep trans-cervical intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) is provided. Such a deep AI catheter causes minimal discomfort and risk of trauma, and does not require the services of a highly trained AI professional. First, a catheter is inserted into the cervical tract of the animal. A membrane, initially positioned inside a tube section of the catheter, is then extended from an opening in the tube and into the tract under pressure. The membrane extends into the tract without friction thereby reducing the discomfort and the risk of trauma or injury to the animal. When the membrane is fully extended into the tract, pressure causes the tip of the membrane to open thereby releasing the AI fluid and depositing the genetic material suspended in the fluid into the reproductive tract. In addition to AI and embryo transplant, other applications for the pathway include other therapeutic, diagnostic or procedures, such as introducing fluoroscopic cameras, instruments, and drug delivery. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of creating a pathway into an animal. More particularly, the present invention relates to more effective methods and apparatus for safely creating pathways in mammals for applications such as artificial insemination (AI). In order to feed the world population that is swelling rapidly year after year, there is an urgent need for a safer and more efficient AI of swine and other farm animals, where fresh or frozen semen and/or embryo transfer technology can be used to transfer high genetic value materials, thereby increasing the quality and quantity of the livestock litters. FIGS. 1A and 1B show conventional AI catheters for swine. Unfortunately, freezing is usually necessitated by the short life span of fresh genetic materials and the logistics of distribution. Even with advanced freezing techniques, thawing causes a reduction in the mobility, motility and fertility of the spermatozoa, resulting in the need for trans-cervical intra-uterine AI to obtain commercially acceptable conception rates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06526917__

•

Method for inducing the acrosome reaction in human and animal spermatozoa Inventor(s): Di Virgilio; Francesco (c/o Institute of General Pathology, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44100 Ferrara, IT), Foresta; Carlo (c/o Institute of General Pathology, Via Trieste 75, I-35121 Padova, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,474,890 Date filed: October 18, 1993 Abstract: A method for assessing the fertilization potential of mammalian spermatozoa comprises the steps of incubating a sperm sample with extracellular ATP, determining the level of acrosine secretion from the sperm and comparing with the level of acrosine secretion from a control sample of sperm not treated with ATP. A kit for performing the

Patents 83

assessment of fertilization potential includes sterile culture medium, sterile, preferably lyophilized ATP, sterile culture tubes and acrosine substrate. A method of inducing the acrosome reaction in sperm taken from an infertile mammal also comprises the incubation of the sperm with extracellular ATP in appropriate culture medium. Sperm treated in this manner may be used in conventional artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization procedures. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods for assessing the fertilization potential of mammalian spermatozoa and for inducing the acrosome reaction in such spermatozoa. It has been known for some time that to be able to fertilize ovulated eggs ejaculated mammalian sperm must reside in the female reproductive tract for several hours; the precise time required varies from one mammal to another. The term "capacitation" was coined to describe this phenomenon. Similarly, sperm removed from the cauda epididymis for in vitro fertilization or for artificial insemination must be incubated under conditions that promote capacitation. Capacitation has been defined as the process in the female (or in vitro) that prepares the spermatozoon to undergo the acrosome reaction and also quite probably to develop a whiplash or hyperactivated motility that may enhance ability to penetrate the zona pellucida (Yanagimachi, J. Reproduc. Fertil., 23:193-196 (1970)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05474890__ •

Method of artificial insemination by timed release of sperm from capsules or solid beads Inventor(s): Chou; Kuo-Chuan Karen (Okemos, MI), Wang; Henry Y. (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees operating Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI), University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) Patent Number: 6,596,310 Date filed: August 23, 2000 Abstract: A method is provided for encapsulating sperm in a particle wherein the particle provides for the timed release of the sperm. In particular, the method uses a gel forming polymer to form the particle and a medium for maintaining most of the sperm in a non-capacitated stage while it is encapsulated. Further provided is a method for artificial insemination using the encapsulated sperm wherein the sperm is naturally or artificially capacitated after the artificial insemination. In an embodiment, capsules containing a core of sperm in a semen extender are formed as a mixture having membranes of different thicknesses to provide varying time of sperm release. In another embodiment, the sperm and extender are dispersed throughout solid beads that vary in chemical property and diameter to provide varying time of sperm release. The extender may be free of glucose, xanthine oxidase and H.sub.2 O.sub.2, and contain fructose, fructose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate or mixtures thereof as a carbohydrate source. Excerpt(s): None. The present invention relates to an artificial insemination method which comprises providing sperm in a particle wherein the particle provides for the timed release of the sperm. In particular, a method for artificial insemination wherein the sperm in the particle is naturally or artificially capacitated after the artificial insemination. The present invention further relates to a method for encapsulating the sperm in particles and to the particles comprising sperm. In particular, the present invention relates to methods and particles wherein the sperm is provided in a semen extender that provides an energy source which does not facilitate capacitation of the

84

Artificial Insemination

sperm while in the particle. In a preferred embodiment, the particle comprising the sperm is a capsule or a bead. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596310__ •

Method of increasing the economic value of breeding stock semen Inventor(s): Ericsson; Ronald J. (Ranch in Crook County, WY) Assignee(s): Gametrics Limited (Alzada, MT) Patent Number: 4,764,373 Date filed: November 29, 1985 Abstract: Method of artificially inseminating a plurality of animals with aliquots of sperm obtained from a breeding stock individual of that species, obtained by fractionating the collected semen into first and second motile-sperm containing fractions, the first of which is free from immotile sperm and non-sperm components, both suspended in a liquid vehicle which is physiologically acceptable to the sperm and for artificial insemination; dividing the first and second fractions into a plurality of aliquots, each of which contain enough motile sperm to ensure a pregnancy when used for an artificial insemination; artificially inseminating a plurality of individuals of that species in which a predominance of male offspring is desired with the aliquots of the first fraction; and artificially inseminating a plurality of individuals of that species in which a predominance of male offspring is not a desired objective with the aliquots of the second fraction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for increasing the economic value of breeding stock semen. In mammals, the sex is determined by two different types of sperm, which have either an X-chromosome (X-sperm) or Y-chromosome (Y-sperm). The economic impact of sex preselection in livestock is well documented. See "Impacts of Applied Genetics, Micro-Organisms, Plants and Animals" Chapter 9, 1981, OTA Report. Lib. Congress Cat. Card No. 81-600046; R. J. Gerrits et al, "Economics of Improving Reproductive Efficiency in Farm Animals". In U.S. Pat. No. 4,009,260, I claim methods for increasing the incidence of males in the offspring of mammals by artificially inseminating a fertile female with a Y-sperm enriched sperm fraction of that mammal obtained by maintaining at least the sperm portion of progressively motile spermcontaining semen, either as such or suspended in an aqueous suspending vehicle physiologically acceptable to the sperm, as an upper layer in vertical interfacial contact, at a temperature at which the motile sperm are motile, with a lower discrete layer of a first aqueous contacting medium physiologically acceptable to the sperm and in which the motile sperm migrate downwardly at a slower rate than the upper layer, until a portion only of the motile sperm of the semen has migrated downwardly into the contacting medium, thereby producing a contacting medium containing a higher proportion of Y to X sperm than in the starting sperm, and repeating the step at least once, employing in the upper layer the motile sperm which have migrated to the first aqueous contacting medium and as the lower layer of second aqueous contacting medium physiologically acceptable to the sperm and in which the motile sperm migrate downwardly at a slower rate than in the first contacting medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04764373__

Patents 85

•

Method of screening for human sperm abnormalities as part of a regimen for assessing fertilizing capacity based upon reduced rates of chromatin decondensation and DNA synthesis Inventor(s): Brown; David B. (1216 Pin Oak, Dickinson, TX 77539) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,358,847 Date filed: October 24, 1991 Abstract: A method for determining the capacity of a human sperm to fertilize a human egg is described by assessing sperm activation events in an in vitro assay using Xenopus laevis frog egg extract. Fertilizing capacity is assessed as a comparison of sperm decondensation, DNA synthesis and/or sperm recondensation as between a test sperm sample sperm and a sperm sample from a proven fertile human male. The method employs results from the in vitro assay to also determine relative sufficiency or insufficient of a sperm sample for fertilizing a human egg in human couples with a history of a diagnosed "unexplained infertility" from standard infertility diagnostic tests. The method may also be used to screen human sperm donors in human artificial insemination programs. A fixed-slide cytoprep sperm analysis of decondensed sperm chromatin, as between a sperm test sample and a sperm sample from a proven fertile human male, may also be used to confirm in vitro decondensation results of the infertility or fertility of a particular human male. A kit is also provided for testing male sperm samples for human egg fertilizing capacity. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of diagnostic tests for determining if a human male is infertile. More specifically, the present invention provides a method for identifying infertile males by assessing the ability of a particular human sperm sample to fertilize a human egg. The invention also relates to the field of screening protocols, as a method for screening human sperm samples for use in human fertilization is also provided. The invention also relates to the field of diagnostic kits, as a kit for detecting male infertility is also disclosed. Approximately one in six couples find themselves involuntarily infertile. This translates to between two and four million couples in the United States alone. Although numerous tests are available for diagnosing infertility problems, five to ten percent of all couples that seek medical treatment are diagnosed with what is described clinically as "unexplained infertility". The term "unexplained infertility" is applied to virtually any clinically inexplicable failure of a male and female couple to conceive after extensive fertility testing of both partners reveals no identifiable cause for the couples infertility. After exhausting all available infertility tests with both male and female samples and other recognized infertility evaluations (i.e., female postcoital tests, timed endometrial biopsy, hysterosalpingogram, laparoscopy, male, "normal" sperm analysis, with sperm counts greater than 20 million/ml on at least two occasions, total sperm numbers of 40 million or more, sperm motility greater than 60%, and normal morphology in more than 60% of the sperm.sup.8, and the couple has had a history of involuntary infertility for at least 2 years, a human couple is diagnosed simply as "unexplainably infertile." Such couples historically continue to undergo invasive, protracted and expensive testing in pursuit of a definitive diagnosis of the cause for their infertility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05358847__

86

Artificial Insemination

•

Method of using a support anchor for the vagina of a mammalian female Inventor(s): Gilson; Tracy L. (Manitoba, CA), Kennedy; Alma D. (Manitoba, CA), Redden; Kimberly D. (Manitoba, CA) Assignee(s): University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, CA) Patent Number: 5,203,345 Date filed: October 31, 1991 Abstract: An anchor device for mounting a temperature sensing and transmission system within the vagina of a mammalian female such as a beef cow comprises a cylindrical body formed by a thin wall having an opening at one end into which the telemetry device can be inserted. Two sets of four fingers are arranged at axially spaced positions extending outwardly from the body wall at positions spaced from the ends of the body. The fingers are relatively rigid and extend substantially directly outwardly substantially at right angles to the longitudinal axis. Each finger has a convex outer end which is arranged to engage the inner wall of the vagina and is arranged to avoid irritation of the flesh. The relatively large spaces between the fingers allows the ready communication of fluids longitudinally of the vagina as are required for normal functioning and for artificial insemination. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an anchor device for supporting an element within the vagina of a mammalian female. The present invention is particularly, but not exclusively concerned with the mounting in a suitable location on a mammalian female of a temperature monitoring device which can be used to detect temperature changes indicative of estrus of the female to enable accurate timing of artificial insemination. However the anchor device with which the present invention is concerned may be used for other purposes such as other telemetry devices or for drug release. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05203345__

•

Noningestible separation barrier with plugged pores Inventor(s): Amann; Rupert P. (Fort Collins, CO), Hammerstedt; Roy H. (Boalsburg, PA), Keith; Alec D. (Boalsburg, PA) Assignee(s): Biopore, Inc. (Centre Hall, PA) Patent Number: 5,026,342 Date filed: March 14, 1990 Abstract: A noningestible separation barrier having one or more pores of micropores (of one or more diameters) therein, with the pores or micropores being initially plugged with one or more materials selected for its/their solubility and/or integrity characteristics relative to certain environmental conditions. Ordinarily, the pores or micropores of the noningestible separation barrier are initially filled with at least one material having greater erodibility, under a given environmental condition, than the material constituting the separation barrier itself. The combination of the release rate (if any) or other membrane characteristic of the separation barrier, combined with the release rate and/or erosion life of the plugged pores, enables complex separations including variable release of cells, colloids, solutes or solvents over time, such as when the plugged pores remain intact until erosion is triggered by an environmental change such as solvent addition or ionic conditions or pH or thermal change. Particular

Patents 87

applications include specialized receptacles and protocols for the preservation of rooster sperm and turkey sperm for use in commercial artificial insemination applications. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to separation technology, including membranology and controlled release of solvents, solutes, or cells. Advances in the selective separation of matter have resulted in numerous developments in a wide variety of industries. Attention first centered on the science of membranology, beginning in about 1960, when integrally-skinned cellulose acetate hyperfiltration membranes were developed for hyperfiltration desalination of salt water. Developments followed in the areas of hemodialysis, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, cell harvesting, membrane bioreactors, microfiltration, gas separation, controlled time release, gel permeation chromatography, hollow fiber technology, non-cellulosic polymer membranes, ionomer membranes, copolymer membranes, crosslinkable thermoplastic polymer membranes, emulsion-type liquid membranes and others. These innovations have gained general acceptance, and separation materials form the above disciplines are in widespread use in medical processes, pharmaceutical research and production, industrial processes, research tools and consumer products including consumer products packaging materials. Controlled release of pharmaceuticals is now possible due to various technologies, which include application of slow-dissolving coatings to oral dosage form drugs. U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,180 discloses an oral drug dosage form in which an erodible material, formed as a film around the drug during manufacture, is eroded or leached from the wall of the dosage form, such erosion or leaching enabling controlled release of pharmaceutically active agents to the gastrointestinal environment. The erodible materials disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,180 are typical of the polysaccharide (sugar) coatings common in such applications: poly(glycolic) or poly(lactic) acid compositions, gelatinous compositions, or leachable polysaccharides, salts or oxides. Enteric coatings are also known in the art, which do not dissolve in the stomach but allow enteric delivery of an orally dosed drug. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05026342__ •

Oviductal catalase binding to the membranes of spermatozoa and uses thereof Inventor(s): Lapointe; Serge (St-Nicolas, CA), Sirard; Marc-Andre (Breakeyville, CA) Assignee(s): Universite Laval (Quebec, CA) Patent Number: 5,919,127 Date filed: February 19, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel oviductal catalase having a molecular weight of about 60 KDa and which binds to a spermatozoa membrane outer surface, wherein said catalase once bound to the spermatozoa membrane outer surface protects said spermatozoa against oxidation. A method of stabilizing spermatozoa membrane and improving spermatozoa survival during migration in oviduct and/or uterus for artificial insemination; which comprises coating spermatozoa with such a catalase enzyme. A method of improving spermatozoa survival during migration in oviduct and/or uterus in cases of female infertility due to the absence of endogenous catalase in the genital tract of the female subject; which comprises administering catalase in the female genital tract before coit or coating spermatozoa with a catalase enzyme for artificial insemination. Also provided herein are method of diagnostic of male or female infertility.

