Beef - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , ...

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Beef: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83765-1 1. Beef-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on beef. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BEEF .......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Beef................................................................................................ 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 21 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BEEF................................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding Nutrition Studies on Beef............................................................................................... 67 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 78 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BEEF .......................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 83 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 106 General References ..................................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BEEF .......................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Dissertations on Beef.................................................................................................................. 109 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 130 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BEEF ..................................................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Patents on Beef........................................................................................................................... 131 Patent Applications on Beef ....................................................................................................... 162 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 181 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BEEF ......................................................................................................... 183 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 183 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 183 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 186 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 193 Chapters on Beef......................................................................................................................... 194 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON BEEF .............................................................................................. 197 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 197 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 197 Bibliography: Multimedia on Beef ............................................................................................. 197 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BEEF ........................................................................... 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 199 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 202 Academic Periodicals covering Beef ........................................................................................... 203 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 205 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 205 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 205 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 206 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 211 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 211 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 211 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 213 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 216 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 217

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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 217 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 217 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 222 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 225 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 225 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 225 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 225 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 225 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 231 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 231 BEEF DICTIONARY...................................................................................................................... 233 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 291

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with beef is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about beef, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to beef, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on beef. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to beef, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on beef. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BEEF Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on beef.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and beef, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “beef” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Beef Makes a Comeback Source: Health Magazine. p.34-35,38, Nov/Dec 1996. Summary: According to this article, many people cut back their consumption of red meat in the wake of reports linking it to high blood pressure and increased cholesterol levels. As a result, the beef industry took steps to breed leaner beef, and now people are going back to beef. A side benefit for the consumer, says Ms. Marston, is that the leaner cuts of beef are cheaper than the fattier cuts, unlike poultry where the leaner the meat is, the more it costs. Some things to remember when buying beef are to pick the reddest meat or the one that says "lean" or "extra lean," trim the visible fat before cooking it, and don't eat the fat left on the meat.

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Banishing the Beef (and the Chicken and the Fish) Source: Heart and Soul. p.60. February/March 2000. Summary: The author discusses the value of vegetarian or low-meat lifestyles. Because meat of all kinds contains fats, which contribute to obesity, heart disease, and cancer, many nutritionists suggest decreasing fat intake. Milton Mills, a Washington DC nutritionist, recommends that African Americans eat a plant-based diet, with little meat and no dairy. This, he says, is based on the West African heritage of many African Americans. The author offers suggestions on how to make the change to lower-meat diet. These include shifting gradually to the lower meat or no-meat diet; preparing favorite dishes without the meat component (such as veggie lasagna); eating out at ethnic restaurants which feature vegetarian dishes, such as Chinese, Indian, and Thai, and making sure to eat a varied diet so no nutrients are lost.

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Where's the Beef Labeling? Source: Nutrition Action Health Letter. 24(5):8-11; June 1997. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1501 16th St., NW, Washington, DC 20036 (202) 332-9110. Web Address http://www.cspinet.org/. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This article discusses the lack of food labels on meat. The author contends that the labels that do exist for meat are difficult to read and often misleading. The article includes a chart listing cuts of meat, fish and poultry with nutritional information.

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Beef Relief Source: Diabetes Forecast. 45(4): 32-35. April 1992. Summary: This article discusses the new fat-replaced ground beef that is now available at some fast-food chains and supermarkets. Fat-replaced ground beef has water added to it, along with minuscule amounts of food products that bind added water to the beef. Topics include the difference between fat substitutes and fat replacers, a description of the fat replacers commonly used, the sodium levels of fat-replaced beef, cost, and some tips for cooking with the new products. Recipes using the products are included for chili, meatballs, Italian stir-fry, and Mexican stuffed potato. Nutritional information is included with each recipe.

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Diets with Either Beef or Plant Proteins Reduce Risk of Calcium Oxalate Precipitation in Patients with a History of Calcium Kidney Stones Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 101(3): 326-331. March 2001. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. (800) 877-4746. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the effect of substituting equal amounts of dietary protein as animal protein (beef) for plant protein (legumes, seeds, nuts, and grains) on urinary components associated with calcium oxalate precipitability risk (which can lead to kidney stones made of calcium). The randomized crossover trial included 23 patients with normal levels of calcium in their urine who had a history of calcium kidney stones (8 women and 15 men, mean age 50.7 years plus or minus 14.6 years). The study included a 4 day, free living adaptation period, followed by a 2 day metabolic unit study. The study compared consumption of two servings of beef (43 g protein for women and 50 g for men) daily with an equal

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amount of protein from plant foods including legumes, nuts, and grains. Urinary calcium, oxalate, magnesium, citrate, phosphorus, volume, and Tiselius risk index (TRI) did not differ between diets. Urinary sodium and potassium were higher for patients on the plant protein diet. After correcting for variations in urinary sodium and potassium between diets, the difference in urinary calcium remained insignificant. The authors conclude that balanced diets containing moderate amounts of either beef or plant protein are equally effective in reducing calcium oxalate kidney stone risk based on changes in urinary composition. 4 tables. 27 references.

Federally Funded Research on Beef The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to beef. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to beef. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore beef. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for beef: •

Project Title: 3D CRYSTALS OF CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE, A MEMBRANE PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Berry, Edward A.; Staff Scientist; Structural Biology Division; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1992; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: X-ray diffraction data is the main source of 3-dimensional structure information at atomic resolution for proteins. While a great deal of information is potentially available from this technique, its application requires the ability to prepare crystals of size and order suitable for X-ray analysis. This has proved especially difficult for membrane proteins. Cytochrome reductase (the cytochrome bc1 complex) is a membrane protein complex which makes up the middle segment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The respiratory chain is responsible for biological oxidation and for conservation of the energy released in the form of a proton electrochemical potential gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Energy from this gradient is then used to synthesize ATP or to do work by transporting substances across the membrane. A number of mitochondrial myopathies have been shown to be due to defects in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and in some cases in cytochrome reductase. The drug atovaquinone used to control secondary infections in aids patients, is probably an

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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inhibitor of the cytochrome reductase. Several important crop protection fungicides are reductase inhibitors. We have solved the structure of the bc1 complex by isomorphous replacement in the chicken (P212121) crystals and molecular replacement in the hexagonal (P6522) crystals from rabbit and beef heart and the monoclinic (P21) crystals from beef heart. The Rieske protein occupies different positions in different crystals, contacting cytochrome c1 in the native beef crystals and the presumed Qo site under the PEWY loop of cytochrome b in the presence of the quinoid inhibitor stigmatellin. The model is being refined against datasets from native and inhibitor- complexed crystals. It is proposed to (a) Complete phase improvement, model building and refinement to determine atomic coordinates at intermediate resolution using the present data, and (b) further improve the crystals to diffract at 2.5 Angstrom units or better with good completeness, so we can investigate subtle features (such as substrate/inhibitor binding, hydrogen bonding interactions, salt bridges, and bound solvent). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: 3D ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoops, James K.; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1990; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: alpha2-Macroglobulin (alpha2M), a general proteinase inhibitor ubiquitous in the plasma of vertebrates, is believed to serve as a general proteinase scavenger thereby protecting blood and tissue proteins from degradation. A better understanding of the structure- function relationships of human alpha2M will result from the determination of the structure of its various complexes by stain and cryo-electron microscopy, and image processing. The native and transformed molecules (formed upon reaction with a proteinase) are comprised of dimers. The determination of the 3-D structure of the native dimer (protomeric unit) will elucidate the structural organization of the native molecule and offer further insight in the mechanism of proteinase entrapment. The 3-D structure of alpha2M with the truncated bait domain compliments this study since this variant alpha2M is not capable of trapping the proteinase. Bait domain cleavage is the initial step in the reaction Of alpha2M with a proteinase. A 3-D structure of anti-bait domain Fab-labelled native alpha2M will locate this important functional site and make it possible to compare it with the location of this epitope in the transformed structure. Further insight into the mechanism of the transformation of native to the activated structure will be obtained by determining the 3-D structures of monoclonal Fab-labelled native, half-transformed and transformed alpha2Ms. Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) plays a critical role in regulating cellular fuel utilization in the heart and, therefore, studies of the structure-function relationships of the PDC may expand the treatment options for heart disease. Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDC activity is regulated by the pyruvate dehydrogenase component (E1). The 3-D structure (determined by cryo-electron microscopy) of E1 and its binding subunit beta associated with dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase core complex (E2) will elucidate its disposition on the core and may give insight into its structural organization. The disposition of functional sites associated with the PDC will be elucidated by determining the 3-D structure of these sites labelled with a gold cluster. They include the lipoyl domain of the binding protein (BP) and the catalytic sites of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). 3-D reconstructions of recombinant intact E2 and the E2 core with BP E3 and E2 BP E3 E1 bound should elucidate the structural organization of this large complex. A 3-D reconstruction of the beef kidney intact PDC will permit a comparison of the mammalian and yeast complexes.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: A CATALYTIC CONFORMATIONAL PRION SENSOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Orser, Cindy S.; Arete Associates 1725 Jefferson Davis Hwy Arlington, Va 22202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant):The goal is to develop a sensitive diagnostic sensor for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that can identify the presence of the abnormal protease-resistant, PrP(SC), conformer in biological materials before they enter the human food, blood or pharmaceutical product inventory. Unlike present commercial diagnostic assays for PrP(SC), the proposed detection system would be applicable to pre-symptomatic animals and body fluids. Furthermore, the sensor concept has inherent adaptability to be modified for any given species-originating TSE strain. For Phase I we will test the feasibility of the concept for detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). We are proposing a conformation-dependent assay that exploits the very nature of the TSE disease, the catalytic conversion of a largely alpha-helical protein, PrP(C), into a largely beta-sheet conformer, PrP(SC). The catalytic propagation of conformational change will be detected with a designed target peptide having a fluorescence reporter that responds to the alpha-helical to beta-sheet transition. Key to the sensor concept is that prion diseases are a process of conformational change responding to a driving force, the binding of the abnormal conformer to the normal protein and that propagation of conformational change is directly correlated with "infectivity." PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Beef and beef-by-products are omnipresent in foods, drugs, vaccines, and cosmetics, and the subclinical presence of an undiagnosed epidemic of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) could have devastating economic and human consequences. The benefits of developing a sensitive diagnostic test that can reliably identify the infectious agent in a variety of sources (including animals that are presymptomatic) before these materials enter the market for human use will be extensive. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: A NEW APPROACH TO MICROBIAL DECONTAMINATION OF FOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Rogers, Thomas D.; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The growing extent of microbial contamination of food and changing demographics has led to increasing frequency of food borne illness. Significant amounts of pathogens including Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium, cross contaminate beef carcasses throughout processing and can further contaminate ground beef or processed beef products. Ozone has been demonstrated to be an effective reagent to reduce the numbers of microbes contaminating food surfaces. This disinfectant is a powerful oxidizing agent that has recently been given GRAS status for use in food processing. Since it readily decomposes into oxygen, there are no chemical residues that could contaminate the food product or the environment. Phase I studies demonstrated the capability of aqueous ozone, produced using a novel, high concentration electrochemical technique, to cause significant reduction of pathogens from fresh cut vegetables and beef surfaces. In Phase II, the production, measurement, and delivery of high concentrations of aqueous ozone