88

Artificial Insemination

Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an oviductal catalase having a molecular weight of about 60 KDa as determined by SDS-page electrophoresis under denaturing conditions and which binds to a spermatozoa membrane outer surface, uses thereof for protection and/or preservation of spermatozoa; uses thereof in artificial insemination, and a method of diagnostic of male or female infertility. Artificial insemination (AI) has changed the face of the dairy industry. Faster genetics improvement of a herd by use of high quality bull semen is now possible, at reasonable cost, for any farmer. This is feasible by using cryopreservation by which a single bull can inseminate thousands of cows. However, during the cryopreservation process the sperm undergo several tremendous changes in cell volume. Such massive shrinkage and swelling leads to ultrastructural changes in the sperm membranes, increasing their permeability, ultimately resulting in enzyme leakage and the accumulation of intracellular calcium. Even with the best preservation techniques to date, post-thaw survival is restricted to about 50% of the sperm population. Moreover, most surviving spermatozoa have characteristics which distinguish them from spermatozoa before cryopreservation. As a consequence, the functions of cryopreserved sperm are limited, as expressed by their reduced motility, viability and fertility in vivo, which can be only partially compensated by inseminating greater numbers of live spermatozoa. In fact, to obtain a normal fertility rate, the insemination must be performed with a minimum of 6.times.10.sup.6 motile sperm per straw after thawing (.about.12.times.10.sup.6 total), compared to only 2.5.times.10.sup.6 motile fresh sperm. Sperm quality is strongly related to free radical action and the protection provided by endogenous antioxidants. Over time, the loss of sperm motility in the rabbit and human is correlated with spontaneous lipid peroxidation (Alvarez J G et al., 1987, J. Androl., 8:338-348). It has also been reported that superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) activity is a good predictor of the lifetime of a human sperm sample (Alvarez J G et al., 1987, J. Androl., 8:338-348), and that total cellular SOD can be conveniently measured by sperm surface SOD activity. Indeed, a growing body of evidence indicates that a significant factor in human male infertility involves a loss of sperm function as a consequence of oxidative stress (Aitken R J, 1994, Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 6:19-24). Furthermore, fresh bull semen of lower quality (<70% motile sperm) has lower antioxidant activity than in normal semen. However, the byproduct of SOD action is the production of hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2). Hydrogen peroxide is a highly reactive oxygen species which is one of the most toxic compound to sperm. H.sub.2 O.sub.2 could be a major player in the death of sperm in the female genital tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05919127__ •

Process for increasing the sexual activity of birds and useful domestic mammals and for preparing spermatozoa suitable to their propagation Inventor(s): Erchegyi; Judit (Budapest, HU), Gyorvari; Istvan (Nadudvar, HU), Muray; Tibor (Budapest, HU), Peczely; Peter (Gyomro, HU), Seprodi; Janos (Budapest, HU), Teplan; Istvan (Budapest, HU), Vadasz; Zsolt (Tardosbanya, HU) Assignee(s): INNOFINANCE Altalanos Innovacios Penzintezet (Budapest, HU) Patent Number: 4,751,215 Date filed: April 15, 1986 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for increasing the sexual activity of birds and useful domestic mammals and for preparing spermatozoa suitable to their propagation. The process of the invention comprises treating sexually mature male birds or useful

Patents 89

domestic mammals at least twice and at most four times with 0.1 to 5.mu.g/kg of body weight of a compound of the general formula (I),Glp-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-X.sub.1 -Leu-ArgPro-X.sub.4 (I)whereinX.sub.1 stands for a glycyl group, a natural or synthetic aminoacid or aminoacid derivative of D configuration, an -Asp-Q group of L configuration, wherein Q is attached to the.alpha.-carbonyl moiety of the aspartyl group and represents a C.sub.1-5 alkylamide, an arylamide, a C.sub.1-4 alkoxy or a benzyloxy group; andX.sub.4 stands for a glycylamide or a C.sub.1-4 alkylamide group,while keeping a pause of at least 30 hours and at most 72 hours between the consecutive treatments.The process of the invention can mainly be used in such large-scale breedings, where artificial insemination is employed but it can be used also for any domestic bird or cought wild-fowl and ornamental bird as well as useful domestic mammal under the conditions of the natural reproduction or artificial insemination. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an improved process for increasing the sexual activity of birds and useful domestic mammals and for preparing the spermatozoa suitable to their propagation. The process of the invention makes possible to permanently enhance the sexual activity and sperm production (spermatogenesis) of male birds and useful domestic mammals, particularly of male turkeys, ganders, cattles and rabbits. The gonadotropic horomone-releasing hormone (GnRH), isolated the first time from swine, proved to have an identical structure with that of GnRH obtained since then from other species (man, monkey, cattle, sheep, horse, rat, hamster, etc.). The GnRH hormone is formed in the hypthalamus on the effect of nervous stimulation and gets through the blood flow to the hypophysis where the gonadotropic hormones [luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)] are released. By the gonadotropins, the reproduction is controlled either directly or by the release of other hormones, e.g., testoterone. The structural analogues of the mammalian GnRH, being derivatives substituted at the 6- and 10-positions, have an increased effect of longer duration as compared to the native hormone. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04751215__ •

Semen storage container and its stopper Inventor(s): Lee; Won Ku (203-2004 Garak Ssangyon, Apt. 140 Garak-don, Songpa-ku, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,149,579 Date filed: November 30, 1998 Abstract: A semen storage container containing the semen of a male pig is sealed with a stopper having a cone-shape vomiting portion whose point is closed at one end when the semen is used for artificial insemination, a predetermined portion of the cone-shape vomiting portion of the stopper is cut inserted into an insertion tube which is then inserted into the womb of female pig, thereby easily and cleanly carrying out artificial insemination. A window for confirming the amount of semen stored is added to the semen storage pack who se exterior is shading-printed to block a harmful ray of light such as direct ray of light, protecting the semen from deterioration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a semen storage container for storing the semen of a male pig, and in particular, to a semen storage container and its stopper, which stores the semen of a male pig and allows the stored semen to be cleanly put into the womb of female pig without difficulty when the stored semen is used for artificial

90

Artificial Insemination

insemination. However, when the sealed inlet 110 of the semen storage pack is opened and the insertion tube 120 is put into the womb of female pig if the diameter of the insertion tube is different from that of the inlet 110 of the semen storage pack, the insertion tube cannot be fitted into the inlet. In other words, various kinds of insertion tubes whose diameters are different cannot be used for the inlet having a fixed diameter. That is, the semen storage pack is not compatible with various types of insertion tubes. Furthermore, the conventional semen storage pack produces unsanitary problems because the semen may leak from the gap between the inlet and insertion tube. Moreover, the semen storage pack is made of transparent vinyl, resulting in deterioration of semen due to its exposure to harmful rays of light. An object of the present invention is to provide a semen storage container and its stopper, for improving the semen storage pack's compatibility with various kinds of insertion tubes having different diameters, sanitation and economic effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06149579__ •

Single-use injector nozzle for straw filling machine, in particular for artificial insemination of animals and storage of biological products Inventor(s): Cassou; Bertrand (10 rue Georges Clemenceau, 61300 l'Aigle, FR), Cassou; Maurice (10 rue Georges Clemenceau, 61300 l'Aigle, FR), Cassou; Robert (18700 Aubigny S/ Nere, 61300 l'Aigle, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,249,610 Date filed: August 7, 1992 Abstract: Straws, in particular for artificial insemination of animals and storage of biological products, are filled by aspiration through a suction nozzle fitted with a needle which enters the straw to the rear of a composite stopper and is fitted with a seal. A biological product (diluted sperm) is drawn up a flexible elastomer tube to an injector nozzle in response to reducing the pressure in the straw. The flexible tube is held centered over a distance equal to at least five times its outside diameter in a hoop held in a support. The elastomer from which the flexible tube is made has a Shore hardness of 41 to 47 and a reversible elongation capacity of at least 250%. These arrangements ensure rigorous centering of the needle in the hoop despite the flexibility of the tube. Parts which have been in contact with the sperm can be discarded after all of a sample has been used up, rather than requiring costly cleaning. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a single-use injector nozzle for machines for filling with biological products tubes usually called straws in the form of tubular sections of polymer material with a diameter of a few millimeters provided internally near one end with a composite stopper comprising, between two porous plugs, a volume of powder which gelifies in contact with an aqueous liquid, filling being effected by gripping the straws between two nozzles fitted with seals bearing on the ends, namely a suction nozzle connected to a vacuum pump and bearing on the end of the straw near the composite stopper and the injector nozzle fitted with a flexible tube which dips into a flask containing the biological product, the injector nozzle comprising a rigid tube referred to hereinafter as a needle adapted to be inserted into the straw and crimped axially in a body which has two external reference surfaces for respectively centering and longitudinally positioning the nozzle relative to a nozzle support. The tubes known as straws referred to above have been extensively described in the art since the document FR-A-995 878 of 20 Sep. 1949. Their use has expanded considerably since that

Patents 91

time, in parallel with the growth in artificial insemination of animals, especially cattle. The present description will make particular reference to the insemination of cattle, which has been widely adapted since it was first introduced and may be regarded as typical, although artificial insemination is practised on horses, sheep, pigs, rabbits, poultry and in fish farming (this list is not exhaustive). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05249610__ •

Sow breeding saddle Inventor(s): Goeckner; Troy C. (9419 N. 2050 St., Dieterich, IL 62424) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,116,193 Date filed: November 5, 1999 Abstract: A breeding saddle for sows and gilts for use in artificial insemination that favorably affects litter size and farrowing rate, thereby improving productivity. The saddle has first and second straps and a vibrator for the straps. The first strap transmits vibrations to the animal's underline and the second strap transmits vibrations to a catheter inserted into her cervix thereby favorably affecting litter size and farrowing rate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a breeding saddle that increases productivity in artificially inseminated sows. Productivity in a sow herd drives the profitability of a hog operation. Productivity is measured by number of pigs per sow per year and is a function of litter size and farrowing rate. Artificial insemination (AI) is an increasingly used practice with sows. AI allows the pork producer to increase the number of offspring from the best boars. It also reduces the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases within the stock and prevents injuries common in natural service. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06116193__

•

Sperm densimeter Inventor(s): Dupree; James N. (South El Monte, CA), Peterson; Jack E. (West Covina, CA) Assignee(s): Dupree, Inc. (Chino, CA) Patent Number: 4,632,562 Date filed: August 9, 1985 Abstract: Apparatus and method for measuring the density of sperm in a sample and for calculating the magnitude of dose required for artificial insemination. An optical assembly with light source, specimen holder and photodetector providing a signal to an amplifier the output of which is proportional to absorbance of the sample. A signal selection system utilizes three parallel signal channels with each having a different correction factor for matching the absorbance signal to actual density count, and including means for selecting the appropriate signal channel as a function of signal amplitude, with the output when calibrated providing the direct reading of the sperm density. Knowing the number of sperm cells desired per insemination and the percent motility of the sample sperm, the required dose is calculated as a function of the density count.

92

Artificial Insemination

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new and improved apparatus and method for the measurement of the sperm density in a specimen and the determination of dosages for artificial insemination. When properly practiced, artificial insemination (AI) can be a highly successful management technique for improving the reproductive efficiency of various domestic animals. There are many specific reasons for the practice of AI, most of which ultimately reduce to a matter of economics. For example, an AI program conducted by competent practitioners using proven techniques and equipment can reduce the occurrence of injury to valuable animals and diminish the transmission of certain reproductive system diseases. Additionally, and of major importance, a maximum number of females can be brought into pregnancy in minimum time and the number of progeny from males of recognized genetic superiority can be greatly increased. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04632562__ •

Tiltable table for packaging liquids, particularly animal semen, in flexible artificial insemination pouches Inventor(s): Cassou; Bertrand (L'Aigle, FR) Assignee(s): Societe IMV -Instruments de Medecine Veterinaire (L'Aigle, FR) Patent Number: 5,664,399 Date filed: February 21, 1996 Abstract: A device for packaging liquids, particularly animal semen, in pre-scaled and pre-cut pouches provided in a roll and designed for artificial insemination. The device includes a tiltable table with a base enabling adjustment of the tilt angle of the table to facilitate gravitational filling of pouches, a pouch filling station and a sealing station. The device also includes a movable filling needle inserted into a removable needle guide and mounted on a block that includes an inductive proximity sensor for generating an alternating magnetic field which is automatically stopped when a metal liner is inserted into the needle guide following needle insertion into the pouch. Cessation of the alternating magnetic field triggers the sealing of the pouch. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a device for the packaging of liquids, more particularly animal semen, and especially boar semen, in flexible pouches intended for artificial insemination and described in particular by the applicants in their French patent 2667504 of Oct. 9, 1990. To improve the packaging processes of animal semen, the applicants have formed pouches, referred to as dose-pouches packed in the form of a two-layer film roll containing pouches in the form of pre-cut and pre-welded sachets, and a fully automated machine described more particularly in the aforementioned patent for filling, welding and printing said pouches. While offering full satisfaction concerning its general conditions of operation, this machine is more particularly suited to large semen production centers selling doses of semen to major breeders. For independent breeders having between 300 and 1000 sows to be inseminated and who have not used semen production centers because they use their own boars at the farm, they have neither the utility nor more often than not the financial capability of acquiring such a machine despite all the advantages it offers. In general, it is known that breeders who collect the boar semen at the farm, pack the semen in plastic bottles provided with a screw-on cap. The use of such bottles includes many drawbacks because their cost is relatively high and the multitude of manual manipulations they generate is costly. In addition, the bottles are supplied in bulk and are either in permanent contact with more or less polluted air liable to degrade the quality of the animal semen, thus causing a

Patents 93

drop in fertility or risks of contamination within the animal's uterus. Because of their packaging mode, the use of dose pouches eliminates such drawbacks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05664399__ •

Time-release insemination device Inventor(s): Jeyendran; Rajasingam S. (1845 Golden Pond La., Wheaton, IL 77024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,536,243 Date filed: December 13, 1994 Abstract: A self-contained time-release artificial insemination device which introduces a bolus of semen into the cervical canal or uterus over a period of hours is disclosed. The device includes a cervical cap adapted to conform and adhere to the cervix and includes an elongated nipple that extends in a perpendicular direction from the cap for insertion into the cervical canal or uterus. A time-release mechanism is provided in communication with the nipple for delivering semen through the nipple and includes a tubular body which defines a semen chamber and expansion chamber. A plunger is slidably mounted in the tubular member for separating the semen and expansion chambers. A reservoir is provided in communication with the expansion chamber for providing a quantity of fluid thereto, and a sealable aperture is provided for withdrawing and introducing fluids to both the reservoir and expansion chamber. Within the expansion chamber, a quantity of water-swellable material is disposed for absorbing water from the reservoir and expanding so that the plunger is urged towards the cervical cap and the semen is discharged through the nipple and into the cervix or uterus over a period of hours. Excerpt(s): Artificial insemination is commonly used to increase pregnancy rates and overcome fertility problems for humans and is also often used to breed animals for increasing genetic gain by using semen from males with desirable genetics. While many methods and devices are known for achieving artificial insemination, it is believed that many of the known techniques are inconvenient, expensive and have been less than successful in achieving higher pregnancy rates. In humans artificial insemination is often accomplished by using a pericervical technique in which a cervical cap is filled with 0.5 to 1.0 ml. of semen and placed over the patient's cervix which causes the semen to diffuse and spread evenly over the inside of the cap and over the cervix. This technique is problematic in that only a small portion of the semen is exposed directly to the cervical Os and the majority of the semen expires where it is trapped between the cervix and the cap. Another technique is intrauterine insemination in which semen is directly deposited into the uterus using a pipette and the hostile environment of the cervical canal and mucus is bypassed. This technique is relatively difficult to accomplish, is time-consuming, and requires highly trained personnel to administer the treatment as it involves intrauterine manipulation which has inherent health risks including the potential of causing infection. In addition to its cost and complexity, it has also been found that intrauterine insemination generally does not offer any significant advantage in pregnancy results as compared to cervical insemination. Friedman A, Haas S, Kredenster J, et al., 1989 Int. J. Fertil. 34:199; Nachgigall R. D., Faure N, Glass R. J., 1979 N. Engl. J. Med. 32:141; Peters A. J., Hecht B, Wents A. L., et al., 1993 Fertil. Steril. 59:121. In animals artificial insemination is often accomplished by vaginal insemination, cervical insemination or intrauterine insemination, which all suffer from their own complexities and problems. In particular, vaginal insemination involves

94

Artificial Insemination

depositing a sample or bolus of semen into the anterior vagina and this technique generally does not increase pregnancy rates beyond that associated with natural insemination. Cervical insemination is probably the most successful method of inseminating animals and it involves introducing semen into the cervical canal or uterus with a pipette which is inserted as deep as possible into the cervix without using force. While this method has been effective for artificially inseminating dairy cattle, it is impractical for use with many types of animals. For example, the cervical canal of sheep is closed by reciprocal folds and depressions of the mucus membrane which prevent insertion of a pipette into the cervix to any depth. For such animals, intrauterine insemination is an option but that technique is performed laparoscopically under anesthesia which requires trained personnel, is expensive and time consuming, and has a potential risk to the animal. Despite the complexities and expense associated with that technique, it is growing in popularity for inseminating sheep as there is a strong desire to take advantage of the genetic gain offered by artificial insemination which has been successfully utilized in other breeding programs such as for dairy cattle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05536243__ •

Viral free semen and methods of producing the same Inventor(s): Schultz; Ronald D. (Verona, WI) Assignee(s): Eastern Artificial Insemination Cooperative, Inc. (Ithaca, NY) Patent Number: 4,699,789 Date filed: September 27, 1985 Abstract: The elimination or reduction of viral contamination of semen used for artificial insemination by incorporating with the semen a diluent or extender containing antibodies for the particular virus or viruses. These extenders containing the antibodies can be serum, milk, egg yolk, culture supernatant or ascites fluid with bovine monoclonal antibodies or gamma globulin fractions of each of the above. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the production of semen for artificial insemination in animals. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with a process which will eliminate or reduce infectious virus contamination in semen and semen free of infectious virus thereby produced. In the artificial insemination of animals, it is well-known that the semen can potentially be contaminated with different viruses that can cause a variety of diseases. At present, there is no safe or effective procedure to eliminate viral contamination from semen even though it is known that bacterial contamination of semen can be eliminated or reduced by the addition of antibiotics. No drug presently available will similarly eliminate virus without significantly affecting the viability of the sperm. (See, e.g. Bartlett et al, "Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Frozen Bovine Semen: A Goal?", Proc. 6th Tech. Conf. on AI and Repro. N.A.A.B., pp. 11-12 (1976); and Schultz, "When Can We Achieve Our Goal of Providing Specific Pathogen Free Bovine Semen?" U.S.A.H.A. Proc., 81:141-140 (1979)). It has also been suggested that when antibody is present as a result of immunization or previous infection in body fluids or when this antibody, if present in serum, milk or egg yolks, is added to viruses in vitro rapidly eliminates or reduces their infectivity for susceptible cells in culture or eliminates infectivity for susceptible animals. (See, Bellanti, Immunology II, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. (1978). Myrvik and Weisen, Fundamentals of Immunology, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA (1984)). Viral contamination of semen has serious implications for the cattle industry since one infected bull shedding virus in his semen could potentially infect cattle regionally,

Patents 95

nationally or even internationally thereby leading to quarantine and/or destruction of valuable livestock as a result of infection and/or disease. Artificial insemination and the procedures used for the performance of artificial insemination serve as a means by which viral contaminated semen could be collected, preserved, stored and disseminated to the cattle population without the knowledge of the parties involved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04699789__

Patent Applications on Artificial Insemination As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to artificial insemination: •

AI Gun Warmer Inventor(s): Erwin, Kirk Steven; (Rusk, TX), Etheredge, John Charles; (Roby, TX) Correspondence: LARRY MASON LEE; 4408 SPICEWOOD SPRINGS RD.; AUSTIN; TX; 78759; US Patent Application Number: 20020151764 Date filed: April 11, 2001 Abstract: A light weight, portable, temperature regulated enclosure for the pre-heating of artificial insemination guns and the transportation of loaded artificial insemination guns to the place of usage is disclosed. A flexible, planar heater using an etched electrically resistive metallic foil heating element and attached temperature sensor provides regulated heat to the interior of the enclosure. Excerpt(s): The practice of artificial insemination of animals has made possible the improvement of the genetic quality of our herds of food stock and has become a widespread practice throughout the field of animal husbandry. As a practical matter, artificial insemination of animals is accomplished by placing semen of the selected sire into an elongated plastic tube or "straw" and freezing the straw and its contents down to liquid nitrogen temperatures. The thus frozen straw and its contents can then be stored indefinitely for transport and use where and when desired. Upon arrival at the place of use, the first problem encountered by the prospective user, the purchaser of the semen, is to thaw the straw and its contents down to the liquid state without damaging the semen. Such damage usually makes itself apparent in a decreased activity level of the semen when used. Once thawed down to the optimal temperature, the body temperature of the animal to be inseminated, the next or second problem encountered is maintaining the thawed semen at that optimal temperature until used. Temperature fluctuations cause degradation of the quality of the semen. Degradation of semen quality is typically measured in terms of decreased activity and thus decreased probability of a successful impregnation of the female animal to be artificially inseminated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

96

Artificial Insemination

•

Apparatus and method for artificial insemination and embryo transfer of animals Inventor(s): Gourley, Dennis D.; (Waukon, IA), Lear, Gregory R.; (Spencer, IA), Raigo, Mariano M.; (Waukon, IA) Correspondence: MCKEE, VOORHEES & SEASE, P.L.C.; 801 GRAND AVENUE; SUITE 3200; DES MOINES; IA; 50309-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20020038113 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: Apparatus and methods for artificial insemination and embryo transfer relative to livestock animals is disclosed. The invention utilizes an inner sheath/distal probe end combination to allow atraumatic navigation through the cervical anatomy of the animal to reach the uterus. The probe end both is configured to assist in the navigation through the cervical anatomy as well as is intentionally minimized in size relative to the cervical anatomy. Once navigation is completed, semen or embryos can be emplaced at the desired site. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to several aspects to artificial insemination of animals, and in another aspect to embryo transfer in animals. Economics, efficiencies, and genetics all play parts in present-day artificial insemination with respect to livestock animals. Extracted semen from desired donor males is emplaced in females artificially. Currently, there are a variety of different conventionally used procedures to make artificial insemination in animals as efficient as possible. The concept of efficiency includes not only minimizing the time involved for each procedure, but also the effectiveness of the procedures to create pregnancies. Some artificial insemination (sometimes referred to as "AI") techniques (e.g. dogs) utilize surgery and/or at least anesthesia. This requires a surgical suite for the procedure and a veterinarian. Either procedure usually results in significant trauma to the animal and or its reproductive organs. Trauma is generally not conducive to success in artificial insemination. A nonsurgical conventional artificial insemination technique uses what is called a vaginal spirette or catheter that is inserted into the animal's vaginal cavity and directed towards the cervical opening or cranially to its cervix. The spirette has an open channel through its interior and an outer portion with spiral ridges or a foam rubber configuration to gently fit into the cervix. Techniques are used to get the animal to contract the posterior cervix or the muscles of the cervix around the spiral ridges or foam rubber end of the vaginal catheter. A conventional semen tube is then connected to the proximal end of the spirette. With this conventional AI, the semen is drawn through the catheter by the sow's contractions, pulling the semen from the semen tube into the cervix and uterus. The time of the procedure to draw the semen takes approximately 3 to 8 minutes. Optionally a male can be placed in front of the female to start the procedure or during the procedure. The presence of the male is intended to create a physiological response in the female to stimulate the movement of the semen through the cervix to the uterus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 97

•

Apparatus for creating a pathway in an animal and methods therefor Inventor(s): Anderson, Donald E.; (San Ramon, CA), Anderson, Glenn M.; (San Ramon, CA), Anderson, Mark E.; (San Ramon, CA), Lim, Kang S.; (Danville, CA) Correspondence: KANG LIM; 3494 CAMINO TASSAJARA ROAD #436; DANVILLE; CA; 94306; US Patent Application Number: 20030188692 Date filed: November 14, 2002 Abstract: A method and apparatus for safer and more effective deep trans-cervical intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) is provided. Such a deep AI catheter causes minimal discomfort and risk of trauma, and does not require the services of a highly trained AI professional. First, a catheter is inserted into the cervical tract of the animal. A membrane, initially positioned inside a tube section of the catheter, is then extended from an opening in the tube and into the tract under pressure. The membrane extends into the tract without friction thereby reducing the discomfort and the risk of trauma or injury to the animal. When the membrane is fully extended into the tract, pressure causes the tip of the membrane to open thereby releasing the AI fluid and depositing the genetic material suspended in the fluid into the reproductive tract. Deployment of the membrane is facilitated by tapering its wall thickness towards its tip. In addition to AI and embryo transplant, other applications for the pathway include therapeutic, diagnostic, or other procedures such as introducing fluoroscopic cameras, instruments, and drug delivery. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/161,575 filed May 31, 2002, titled "Method and Apparatus for creating a pathway in an animal", and claims priority from a U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/369,941 entitled "Artificial Insemination Device for Swine", filed Apr. 3, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein. The present invention relates to the field of creating a pathway into an animal. More particularly, the present invention relates to more effective methods and apparatus for safely creating pathways in mammals for applications such as artificial insemination (AI). In order to feed the world population that is swelling rapidly year after year, there is an urgent need for a safer and more efficient AI of swine and other farm animals, where fresh or frozen semen and/or embryo transfer technology can be used to transfer high genetic value materials, thereby increasing the quality and quantity of the livestock litters. FIGS. 1A and 1B show conventional AI catheters for swine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Artificial insemination device for pigs Inventor(s): Gil Pascual, Javier; (Barcelona, ES) Correspondence: BAKER & BOTTS; 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA; NEW YORK; NY; 10112 Patent Application Number: 20020151765 Date filed: March 4, 2002 Abstract: The device is equipped with the classical catheter (1) finishing in its front end in a tip (2) for attachment to the neck of the uterus, which is prolonged by a cannula (3) of smaller diameter. The device has said cannula (3) closed by means of an elongated lid

98

Artificial Insemination

(4'), with a rounded face, with a perimeter depression and concave curve (8) at the middle level, where orifices are established (5') as an outlet for the semen, specifically two orifices in diametric opposition, whose positioning is such that they are level with the uterine horns of the pig to be inseminated, by the introduction of the catheter (1), which is defined by a mark (11) in the cannula (3) or in a connector (12), which optimises the conditions of insemination allowing a lower semen consumption. In addition, the rear end of the lid (4') has a diameter after the cannula (3), to protect the edge of the free end from the latter, avoiding damage to the mucus of the female to be inseminated. In order to facilitate the process of application and to avoid contamination of the distal part of the cannula, this is presented divided into two portions that can be coupled together, the furthest away being introduced and therefore protected within the catheter (1). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device that is to constitute the means for transmission of a dose of semen from a recipient container to the uterus of a female pig, for the post-cervical artificial insemination thereof. The object of the invention is to achieve a device with some optimum features, that not only facilitates the anatomic implantation thereof in the pig, prior to the insemination itself, but also determines some optimum results in said insemination, with a minimal consumption of semen, or what constitutes an optimum use of the sperm introduced by means of the device and the deposition in the uterine horn of the female pig herself, by means of outlets with which for such purposes the expulsion end of the device has been equipped. The application of the seminal dose in pigs on heat is performed normally by the vaginal route, using an instrument known as a catheter, this being made from a tubular implement, although it can present different forms. In all cases, it serves to reach the neck of the uterus and attach itself in the first 3-4 centimetres, as a nut does on a bolt, allowing the seminal dose to be applied through it, which has to pass through the rest of the uterine neck, approximately another 15 centimetres, before reaching the neck of the uterus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Artificial insemination system Inventor(s): Banys, Algis R.; (Reno, NV), Freiman, Allen G.; (Reno, NV), Gourley, Debra N.; (Waukon, IA), Gourley, Dennis D.; (Waukon, IA), Kloostra, David D.; (Waukon, IA), Middle, George H.; (Reno, NV) Correspondence: ZARLEY MCKEE THOMTE VOORHEES & SEASE PLC; SUITE 3200; 801 GRAND AVENUE; DES MOINES; IA; 50309-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20010023310 Date filed: April 27, 2001 Abstract: An artificial insemination system and its use requires a sheath which has a first lumen for receiving and holding an endoscope, and a second lumen through which semen can be injected into the uterus of the animal to be inseminated. Additionally, the sheath includes a blunt guide probe which extends distally from the distal end of the sheath. A window covers the distal end of the first lumen so that the user can use the endoscope to view the guide probe and the general area surrounding the guide probe. When using the system, the endoscope is initially inserted into the first lumen of the sheath. The combination of sheath and endoscope are then inserted into the vagina of the animal and, using the endoscope, the guide probe is position at the cervical os. While continuing to view the guide probe with the endoscope, the guide probe is directed through the cervix until the distal end of the second lumen is positioned in the