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to meat surfaces and trimmings inoculated with E. coli and Salmonella will be further developed. Ozone treated samples will also be evaluated for sensory effects and chemical oxidation. The project will conclude with manufacture and in-plant demonstration of a pilot scale germicidal rinse on chilled beef during full-scale production operations. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTIOBESITY MECHANISM OF CLA ISOMER IN HUMAN ADIPOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcintosh, Michael K.; Nutrition/Foodservice Systems; University of North Carolina Greensboro 103 Foust Building Greensboro, Nc 274026170 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to develop novel dietary strategies for the control of human obesity, the most prevalent nutritionrelated disease in America. The objective of this application is to identify isomerspecific mechanisms by which conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), unsaturated fatty acids found in beef and dairy foods that reduce adiposity in certain animals and humans, alters lipid metabolism in cultures of human (pre)adipocytes. The central hypothesis for the proposed research is that the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of CLA attenuates triglyceride (TG) content and alters lipid droplet morphology by enhancing energy expenditure, lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation, thereby down-regulating the expression of perilipin-A, a major regulator of adipocyte TG storage. This hypothesis was formulated based on our preliminary findings in human (pre)adipocyte cultures demonstrating that trans-10, cis12, but not cis-9, trans-11, CLA decreased TG content, de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid esterification, and perilipin protein without affecting differentiation per se. The rationale for the proposed research is that once we understand how trans-10, cis-12 CLA prevents TG accumulation in (pre)adipocytes, effective strategies can be developed using CLA as an antiobesity nutrient in fortified foods or supplements for clinical trials. To accomplish this objective, the following specific aims will be examined in human cultures of differentiating preadipocytes and newly differentiated adipocytes: Aim #1. Determine the mechanism by which trans-10, cis-12 CLA decreases cellular TG content; and Aim #2. Determine the mechanism by which trans-10, cis-12 CLA decreases the expression of perilipin-A. In Aim #1, the impact of fatty acid type and dose on oxygen consumption, mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and uncoupling protein expression will be determined. In Aim #2, the influence of fatty acid type and dose on perilipin-A protein and gene expression will be evaluated. Using primary cultures of human adipocytes as our model is important, because there are clear differences between the lipid metabolism of human and animal adipocytes. The proposed studies are significant because they are expected to lead to the development of novel strategies for weight loss. Consequently, reductions in health problems and financial costs related to obesity are expected. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BREAST BIOACTIVATION OF PHIP--CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Thomas, Ronald D.; Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Univ Tallahassee, Fl 32307 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Although estrogen-induced cancer has been studied for many years, the mechanism is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that endogenous compounds such as estrogens and dietary or environmental xenobiotics such as heterocyclic amines are metabolized to reactive compounds that form DNA adducts. Heterocyclic amines are formed when meat products such as beef, chicken, pork and fish are cooked at high temperatures. These amines, including 2-amino-lmethyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP), have been shown to cause breast cancer. The current school of thought is that PhIP is metabolized by CYP1A2 in the liver to NOH-PhIP. This reactive metabolite travels to the breast where it is further metabolized by sulfotransferases (SULT1E) to conjugates that are highly reactive and bind to DNA. It is difficult to conceive that N-OH-PHIP would bypass the many conjugation systems, scavengers, and binding proteins that are found in route from the liver to the breast without reacting with them. Therefore, the investigators hypothesize that breast tissue contains all of the machinery necessary to completely metabolize PhIP to DNA-binding metabolites. They will test this hypothesis by using a normal human breast cell line (MCF-10A). They hope to demonstrate that MCF-10A cells are capable of metabolizing PhIP and N-OH-PhIP to DNA-binding chemicals by using 32P post-labeling to assay for DNA adducts. Various inhibitors of CYP1A2 and SULT1E will be used to confirm that these enzymes are responsible for the metabolic conversion of PhIP to the reactive species. Since these inhibitors are nonspecific, they will be used genetically altered MCF10A cells that overexpress and/or underexpress the CYP1A2 and SULT1E genes and assay them for their ability cause PhIP-DNA adducts. Finally, they will use the microarray analysis to determine differential gene expression induced by PhIP. These genes may be related to cancer. The results of this study will hopefully provide a better understanding of the mechanism of estrogen-induced cancer which would allow the formulation of better chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLDRENS INJURIES ON KENTUCKY BEEF CATTLE FARMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Browning, Steven R.; Associate Professor; Prev Med & Environmental Hlth; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2002 Summary: Each year an estimated 100 children and adolescents die of a farm-related injury; another 100,000 children suffer a nonfatal injury associated with agricultural production. Despite the plethora of surveillance data to document these injuries, few analytic studies have focused on agricultural injuries in children; none in a southern state. Farming operations with livestock, especially cattle, have been identified from surveillance data as associated with a higher risk of injury for workers compared with other commodity farms. However, the work tasks, exposures, and potential risk of injury to children on beef cattle farms remain largely undocumented. We propose a three-year longitudinal cohort study of children living and working on family owned and operated farms in the state of Kentucky. The primary intent of the study will be to fully characterize the work tasks and exposures of these children-an estimated 41 percent of whom live on beef cattle farms-and to explore a diverse set of potential injury risk factors- particularly developmental characteristics of the child, parental influences, and farm management practices-for children residing on these farms. Baseline data were collected in 1994/95 on a cohort of children (N=999) living on family farms from 60 counties across Kentucky as part of the NIOSH Kentucky Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Project, a multi-mode effort to determine agricultural risk and injuries among farm families in Kentucky. Beginning in the summer of 2000, children

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aged 5 to 18 years old will be reinterviewed by parental or guardian proxy, with repeated assessment every six months of all injury events which require medical attention or treatment or lead to a loss of time at work or school. The cohort of 999 children will be stratified into two agricultural commodity groups-those who live on farms where the primary commodity is beef cattle and those on other commodity farms (tobacco, grain). The study will examine selected child characteristics (physical size, risk perception family role) and parental influences (supervision, prohibitions on work tasks, and assessment of the child's ability) as risk factors for agricultural injuries. In addition, detailed data collection efforts regarding farm management practices, including cattle, handling procedures and characteristics of confinement facilities, are planned for the beef cattle farms. The study is intended to provide needed data for the formulation of age and developmentally appropriate guidelines for children's work on beef cattle farms and ideas for engineering and technologic improvements regarding cattle handling procedures, the design of equipment (e.g., headgates) and confinement facilities for these farms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEIC ACID ANTIBODIES TO PRP(SC) Principal Investigator & Institution: Grossman, Abraham; Q-Rna, Inc. 3960 Broadway, 4Th Fl New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAY-2001; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): We propose to develop a method for generating amplifiable nucleic acid (NA) antibodies specific for the infectious particle responsible for prion disease, PrP(sc). NA antibodies have the ability to bind proteins with high affinity and specificity. Amplifiable NA antibodies will be generated by using a variation of the SELEX procedure that takes advantage of the activity of Q-beta replicase which replaces three steps in SELEX (reverse transcription, PCR amplification and RNA transcription). Moreover, the selected sequence that encodes the protein specific binding element is contained within an RNA vector derived from a Q-beta replicase template (MNV), providing the means for exponential amplification. This new method greatly simplifies and improves upon the SELEX procedure, enabling its application in the common molecular biology laboratory. Accumulation of PrP(sc) in the brain leads to untreatable spongiform encephalitis, typically acquired through consumption of contaminated beef. Since current tests for prions takes years, and since the number of cases in the United States is on the rise, there is an urgent need for an inexpensive, rapid diagnostic assay. NA antibodies specific for PrP(sc) that are amplifiable by Q-beta replicase are ideal for the development of a highly sensitive diagnostic assay using the Company's core, proprietary technology. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Our selection process may lead to a NA antibody production service, the development of kit for sale for research purposes or the creation of a market for the enzyme, Q-beta replicase. Amplifiable NA antibodies for PrP(sc) can be used as the raw material to develop an inexpensive diagnostic assay. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--PREPARATIVE FACILITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kometiani, Peter; Medical College of Ohio at Toledo Research & Grants Admin. Toledo, Oh 436145804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant) The purpose of this core remains the centralization of repetitive preparations of several items that are "starting materials" and are used by one or more of the projects. We have found this approach to be efficient and convenient for all concerned. It allows the core technicians to master a small number of difficult tasks; when one is temporarily absent or needs to be replaced the work does not stop; and there is a continuous supply of high quality material available to the users. The common core facility, equipment, and routine supplies, administered and supervised by a research scientist with appropriate expertise, is also quite economical. The preparations to be made by the core are: 1. Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, and adult rat cardiac myocytes either in suspension or as plated cultures, to be used by Projects 1, 11, and some of the experiments of Project 12 that will be done in Toledo. 2. Preparations of crude Sf-21 insect cell membranes containing the recombinant H+/K+ATPase to be used by Project 10. 3. Preparation of purified recombinant Src expressed in Sf-9 cells, to be used primarily by Project 10. 4. Preparations of cardiac sarcolemmal membranes from beef and rat heart ventricles, to be used primarily by Project 1. 5. Preparation of purified Na+/K+-ATPase from pig kidney, to be used primarily by Project 11, and to smaller extents by Projects 1 and 10. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETECTION OF PRION PROTEIN IN BLOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Ji, Jiuping J.; Biotech Research Laboratories (Btrl) 217 Perry Pky Gaithersburg, Md 20877 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prion diseases are 100 percent fatal, there is no treatment available, and cannot be diagnosed prior to the occurrence of symptoms. There is a public health need and an enormous market for a screening test that can help protect the blood supply, screen live animals, and ensure food safety. We propose to develop and validate an innovative, highly sensitive screening method for the detection of the infectious prion protein in the blood of humans and animals. We have selected an amplification-boosted analytical method, immuno-polymerase chain reaction (I-PCR) that utilizes an amplifiable DNA-label coupled to a specific antibody, and combines serologic and molecular diagnostic potentials to amplify micro quantities of protein to detectable levels; the method's unparalleled sensitivity in the sub-femtogram range meets the criterion proposed for detection of prion in blood. Recombinant phage antibodies will be produced and used as specific reagents. Preliminary results have shown proof of concept that IPCR method has the needed sensitivity. The strengths include: (1) a scientific group with expertise in diagnostics and product development, (2) the selection of a highly sensitive analytical approach and novel detection probes, and (3) a strong business partner having expertise in translating prototype assays into sensitive, specific, and reproducible products. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The ability to detect prion diseases is significant for ensuring the safety of the blood supply and eliminating the possibility of acquiring disease through the ingestion of certain foods such as beef and beef brains. The sensitive I-PCR assay for Prion will also prevent well-documented cases of iatrogenic transmission through the use of human growth hormone, dura mater, organ transplantation, and the likelihood of transmission through the use of surgical treatment. Commercial applications also extend to the epidemiologic surveillance of human and animal healthy programs, as well as food, drug and vaccine industries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DNA ADDUCTS OF AROMATIC AMINES: ANALYSIS BY HPLC-MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vouros, Paul; Professor of Analytical Chemistry; Chemistry; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-MAY-1996; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The covalent binding of genotoxins to DNA to form DNA adducts is considered by many to be the first step in chemically induced carcinogenesis. Measurement of DNA adducts in cells provides direct evidence for exposure and a means for assessing human health risk. However, the relationship between DNA adduct formation and cancer development in humans has only been established for a few carcinogens. This is, in part, because of the low levels at which adducts occur in affected tissues and organs, the limited amounts of DNA available, and the difficulties associated with the analysis. In order to address these analytical problems, we have been exploring the use of capillary separation methods (liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE)) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for the unequivocal detection and characterization of DNA adducts. Using animal models, our research has demonstrated the capability of capillary LC-MS/MS for the detection and quantification of DNA adducts at levels similar to those encountered in human exposure. Our work has focused on aromatic amines such as 2-amino-3methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), 2-amino-1- methyl-6phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), found in cigarette smoke and formed during the grilling of fish or beef. Lung, colon, breast, pancreas and other tissues contain enzymes capable of activating these carcinogens into reactive forms that can bind to DNA bases. We propose to capitalize on our successful animal studies to examine lung and other human tissues with emphasis on the comparison of DNA adduct content between smokers and non-smokers. We will further examine the sequence recognition patterns of carcinogens by reacting them with synthetic oligonucleotides that mimic p53 gene sequences known to display specific mutations associated with lung cancer. We expect that the data generated in this program will help define the relationship between cigarette smoke and lung cancer and the value of DNA adducts as indicators for genotoxic cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EXPOSURE REDUCTION AND PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Knize, Mark G.; University of Calif-Lawrnc Lvrmr Nat Lab Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, Ca 94550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent studies estimate that most human cancers result from modifiable lifestyle factors, including diet. Lowering exposure to heterocyclic amines (HAs), which are formed in cooked meats, is an obtainable goal that may have a real impact on cancer incidence. This proposal addresses: 1) safe cooking methods that reduce HA formation, 2) identifying unknown mutagens and establishing their potency, 3) understanding the influence of other foods on reducing human HA absorption, 4) mechanistic studies of inhibition of flavonoids and 5) establishing the relationship between dietary questionnaires and HAs in urine. Meat cooking will be investigated to understand the conditions that reduce the formation of heterocyclic amines while using microbiology to monitor food safety. New, unknown mutagens will be isolated from beef and their amounts determined in a survey of well-cooked foods. Additionally, the parameters responsible for high mutagenic potency in new and existing HAs will be investigated as structure/activity relationships. Since there is