Patents 99

uterus. Next, an injector filled with semen is connected in fluid communication with the proximal end of the second lumen and the semen is injected into the uterus through the second lumen. The entire system is then withdrawn and the sheath can be discarded is desired. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains generally to devices and methods useful for the artificial insemination of mammals. More particularly, the present invention pertains to devices which may be used for non-surgical placement of spermatozoa into the uterus of a subject animal. The present invention is particularly, but not exclusively useful for the non-surgical artificial insemination of ewes. In recent years, effective application of artificial insemination has become established as a proven method for improving the production of domestic livestock. Generally, such techniques provide livestock managers with an enhanced ability to selectively breed a single male to a large number of females. Selective breeding, of course, allows the production of livestock with improved genetic traits. Artificial insemination techniques also decrease the chance of diseases and physical injury formerly associated with the natural breeding process. As a result of these and other advantages, the use of artificial insemination has become a widespread technique in the management of many forms of domestic livestock. Not surprisingly, then, a large number of varying techniques have been developed for the artificial insemination of livestock. The simplest and most common of these techniques is known as vaginal artificial insemination, or VAI. VAI has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive. VAI also requires little operator expertise or training. Unfortunately, VAI techniques are generally effective only when used in combination with relatively large amounts of freshly collected semen. In particular, VAI techniques have proven to be relatively ineffective when applied to sheep, especially when frozen semen is utilized. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Catheter for artificial insemination Inventor(s): Kaneko, Satoru; (Ichikawa-shi, JP), Takagi, Nobuo; (Osaka-shi, JP) Correspondence: KUBOVCIK & KUBOVCIK; SUITE 710; 900 17TH STREET NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006 Patent Application Number: 20030216610 Date filed: May 8, 2003 Abstract: A catheter for artificial insemination which is a hollow cylindrical catheter having open ends at both ends, the catheter comprising a small diameter portion forming a distal end portion, a large diameter portion forming a proximal end portion and a tapered portion connecting the small diameter portion and the large diameter portion, a total inner volume of the catheter being from 0.2 to 1.0 ml. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a catheter for artificial insemination. More specifically, the present invention relates to a catheter for artificial insemination which is used for sucking in semen, which is collected from humans, washed and concentrated (sperm suspension), and injecting the same into a uterine cavity. An Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) such as artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization is a method for bypassing a part or whole of a process in which a sperm travels up a female reproductive route, fertilizes an egg cell and is fused with an egg cell. According to ART, even in a case in which the number of sperm is extremely small in ejaculated semen or a case in which sperm in semen are lacking in an ability to enter into an egg

100 Artificial Insemination

cell by their own power (fertilizability), fertilization is theoretically possible so long as one sperm and one egg cell exist. The sperm used here may be ejaculated sperm, epididymis sperm or testicle sperm. In ART, it is important to use morphologically normal motile sperm withdrawn from semen in fertilization. Accordingly, the semen is washed and concentrated to selectively collect motile sperm which are used in fertilization. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compositions for freezing dog sperm and method of freezing the dog sperm utilizing the compositions and artificial insemination method employing the frozen dog sperm Inventor(s): Sub, Son Hwa; (Seongnam-city, KR) Correspondence: PENINSULA IP GROUP; A Professional Law Corporation; Suite 101; 2290 North First Street; San Jose; CA; 95131; US Patent Application Number: 20030082509 Date filed: October 25, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed herein is a composition and method for freezing dog sperm. The composition is based upon 100 ml of distilled water, 0.25 to 4.5 g of sodium citrate, 0.45 to 4.0 g of dextrose, 0.01 to 0.3 g of penicillin, 50,000 to 500,000 IU of streptomycin. 0.25 to 0.45 g of catalase, 0.045 to 0.25 g of yolk, 1.5 to 15 ml of glycerol and 0.02 to 0.1 ug of dog serum. The method for freezing dog sperm includes the steps of (a) collecting male dog sperm by a massage method or electrical shock, (b) centrifuging the collected sperm to separate and remove the upper fluid leaving only the lower sperm, (c) mixing equal volumes of the lower sperm and the composition and primarily refrigerating the mixture, (d) further adding the composition to the mixture obtained in the step (c) to reduce the volumetric ratio of sperm to the composition to 1:2, and secondarily refrigerating the resulting mixture, and (e) adding liquid nitrogen to the mixture obtained in the step (d) and freezing the mixture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for freezing dog sperm, a method of freezing the dog sperm utilizing the compositions and an artificial insemination method employing the frozen dog sperm. More particularly, the present invention relates to compositions for freezing dog sperm in which the number of spermatozoa living in the sperm and the shape and viability thereof are retained when the sperm is thawed within a predetermined time after it is frozen, a method of freezing the dog sperm utilizing the compositions, and an artificial insemination method involving thawing the frozen dog sperm at a suitable place and time and inserting the same into the vagina of the female dog. According to recent industrial development, genetic engineering has become an important field of study. Genetic engineering is necessary for the preservation and development of good breeds and the prolongation of the human life span, and has advanced to a considerably high level, beyond the fundamental stage. In the case of breeding livestock or pets, artificial insemination using liquid sperm allows fertilization of several female animals by mixing the sperm collected from a male animal with a diluent fluid to increase the volume of fluid available for injection. Thus, in performing the artificial insemination, superior or pure sperm is collected and several female animals can be simultaneously fertilized, thereby producing superior breeds and preserving pure breeds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 101

•

Cryopreservation of selected sperm cells Inventor(s): Schenk, John L.; (Fort Collins, CO) Correspondence: Santangelo Law Offices, P.C.; Third Floor; 125 South Howes; Fort Collins; CO; 80521; US Patent Application Number: 20030157475 Date filed: October 7, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of cryopreserving sperm that have been selected for a specific characteristic. In a preferred embodiment, the method is employed to freeze sex-selected sperm. Although the cryopreservation method of the invention can be used to freeze sperm selected by any number of selection methods, selection using flow cytometry is preferred. The present invention also provides a frozen sperm sample that has been selected for a particular characteristic, such as sex-type. In preferred embodiments, the frozen sperm sample includes mammalian sperm, such as, for example, human, bovine, equine, porcine, ovine, elk, or bison sperm. The frozen selected sperm sample can be used in a variety of applications. In particular, the sample can be thawed and used for fertilization. Accordingly, the invention also includes a method of using the frozen selected sperm sample for artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization. Excerpt(s): The applications claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/167,423, filed Nov. 24, 1999. The invention relates to a method for freezing sperm selected for a particular characteristic, as well as to a frozen selected sperm sample and methods of using such a sample. The invention is particularly useful for preserving sexselected sperm. Over half a century ago, artificial insemination was introduced in the United States as a commercial breeding tool for a variety of mammalian species. Although artificial insemination was initially limited to regions relatively close to the site of sperm collection, advances in the cryopreservation and storage of sperm have facilitated widespread distribution and commercialization of sperm intended for artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Cryopreservation of sperm Inventor(s): Blash, Stephen; (North Oxford, MA), Cammuso, Christina A.; (Holden, MA), Gavin, William; (Dudley, MA), Melican, David; (Fiskdale, MA) Correspondence: LOUIS MYERS; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020131957 Date filed: August 10, 2001 Abstract: The invention features methods of cryopreserving sperm. The methods include providing a sample of sperm; cooling the sperm to a first temperature; maintaining the sperm sample at the first temperature; cooling the sperm to a second temperature; maintaining the sperm at the second temperature; and storing the sperm at a third temperature. These methods can be used to cryopreserve sperm from mammals, e.g., transgenic mammals and can be to preserve sperm for subsequent artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization.

102 Artificial Insemination

Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application number No. 60/224,393 filed on Aug. 10, 2000 the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The ability to modify animal genomes through transgenic technology has opened new avenues for medical applications. By targeting the expression of biomedical proteins to the mammary gland of farm animals, low-cost production of high quantities of valuable therapeutic proteins is now possible (Houdebine (1995) Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 35:609-617; Maga et al. (1995) Bio/Technology, 13:1452-1457; Echelard (1996) Curr.Op.Biotechnol. 7:536-540; Young et al. (1997) BioPharm. 10:34-38). Although the total sales for the top fifteen biopharmaceuticals in 1996 were $7.5 billion, expectations are that this number will continue to rise in the future. Med. Ad News 16:30. Transgenic technology is applicable and attractive for proteins that, whether due to high unit dosage requirements, frequency of administration, or large patient populations, are needed in high volume, and also to complex proteins that are difficult to produce in commercially viable quantities using traditional cell culture methods. In addition, the production of human pharmaceuticals in the milk of transgenic farm animals solves many of the problems associated with microbial bioreactors, e.g., lack of posttranslational modifications, improper folding, high purification costs, or animal cell bioreactors, e.g., high capital costs, expensive culture media, low yields. The production of founder transgenic animals, however, can be expensive. Male animals with valuable genetics are often lost unexpectedly. These unexpected deaths can present the owner with a great financial loss, and more importantly the loss of the animal's genetics if offspring were not produced or semen cryopreserved. In a transgenic production setting, the loss of a founder male has a significant economic impact and disrupts the time frame for projects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Device for artificially inseminating sows in particular Inventor(s): Cassou, Bertrand; (Saint Symphorien Des Bruyeres, FR) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20020017250 Date filed: June 7, 2001 Abstract: An artificial insemination device for artificially inseminating sows in particular includes a saddle which is placed on the back of a female. A support on the saddle supports a sachet containing animal semen and holds the sachet in a globally vertical position. A constant pressure applicator associated with the sachet maintains the animal semen contained in the sachet at a constant pressure Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to artificial insemination devices, more particularly suitable for breeding sows, of the kind including a saddle adapted to be placed on the back of a female and provided with support means for a sachet containing animal semen. An artificial insemination device of the kind mentioned above and suitable for so-called "gravity" artificial insemination, which does not require the continuous presence of the operator throughout the period of insemination, is known in the art; the sachet of semen is attached to the saddle and connected to an insemination probe inserted in the neck of the uterus of the female to be inseminated. A known advantage of this kind of device is that it facilitates detecting when the animal is on heat. If the female is not yet ovulating, it generally attempts to get rid of the saddle by lying down or shaking itself; it is therefore sufficient to place this kind of device on the female

Patents 103

and observe its behavior; if it tolerates the saddle, then the sachet of animal semen is installed and insemination is allowed to proceed by natural flow of the semen due to the effect of gravity and uterine contractions that aspirate the semen; while this is happening the operator can carry out other inseminations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Kit for diagnosing non-pregnancy, and method for diagnosing non-pregnancy using the same Inventor(s): Cho, Min; (Kyonggi-do, KR), Kim, In Wook; (Kyonggi-do, KR), Seong, Hwan Hoo; (Seoul, KR), Won, Yoo Deok; (Kyonggi-do, KR) Correspondence: STAAS & HALSEY LLP; 700 11TH STREET, NW; SUITE 500; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020168781 Date filed: June 22, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a kit for diagnosing non-pregnancy and a method for diagnosing non-pregnancy of an animal using the same, and more particularly, to a kit for diagnosing non-pregnancy of animal comprising: an assay strip, formed of thin film type paper comprising a plurality of holes for moving a test sample, wherein progesterone-BSA conjugate is immobilized on one end portion as a test line and anti-IgG is immobilized on the other end portion as a control line; and antiprogesterone IgG-gold conjugate for reacting with the test sample such as blood or milk. The inventive kit for diagnosing non-pregnancy can test the non-pregnancy of milch cow without any special device about 20 days after the artificial insemination. Furthermore, more accurate result can be obtained by using the kit since the nonpregnancy diagnosis is performed by comparing color of the test line with that of the control line. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a kit for diagnosing non-pregnancy and a method for diagnosing non-pregnancy of animal using the same, and more particularly, to a kit for diagnosing non-pregnancy and a method for early and easy diagnosis of nonpregnancy by detecting concentration of progesterone in blood, milk et al. of the animal. The estrous cycle of a normal milch cow is 19-22 days, and the progesterone concentration in blood or milk of the cow is almost 0 on estrous day. The progesterone concentration increases day by day from the estrous day, and generally decreases to below 1 ng/ml on 19th day after the estrous day if the cow is non-pregnant. On the other hand, if the milch cow is pregnant, the progesterone concentration does not decrease. Accordingly, non-pregnancy of milch cow can be examined by measuring progesterone concentration of crude milk or blood between 19th day and 22nd day after the estrous day. Before 1990s, pregnancy of milch cow was examined through a rectal examination by an expert when 50 or 60 days have passed after artificial insemination or mating. However, such a method generally requires a skilled veterinarian and causes quite a big economical loss because a long time is required to confirm the pregnancy of milch cow. In addition, if an ovary or an embryo is spurred during the rectal examination for the pregnancy diagnosis, there are possibility of ovarian disease or abortion, and the milch cow can get stressed. Further, according to the method mentioned above, the non-pregnancy can be doubtlessly diagnosed 50-60 days after the artificial insemination. If the milch cow is examined not to be pregnant at this moment, the process to catch the estrous sign of the non-pregnant animal and the artificial insemination should be repeated, which results in the big economical loss.