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human exposure to HAs, we can now investigate HA-diet interactions in individuals via the analysis of urinary metabolites. Exploratory studies will determine if parsley, green tea, and fiber, each shown to be preventative in epidemiology studies, can affect the total human uptake and metabolism of one HA, PhIP. Enticing results in reducing mutations with the flavonoid apigenin compel us to investigate structure/inhibition relationships experimentally and with a computational model. To quantify the dietary dose of heterocyclic amines in the population and in individuals, HA biomarkers will be developed and related to dietary questionnaires that account for diverse cooking practices. In all, this interdisciplinary research to reduce exposure combines toxicology with analytical chemistry, computational chemistry and physics to investigate heterocyclic amines and human cancer etiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EXPOSURE TO BEEF GROWTH PROMOTER IN BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lin, Young C.; Professor and Chairman; Veterinary Biosciences; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Zeranol (Z) is a nonsteroidal agent with estrogenic activity that is used as a growth promoter in the U.S. beef and veal industries. Thus, people are exposed to Z via dietary intake as a consequence of the direct and intentional introduction of the compound into food animals by veterinary professionals on behalf of beef industry farmers. Our contention is that the consumption of food products, particularly beef, derived from food animals treated with Z has a potential health impact on human consumers, particularly with respect hormone-sensitive organs. This concern arises from our own experimental data using in vitro models derived from human breast cells and tissues which demonstrates the presence of heat-stable biological and estrogenic activity in extracts of meat derived from Z-treated cattle. These experimental data provide a putative link between the long-term dietary exposure to low-levels of Z and potential risk of breast cancer. The proposed study is designed to assess the relationship between exposure to Z via beef consumption and breast cancer in human subjects. Normal subjects and breast cancer patients will be categorized according to level of beef consumption. Levels of Z in breast, serum and urine and expression levels of mechanism-based molecular biomarkers in breast tissues will be determined as indicators of exposure and risk for breast cancer. Measurement of Z levels in purchased beef products from across the U.S., and confirmation of biological activity (mitogenic activity; altered expression of mechanism-based molecular biomarkers) in human and beef samples is aimed to solidify the association among beef consumption, Z exposure and breast cancer risk. The Specific Aims of the study are: (1) To develop an ELISA designed for the routine measurement of Z in commercial meats and human tissues and fluids; (2) To investigate relationships among beef consumption, levels of Z in breast, serum and urine, and breast cancer in patients of The Ohio State University Hospital; (3) To measure Z levels in commercially available beef products purchased in supermarkets from 5 different regions across the U.S.; and (4) To utilize established in vitro model systems to confirm the presence of biological activity (mitogenic activity; altered expression of mechanism-based molecular biomarkers) in specimens from human subjects and commercial beef products in which Z levels were detected. The proposed study utilizes our diverse multi disciplinary expertise in reproductive endocrinology, clinical and surgical oncology, breast cancer, veterinary medicine and medicinal chemistry to explore our contention that beef consumption may pose a human health risk. The proposed study will link beef production practices, beef

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consumption and human breast cancer in an integrated and comprehensive approach that will clarify the potential role of Z exposure in breast cancer, identify potentially valuable mechanism-based molecular biomarkers that could lead to new tools for exposure assessment in breast cancer, provide a fertile basis for future research directions in this important area, and provide information that may be useful to federal regulatory agencies in making informed decisions regarding the status of current regulations and practices in the use of growth promoters in beef destined for human consumption. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY(FNAB) NEEDLE DEVICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Shidham, Vinod B.; Bioinnovation, Llc 14905 Watertown Plank Rd Elm Grove, Wi 53122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsies (FNAB) are widely performed due to their minimally invasive nature, low cost, and rapid turn around time for the diagnosis of various mass lesions such as cancer and infection. With increasingly, their use is expected to increase further mainly due to the escalating incidence of cancer. In the future, with the prevalence of in s- situ molecular techniques., FNAB will be the predominant and preferred method of tissue retrieval. Currently adapted hypodermic needles used for performing FNAB have many limitations including low reproducibility for adequate sampling A needle device that can overcome these drawbacks, therefore, has worldwide commercial potential. The present device is designed for a significantly higher and reproducible yield of diagnostic material even with minimum technical skill. This research is for finalizing he design to generate a prototype and prepare additional working models of this novel system. Tissue retrieval with these working models will be compared quantitatively and qualitatively with conventional hypodermic needs by performing experimental FNAB on beef liver. Depending on the results of this feasibility study, the molds of the final product will be made during phase II of the clinical trials are preparation towards commercialization (phase III). PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: This product has a worldwide market and could be easily marketed by many vendors. The average cost per unit would be $5 and is comparable to the cost of material currently used during FNAB procedure with modified hypodermic needle. Apart from the worldwide market, the potential market in United States alone should exceed $1,500,000 per year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION IN DIET INDUCED PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Geliebter, Jan; Microbiology and Immunology; New York Medical College Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Epidemiological studies suggest that a high fat diet for more than one generation is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. A more complete understanding of the molecular basis for prostate cancer initiation, promotion and progression by dietary fat is essential for the design of rational programs for prostate cancer prevention and treatment. We have maintained ACI rats on a high beef fat diet (22.52% by weight) for two generations (mothers and male pups) and observed that 2nd-generation male rats develop prostatic neoplasia at a higher incidence, and earlier in life, than rats on a control, 5% fat diet. It is significant that rats on the high beef fat

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diet developed neoplasia in the dorsal lobes of the prostate, as the dorsal lobe of the rat prostate is homologous to the peripheral zone of the human prostate, where prostate cancer is most prevalent. All animal studies and histological analyses have been completed and we have prepared RNA from dorsal prostates of 6, 12 and 18-month-old 2nd-generation rats. We now propose to analyze the molecular differences in the dorsal prostates of rats maintained on a high fat diet, compared to rats on a control diet to follow gene expression through the progressive molecular stages of diet-induced prostatic neoplasia. We propose to use Affymetrix microarrays (approximately 7000 genes) to identify differences in mRNA expression profiles in the dorsal prostates of rats on high beef fat and control diets. Further we propose to use northern blots and immunohistochemistry to confirm data obtained using microarrays and to identify the cell types differentially expressing the genes in question. The successful completion of these experiments will contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of dietassociated prostate cancer. Further, it can potentially identify intermediate biomarkers that are modulated by diet and are relevant to human prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENERATION OF PRION KNOCKOUT CATTLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Eyestone, Willard H.; Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia Polytechnic Inst and St Univ 460 Turner Street, Suite 306 Blacksburg, Va 24060 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is an emerging prion disease of cattle. Mounting evidence indicates that BSE is transmissible to humans in the form of a new, deadly variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Consumption of BSE-tainted beef has been implicated as the most likely mode of transmission. BSE thus represents a threat to human health via the food supply and other bovine-derived products. As no vaccine, diagnostic test or therapy exists for either vCJD or BSE, protection depends on preventative measures. The pathogenesis of prion disease requires expression of host-encoded prion protein. In mice, priori gene knockout of confers resistance to priori disease. Knockout of the prion gene in cattle should similarly render the bovine resistant to BSE. The long-term goal of this work is to test the hypothesis that cattle bearing bi-allelic prion knockouts are resistant to BSE. The current objective is to generate male and female founder cattle bearing mono-allelic pdon knockouts. Accordingly, the following Specific Aims are proposed: 1) generate bovine male and female primary somatic cell lines with mono-allelic prion gene knockouts, and 2) generate founder cattle from these cell lines using nuclear transfer technology. For Aim 1, a promoter-trap targeting vector will be employed to insert a disruptive green fluorescent protein (GFP) selectable marker into the prion coding sequence. Homologous recombination arm will be generated by PCR from isogenic DNA, or amplified from a bovine BAC library. Fluorescence activated cell sorting will be used to isolate GFP-expressing cells, which will then be cloned and screened by PCR and Southern blot for targeting. In Aim 2, cattle bearing prion knockouts will be generated by reconstructing oocytes with targeted cell nuclei, artificially activating oocytes to obtain pre-implantation stage embryos, and transferring the embryos to bovine surrogates for the balance of gestation. Offspring with mono-allelic prion knockouts will be bred in future work to generate cattle with bi-allelic prion knockouts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTERMEMBRANE HYDROPEROXIDES