104 Artificial Insemination

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for evaluating and affecting male fertility Inventor(s): Klinefelter, Gary; (Research Triangle Park, NC) Correspondence: BROWDY AND NEIMARK, P.L.L.C.; 624 NINTH STREET, NW; SUITE 300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20020052011 Date filed: January 3, 2001 Abstract: A 22 kD sperm protein, SP22, correlates with fertility and predicts fertility in males. The protein can be assayed to detect decreases in fertility resulting from exposure to toxicants and pollutants which are known or suspected to decrease fertility. In an antibody is generated to this protein, the antibody recognition by sperm in an epididymal sperm sample or ejaculate would reflect the fertility of the sample. This antibody can be used as a contraceptive to inactivate sperm, screen for toxicity, select animals for artificial insemination, and select men for assisted reproductive technologies. The protein itself can be inactivated by gene knockout, which is another approach to contraception, or the protein can be added to sperm from infertile men to make fertility techniques more feasible. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 09/123,492, filed Jul. 28, 1998, Ser. No. and PCTUS9701725 filed Jan. 29, 1998, which is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 08/592,677, filed Jan. 29, 1996 and now abandoned, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in the entirety. The present application is based on and claims priority from provisional application No. 60/082,753, filed Apr. 23, 1998. The present invention relates to a sperm protein which can be used for evaluating, inhibiting, and/or enhancing male fertility, as well as antibodies to the sperm protein. Sperm production in the testis of human males is far less efficient than sperm production in other mammals, such as rat, rabbit and monkey (Amann, 1970) due to an increased rate of germ cell atresia. Together with this is the fact that a high incidence of sperm in the ejaculate of a fertile man is morphologically abnormal (Wyrobek et al., 1982). Thus, there is a heightened awareness of the possibility that the quantity and quality of sperm in the ejaculates of men are declining because of environmental influences (Sharpe, 1993). A toxicant-induced alteration in the process of sperm maturation during sperm transit through the epididymis, the organ in which sperm acquire fertilizing ability, could render a man infertile. It has been hypothesized that specific proteins are added to sperm in the epididymis which confer fertility. Recently, Klinefelter et al., in Journal of Andrology 15(4), 318-327 (1994) demonstrated that an 18 kD epididymal sperm surface protein, presumably a plasma membrane protein, was well correlated with fertility, although it was not believed that this protein was predictive of fertility. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 105

•

Methods and compositions to improve germ cell and embryo survival and function Inventor(s): Ellington, Joanna E.; (Valleyford, WA), Oliver, Sylvia Adams; (Spokane, WA) Correspondence: SEED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW GROUP PLLC; 701 FIFTH AVE; SUITE 6300; SEATTLE; WA; 98104-7092; US Patent Application Number: 20020193350 Date filed: February 28, 2000 Abstract: Sperm, oocyte, and embryo survival and function is improved in vivo or in vitro by the use of a polysaccharide containing arabinose, galactose and/or hexuronic acid. In particular, a nonspermicidal lubricant containing such a polysaccharide (e.g., gum arabic, pectin, or galacturonic acid) increases the fertilization potential of the sperm during coitus, artificial insemination or sperm collection. Similarly, a freezing medium containing a polysaccharide containing arabinose, galactose and/or hexuronic acid enhances sperm, oocyte, or embryo viability. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/007,081, filed Oct. 19, 1995. The present invention relates generally to the use of polysaccharides containing arabinose, galactose and/or hexuronic acid in promoting in vivo and in vitro survival and improved function of sperm, oocytes, and embryos. In nature, fertilization occurs by sperm cells being deposited into the female of warmblooded animal species (including humans) and then binding to and fusing with an oocyte. This fertilized oocyte then divides to form an embryo. Over the last several decades, the use of assisted reproduction techniques has allowed scientists and clinicians to intervene in these events to treat poor fertility in some individuals or to store sperm, oocytes or embryos for use at other locations or times. The procedures utilized in these cases include: washing a sperm sample to separate out the sperm-rich fraction from non-sperm components of a sample such as seminal plasma or debris; further isolating the healthy, motile (swimming) sperm from dead sperm or from white blood cells in an ejaculate; freezing or refrigerating of sperm (storage) for use at a later date or for shipping to females at differing locations; extending or diluting sperm for culture in diagnostic testing or for use in therapeutic interventions such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI); culturing or freezing oocytes from the female for use in in vitro fertilization; and culturing or freezing of embryos prior to transfer back to a female in order to establish a pregnancy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with artificial insemination, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on artificial insemination.

106 Artificial Insemination

You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning artificial insemination. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

107

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to artificial insemination. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on artificial insemination include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on artificial insemination: •

Catching AIDS Source: Understanding and Preventing AIDS: A Book for Everyone. 2nd Edition. Contact: Health Alert Press, PO Box 2060, Cambridge, MA, 02238-2060, (617) 497-4190. Summary: After reviewing the mechanics of the transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, this chapter describes confirmed and suspected methods of HIV transmission. It notes that most cases of HIV infection have been transmitted through sexual contact, intravenous drug use with infected needles, and passage of the virus from infected mother to fetus. Because HIV is found in blood and body fluids, transmission through contact with these is also a possibility. In health care settings, blood transfusions, hemodialysis, organ and tissue transplants, artificial insemination, and contact with infected health care workers may be linked with HIV

108 Artificial Insemination

transmission. AIDS is not spread through casual contact, but a variety of cofactors may affect transmission. •

Insemination: Something More to Consider Source: AIDS: The Women. Contact: Cleis Press, PO Box 8933, Pittsburgh, PA, 15221, (412) 937-1555. Summary: This book chapter describes a study performed by Cheri Pies, a health educator and reproductive rights advocate, investigating the transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through artificial insemination in the Lesbian Insemination Project. It states that lesbians considering parenthood should check if the donor has been screened for the HIV antibody, since insemination with semen from donors who are HIV infected should be considered a high-risk behavior toward the possible development of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

•

Dragon Within the Gates: The Once and Future AIDS Epidemic Contact: Carroll & Graf, 260 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10001, (212) 889-8772. Summary: This book on the AIDS epidemic begins with a detailed description on the origin of HIV/AIDS in Africa and the means by which it spread throughout the world. Next, the author describes his experiences with issues related to HIV/AIDS as the Commissioner of Health of New York City from 1986 to 1990, which includes HIV transmission through blood transfusions, organ donations, artificial insemination, AIDS orphans, and the effect of AIDS education. He discusses testing issues and the possible mutation of HIV. He also examines the impact of AIDS on certain populations groups -- homosexuals, bisexuals, women, children, and injecting drug users. He addresses treatment questions and advocates prevention through rigorous public health actions, increased knowledge about the virus, and expanded access to needed health and social services for HIV-infected individuals. The politics of AIDS and the gay community are covered, and in particular "infection versus civil rights". Heterosexual transmission is touched on, as is the epidemiological issues of HIV/AIDS. The author relates his experiences with the Fifth Annual conference on AIDS, the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT-UP), and a New York City needle exchange program. In the final chapter, the interaction of drug abuse, prostitution, and AIDS is addressed.

•

AIDS : The Women Contact: Cleis Press, PO Box 8933, Pittsburgh, PA, 15221, (412) 937-1555. Summary: This monograph presents first-person accounts of women who have encountered Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as lovers, wives, and mothers. Section I relates stories of the effect of AIDS on a marriage, family, and other close relationships. Section II discusses women with AIDS; AIDS-related complex (ARC); and persons in the workplace who test positive for the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Section III is dedicated to professional caregivers and discusses AIDS from the viewpoint of the physician, social welfare system worker, test site counselor, health educator, substance abuse specialist, and nurse. Section IV discusses AIDS problems relating to lesbians and covers such topics as support groups, artificial insemination, and safer sexual practices. Section V addresses sex workers and discusses their occupational hazards, discrimination, and professional changes due to AIDS. Section VI is dedicated to AIDS education for the prevention of Human

Books

109

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Section VII is devoted to policies for AIDS prevention and includes how AIDS is managed in countries outside the United States.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “artificial insemination” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “artificial insemination” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “artificial insemination” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Handbook of Intrauterine Insemination by Godwin I. Meniru (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0521586763; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521586763/icongroupinterna

•

AI-DNA: Artificial Insemination, Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Peter Wilkinson (1998); ISBN: 1899651012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899651012/icongroupinterna

•

Artful Childmaking: Artificial Insemination in Catholic Teaching by John Wakefield; ISBN: 0935372032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935372032/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Family: A Consideration of Artificial Insemination by Donor by Robert Snowden; ISBN: 0041760018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0041760018/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination by Richard B. Bourne, et al (1972); ISBN: 0842270779; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0842270779/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination (Sheep) Regulations (Northern Ireland), 1981 (Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland: 1981: 4) by Great Britain (1981); ISBN: 0337815046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337815046/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer in Dairy and Beef Cattle: Handbook and Laboratory Manual (8th Edition) by Jere R. Mitchell (Author), Gordon A. Doak (Author); ISBN: 0813429692; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813429692/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer of Dairy and Beef Cattle a Handbook and Laboratory Manual; ISBN: 0813426294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813426294/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer of Dairy and Beef Cattle, Ninth Edition by Jere R. Mitchell (Author), et al; ISBN: 0131122789; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0131122789/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination and the Unmarried Woman: Legal Rights and Responsibilities by Julie A. Waltz; ISBN: 0962118206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962118206/icongroupinterna

110 Artificial Insemination

•

Artificial Insemination by Donor (Ethics) by David Ison (1983); ISBN: 0907536514; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0907536514/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial insemination by donor : a study of ethics, medicine, and law in our technological society by Phyllis Creighton; ISBN: 0919030211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0919030211/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination to Cloning: Tracing 50 Years of Research by Robert H. Foote (1998); ISBN: 0960531483; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960531483/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination With Husband Sperm by Wilfred J. Finegold; ISBN: 039804094X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039804094X/icongroupinterna

•

Artificial Insemination: Practice in the United States, Summary of a 1987 by 52003011298; ISBN: 9990468389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9990468389/icongroupinterna

•

Ethical and legal problems of genetic engineering and human artificial insemination; ISBN: 9282302067; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282302067/icongroupinterna

•

Homologous Artificial Insemination (1980); ISBN: 9024722691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024722691/icongroupinterna

•

Human Artificial Insemination and Semen Preservation by Georges David (Editor), W. S. Price (Editor); ISBN: 0306405474; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306405474/icongroupinterna

•

Insemination manual, official handbook : techniques, legislation and other relevant subjects for artificial insemination technicians in Victoria; ISBN: 0724106006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0724106006/icongroupinterna

•

Lethal Secrets: The Shocking Consequences and Problems of Artificial Insemination by Annette Baran, Reuben Pannor; ISBN: 0446710032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446710032/icongroupinterna

•

Morals and Medicine: The Moral Problems of the Patient's Right to Know the Truth, Contraception, Artificial Insemination, Sterilization, Euthanasia. R by Jospeh Fletcher; ISBN: 0691072345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0691072345/icongroupinterna

•

New Conceptions: A Consumer's Guide to the Newest Infertility Treatments: Including in Vitro Fertilization, Artificial Insemination, and Surrogate M by Lori B. Andrews; ISBN: 0345323076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345323076/icongroupinterna

•

Physiology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Cattle by Glenn Wade, Salisbury; ISBN: 0716700255; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0716700255/icongroupinterna

•

Psychological evaluation of infertile couples participating in GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer, AI (Artificial Insemination) and Ovulation Induction : final report; ISBN: 0969602804; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969602804/icongroupinterna

•

Surrogate Mothering and Artificial Insemination by Anne Cardoza; ISBN: 9995385600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995385600/icongroupinterna

Books

111

•

The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Advertising Controls Etc.) (Great Britain) Regulations 1987: Agriculture (Statutory Instruments: 1987: 904) by Great Britain (1987); ISBN: 011076904X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011076904X/icongroupinterna

•

The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1995: Agriculture (Statutory Instruments: 1995: 2556 (S. 185)) (1995); ISBN: 0110550854; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110550854/icongroupinterna

•

The Artificial Insemination of Farm Animals by Enos Johnson Perry (Editor); ISBN: 0813505771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813505771/icongroupinterna

•

The Ethics of Genetic Control: Ending Reproductive Roulette: Artificial Insemination, Surrogate Pregnancy, Nonsexual Reproduction, Genetic Control by Joseph Fletcher (1988); ISBN: 0879754435; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879754435/icongroupinterna

•

The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs by Gena Corea; ISBN: 0060913258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060913258/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Artificial insemination among human beings; medical, legal and moral aspects. Author: Glover, William Kevin,; Year: 1973; Washington, Catholic Univ. of America Press, 1948

•

Artificial insemination by donor; two contributions to a Christian judgment. [A memorandum on A. I. D. submitted. by the Archbishop of Canterbury to the Departmental Committee on Artificial Insemination, 1959]. Author: Fisher, Geoffrey Francis,; Year: 1962; [London] Church Information Office [1960]

•

Artificial insemination in woman. Tr. from the French by Leah Suchodolski. Author: Valensin, Georges.; Year: 1952; London, Calder [1960]

•

Artificial insemination. Author: Finegold, Wilfred J. (Wilfred Jay),; Year: 1969; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1964]

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

112 Artificial Insemination

•

Physiology of reproduction and artificial insemination of cattle, by G. W. Salisbury and N. L. Van Demark. Author: Salisbury, G. W.; Year: 1965; San Francisco, Freeman [1961]

•

Straw method of freezing; technique for preparing, preserving and utilizing semen, as practised by Artificial Insemination Centre, l'Aigle. Author: Instruments de médecine vétérinaire (Firm); Year: 1962; L'Aigle [1969]

Chapters on Artificial Insemination In order to find chapters that specifically relate to artificial insemination, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and artificial insemination using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

113

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on artificial insemination. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on artificial insemination is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “artificial insemination” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on artificial insemination: •

Homophobia in Health Care: Facts, Fears, and Solutions Contact: Gay Community Social Service, Seattle Lesbian and Gay Nurses Alliance, PO Box 22228, Seattle, WA, 98122, (206) 322-2873. Summary: This videorecording presents four dramatizations of interactions which actually occurred between homosexual individuals and health care providers. Dr. G. Dorsey Green, a Seattle, WA, psychologist, states that homophobia (aversion to homosexuals) is similar in many ways to other phobias, such as an irrational fear of heights or animals. Her discussion is interspersed with the stories of two male homosexual couples where one partner is hospitalized; and a visiting nurse who overlooks the suicidal depression of an elderly female who has lost her partner of 40 years. The videorecording also tells the story of a female obstetrician who does not explain normal reactions of late pregnancy to a lesbian who has chosen to have a child by artificial insemination. Dr. Green concludes with the message that health care workers need to examine stereotypes of homosexual people and their own fears, and to

114 Artificial Insemination

educate themselves and their peers so that all clients, including those with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), can receive equally good health care.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Artificial Insemination The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in artificial insemination (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on artificial insemination: •

PKU and cystic fibrosis [slide]: sterilization and artificial insemination Source: coauthored by Garrett E. Bergman, John H. Sorenson; produced by the Medical College of Pennsylvania, Office of Medical Education, Audiovisual Section; Year: 1978; Format: Slide; [Philadelphia]: The Section, c1978

115

CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover artificial insemination.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on artificial insemination is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to artificial insemination. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “artificial insemination” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for artificial insemination: •

Artificial insemination can work in older women Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 05, 2002

116 Artificial Insemination

•

Processing method to remove HIV-1 may make semen safe for artificial insemination Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 07, 2000

•

Italian parliament backs artificial insemination law, draws Vatican ire Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 25, 1999

•

Secrecy still surrounds artificial insemination Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 11, 1999

•

Sperm migration test recommended for screening before artificial insemination Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 25, 1998

•

HIV Infection After Artificial Insemination Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 06, 1998

•

Artificial Insemination Before 1986 Carries HIV Risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 15, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Periodicals and News

117

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “artificial insemination” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to artificial insemination, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “artificial insemination” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Artificial Insemination Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to artificial insemination. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering artificial insemination that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

119

CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for artificial insemination. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with artificial insemination. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

120 Artificial Insemination

The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to artificial insemination: Chorionic Gonadotropin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: A.P.L.; Pregnyl; Profasi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202266.html

Menotropins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humegon; Pergonal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202347.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

121

APPENDICES

123

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

124 Artificial Insemination

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

125

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

126 Artificial Insemination

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “artificial insemination” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Reports on HIV/AIDS - 1990: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; Compilation of 1990 MMWR Articles on HIV Infection and AIDS Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. Summary: This report includes all reports on Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) during 1990; these articles include recommendations and guidelines. Topics covered in the 29 articles include occupational safety, statistics, HIV-antibody testing and counseling, tuberculosis, opportunistic infections, Injecting drug users (IDU's), artificial insemination, Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs (KABB) studies, HIV infection in women and children, condom use, and seroprevalence surveys.