TRANSFER

OF

PHOSPHOLIPID

Principal Investigator & Institution: Vila, Andrew; Biochemistry; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-APR-2001 Summary: Phospholipid hydroperoxides (PLOOHs) arise when unsaturated phospholipids in cell membranes are degraded under conditions of oxidative stress. Such conditions have been correlated with cancer and various other pathological states. If PLOOHs escape detoxification by glutathione-dependent selenoperoxidases (SePXs), they can promote oxidative damage by undergoing iron- catalyzed degradation to free radical species. The hypothesis to be tested is that relatively long-lived PLOOHs, like parent phospholipids, can undergo transfer protein-facilitated movement from one cell membrane to another. No studies relating to this possibility have been reported. The specific aims of the project are: (1) to investigate facilitated PLOOH transfer in model membrane systems; and (2) to investigate PLOOH toxicity toward leukemia cells and SePX-mediated protection against this. The studies will include (i) isolation/purification of beef liver phosphatidylcholine transfer protein; (ii) photogeneration of PLOOHs in donor membranes; (iii) measurement of peroxide transfer by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection [HPLC-EC(Hg)]; and (iv) survival measurements on PLOOH/transfer protein-treated cells. These studies are significant because many oxidative stress-induced disorders are attributed to lipid peroxidation and PLOOH transfer may promote this process. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: METABOLIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COOKED FOOD CARCINOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Felton, James S.; Deputy Associate Director; University of Calif-Lawrnc Lvrmr Nat Lab Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, Ca 94550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Exposure to heterocyclic amines (HA) derived from cooked food has been implicated as an important dietary risk factor in the etiology of certain human cancers. 2-Amino-1-methyl-6- phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is the most mass abundant HA found in cooked beef and chicken and has been shown to be carcinogenic in rodents in various tissues. Past studies have indicated that the genotoxicity of PhIP differs from that of other Has such as 2-amino-3,8dimethylimidazo[4,5- f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) or 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5f]quinoline(IQ). The mechanisms involved in this differential toxicity have yet to be fully defined but appear to be related to metabolism. The bioactivation of PhIP, as well as other HAs is highly dependent upon the cytochrome P450-mediated Nhydroxylation of the parent amine to the corresponding N-hydroxy intermediate. This is followed by esterification by sulfotransferase and/or acetyltransferase, which form highly reactive compounds that can bind DNA. Studies have shown that in humans glucuronidation of N-hydroxy-PhIP is a major conjugation reaction, which leads to unreactive N-hydroxyPhIP-glucuronides. Thus, susceptibility to the genotoxic effects of heterocyclic amines, specifically PhIP, may be influenced by metabolic activation/detoxification processes and causally related to both cytochrome P450 activity and to the levels of enzymes involved in conjugation reactions. The purpose of these studies is to understand the mechanisms involved in PhIP conjugation reactions, specifically glucuronidation, and to understand how different levels of enzyme expression affect the

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bioactivation/detoxification of PhIP. This should provide for a better understanding of individual susceptibility to the carcinogenic risks from PhIP exposure. The proposed studies will address the following questions: 1) What is the role of glucuronidation in the bioactivation/detoxification of PhIP and other heterocyclic amines?; 2) Do differences in PhIP metabolite levels in humans correlate with differences in specific enzyme expression, and can these differences predict inter-individual variation in PhIP bioactivation/detoxification?; 3) Is the HA imidazofuropyridine (IFP) similar to PhIP with regards to metabolism and genotoxicity, and what is IFPs contribution to the overall risks associated with heterocyclic amine exposure? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF ENTEROPATHOGENIC E COLI ADHESION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaper, James B.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are an important cause of diarrhea in infants. The long-term objectives of this project are to understand the pathogenesis of disease due to this organism and to develop diagnostic reagents and vaccine candidates for prevention of disease due to this pathogen. There are also many similarities between the pathogenesis of EPEC and the intestinal pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic (Shiga toxin- producing) E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC) which have been responsible for many large outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in the U.S. and elsewhere due to the ingestion of contaminated beef, water, apple cider, and other vehicles. Dr. Kaper has shown that there is genetic similarity between some intestinal virulence factors of EPEC and EHEC and information resulting from the proposed studies will also yield insights into the pathogenesis of EHEC. The pathognomonic intestinal histopathology associated with EPEC infection is the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion where brush border microvilli are effaced, the bacteria are intimately attached to the epithelial cell membrane, and high concentrations of polymerized actin accumulate beneath the adherent bacteria. Previous work supported by this project has revealed that the A/E histopathology is encoded on a 35 kb pathogenicity island called LEE for Locus of Enterocyte Effacement. This pathogenicity island encodes a type III protein secretion system, and transfer of the LEE into E. coli K-12 confers the A/E phenotype upon this avirulent host strain. In the next period of support, Dr. Kaper proposes to further characterize the functions of genes contained within the LEE. There are four specific aims for the proposed studies: 1) Characterize heretofore cryptic genes of the LEE, particularly those genes potentially encoding secreted proteins; 2) Further characterize the type III secretion system encoded on the LEE; 3) Study the regulation of the LEE-encoded genes and the effect of the Per transcriptional activator; 4) Clone and characterize the gene(s) encoding the initial EPEC adhesin that is responsible for initial binding to human intestinal tissue cultured in vitro. The proposed experimental approach will use a combination of molecular genetics, cell biology, and animal studies to achieve a better understanding of how EPEC infects intestinal epithelial cells and causes disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROENDOCRINE MEDIATION OF E. COLI 0157:H7 INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyte, Mark; Professor; Minneapolis Medical Research Fdn, Inc. 600 Hfa Bldg Minneapolis, Mn 55404

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: This application proposes the new theory of directed neuroendocrinebacterial interactions as a mechanism governing the ability of an enteric pathogen to infect a host. This hypothesis is based on the in vitro and in vivo ability of the neuroendocrine hormone norepinephrine (NE) to increase growth and production of virulence-associated factors of the enteric pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7. High concentration of NE occur in foods such as ground beef which are contaminated by E. coli O157:H7. Equally high concentrations of NE also occur within the gastrointestinal tract due to enteric nervous system activity. The proposed research will therefore examine whether the presence of NE from the time of E. coli O157:H7 contamination of NE-rich foods to infection within the gut may be a factor mediating the development of hemorrhagic colitis. Results from this laboratory have shown that the effect of NE on E. coli O157:H7 contamination of NE-rich foods to infection within the gut may be a factor mediating the development of hemorrhagic colitis. Results from this laboratory have shown that the effect of NE on E. coli O157: H7 is due to the production of an autoinducer of growth. Thus, our Specific Aims are: 1) To determine the ability of a purified diet supplemented with levels of NE found in commonly contaminated foods to "prime" E. coli O157:H7 for the NE-rich environment within the gastrointestinal system; 2) To examine the ability of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from gastrointestinal trat of stressed and non-stressed mice since differences in luminal levels of NE between stressed and control animals would provide greater understanding of the recognized ability of stress to alter susceptibility to colitis; 4) To determine the ability of stress of alter the susceptibility of mice to oral challenge with E. coli O157:H7 exposed in vitro to control of NE supplemented diets; 5) To examine whether blockage of NE release within the gastrointestinal tract can alter susceptibility to challenge with E. coli P157:H7; and 6) To purify the serum-bound form of the NE-induced E. coli O157:H7 autoinducer of growth and determine its structure which may provide the basis for the development of agents to specifically interrupt bacterial division as well as identify the gene(s) involved in its production. Collectively, the above aims will seek to establish a direct cause and effect relationship between the NE content within food and the gastrointestinal trat to influence the ability of E. coli O157:H7 to cause infection. The demonstration of direct neuroendocrine-bacterial interaction as a mechanism in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157:H7 infection may yield new treatments for both the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic colitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL THERAPEUTICS FOR PRION DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Prusiner, Stanley B.; Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prion diseases are neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals, which are invariably fatal and lead to death within a year after the onset of clinical symptoms. As with most other neurodegenerative diseases, no effective therapy is known. Treatment of patients with sporadic (s) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the most common human prion disease, employing quinacrine will be studied. CJD patients will initially receive a racemic mixture of quinacrine. Quinacrine has been shown to inhibit prion formation in cultured ScN2a cells at submicromolar concentrations. Additionally, experimental prion disease in mice will be treated with quinacrine. In studies with ScN2a cells, the (S)-quinacrine isomer was 2 to 3 times more potent with respect to inhibiting prion formation than (R)-quinacrine; these isomers will

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be compared to the racemic mixture in mice. Concurrently, murine models will be used to evaluate treatment of prion disease with new drugs produced through empirical and rational drug design. The empirical drug program will utilize a combinatorial chemistry approach with quinacrine as the lead compound. Quinacrine will be modified and tested in the ScN2a cell culture system. We plan to test about 2000 new quinacrine analogs per year. Only compounds that are 10 times more potent than quinacrine with respect to antiprion activity will be evaluated in mice. Initially, these new antiprion compounds will be screened for toxicity. Compounds that are determined to be sufficiently nontoxic will then be tested for their ability to block prion synthesis in transgenic (Tg) mice. Besides empirical drug discovery, we plan to expand a rational drug design program along two lines of investigation. Attempts will be made to increase the potency of quinacrine by further modifying the aliphatic side chain. Recent studies have shown that bis-quinacrine analogs are more potent than quinacrine by a factor of ten. We also plan to dissect the mode of quinacrine action through studies of PrP trafficking in cultured cells. A second line of rational drug design involves modifying compound 60, which was found by mimicking dominant negative inhibition of prion synthesis. In order to understand dominant negative inhibition of prion synthesis, the structures of dominant negative PrPs will be determined using NMR spectroscopy. The information obtained from these dominant negatives should facilitate improvements in the design of existing drugs or lead to the production of new drugs. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR The PI of this PPG, Dr. Stanley Prusiner, is a professor of Biochemistry and the director of Neurodegenerative diseases at UCSF. He has extensive experience in the area of virology and neurology and in directing research projects of this magnitude. He is a leading authority in prion research for the last several years. He is the recipient of numerous national and international awards, including the nobel prize in 1998. He has published more than 200 articles in scientific journals of interanational repute. He has trained and supervised several researchers/clinicians and thus is well qualified to lead this group and the project. REVIEW OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS PROJECT 1: Clinical Study of Quinacrine for Treatment of Human Prion Diseases; Dr. Richard Miller (PL) (provided by applicant): Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)is a rapidly progressive, invariably fatal and untreatable neurodegenerative disease with a mean duration of about eight months. Beyond the debilitating cognitive and motor deficits that accompany CJD, the difficulty in treating behavioral and mood disturbances and the rapidity of its course compound its tragedy. Moreover, an epidemic of new variant CJD (nvCJD) in England has raised serious concerns regarding the safety of the world's beef supply; the possibility that prions might be passed through the blood has led to the banning of blood or tissue donations from individuals who have resided in England. The discovery of an effective therapy for prion diseases would have enormous human and economic implications. Recent results from experiments in Dr. Prusiner's laboratory show that, at physiological concentrations, the anti-malarial drug quinacrine permanently clears abnormal prion proteins from cell culture. The demonstrated efficacy of quinacrine in cell culture, its relative safety and well known side-effects in the clinical setting, and the universal fatality of CJD justify quinacrine as an immediate candidate for the treatment of CJD. We propose a treatment study for patients with sporadic CJD (sCJD) with racemic quinacrine. Over three years, 90 patients will be admitted to the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) NIH-funded clinical research center where a diagnosis of sCJD will be determined and where patients will enter into a randomized, double-blinded, treatment study with quinacrine. Patients will be divided into two quinacrine arms, a high-dose titration (450 mg daily) and a lowdose titration (75 mg daily). They will be treated for one year and then be followed through to the end of the five-year study period. The dose of quinacrine may be increased or decreased in each patient depending on clinical deterioration or toxicity,

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respectively. Survival will be the primary outcome measure of this clinical study. Also, additional outcome measures will be used that assess activities of daily living, cognition, MRI and EEG. We hypothesize that patients in the high-dose quinacrine arm will have increased survival and a slower rate of neurological progression compared with patients in the low dose arm. By year four of this program Project grant (PPG), we hope to begin a clinical study with a new compound, developed in other Projects in this PPG that shows even greater efficacy than racemic quinacrine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION IN TEENS (SONIT) Principal Investigator & Institution: Snetselaar, Linda G.; Associate Professor of Epidemiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This protocol is evaluating the consumption of beef versus chicken and fish in a clinical study of lipid reduction through diet among adolescents in the Iowa City school system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RAPID DETECTION OF MAJOR FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhu, Peixuan; Creatv Microtech, Inc. 11609 Lake Potomac Dr Potomac, Md 20854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our food is a major source of illness. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that food-borne diseases cause approximately 76 million incidents of illness, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths annually in the U.S. Known pathogens were implicated in 14 million of these incidents, 60,000 associated hospitalizations, and 1,800 deaths. Four pathogens alone (E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter) are believed to account for over two-thirds of deaths caused by known pathogens. The goal of our research is to achieve rapid, sensitive, and simple detection of pathogenic bacteria and toxins commonly found in foods by applying a new, very sensitive technology known as the "Integrating Waveguide Biosensor". This technology was recently developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and is being licensed to Creatv MicroTech for application in the fields of water and food safety testing. NRL's initial experimental results for two molecules showed the Integrating Waveguide Biosensor to be 100 times more sensitive than the previous generation of biosensors based on optical fibers and planar arrays. We expect to achieve a similar improvement in sensitivity for detection of pathogens in food in a test that can be completed in less than 30 minutes. The resulting device will be ideally suited to the prevention of food-borne diseases. The initial scope in Phase I will focus on E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella bacteria in ground beef and apple juice. A test instrument will be constructed incorporating the biosensor technology, assays will be developed and verified for the specified pathogens, and tests performed on food samples. In Phase II the scope will be expanded to include the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni and the food groups poultry and fresh produce. The instrument will be redesigned to be more compact and portable, and assays developed for use outside a laboratory setting. Tests will be performed on location where these foods are produced, transported and/or prepared. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RAPID FOOD AND BEVERAGE PATHOGEN DETECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: U'ren, Jack R.; Director of Research; Saigene Corporation 7126 180Th Ave Ne, Ste C-104 Redmond, Wa 98052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: (Verbatim from Applicant's Abstract):Tens of millions of cases of food-borne and beverage-borne illnesses occur in the United States every year with an estimated cost to the economy of 1-10 billion dollars. The emergence of new pathogenic strains, such as E. coli 0157:H7, seem to have a particularly disastrous effect on young children. In the Pacific Northwest in 1993 over 700 people were sickened from undercooked ground beef, 55 that developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and four died. The overall goal of this program is to develop a rapid pathogen detection system with single cell detection sensitivity and assay times of less than a few hours. Assay specificity will be achieved through the use of commercially available pathogen specific antibodies to cell surface antigens. Single cell assay sensitivity will be achieved by a novel electronic imaging of samples collected on filter media that have been reacted with an enzyme labeled specific antibody. By including a short growth step, viable cells can be distinguished from pathogens killed by the food preparation process. Assay protocols designed to detect E. coil and Salmonella will be developed in Phase I and expanded to include E. coli 0157:H7, Cryptosporidium, Listeria, Campylobacter, and Yersina in Phase II. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Current AOAC standard culture methods for food pathogen detection require between five and ten days. Meanwhile the product is held for shipment which increases storage costs and decrease shelf-life. More rapid systems can save the food industry many millions of dollars and greatly improve the safety and quality of our food supply. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “beef” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for beef in the PubMed Central database: •

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A PCR-based assay for the detection of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin genes in ground beef. by Witham PK, Yamashiro CT, Livak KJ, Batt CA.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167901

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A simple filtration technique to detect enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its toxins in beef by multiplex PCR. by Venkateswaran K, Kamijoh Y, Ohashi E, Nakanishi H.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168729

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Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enterococci and Occurrence of VancomycinResistant Enterococci in Raw Minced Beef and Pork in Germany. by Klein G, Pack A, Reuter G.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106237

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Comparison of the BAX for Screening/E. coli O157:H7 Method with Conventional Methods for Detection of Extremely Low Levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef. by Johnson JL, Brooke CL, Fritschel SJ.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106658

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Concentration and purification of beef extract mock eluates from water samples for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, and Norwalk virus by reverse transcription-PCR. by Schwab KJ, De Leon R, Sobsey MD.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167314

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Control of beef spoilage by a sulfide-producing Lactobacillus sake strain with bacteriocinogenic Leuconostoc gelidum UAL187 during anaerobic storage at 2 degrees C. by Leisner JJ, Greer GG, Stiles ME.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168040

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Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. by Elder RO, Keen JE, Siragusa GR, Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Koohmaraie M, Laegreid WW.; 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16181

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Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Beef Marketed in Malaysia. by Radu S, Mutalib SA, Rusul G, Ahmad Z, Morigaki T, Asai N, Kim YB, Okuda J, Nishibuchi M.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106383

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Development of a Selective Medium for Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from Cattle and Beef Samples. by Stevenson TH, Lucia LM, Acuff GR.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91887

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Effects of Acid Adaptation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Efficacy of Acetic Acid Spray Washes To Decontaminate Beef Carcass Tissue. by Berry ED, Cutter CN.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92013

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Effects of nisin and temperature on survival, growth, and enterotoxin production characteristics of psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus in beef gravy. by Beuchat LR, Clavero MR, Jaquette CB.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168487

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Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef cattle presented for slaughter in the U.S.: Higher prevalence rates than previously estimated. by Gansheroff LJ, O'Brien AD.; 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34306

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Fate of pGFP-Bearing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef at 2 and 10[deg]C and Effects of Lactate, Diacetate, and Citrate. by Ajjarapu S, Shelef LA.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91734

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Four Strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolated from Patients during an Outbreak of Disease Associated with Ground Beef: Importance of Evaluating Multiple Colonies from an Outbreak-Associated Product. by Proctor ME, Kurzynski T, Koschmann C, Archer JR, Davis JP.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=140363

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Genotypic Analyses of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157 Nonmotile Isolates Recovered from Beef Cattle and Carcasses at Processing Plants in the Midwestern States of the United States. by Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Arthur TM, Siragusa GR, Keen JE, Elder RO, Laegreid WW, Koohmaraie M.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=93095

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Geographical Variation in Ribotype Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans, Swine, Poultry, Beef, and Dairy Cattle in Florida. by Scott TM, Parveen S, Portier KM, Rose JB, Tamplin ML, Farrah SR, Koo A, Lukasik J.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=143588

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Infection with Bartonella weissii and Detection of Nanobacterium Antigens in a North Carolina Beef Herd. by Breitschwerdt EB, Sontakke S, Cannedy A, Hancock SI, Bradley JM.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87844

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Influence of Cold Stress on the Preliminary Enrichment Time Needed for Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Ground Beef by PCR. by Uyttendaele M, Grangette C, Rogerie F, Pasteau S, Debevere J, Lange M.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106208

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Nonradioactive colony hybridization assay for detection and enumeration of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in raw beef. by Baez LA, Juneja VK.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167342

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Origin of Contamination and Genetic Diversity of Escherichia coli in Beef Cattle. by Aslam M, Nattress F, Greer G, Yost C, Gill C, McMullen L.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=154492

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Prevalence and Characterization of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli on Carcasses in Commercial Beef Cattle Processing Plants. by Arthur TM, BarkocyGallagher GA, Rivera-Betancourt M, Koohmaraie M.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126400

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Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Serovars in Retail Chicken, Turkey, Pork, and Beef from the Greater Washington, D.C., Area. by Zhao C, Ge B, De Villena J, Sudler R, Yeh E, Zhao S, White DG, Wagner D, Meng J.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=93326

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Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Diversity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates from a Longitudinal Study of Beef Cattle Feedlots. by Galland JC, Hyatt DR, Crupper SS, Acheson DW.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92778

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Purification and Characterization of Cytosolic Aconitase from Beef Liver and its Relationship to the Iron-Responsive Element Binding Protein. by Kennedy MC, Mende-Mueller L, Blondin GA, Beinert H.; 1992 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50630

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Real-Time Monitoring of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Adherence to Beef Carcass Surface Tissues with a Bioluminescent Reporter. by Siragusa GR, Nawotka K, Spilman SD, Contag PR, Contag CH.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91245

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Suitability of selective plating media for recovering heat- or freeze-stressed Escherichia coli O157:H7 from tryptic soy broth and ground beef. by Rocelle M, Clavero S, Beuchat LR.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167607

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Transfer of Microorganisms, Including Listeria monocytogenes, from Various Materials to Beef. by Midelet G, Carpentier B.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=124046

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with beef, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for beef (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A chromogenic plating medium for isolating Escherichia coli O157:H7 from beef. Author(s): Restaino L, Frampton EW, Turner KM, Allison DR. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1999 July; 29(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10432628&dopt=Abstract

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A common source foodborne outbreak of E1 Tor cholera following the consumption of uncooked beef. Author(s): Swaddiwudhipong W, Jirakanvisun R, Rodklai A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1992 July; 75(7): 413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1293258&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar PCBs in uncooked and broiled ground beef, catfish and bacon. Author(s): Schecter A, Dellarco M, Papke O, Olson J. Source: Chemosphere. 1998 October-November; 37(9-12): 1723-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9828300&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the biological actions and pharmacokinetics of intravenously infused highly purified beef and biosynthetic human insulins in normal man. Author(s): Gray RS, Cowan P, Duncan LJ, Clarke BF. Source: Diabete Metab. 1984 September; 10(3): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6386558&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the effect of diets containing beef protein and plant proteins on blood lipids of healthy young men. Author(s): Wiebe SL, Bruce VM, McDonald BE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1984 November; 40(5): 982-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6496393&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the effects of beef, chicken and fish protein on satiety and amino acid profiles in lean male subjects. Author(s): Uhe AM, Collier GR, O'Dea K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1992 March; 122(3): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1542005&dopt=Abstract