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

14 15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Physician Resources

127

Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7707 951 162 47 0 8867

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

16

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

18

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 20

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

128 Artificial Insemination

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

129

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on artificial insemination can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to artificial insemination. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to artificial insemination. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “artificial insemination”:

130 Artificial Insemination

•

Other guides Cloning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cloning.html High Risk Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highriskpregnancy.html Infertility http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html Menstruation and Premenstrual Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menstruationandpremenstrualsyndrome.ht l Ovarian Cysts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancysts.html Pregnancy Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyloss.html Reproductive Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reproductivehealth.html Testicular Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/testicularcancer.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to artificial insemination, the following was listed: •

General/Overview Frequently Asked Questions About Infertility Source: American Society for Reproductive Medicine http://www.asrm.org/Patients/faqs.html Infertility Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4woman.gov/faq/infertility.htm What Is Infertility? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00310

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Basic Fertility Testing Information Source: International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/bastest.html Diagnostic Testing for Male Factor Infertility http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/Testing_Male-Fact.pdf Estrogen Tests Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/estrogen/test.html

Patient Resources

131

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/fsh/test.html Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/hsg.pdf INCIID's Pregnancy hCG Beta Chart Source: International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/betas.html LH (Luteinizing Hormone) Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/lh/test.html Progesterone Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/progesterone/test.html Testosterone Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/testosterone/test.html •

Treatment Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/treatment/options/art/art.jsp?name=trea tment&tag=options Endometriosis http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/endometriosis.pdf Medical Aspects of Donor Insemination Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/treatment/options/donor/insemination.j sp?name=treatment&tag=options Medical Aspects of Egg Donation Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/treatment/options/donor/egg.jsp?name= treatment&tag=options Medical Aspects of Embryo Donation Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/treatment/options/donor/embryo.jsp?na me=treatment&tag=options Micromanipulation Techniques Offer New Hope for Couples with Male Factor Infertility Source: International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/icsi.html Outpatient Tubal Reversal Source: International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/tubal-reversal.html

132 Artificial Insemination

Ovulation Drugs: A Guide for Patients http://www.asrm.org/Patients/patientbooklets/ovulation_drugs.pdf Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Frequently Asked Questions: Treating Infertility Due to PCOS Source: International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/faq/pcos5.html Q & A for Injectable Infertility Medications Source: International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/injectqa.html Treating Infertility Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZBTK4XODC &sub_cat=2005 •

Coping Psychological Component of Infertility Source: American Society for Reproductive Medicine http://www.asrm.org/Professionals/PG-SIGAffiliated_Soc/MHPG/mhpgfaqs.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Commonly Asked Questions About the U.S. ART Clinic Reporting System Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/drh/ART00/faq.htm Criteria for Selecting a High-Tech Infertility Clinic Source: International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/chart.html General Infertility FAQ's Source: International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/faq/general.html Hormonal Causes of Ovulatory Disorders Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/treatment/diagnosis/thyroid.jsp?name=t reatment&tag=diagnosis Known Health Effects for DES (Diethylstilbestrol) Daughters Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/DES/consumers/about/effects_daughters.html Optimize Your Fertility Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/trying/optimize/index.jsp?name=trying &tag=optimize Secondary Infertility Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/treatment/diagnosis/2ndinfertility.jsp?na me=treatment&tag=diagnosis

Patient Resources

133

Sexual Dysfunction http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/Sexual_Dysfunction-Fact.pdf Spinal Cord Injury http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/SpinalCordInjury-Fact.pdf Unexplained Infertility http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/Unexplained_Infertility-Fact.pdf •

Latest News Pregnancy After Age 50 Poses Fetal Risks Source: 10/31/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14483 .html Pregnancy Chances Unaffected by Egg Donation Source: 11/03/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14508 .html Study May Lead to Better Genetic Screening Source: 10/23/2003, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14397 .html

•

Law and Policy State Infertility Insurance Laws Source: American Society for Reproductive Medicine http://www.asrm.org/Patients/insur.html

•

Men Known Health Effects for DES (Diethylstilbestrol) Sons Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/DES/consumers/about/effects_sons.html Male Factor Infertility Source: University of Utah, Health Sciences Center http://www.med.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/men/infertil.htm Occupational Exposures May Affect Sperm Counts Source: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZJ9D9TMGC& sub_cat=624 Orgasms with No Discharge of Semen Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00630 Patient's Guide to Low Testosterone Source: Endocrine Society, Hormone Foundation http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZO7PDVDLC &sub_cat=57

134 Artificial Insemination

Sperm Smarts: Optimizing Fertility Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=MC00023 •

Organizations American Society for Reproductive Medicine http://www.asrm.org/ International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination http://www.inciid.org/ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/ National Women's Health Information Center Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.4woman.gov/ RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association Source: Resolve http://www.resolve.org/main/national/index.jsp?name=home

•

Pictures/Diagrams Atlas of the Body: Female Reproductive Organs Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ8QKJ56JC&s ub_cat=2 Overview of the Male Anatomy Source: University of Utah, Health Sciences Center http://www.med.utah.edu/healthinfo/adult/men/maleanat.htm

•

Prevention/Screening Common Concerns and Exposures Source: Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/genpub/topics/ccae_index.html

•

Research Don't Turn to Assisted Reproduction Too Quickly Warns US Expert Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/news/dunson.htm Fertility Drugs As a Risk Factor for Ovarian Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_6.htm New Recommendations To Assess Male Fertility Question Previous Standards Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/nov2001/nichd-07.htm

Patient Resources

135

Oral Diabetes Drug Shows Promise in Preventing Miscarriage in Common Infertility Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2002/nichd-27.htm Researchers Discover How Embryo Attaches to the Uterus Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2003/nichd-16.htm Scientists Discover Gene in Human Egg That May Be Necessary for Female Fertility Source: National Institutes of Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/apr2002/nichd-29.htm U.S. Researchers Link Lead, Male Infertility Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/crntnws/2003mar/infertility.htm •

Statistics Assisted Reproductive Technology Success Rates (2000) Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/drh/ART00/index.htm FASTATS: Fertility/Infertility Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/fertile.htm In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Source: American Society for Reproductive Medicine http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/invitro.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on artificial insemination. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Protection Against Infection for Women Using Artificial Insemination Contact: Feminist Institute Clearinghouse, PO Box 30563, Bethesda, MD, 20814, (301) 951-9040.

136 Artificial Insemination

Summary: This brochure presents information, in a question-andanswer format, about the risks of transmission, and ways of prevention, of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) for women using artificial insemination. It focuses on the risk of contracting Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and lists criteria for semen donors, including testing for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies. The appendix contains a description of common STD's and recommended laboratory tests for semen donors. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to artificial insemination. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to artificial insemination. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with artificial insemination. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about artificial insemination. For more

Patient Resources

137

information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “artificial insemination” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “artificial insemination”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “artificial insemination” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “artificial insemination” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

139

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

140 Artificial Insemination

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

141

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

142 Artificial Insemination

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

143

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

144 Artificial Insemination

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

145

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

147

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acrosome: Cap-like structure covering the nucleus and anterior part of the sperm head. [NIH]

Acrosome Reaction: Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome of spermatozoa that allow the entry of a spermatozoon into the ovum. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aeroembolism: Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure greater than the normal atmospheric pressure. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the

148 Artificial Insemination

tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU]

Dictionary 149

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.

150 Artificial Insemination

Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of

Dictionary 151

donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bends: The form of aeroembolism that is marked by intense pain in muscles and joints due to formation of gas bubbles in the tissues. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types,

152 Artificial Insemination

yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates

Dictionary 153

are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and

154 Artificial Insemination

vagina. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Civil Rights: Legal guarantee protecting the individual from attack on personal liberties, right to fair trial, right to vote, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, age, or gender. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coculture: The culturing of normal cells or tissues with infected or latently infected cells or tissues of the same kind (From Dorland, 28th ed, entry for cocultivation). It also includes culturing of normal cells or tissues with other normal cells or tissues. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coitus: Sexual intercourse. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU]

Dictionary 155

Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colloids: Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective

156 Artificial Insemination

tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Copulation: Sexual contact of a male with a receptive female usually followed by emission of sperm. Limited to non-human species. For humans use coitus. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cryofixation: Fixation of a tissue by localized cooling at very low temperature. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]

Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 157

Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

158 Artificial Insemination

Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell

Dictionary 159

embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU]

160 Artificial Insemination

Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU]

Dictionary 161

Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follicular Fluid: A fluid consisting of sex steroid hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and electrolytes that is present in the vesicular ovarian follicle (Graafian follicle) surrounding the ovum. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] FSH: A gonadotropic hormone found in the pituitary tissues of mammals. It regulates the metabolic activity of ovarian granulosa cells and testicular Sertoli cells, induces maturation of Graafian follicles in the ovary, and promotes the development of the germinal cells in the testis. [NIH] Fucose: Deoxysugar. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer: A technique that came into use in the mid-1980's for assisted conception in infertile women with normal fallopian tubes. The protocol consists of hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, followed by laparoscopic follicular aspiration of oocytes, and then the transfer of sperm and oocytes by catheterization into the fallopian tubes. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of

162 Artificial Insemination

shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Screening: Searching a population or individuals for persons possessing certain genotypes or karyotypes that: (1) are already associated with disease or predispose to disease; (2) may lead to disease in their descendants; or (3) produce other variations not known to be associated with disease. Genetic screening may be directed toward identifying phenotypic expression of genetic traits. It includes prenatal genetic screening. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadotropic: Stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to

Dictionary 163

originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH]

164 Artificial Insemination

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperstimulation: Excessive stimulation. [EU] Hypophysis: A remnant of the entodermal pouch of Rathke beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx, which shows pituitary tissue. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hysterosalpingography: Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the

Dictionary 165

antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH]

166 Artificial Insemination

Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH]

Dictionary 167

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] LH: A small glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. LH plays an important role in controlling ovulation and in controlling secretion of hormones by the ovaries and testes. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lithotomy: A position in which the patient lies on his back with legs flexed and his thighs on his abdomen and abducted. [NIH] Lithotomy position: A position in which the patient lies on his back with legs flexed and his thighs on his abdomen and abducted. [NIH] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Litter Size: The number of offspring produced at one birth by an animal. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

168 Artificial Insemination

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micromanipulation: The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope that manipulate tiny instruments). [NIH] Micromanipulators: A high precision instrument used in microinjection or chromosome dissection activities. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]

Dictionary 169

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Morula: The early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum, form a compact mass. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes

170 Artificial Insemination

that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nidation: Implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH]

Dictionary 171

Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovulation Induction: Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH]

172 Artificial Insemination

Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is

Dictionary 173

used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phobias: An exaggerated and invariably pathological dread of some specific type of stimulus or situation. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pipette: Tube designed to measure liquids in drops. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that

174 Artificial Insemination

sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Control: Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoprotein: A glycoprotein with the electrophoretic mobility of a beta-1 globulin. It is produced by the placental trophoblast and secreted into the maternal bloodstream during pregnancy. It can be detected 18 days after ovulation and its concentration in plasma rises steadily until, at the end of gestation, it reaches 200 mg/ml. It has been proposed as a measure of placental function for fertility control and is a candidate

Dictionary 175

for an early pregnancy test. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procreation: The entire process of bringing a new individual into the world. [EU] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostitution: The practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations for money. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU]

176 Artificial Insemination

Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects

Dictionary 177

are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]

Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative

178 Artificial Insemination

enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains

Dictionary 179

spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Preselection: Methods for control of genetic sex of offspring. [NIH] Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Welfare: Organized institutions which provide services to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU]

180 Artificial Insemination

Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Speculum: An instrument used to widen an opening of the body to make it easier to look inside. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Banks: Centers for acquiring and storing semen. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Sperm Head: The anterior, usually ovoid, nucleus-containing part of spermatozoa. [NIH] Sperm Maturation: Posttesticular ripening of spermatozoa. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Sperm Transport: Passive transport or active migration of spermatozoa from the testes through the male genital system as well as within the female genital system. [NIH] Spermatocytes: Male germ cells derived from spermatogonia and developing into spermatids. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatogonia: The spermatocytes. [NIH]

primitive

differentiated

male

gametes

which

give rise to

Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spermicide: An agent that is destructive to spermatozoa. [EU] Sphincters: Any annular muscle closing an orifice. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become

Dictionary 181

specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU]

182 Artificial Insemination

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superovulation: Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Surrogate Mothers: Women who allow themselves to be impregnated with the understanding that the offspring are to be given over to the parents who have commissioned the surrogate. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

Dictionary 183

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.