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A long-term metabolic balance study in young men to assess the nutritional quality of an isolated soy protein and beef proteins. Author(s): Young VR, Wayler A, Garza C, Steinke FH, Murray E, Rand WM, Scrimshaw NS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1984 January; 39(1): 8-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6537872&dopt=Abstract

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A new conjugated linoleic acid isomer, 7 trans, 9 cis-octadecadienoic acid, in cow milk, cheese, beef and human milk and adipose tissue. Author(s): Yurawecz MP, Roach JA, Sehat N, Mossoba MM, Kramer JK, Fritsche J, Steinhart H, Ku Y. Source: Lipids. 1998 August; 33(8): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9727611&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized study of beef lung and pork mucosal heparin in cardiac surgery. Author(s): Fiser WP, Read RC, Wright FE, Vecchio TJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1983 June; 35(6): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6344819&dopt=Abstract

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A simple filtration technique to detect enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its toxins in beef by multiplex PCR. Author(s): Venkateswaran K, Kamijoh Y, Ohashi E, Nakanishi H. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997 October; 63(10): 4127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9327582&dopt=Abstract

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A simulation model for studying the role of pre-slaughter factors on the exposure of beef carcasses to human microbial hazards. Author(s): Jordan D, McEwen SA, Lammerding AM, McNab WB, Wilson JB. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1999 June 29; 41(1): 37-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416198&dopt=Abstract

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A two-sample method for assessing growth hormone response to growth hormonereleasing hormone challenge: use as a predictor of gain in beef bulls. Author(s): Connor EE, Barao SM, Russek-Cohen E, Dahl GE. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2000 July; 78(7): 1954-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907839&dopt=Abstract

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A university outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with roast beef and an unusually benign clinical course. Author(s): Rodrigue DC, Mast EE, Greene KD, Davis JP, Hutchinson MA, Wells JG, Barrett TJ, Griffin PM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 October; 172(4): 1122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7561194&dopt=Abstract

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Acetaminophen metabolism in subjects fed charcoal-broiled beef. Author(s): Anderson KE, Schneider J, Pantuck EJ, Pantuck CB, Mudge GH, Welch RM, Conney AH, Kappas A. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 September; 34(3): 369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6883912&dopt=Abstract

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Acid phosphatase activity and color changes in consumer-style griddle-cooked ground beef patties. Author(s): Lyon BG, Davis CE, Windham WR, Lyon CE. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 August; 64(8): 1199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510660&dopt=Abstract

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Activation of mutagens in cooked ground beef by human-liver microsomes. Author(s): Felton JS, Healy SK. Source: Mutation Research. 1984 June-July; 140(2-3): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6379442&dopt=Abstract

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Advice raises concern over safety of British beef. Author(s): Ramsay S. Source: Lancet. 1996 March 30; 347(9005): 889. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8622400&dopt=Abstract

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All clear for beef fat? Author(s): Moore T. Source: Lancet. 1986 February 15; 1(8477): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2868329&dopt=Abstract

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An epitaph for sulfated insulin: immunologic profile of the last patients as they are switched from sulfated beef to human insulin. Author(s): Carpentier A, Wither J, Vukusic B, Lawday K, Boss AH, Lewis GF. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 September; 21(9): 1571-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9727914&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 caused by ingestion of contaminated beef at grilled meat-restaurant chain stores in the Kinki District in Japan: epidemiological analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Tsuji H, Hamada K, Kawanishi S, Nakayama A, Nakajima H. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 June; 55(3): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195051&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 food poisoning associated with eating beef. Author(s): Davies A, O'Neill P, Towers L, Cooke M. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1996 October 11; 6(11): R159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917992&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of thyrotoxicosis caused by the consumption of bovine thyroid gland in ground beef. Author(s): Hedberg CW, Fishbein DB, Janssen RS, Meyers B, McMillen JM, MacDonald KL, White KE, Huss LJ, Hurwitz ES, Farhie JR, et al. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987 April 16; 316(16): 993-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3561455&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylaxis presumed to be caused by beef containing streptomycin. Author(s): Tinkelman DG, Bock SA. Source: Ann Allergy. 1984 September; 53(3): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6476483&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylaxis to beef in penicillin-allergic patient. Author(s): Raison-Peyron N, Messaad D, Bousquet J, Demoly P. Source: Allergy. 2001 August; 56(8): 796-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488686&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylaxis to cow's milk and beef meat proteins. Author(s): Eigenmann PA. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 December; 89(6 Suppl 1): 61-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487207&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic resistance patterns of enterococci and occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in raw minced beef and pork in Germany. Author(s): Klein G, Pack A, Reuter G. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998 May; 64(5): 1825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9572958&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-Gal antibodies-where's the beef? Author(s): Junghans RP. Source: Nature Biotechnology. 1999 October; 17(10): 938. Erratum In: Nat Biotechnol 1999 December; 17(12): 1146. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10504678&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-ischemic effect of enhanced external counterpulsation: where's the beef? Author(s): Guerci AD. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 May; 35(6): 1698. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10807481&dopt=Abstract

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Antimutagenicity of Tochu tea (an aqueous extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaves): 2. Suppressing effect of Tochu tea on the urine mutagenicity after ingestion of raw fish and cooked beef. Author(s): Sasaki YF, Chiba A, Murakami M, Sekihashi K, Tanaka M, Takahoko M, Moribayashi S, Kudou C, Hara Y, Nakazawa Y, Nakamura T, Onizuka S. Source: Mutation Research. 1996 December 20; 371(3-4): 203-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9008721&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteriological investigations and resistance patterns in beef and goat's meat in Colombo's slaughter-house. Author(s): Sixl W, Wisidagama E, Sixl-Voigt B, Stunzner D, Kock M, Withalm H. Source: Geogr Med Suppl. 1989; 3: 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2511074&dopt=Abstract

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Beef allergy in children with cow's milk allergy; cow's milk allergy in children with beef allergy. Author(s): Martelli A, De Chiara A, Corvo M, Restani P, Fiocchi A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 December; 89(6 Suppl 1): 38-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487203&dopt=Abstract

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Beef allergy in children. Author(s): Fiocchi A, Restani P, Riva E. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 June; 16(6): 454-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10869903&dopt=Abstract

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Beef allergy: a review of 12 cases. Author(s): Orhan F, Sekerel BE. Source: Allergy. 2003 February; 58(2): 127-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622743&dopt=Abstract

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Beef and bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the risk persists. Author(s): Dealler S, Lacey R. Source: Nutr Health. 1991; 7(3): 117-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1923069&dopt=Abstract

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Beef customer satisfaction: cooking method and degree of doneness effects on the top loin steak. Author(s): Lorenzen CL, Neely TR, Miller RK, Tatum JD, Wise JW, Taylor JF, Buyck MJ, Reagan JO, Savell JW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 March; 77(3): 637-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229359&dopt=Abstract

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Beef customer satisfaction: cooking method and degree of doneness effects on the top round steak. Author(s): Neely TR, Lorenzen CL, Miller RK, Tatum JD, Wise JW, Taylor JF, Buyck MJ, Reagan JO, Savell JW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 March; 77(3): 653-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229361&dopt=Abstract

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Beef customer satisfaction: cooking method and degree of doneness effects on the top sirloin steak. Author(s): Savell JW, Lorenzen CL, Neely TR, Miller RK, Tatum JD, Wise JW, Taylor JF, Buyck MJ, Reagan JO. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 March; 77(3): 645-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229360&dopt=Abstract

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Beef customer satisfaction: factors affecting consumer evaluations of clod steaks. Author(s): Goodson KJ, Morgan WW, Reagan JO, Gwartney BL, Courington SM, Wise JW, Savell JW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 February; 80(2): 401-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881929&dopt=Abstract

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Beef customer satisfaction: role of cut, USDA quality grade, and city on in-home consumer ratings. Author(s): Neely TR, Lorenzen CL, Miller RK, Tatum JD, Wise JW, Taylor JF, Buyck MJ, Reagan JO, Savell JW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 April; 76(4): 1027-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581926&dopt=Abstract

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Beef customer satisfaction: trained sensory panel ratings and Warner-Bratzler shear force values. Author(s): Lorenzen CL, Miller RK, Taylors JF, Neely TR, Tatum JD, Wise JW, Buyek MJ, Reagan JO, Savell JW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 January; 81(1): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597384&dopt=Abstract

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Beef exports: looking for an opening. Author(s): Chandler T. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1997 November 8; 141(19): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9402724&dopt=Abstract

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Beef Quality Assurance education via satellite videoconference. Author(s): Shulaw WP, Boyles SL, Clay JC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 October; 73(10): 3182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8617691&dopt=Abstract

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Beef safety and publication of scientific information. Author(s): Stewart JS, Jeffrey B. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 8; 347(9015): 1635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667911&dopt=Abstract

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Beef safety and publication of scientific information. Author(s): Crawford M. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 8; 347(9015): 1635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667910&dopt=Abstract

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Beef safety compromised, says former CMO. Author(s): Warden J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 October 17; 317(7165): 1031. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9841035&dopt=Abstract

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Beef tongue: a model for teaching complex wound closure to emergency nurse practitioner students. Author(s): Cole FL, Ramirez EG. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2002 October; 28(5): 467-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386634&dopt=Abstract

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Beef was not “perfectly safe”. Author(s): Warden J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 November 7; 317(7168): 1273. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867381&dopt=Abstract

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Beef-pork insulin. Author(s): Farquar A. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1995 May; 41: 781. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756911&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of digitalis derivatives to beef, cat and human cardiac (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Affinity and kinetic constants. Author(s): Brown L, Erdmann E. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1984 October; 271(2): 229-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6095779&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of dihydrodigitoxin to beef and human cardiac (Na+ + K+)-ATPase: evidence for two binding sites in cell membranes. Author(s): Brown L, Erdmann E. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1983 November 1; 32(21): 3183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6315020&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability in humans of zinc from beef: intrinsic vs extrinsic labels. Author(s): Gallaher DD, Johnson PE, Hunt JR, Lykken GI, Marchello MJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 August; 48(2): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3407613&dopt=Abstract

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Doctors are less likely than patients to have stopped eating beef. Author(s): Cohen H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 July 20; 313(7050): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688797&dopt=Abstract

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Media coverage had shortlived effect on beef consumption by pregnant women. Author(s): Wilson S, McLeod S, Gillies A, Carter Y. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 July 20; 313(7050): 171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688796&dopt=Abstract

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Public health officials are confused over whether to eat beef. Author(s): Cullen M, Bellis M, Tocque K. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 2; 313(7065): 1146. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916717&dopt=Abstract

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: something to beef about? Author(s): Little K, Palmer D, Swiers D. Source: Nurs Stand. 1995 April 26-May 2; 9(31): 19-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7786721&dopt=Abstract

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Britain caught out by 'unscientific' reactions to Europe's beef crisis. Author(s): Butler D. Source: Nature. 1996 May 30; 381(6581): 353. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8632782&dopt=Abstract

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BSE risks for humans consuming beef and beef products: how any risks are managed. Author(s): Bradley R. Source: Veterinary Research Communications. 2003 September; 27 Suppl 1: 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14535363&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor. In your May issue you say that eating medium or well-done beef increases one's risk for stomach cancer. But what about the dangers of eating rare beef? Author(s): Goldfinger SE. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 1999 March; 24(5): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10066305&dopt=Abstract

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Canadian beef quality audit. Author(s): Van Donkersgoed J, Jewison G, Mann M, Cherry B, Altwasser B, Lower R, Wiggins K, Dejonge R, Thorlakson B, Moss E, Mills C, Grogan H. Source: Can Vet J. 1997 April; 38(4): 217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9105719&dopt=Abstract

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Causes of copulatory failure in beef bulls. Author(s): Walker DF. Source: Mod Vet Pract. 1984 April; 65(4): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6539852&dopt=Abstract

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Center for Veterinary Medicine's perspective on the beef hormone case. Author(s): Leighton JK. Source: Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1999 March; 15(1): 167-80, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088217&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in concentration of five PCDD/F congeners after cooking beef from treated cattle. Author(s): Rose M, Thorpe S, Kelly M, Harrison N, Startin J. Source: Chemosphere. 2001 May-June; 43(4-7): 861-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372878&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of Salmonella isolates from beef cattle, broiler chickens and human sources on Prince Edward Island. Author(s): Abouzeed YM, Hariharan H, Poppe C, Kibenge FS. Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 October; 23(4): 253-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11038127&dopt=Abstract

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Chicken bones & beef hearts: creative teaching at Tenwek. Interview by Betty M. Hockett. Author(s): Stanfield C. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1996 Fall; 13(4): 36-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9362764&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystokinin-58 is the major molecular form in man, dog and cat but not in pig, beef and rat intestine. Author(s): Eberlein GA, Eysselein VE, Goebell H. Source: Peptides. 1988 September-October; 9(5): 993-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3244567&dopt=Abstract

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Cholesterol-lowering effect of a low-fat diet containing lean beef is reversed by the addition of beef fat. Author(s): O'Dea K, Traianedes K, Chisholm K, Leyden H, Sinclair AJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 September; 52(3): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2393010&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and pharmacological profile in a clenbuterol epidemic poisoning of contaminated beef meat in Italy. Author(s): Brambilla G, Cenci T, Franconi F, Galarini R, Macri A, Rondoni F, Strozzi M, Loizzo A. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2000 April 3; 114(1-3): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10713468&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical reactivity to beef in children allergic to cow's milk. Author(s): Werfel SJ, Cooke SK, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 March; 99(3): 293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058683&dopt=Abstract

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Collaborative evaluation of detection methods for Escherichia coli O157:H7 from radish sprouts and ground beef. Author(s): Onoue Y, Konuma H, Nakagawa H, Hara-Kudo Y, Fujita T, Kumagai S. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1999 January 12; 46(1): 27-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050682&dopt=Abstract

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Combined effect of ascorbic acid and gamma irradiation on microbial and sensorial characteristics of beef patties during refrigerated storage. Author(s): Giroux M, Ouattara B, Yefsah R, Smoragiewicz W, Saucier L, Lacroix M. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 February; 49(2): 919-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262050&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of fecal samples collected per rectum and off the ground for estimation of environmental contamination attributable to beef cattle. Author(s): Hoar BR, Atwill ER, Elmi C, Utterback WW, Edmondson AJ. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1999 November; 60(11): 1352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566807&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of insulin antibody levels during the first 3 years of treatment of adult diabetics with monocomponent porcine lente-insulin and single peak beef NPH insulin. Author(s): Wajchenberg BL, Thomsen YG, Toledo e Souza IT, Germek OA. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1986 August; 18(8): 535-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3758926&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of leucine aminopeptidase from human lens, beef lens and kidney, and hog lens and kidney. Author(s): Taylor A, Surgenor T, Thomson DK, Graham RJ, Oettgen H. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1984 March; 38(3): 217-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6426987&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of USDA quality grade with tendertec for the assessment of beef palatability. Author(s): George MH, Tatum JD, Dolezal HG, Morgan JB, Wise JW, Calkins CR, Gordon T, Reagan JO, Smith GC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1997 June; 75(6): 1538-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250515&dopt=Abstract

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Concentration and purification of beef extract mock eluates from water samples for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, and Norwalk virus by reverse transcription-PCR. Author(s): Schwab KJ, De Leon R, Sobsey MD. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1995 February; 61(2): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7574592&dopt=Abstract

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Concentration of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP) in urine and alkali-hydrolyzed urine after consumption of charbroiled beef. Author(s): Friesen MD, Rothman N, Strickland PT. Source: Cancer Letters. 2001 November 8; 173(1): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578808&dopt=Abstract

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Consumer impressions of Tender Select beef. Author(s): Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Meade MK, Reagan JO, Byrnes BL, Koohmaraie M. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 October; 79(10): 2605-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721839&dopt=Abstract

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Consumer thresholds for establishing the value of beef tenderness. Author(s): Miller MF, Carr MA, Ramsey CB, Crockett KL, Hoover LC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 December; 79(12): 3062-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811460&dopt=Abstract

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Consumers prefer unseasoned lean ground beef patties to patties made from turkey breast or emu. Author(s): Miller MJ, Holben DH. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 February; 99(2): 224-6. Erratum In: J Am Diet Assoc 1999 April; 99(4): 411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9972194&dopt=Abstract

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Cooking and palatability traits of beef longissimus steaks cooked with a belt grill or an open hearth electric broiler. Author(s): Wheeler TL, Shackelford SD, Koohmaraie M. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 November; 76(11): 2805-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856389&dopt=Abstract

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Corn oil and beef tallow elicit different postprandial responses in triglycerides and cholesterol, but similar changes in constituents of high-density lipoprotein. Author(s): Muesing RA, Griffin P, Mitchell P. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1995 February; 14(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7706611&dopt=Abstract

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Could diet attack bones? It's a beef about meat. Author(s): Fox D. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2000 October 30; 129(17): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11184934&dopt=Abstract

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a beef farmer. Author(s): Young GR, Fletcher NA, Zeidler M, Estibeiro KL, Ironside JW. Source: Lancet. 1996 August 31; 348(9027): 610-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8774583&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-contamination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with Escherichia coli O157:H7 via contaminated ground beef. Author(s): Wachtel MR, McEvoy JL, Luo Y, Williams-Campbell AM, Solomon MB. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 July; 66(7): 1176-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870750&dopt=Abstract

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Cysticercus bovis in cattle in two beef feedlots in southern Ontario. Author(s): Borman-Eby HA, Ayim DS, Small C. Source: Can Vet J. 1994 November; 35(11): 711-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866963&dopt=Abstract

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Dear NKF: “Where's the beef?”. Author(s): Coutts LR. Source: Nephrol News Issues. 1995 January; 9(1): 54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7723862&dopt=Abstract

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Declining risk from beef on the bone. Author(s): Taylor K. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1998 December 12; 143(24): 667. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9885138&dopt=Abstract

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Decrease of antibodies to insulin, proinsulin and contaminating hormones after changing treatment from conventional beef to purified pork insulin. Author(s): Kurtz AB, Matthews JA, Mustaffa BE, Daggett PR, Nabarro JD. Source: Diabetologia. 1980; 18(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6988274&dopt=Abstract

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Detection and quantitation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157, O111, and O26 in beef and bovine feces by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Sharma VK. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 September; 65(9): 1371-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12233845&dopt=Abstract

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Development of a selective medium for isolation of Helicobacter pylori from cattle and beef samples. Author(s): Stevenson TH, Lucia LM, Acuff GR. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 February; 66(2): 723-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10653742&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic control in patients treated with once or twice-daily insulin injections, including a comparison of conventional beef and highly purified pork insulins. Author(s): Gray RS, Borsey DQ, Fraser DM, Kurtz AB, Rainbow S, Smith AF, Duncan LJ, Clarke BF. Source: Diabetologia. 1981 September; 21(3): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7028552&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary factors affecting the urinary mutagenicity assay system. I. Detection of mutagenic activity in human urine following a fried beef meal. Author(s): Sousa J, Nath J, Tucker JD, Ong TM. Source: Mutation Research. 1985 May; 149(3): 365-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3887148&dopt=Abstract

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Diets with either beef or plant proteins reduce risk of calcium oxalate precipitation in patients with a history of calcium kidney stones. Author(s): Massey LK, Kynast-Gales SA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 March; 101(3): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269613&dopt=Abstract

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Direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds in three California counties, with reference to control of potential foot-and-mouth disease transmission. Author(s): Bates TW, Thurmond MC, Carpenter TE. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2001 July; 62(7): 1121-9. Erratum In: Am J Vet Res 2001 September; 62(9): 1477. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453490&dopt=Abstract

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Disposition of lorazepam in diabetes: differences between patients treated with beef/pork and human insulins. Author(s): Herman RJ, Chaudhary A, Szakacs CB, Woo D, Lane R, Boctor MA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 48(3-4): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7589050&dopt=Abstract

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Do beef-eaters have an increased risk of dementia and early death? Author(s): Magnusson A. Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 1997 December; 19(4): 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9467157&dopt=Abstract

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Ecological effect of Taenia saginata in beef imported from a high prevalence area into Norway. Author(s): Skjerve E. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 November; 62(11): 1320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571323&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beef tenderness on consumer satisfaction with steaks consumed in the home and restaurant. Author(s): Huffman KL, Miller MF, Hoover LC, Wu CK, Brittin HC, Ramsey CB. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1996 January; 74(1): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8778116&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of days fed, carcass grade traits, and subcutaneous fat removal on postmortem muscle characteristics and beef palatability. Author(s): May SG, Dolezal HG, Gill DR, Ray FK, Buchanan DS. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1992 February; 70(2): 444-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1548207&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of low-dose irradiation on growth of and toxin production by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in roast beef and gravy. Author(s): Grant IR, Nixon CR, Patterson MF. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1993 March; 18(1): 25-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8466810&dopt=Abstract