184 Artificial Insemination

[NIH]

Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH]

Dictionary 185

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH]

186 Artificial Insemination

Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zona Pellucida: The transport non-cellular envelope surrounding the mammalian ovum. [NIH]

Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

187

INDEX A Abdominal, 80, 147, 168, 171, 172 Abscess, 147, 163 Acatalasia, 147, 153 Acceptor, 147, 167, 171 Acrosome, 82, 83, 147 Acrosome Reaction, 82, 83, 147 Acrylonitrile, 147, 178 Adaptation, 65, 147 Adenosine, 147, 152, 164, 173 Adhesions, 81, 147 Adjustment, 92, 147 Adrenal Cortex, 147, 160, 175 Adverse Effect, 147, 179 Aeroembolism, 147, 151 Affinity, 147, 148, 179 Agar, 148, 156 Agonist, 7, 148, 154 Aldehydes, 148, 186 Alertness, 148, 152 Algorithms, 148, 151 Alkaline, 148, 152, 171, 173 Alpha Particles, 148, 176 Alternative medicine, 116, 148 Amino Acid Sequence, 77, 148, 149 Amino Acids, 77, 148, 172, 174, 175, 178, 183 Anaesthesia, 148, 165 Analytes, 130, 131, 148 Anaphylactic, 9, 37, 148 Anaphylatoxins, 149, 155 Anaphylaxis, 27, 148, 149 Anatomical, 75, 149, 165 Anesthesia, 94, 96, 149 Animal Husbandry, 81, 95, 149 Animal model, 5, 149 Anions, 149, 166, 179, 182 Annealing, 149, 174 Anomalies, 149, 182 Antagonism, 149, 152 Antibacterial, 149, 158 Antibiotic, 149, 172, 181 Antibodies, 25, 39, 94, 104, 136, 149, 164, 167, 169, 173 Antibody, 94, 104, 108, 126, 148, 149, 150, 155, 164, 165, 166, 169, 176 Anticoagulant, 149, 175 Antigen, 148, 149, 150, 155, 164, 165, 166

Antigen-Antibody Complex, 150, 155 Anti-infective, 150, 164 Antioxidant, 88, 150, 171 Anus, 150, 177 Aperture, 73, 93, 150 Apoptosis, 4, 150 Approximate, 150 Aqueous, 84, 90, 150, 157, 159, 164 Arterial, 150, 175 Arteries, 13, 150, 151, 156, 168 Arterioles, 150, 151, 152 Ascites, 94, 150 Aseptic, 150, 181 Aspirate, 26, 103, 150 Aspiration, 90, 150, 161 Assay, 43, 77, 85, 103, 150 Asymptomatic, 147, 150, 163 Atresia, 104, 150 Atrial, 150, 182 Attenuated, 150, 157 Autologous, 150 Axonal, 150 B Bacteria, 149, 150, 151, 168, 177, 179, 184 Bacterial Physiology, 147, 150 Base, 92, 150, 157, 166, 173 Bends, 72, 151 Biochemical, 151, 161 Bioengineering, 124, 151 Biomarkers, 4, 151 Biopsy, 85, 151 Bioreactors, 87, 102, 151 Biotechnology, 6, 111, 116, 125, 151 Bladder, 67, 151, 175, 184 Blastocyst, 151, 155, 158, 173, 184 Blennorrhoea, 151, 163 Blood Coagulation, 151, 152, 182 Blood pressure, 151, 169, 179 Blood transfusion, 107, 108, 151 Blood vessel, 151, 153, 160, 168, 172, 179, 181, 182, 185 Body Fluids, 94, 107, 151, 158, 179, 184 Bolus, 93, 94, 151 Bolus infusion, 151 Bone Marrow, 151, 165, 167, 181 Bowel, 152, 166, 172, 181 Brachytherapy, 152, 166, 176 Branch, 143, 152, 172, 176, 180, 182

188 Artificial Insemination

Breakdown, 152, 157, 162 Breeding, 65, 68, 72, 74, 75, 76, 84, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 149, 152 Broad Ligament, 80, 152 C Caffeine, 14, 47, 52, 152, 176 Calcium, 4, 88, 152, 155 Callus, 152, 158 Calmodulin, 5, 152 Cannula, 71, 81, 97, 152 Capillary, 70, 78, 152, 185 Capsules, 83, 152, 160, 162 Carbohydrate, 83, 152, 162, 174 Cardiac, 152, 153, 159, 163, 169, 181 Case report, 31, 153 Catalase, 87, 88, 100, 147, 153 Catheterization, 153, 161 Catheters, 62, 69, 70, 78, 81, 82, 97, 153, 165, 166 Caudal, 153, 174 Cecum, 153, 166 Cell Cycle, 153 Cell Death, 150, 153, 170 Cell Division, 150, 153, 168, 169, 173, 175 Cell Size, 153, 161 Cell Transplantation, 153 Cellobiose, 153 Cellulose, 87, 153, 173 Central Nervous System, 147, 152, 153, 163 Centrifugation, 25, 33, 153 Cervical, 7, 8, 14, 16, 31, 36, 40, 45, 62, 63, 64, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 93, 96, 97, 98, 153 Cervix, 62, 65, 69, 72, 73, 74, 76, 91, 93, 96, 98, 153, 177 Chemotactic Factors, 70, 154, 155 Chemotaxis, 70, 154 Chemotherapy, 154 Chromatin, 85, 150, 154, 170, 180 Chromosomal, 154, 178 Chromosome, 18, 84, 154, 166, 167, 168, 183 Chronic, 132, 154, 166, 181, 184 CIS, 134, 154, 178 Civil Rights, 108, 154 Clear cell carcinoma, 154, 157 Clinical Medicine, 154, 174 Clinical trial, 4, 125, 154, 156, 176 Clitoral, 154 Clomiphene, 8, 15, 21, 154 Cloning, 110, 130, 151, 154 Coculture, 154

Cod Liver Oil, 154, 159 Cofactor, 154, 175, 182 Coitus, 4, 65, 105, 154, 156 Collapse, 149, 152, 154 Colloidal, 155, 158, 160, 172, 179 Colloids, 86, 155 Complement, 149, 155, 162, 166, 173 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 58, 155 Complementary medicine, 55, 155 Computational Biology, 125, 155 Conception, 6, 8, 15, 17, 19, 29, 46, 50, 64, 72, 76, 82, 155, 156, 160, 161, 174, 181 Cone, 89, 155 Connective Tissue, 152, 155, 160, 162, 167 Constitutional, 56, 156 Consumption, 98, 156, 177 Contamination, 63, 64, 70, 93, 94, 98, 156 Contraception, 5, 104, 110, 156 Contraceptive, 5, 104, 156 Contraindications, ii, 156 Controlled study, 24, 156 Copulation, 66, 156 Coronary, 156, 168 Coronary Thrombosis, 156, 168 Corpus, 156, 172, 175 Corpus Luteum, 156, 175 Cortex, 156, 160 Cranial, 96, 156, 163 Criterion, 77, 156 Cryofixation, 156 Cryopreservation, 16, 23, 25, 31, 36, 88, 101, 156 Culture Media, 102, 148, 156 Curative, 156, 182 Cutaneous, 156, 163 Cyclic, 152, 156, 173 Cyst, 150, 156 Cytokine, 156, 172 Cytomegalovirus, 27, 157 Cytoplasm, 150, 157, 158, 159, 163, 170, 178 Cytotoxicity, 5, 157 D Databases, Bibliographic, 125, 157 Degenerative, 157, 163 Dehydration, 157 Deletion, 150, 157 Denaturation, 157, 174 Density, 25, 33, 68, 91, 92, 153, 157, 161, 171 DES, 64, 80, 96, 98, 132, 133, 149, 157

Index 189

Detergents, 157, 170 Deuterium, 157, 164 Diagnostic procedure, 61, 70, 116, 157 Dialyzer, 157, 163 Diffusion, 157, 184 Digestion, 152, 157, 166, 167, 181 Dilatation, 157, 175 Dilution, 78, 157 Diploid, 157, 173, 183 Direct, iii, 66, 70, 77, 89, 91, 119, 154, 157, 177 Discrimination, 108, 154, 158 Disinfection, 81, 158 Distal, 65, 96, 98, 99, 150, 158, 176 Diuresis, 152, 158 Dorsal, 158, 174 Drug Interactions, 120, 158 Duct, 77, 152, 153, 158, 178 Duodenum, 158, 181 Dyes, 158, 161, 170 E Effector, 155, 158, 173 Efficacy, 5, 158 Egg Yolk, 94, 158 Ejaculation, 7, 23, 29, 34, 39, 65, 158, 178 Elasticity, 62, 158 Electrolyte, 158, 163, 174, 179 Electrons, 150, 151, 158, 166, 171, 176 Electrophoresis, 88, 158 Embryo Transfer, 7, 15, 50, 63, 64, 71, 73, 74, 80, 82, 96, 97, 109, 158, 174 Embryogenesis, 158 Emollient, 159, 162 Emulsion, 87, 159 Encapsulated, 76, 83, 159 Endocarditis, 159, 163 Endometrial, 13, 81, 85, 159 Endometriosis, 10, 28, 50, 131, 159 Endometrium, 159, 168, 170, 184 Endoscope, 98, 159 Endotoxins, 155, 159 Enhancer, 159, 177 Environmental Health, 124, 126, 134, 135, 159 Enzymatic, 152, 155, 159, 174, 178 Enzyme, 87, 88, 151, 153, 158, 159, 173, 175, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186 Epidemic, 108, 159 Epidemiological, 108, 159 Epithelial, 5, 79, 159, 163 Epithelial Cells, 5, 159, 163 Epithelium, 79, 159

Erectile, 65, 159, 172 Erection, 159 Esophagus, 150, 160, 173, 181 Estradiol, 51, 52, 160 Estrogen, 130, 154, 160 Estrogen receptor, 154, 160 Eukaryotic Cells, 160, 165, 171 Evoke, 160, 181 Excipient, 160, 163 Excitation, 160, 161 Exogenous, 36, 51, 160 Extender, 78, 83, 94, 160 External-beam radiation, 160, 176 Extracellular, 82, 155, 156, 160, 179 Exudate, 160, 163 F Fallopian Tubes, 160, 161, 164, 177 Family Planning, 50, 51, 125, 160 Fat, 152, 160, 167, 182 Fathers, 29, 160 Fertilization in Vitro, 160, 174 Fetal Development, 160 Fetus, 107, 160, 173, 175, 180, 181, 184 Fibrosis, 18, 114, 160 Filler, 78, 160 Filtration, 70, 160 Flatus, 161, 162 Flow Cytometry, 101, 161 Fluorescence, 161 Fluorescent Dyes, 161 Fold, 152, 161 Follicles, 161 Follicular Fluid, 70, 161 Freeze-dried, 161 Friction, 82, 97, 161 Fructose, 83, 161 FSH, 89, 131, 161 Fucose, 78, 79, 161 Fungi, 161, 168 G Gallbladder, 147, 161 Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer, 8, 23, 39, 110, 161 Gamma Rays, 161, 176 Gas, 87, 147, 151, 157, 161, 162, 164, 170, 182 Gastrin, 162, 164 Gastrointestinal, 87, 162, 181, 184 Gelatin, 156, 162 Gene, 4, 104, 111, 135, 151, 162, 177, 180 Gene Expression, 4, 162, 180

190 Artificial Insemination

Genetic Engineering, 76, 100, 110, 151, 154, 162 Genetic Screening, 29, 34, 133, 162 Genetic testing, 162, 174 Genetics, 7, 16, 18, 22, 29, 30, 34, 41, 84, 88, 93, 96, 102, 162 Genital, 5, 64, 65, 66, 70, 80, 87, 88, 154, 162, 180 Germ Cells, 162, 168, 170, 171, 179, 180, 182 Gestation, 50, 162, 172, 173, 174, 180 Gland, 102, 147, 162, 167, 171, 175, 178, 181, 183 Glucose, 83, 153, 162 Glycerol, 100, 162 Glycoprotein, 77, 162, 167, 174, 182 Goats, 74, 80, 162 Gonadotropic, 89, 161, 162 Gonadotropin, 8, 18, 25, 50, 51, 120, 162 Gonads, 162, 163 Gonorrhoea, 45, 163 Governing Board, 163, 174 Grade, 68, 163 Graft, 163, 164 Grafting, 163, 165 Granulocytes, 163, 185 Gravidity, 19, 163 Growth, 15, 91, 149, 150, 153, 156, 160, 163, 167, 170, 173, 180, 183, 184 Gum Arabic, 105, 163 H Headache, 152, 163 Hemodiafiltration, 163, 184 Hemodialysis, 87, 107, 157, 163, 184 Hemofiltration, 163, 184 Hemorrhage, 163, 181 Hepatitis, 35, 45, 163 Hepatocytes, 163 Heredity, 162, 164 Herpes, 164 Herpes Zoster, 164 Histiocytosis, 20, 164 Histology, 5, 164 Homologous, 14, 23, 24, 25, 31, 41, 45, 110, 164 Hormonal, 51, 132, 161, 164 Hormone, 7, 43, 57, 89, 131, 133, 157, 160, 161, 162, 164, 167, 175, 180, 182, 183 Host, 164, 165, 178, 185 Hydrogen, 88, 147, 150, 152, 153, 157, 164, 167, 169, 170, 171, 176, 182 Hydrogen Peroxide, 88, 153, 164, 167, 182

Hydrophilic, 70, 157, 164 Hypersensitivity, 149, 164 Hyperstimulation, 50, 164 Hypophysis, 89, 164 Hypothalamic, 164, 180 Hypoxanthine, 164, 186 Hysterosalpingography, 44, 164 I Id, 52, 57, 130, 133, 134, 136, 142, 144, 164 Idiopathic, 5, 45, 164 Immune response, 149, 164, 165, 181, 185 Immune Sera, 164, 165 Immune system, 164, 165, 167, 184, 185 Immunization, 94, 165 Immunodeficiency, 3, 6, 24, 35, 44, 107, 108, 114, 126, 136, 165 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 108, 114, 126, 136, 165 Immunoglobulin, 149, 165, 169 Immunologic, 154, 165, 172, 176 Impairment, 165, 168 Implant radiation, 165, 166, 176 Implantation, 18, 64, 98, 155, 165, 170, 184 Impotence, 159, 165 Impregnation, 74, 95, 165 In situ, 5, 56, 80, 165 In Situ Hybridization, 56, 165 In vivo, 5, 88, 105, 165 Incision, 165, 166 Incubated, 83, 165 Incubation, 83, 165 Indicative, 86, 109, 165, 172, 185 Induction, 4, 22, 30, 165, 171, 182 Infarction, 156, 165, 168 Inflammation, 160, 163, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 178, 184 Initiation, 166, 175, 181, 183 Inlay, 166, 177 Inorganic, 5, 166, 169 Internal radiation, 166, 176 Intestine, 152, 166 Intoxication, 166, 184, 185 Intracellular, 88, 152, 166, 174 Intravenous, 107, 166 Invasive, 27, 34, 85, 166 Involuntary, 85, 166, 169, 179 Ions, 150, 152, 158, 164, 166 K Karyotype, 27, 35, 166 Kb, 124, 166 L Labile, 155, 166