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Effect on serum lipids of addition of safflower oil or olive oil to very-low-fat diets rich in lean beef. Author(s): Morgan SA, Sinclair AJ, O'Dea K. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1993 June; 93(6): 644-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8509588&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of the SmartMV prototype BeefCam System to sort beef carcasses into expected palatability groups. Author(s): Wyle AM, Vote DJ, Roeber DL, Cannell RC, Belk KE, Scanga JA, Goldberg M, Tatum JD, Smith GC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 February; 81(2): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643488&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of acid adaptation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on efficacy of acetic acid spray washes to decontaminate beef carcass tissue. Author(s): Berry ED, Cutter CN. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 April; 66(4): 1493-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742232&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of beef and chicken consumption on plasma lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic men. Author(s): Scott LW, Dunn JK, Pownall HJ, Brauchi DJ, McMann MC, Herd JA, Harris KB, Savell JW, Cross HR, Gotto AM Jr. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 June 13; 154(11): 1261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8203993&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of heat and high-pressure treatments on antigenicity of beef extract. Author(s): Han GD, Matsuno M, Ikeuchi Y, Suzuki A. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2002 January; 66(1): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866109&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of packaging, equipment, and storage time on sensory characteristics of beef stew. Author(s): Pizzimenti KV, Cremer ML. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1994 May; 94(5): 523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8176127&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of postexsanguination vascular infusion of cattle with a solution of saccharides, sodium chloride, and phosphates or with calcium chloride on quality and sensory traits of steaks and ground beef. Author(s): Dikeman ME, Hunt MC, Addist PB, Schoenbeck HJ, Pullen M, Katsanidis E, Yancey EJ. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 January; 81(1): 156-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597386&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of repetitive use of hormonal implants on beef carcass quality, tenderness, and consumer ratings of beef palatability. Author(s): Platter WJ, Tatum JD, Belk KE, Scanga JA, Smith GC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 April; 81(4): 984-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723088&dopt=Abstract

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Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter, on beef and lamb carcasses and in raw beef and lamb products in South Yorkshire, UK. Author(s): Chapman PA, Cerdan Malo AT, Ellin M, Ashton R, Harkin. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2001 February 28; 64(1-2): 139-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252496&dopt=Abstract

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Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with ground beef and their control in Canada. Author(s): Todd EC. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2000 July 1; 26(13): 111-6. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10927836&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of the exposure of the French population to the BSE agent: comparison of the 1980-95 consumption of beef products containing mechanically recovered meat in France and the UK, by birth cohort and gender. Author(s): Chadeau-Hyam M, Tard A, Bird S, Le Guennec S, Bemrah N, Volatier JL, Alperovitch A. Source: Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 2003 June; 12(3): 247-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828245&dopt=Abstract

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EU beef wars expose sewage sludge scandal. Author(s): Koppinen J. Source: Aust Vet J. 1999 December; 77(12): 776. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685177&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of consumer-style cooking methods for reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef. Author(s): Rhee MS, Lee SY, Hillers VN, McCurdy SM, Kang DH. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 June; 66(6): 1030-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801005&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of low back pain risks in a beef skinning operation. Author(s): Das B, Sengupta AK. Source: Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2000; 6(3): 347-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11082550&dopt=Abstract

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Experiential learning in the animal sciences: effect of 13 years of a beef cattle management practicum. Author(s): Marshall TT, Hoover TS, Reiling BA, Downs KM. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 November; 76(11): 2947-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856406&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure of beef cattle to sub-clinical doses of Microcystis aeruginosa: toxin bioaccumulation, physiological effects and human health risk assessment. Author(s): Orr PT, Jones GJ, Hunter RA, Berger K. Source: Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2003 April; 41(5): 613-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676440&dopt=Abstract

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Factitious diabetes and antibody mediated resistance to beef insulin. Author(s): Kurtz AB, Harrington MG, Matthews JA, Nabarro JD. Source: Diabetologia. 1979 January; 16(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=570137&dopt=Abstract

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Fate of pGFP-bearing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef at 2 and 10 degrees C and effects of lactate, diacetate, and citrate. Author(s): Ajjarapu S, Shelef LA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999 December; 65(12): 5394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583994&dopt=Abstract

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Fecal mutagenicity arising from ingestion of fried ground beef in the human. Author(s): Hayatsu H, Hayatsu T, Wataya Y, Mower HF. Source: Mutation Research. 1985 August; 143(4): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4022023&dopt=Abstract

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Foodservice industry market profile study: nutritional and objective textural profile of foodservice ground beef. Author(s): Johnson LP, Williams SE, Neel SW, Reagan JO. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1994 June; 72(6): 1487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8071173&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells during consumption of charcoal-broiled beef. Author(s): Rothman N, Poirier MC, Baser ME, Hansen JA, Gentile C, Bowman ED, Strickland PT. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1990 July; 11(7): 1241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2372884&dopt=Abstract

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Four strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from patients during an outbreak of disease associated with ground beef: importance of evaluating multiple colonies from an outbreak-associated product. Author(s): Proctor ME, Kurzynski T, Koschmann C, Archer JR, Davis JP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923389&dopt=Abstract

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From alcohol and breast cancer to beef and BSE--improving our communication of risk. Author(s): Marmot M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 July; 86(7): 921-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8669511&dopt=Abstract

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Geographical variation in ribotype profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from humans, swine, poultry, beef, and dairy cattle in Florida. Author(s): Scott TM, Parveen S, Portier KM, Rose JB, Tamplin ML, Farrah SR, Koo A, Lukasik J. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 February; 69(2): 1089-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571033&dopt=Abstract

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Germany uses BSE fears to seek ban on British beef. Author(s): Abbott A. Source: Nature. 1994 March 17; 368(6468): 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8145811&dopt=Abstract

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Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase from beef kidney is an allosteric system of the V-type. Author(s): Lara-Lemus R, Calcagno ML. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1998 October 14; 1388(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9774701&dopt=Abstract

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Ground beef consumption in noncommercial settings is a risk factor for sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Canada. Author(s): Le Saux N, Spika JS, Friesen B, Johnson I, Melnychuck D, Anderson C, Dion R, Rahman M, Tostowarky W. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 February; 167(2): 500-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8421193&dopt=Abstract

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Ground ostrich: a comparison with ground beef. Author(s): Walter JM, Soliah L, Dorsett D. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 February; 100(2): 244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670402&dopt=Abstract

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Heat treatment modifies the allergenicity of beef and bovine serum albumin. Author(s): Fiocchi A, Restani P, Riva E, Mirri GP, Santini I, Bernardo L, Galli CL. Source: Allergy. 1998 August; 53(8): 798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9722230&dopt=Abstract

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Heme, ferritin and vegetable iron absorption in humans from meals denatured of heme iron during the cooking of beef. Author(s): Martinez-Torres C, Leets I, Taylor P, Ramirez J, del Valle Camacho M, Layrisse M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1986 September; 116(9): 1720-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3761027&dopt=Abstract

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Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children. A serious hazard of undercooked beef. Author(s): Robson WL, Leung AK. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1990 October; 88(5): 135-6, 139-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2216972&dopt=Abstract

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Hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli in people consuming undercooked beef and unpasteurized milk. Author(s): Dorn CR. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988 December 1; 193(11): 1360-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3061987&dopt=Abstract

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Histidine content of low-molecular-weight beef proteins influences nonheme iron bioavailability in Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Swain JH, Tabatabai LB, Reddy MB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 February; 132(2): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823585&dopt=Abstract

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Home-style beef jerky: effect of four preparation methods on consumer acceptability and pathogen inactivation. Author(s): Harrison JA, Harrison MA, Rose-Morrow RA, Shewfelt RL. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 August; 64(8): 1194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510659&dopt=Abstract

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How could the BSE crisis affect nutrient intake? Comparison of beef and non-beef eating meat eaters from the UK Women's Cohort Study. Author(s): Cade J, Calvert C, Barrett J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 February; 52(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9505162&dopt=Abstract

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How safe is their beef? Author(s): Johnson S. Source: Newsweek. 2000 December 4; 136(23): 43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126065&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoglycaemia unawareness in diabetics transferred from beef/porcine insulin to human insulin. Author(s): Teuscher A, Berger WG. Source: Lancet. 1987 August 15; 2(8555): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2886833&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of the mutagens in cooked beef. Author(s): Felton JS, Knize MG, Shen NH, Andresen BD, Bjeldanes LF, Hatch FT. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1986 August; 67: 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3757953&dopt=Abstract

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Immune-enhancing enteral diets: where's the beef? Author(s): Zaloga GP. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1998 July; 26(7): 1143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9671352&dopt=Abstract

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Immunization of prepubertal beef heifers against gonadotropin-releasing hormone: immune, estrus, ovarian, and growth responses. Author(s): Prendiville DJ, Enright WJ, Crowe MA, Vaughan L, Roche JF. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 October; 73(10): 3030-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8617674&dopt=Abstract

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In response to the 1998 APA Division 40 Presidential Address: so where's the beef? Author(s): Rodriguez-Menendez G. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2000 May; 14(2): 202-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10916195&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in frozen beef patties produced over an 8-hour shiftt. Author(s): Pruett WP Jr, Biela T, Lattuada CP, Mrozinski PM, Barbour WM, Flowers RS, Osborne W, Reagan JO, Theno D, Cook V, McNamara AM, Rose B. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 September; 65(9): 1363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12233844&dopt=Abstract

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Incomplete sanitation of a meat grinder and ingestion of raw ground beef: contributing factors to a large outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infection. Author(s): Roels TH, Frazak PA, Kazmierczak JJ, Mackenzie WR, Proctor ME, Kurzynski TA, Davis JP. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1997 October; 119(2): 127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9363010&dopt=Abstract

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Increased beef consumption increases apolipoprotein A-I but not serum cholesterol of mildly hypercholesterolemic men with different levels of habitual beef intake. Author(s): Smith DR, Wood R, Tseng S, Smith SB. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2002 April; 227(4): 266-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910049&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of insulin antibodies on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of recombinant human and highly purified beef insulins in insulin dependent diabetics. Author(s): Gray RS, Cowan P, di Mario U, Elton RA, Clarke BF, Duncan LJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 June 8; 290(6483): 1687-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3924216&dopt=Abstract

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Influence on the clotting mechanism of sodium pentosan polysulfate (SP54) in comparison to commercial beef lung sodium heparin. Author(s): Vinazzer H, Haas S, Stemberger A. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1980 October 1; 20(1): 57-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6163222&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive (pasture) beef cattle operations: the perspective of New Zealand. Author(s): Hathaway SC. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 1997 August; 16(2): 382-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501351&dopt=Abstract

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Interindividual differences in the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide in urine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells after charbroiled beef consumption. Author(s): Kang DH, Rothman N, Poirier MC, Greenberg A, Hsu CH, Schwartz BS, Baser ME, Groopman JD, Weston A, Strickland PT. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1995 May; 16(5): 1079-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7767968&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-8 haplotype structure from nucleotide sequence variation in commercial populations of U.S. beef cattle. Author(s): Heaton MP, Chitko-McKnown CG, Grosse WM, Keele JW, Keen JE, Laegreid WW. Source: Mammalian Genome : Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society. 2001 March