Index 191

Laparoscopy, 80, 85, 166 Laparotomy, 64, 80, 166 Large Intestine, 72, 153, 166, 177, 179 Lesion, 167, 179 Leukocytes, 152, 154, 163, 167, 170 LH, 18, 36, 89, 131, 167 Library Services, 142, 167 Ligands, 77, 167 Linkages, 79, 167 Lip, 62, 167 Lipid, 77, 88, 162, 167, 171 Lipid Peroxidation, 88, 167, 171 Lithotomy, 62, 167 Lithotomy position, 62, 167 Litter, 74, 91, 167 Litter Size, 74, 91, 167 Liver, 147, 157, 159, 161, 163, 167 Localization, 56, 167 Localized, 156, 159, 166, 167, 173, 184 Lumen, 98, 152, 167 Lymph, 153, 167 Lymph node, 153, 167 Lymphatic, 166, 167, 180, 183 Lymphocyte, 149, 167 Lymphoid, 149, 167 M Malignant, 164, 167, 170, 176 Mammary, 102, 168 Manifest, 150, 168 Meat, 168 MEDLINE, 125, 168 Meiosis, 168 Meningitis, 163, 168 Menstrual Cycle, 168, 175 Mental Health, iv, 4, 124, 127, 168, 176 Mental Retardation, 168 Mercury, 161, 168 Mesentery, 168, 172 MI, 66, 83, 145, 168 Microbe, 168, 183 Microbiology, 30, 147, 168 Micromanipulation, 70, 131, 168 Micromanipulators, 168 Microorganism, 154, 168, 172, 185 Micro-organism, 37, 168 Migration, 67, 87, 116, 169, 180 Milliliter, 79, 169, 180 Mitosis, 150, 169, 180 Mobility, 82, 169, 174 Modification, 5, 162, 169 Molecular, 4, 70, 71, 87, 88, 125, 127, 151, 152, 155, 160, 163, 169, 178, 182

Molecule, 76, 149, 150, 155, 158, 160, 169, 171, 176, 177, 183 Monitor, 169, 170 Monoclonal, 94, 169, 176 Monoclonal antibodies, 94, 169 Morphogenesis, 169 Morphological, 158, 169 Morphology, 77, 81, 85, 169 Morula, 151, 169 Motility, 5, 38, 47, 52, 77, 82, 83, 88, 91, 169 Motivations, 32, 169 Mucus, 36, 39, 44, 45, 93, 98, 151, 169 Myocardium, 168, 169 N NCI, 1, 123, 134, 154, 169 Necrosis, 150, 165, 168, 169 Need, 3, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 77, 82, 97, 107, 112, 113, 126, 137, 170, 179 Neonatal, 9, 13, 163, 170 Neoplasm, 170, 184 Nerve, 149, 150, 170, 177, 181 Nervous System, 153, 170, 181 Neuronal, 170 Neurons, 170 Neutrons, 148, 170, 176 Neutrophils, 163, 167, 170 Nidation, 158, 170 Nitrogen, 95, 100, 170 Nonoxynol, 5, 170 Nuclear, 158, 160, 162, 170 Nuclei, 148, 158, 162, 169, 170, 176 Nucleic acid, 164, 165, 170, 176 Nucleus, 147, 150, 154, 156, 157, 160, 162, 168, 170, 175, 176, 180, 181 Nulliparous, 20, 170 O Oocytes, 70, 105, 161, 170 Oophoritis, 163, 170 Opacity, 157, 171 Opportunistic Infections, 126, 171 Organelles, 153, 157, 171 Orgasm, 158, 171 Osmosis, 87, 171 Osmotic, 171, 179 Ovarian Follicle, 156, 161, 171 Ovaries, 80, 160, 161, 167, 171, 177, 179 Ovary, 103, 132, 156, 160, 161, 163, 170, 171 Ovulation, 15, 19, 21, 22, 25, 44, 50, 51, 56, 79, 110, 132, 154, 167, 171, 174 Ovulation Induction, 25, 110, 171

192 Artificial Insemination

Ovum, 76, 79, 80, 147, 156, 161, 162, 169, 171, 175, 184, 185, 186 Oxidation, 87, 147, 150, 167, 171 Oxidative Stress, 88, 171 Oxides, 87, 171 P Palliative, 171, 182 Pancreas, 147, 151, 171, 184 Parietal, 171, 172 Particle, 83, 171 Partnership Practice, 171, 175 Pathogen, 94, 165, 172 Pathologic, 150, 151, 156, 164, 172 Pathologic Processes, 150, 172 Patient Education, 135, 140, 142, 145, 172 Pelvic, 32, 33, 159, 172, 175 Penicillin, 100, 149, 172 Penis, 65, 67, 76, 158, 172, 177 Pentoxifylline, 56, 172 Peptide, 77, 172, 174, 175, 180 Perception, 155, 172, 178 Perforation, 150, 172 Perfusion, 51, 151, 172 Perinatal, 3, 172 Peritoneal, 10, 150, 172 Peritoneal Cavity, 150, 172 Peritoneum, 80, 152, 168, 172 Peritonitis, 163, 172 Peroxide, 88, 172 Petrolatum, 159, 172 Phagocytosis, 76, 173 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 153, 162, 173 Pharmacologic, 30, 149, 173, 183 Pharynx, 164, 173 Phenolphthalein, 159, 173 Phobias, 113, 173 Phosphodiesterase, 172, 173 Phosphorus, 152, 173 Physiologic, 148, 160, 168, 173, 177, 182 Physiology, 110, 112, 173 Pilot study, 7, 173 Pipette, 71, 72, 93, 173 Placenta, 160, 173, 175 Plants, 84, 152, 162, 169, 173, 183 Plasma, 4, 77, 104, 105, 149, 160, 161, 162, 173, 174, 177, 179 Plasma cells, 149, 173 Plasma protein, 161, 173, 179 Platelet Aggregation, 149, 172, 173 Polymerase, 17, 173, 174, 175 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 17, 174

Polypeptide, 148, 174, 175, 186 Polysaccharide, 87, 105, 149, 153, 174 Population Control, 38, 174 Port, 72, 174 Port-a-cath, 174 Posterior, 96, 158, 171, 174 Postnatal, 174, 180 Post-translational, 102, 174 Potassium, 4, 174 Practice Guidelines, 127, 174 Preclinical, 5, 174 Precursor, 158, 159, 174 Pregnancy Outcome, 25, 38, 174 Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoprotein, 18, 174 Prenatal, 31, 158, 162, 175 Private Practice, 31, 175 Probe, 5, 64, 96, 98, 102, 175 Procreation, 71, 175 Progeny, 92, 175 Progesterone, 51, 103, 131, 175, 181 Progression, 149, 175 Progressive, 163, 169, 175, 184 Promotor, 175, 177 Prophase, 170, 175 Prophylaxis, 44, 175 Proportional, 91, 171, 175 Prostate, 151, 175, 177, 184 Prostitution, 108, 175 Protein C, 104, 148, 175 Protein Conformation, 148, 175 Protein S, 111, 151, 175, 178, 181 Proteolytic, 155, 175 Protocol, 8, 50, 161, 176 Protons, 148, 164, 176 Proximal, 96, 99, 158, 176 Public Health, 19, 108, 127, 176 Public Policy, 125, 176 Publishing, 6, 176 Pulmonary, 151, 156, 163, 176, 182 Pulse, 169, 176 Purines, 176, 186 Purulent, 147, 163, 176 R Race, 154, 166, 169, 176 Radiation, 160, 161, 166, 176, 186 Radiation therapy, 160, 166, 176 Radioactive, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 176 Radiolabeled, 176 Radiotherapy, 152, 176 Randomized, 7, 8, 24, 33, 158, 176 Reactive Oxygen Species, 88, 177

Index 193

Receptivity, 177 Receptor, 147, 149, 155, 177 Recombinant, 151, 177 Reconstitution, 177 Rectal, 103, 177 Rectum, 72, 150, 161, 162, 166, 175, 177 Refer, 1, 155, 161, 164, 167, 170, 177 Regeneration, 177 Regimen, 4, 85, 158, 177 Reliability, 177 Reproduction Techniques, 105, 174, 177 Reproductive system, 64, 92, 177 Respiration, 169, 177 Response Elements, 5, 177 Restoration, 177 Retina, 177, 178 Retinal, 155, 177 Retrograde, 7, 23, 29, 34, 39, 76, 178 Retrospective, 50, 178 Retrovirus, 178 Rheology, 172, 178 Ribosome, 178, 183 Rod, 63, 65, 178 Rubber, 67, 96, 147, 178 S Salivary, 157, 178 Salivary glands, 157, 178 Salpingitis, 163, 178 Sanitation, 90, 178 Schizoid, 178, 185 Schizophrenia, 178, 185 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 178, 185 Screening, 8, 12, 22, 27, 35, 42, 85, 116, 154, 162, 178 Secretion, 18, 82, 167, 169, 178 Secretory, 178 Seminiferous tubule, 179, 180 Sensor, 63, 92, 95, 179 Sequencing, 174, 179, 182 Serum, 36, 37, 45, 51, 94, 100, 149, 155, 163, 164, 172, 177, 179 Serum Albumin, 37, 179 Sex Characteristics, 179, 182 Sex Preselection, 84, 179 Sex Ratio, 40, 179 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 35, 179 Shedding, 94, 179 Shock, 100, 149, 179, 183 Side effect, 6, 119, 147, 179, 183 Small intestine, 153, 158, 164, 166, 179 Smooth muscle, 149, 152, 179, 181 Sneezing, 179

Social Welfare, 108, 179 Sodium, 100, 179 Solvent, 86, 162, 171, 179 Soma, 179 Somatic, 5, 158, 168, 169, 179, 180 Somatic cells, 168, 169, 180 Somatotropin, 50, 180 Specialist, 108, 137, 180 Speculum, 62, 72, 180 Sperm Banks, 44, 180 Sperm Count, 5, 85, 133, 180 Sperm Head, 147, 180 Sperm Maturation, 104, 180 Sperm Motility, 85, 88, 180 Sperm Transport, 79, 180 Spermatocytes, 180 Spermatogenesis, 89, 180 Spermatogonia, 180 Spermatozoon, 83, 147, 180 Spermicide, 5, 180 Sphincters, 72, 180 Spleen, 157, 167, 180 Spontaneous Abortion, 26, 58, 174, 180 Stabilization, 180 Steel, 78, 180, 184 Stem Cells, 180 Sterile, 83, 150, 181 Sterilization, 110, 114, 181 Steroid, 161, 181 Stillbirth, 174, 181 Stimulant, 152, 181 Stimulus, 70, 160, 173, 181 Stomach, 69, 87, 147, 160, 162, 164, 172, 173, 179, 180, 181 Stool, 166, 181 Strand, 173, 181 Streptomycin, 100, 181 Stress, 171, 178, 181, 184 Stroke, 64, 124, 181 Stromal, 159, 181 Styrene, 178, 181 Subacute, 166, 181 Subclinical, 166, 181 Subspecies, 180, 181 Substance P, 177, 178, 181 Substrate, 77, 83, 181 Suction, 67, 81, 90, 160, 182 Superovulation, 7, 8, 182 Superoxide, 88, 182 Superoxide Dismutase, 88, 182 Supine, 62, 182 Supine Position, 62, 182

194 Artificial Insemination

Supplementation, 57, 182 Support group, 108, 182 Suppurative, 163, 182 Surfactant, 5, 170, 182, 185 Surrogate Mothers, 9, 182 Survival Rate, 182 Synchrony, 182 Synergistic, 77, 182 Systemic, 5, 120, 149, 151, 166, 176, 182, 183 T Teratogenic, 30, 182 Testicular, 4, 16, 130, 161, 182 Testis, 4, 77, 104, 160, 161, 163, 182 Testosterone, 131, 133, 182 Therapeutics, 120, 182 Thermal, 86, 170, 174, 182 Thrombin, 173, 175, 182 Thrombomodulin, 175, 182 Thrombosis, 175, 181, 182 Thymus, 165, 167, 183 Thyroid, 132, 183 Tooth Preparation, 147, 183 Topical, 164, 173, 183 Toxic, iv, 4, 5, 88, 157, 181, 183 Toxicity, 5, 104, 158, 168, 183 Toxicology, 126, 183 Toxins, 149, 159, 166, 169, 183 Trachea, 173, 183 Transcriptase, 178, 183 Transcription Factors, 177, 183 Transfection, 151, 183 Transfer Factor, 165, 183 Transfusion, 160, 183 Translation, 80, 183 Translational, 183 Transplantation, 64, 79, 80, 158, 165, 183 Trauma, 62, 82, 96, 97, 163, 170, 183 Trees, 178, 183 Trisomy, 31, 183 Trophoblast, 151, 174, 184 Tuberculosis, 126, 156, 184 Tumor marker, 151, 184 Tumour, 16, 184 U Ultrafiltration, 87, 163, 184 Ultrasonography, 32, 184 Unconscious, 164, 184 Urethra, 172, 175, 184

Urethritis, 163, 184 Urinary, 184, 186 Urine, 34, 151, 158, 184 Urticaria, 149, 184 Uterine Contraction, 57, 73, 103, 184 V Vaccine, 176, 184 Vagina, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72, 76, 86, 94, 98, 100, 154, 157, 177, 184 Vaginal, 5, 62, 63, 64, 65, 93, 96, 98, 99, 170, 184 Vanadium, 5, 184 Vascular, 13, 149, 165, 166, 171, 173, 184, 185 Vein, 166, 170, 185 Venous, 175, 185 Ventricular, 182, 185 Venules, 151, 152, 185 Vesicular, 161, 164, 185 Veterinarians, 72, 185 Veterinary Medicine, 51, 52, 125, 185 Viral, 94, 178, 185 Virulence, 150, 183, 185 Virus, 3, 6, 24, 35, 44, 45, 94, 107, 108, 126, 136, 159, 162, 185 Viscera, 168, 179, 185 Visceral, 172, 185 Viscosity, 70, 178, 185 Vitro, 5, 9, 15, 19, 26, 27, 33, 36, 41, 45, 50, 51, 57, 60, 70, 77, 83, 85, 94, 99, 101, 105, 110, 135, 158, 165, 174, 185 Vivo, 5, 185 Volition, 166, 185 W Wetting Agents, 170, 185 White blood cell, 76, 105, 149, 165, 167, 169, 173, 185 Windpipe, 173, 183, 185 Withdrawal, 67, 185 Womb, 66, 89, 177, 184, 185 X Xanthine, 83, 186 Xanthine Oxidase, 83, 186 Xenograft, 149, 186 X-ray, 161, 162, 170, 176, 186 Z Zona Pellucida, 83, 186 Zygote, 155, 186 Zymogen, 175, 186

Index 195

196 Artificial Insemination

Artificial Insemination - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Artificial Insemination - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents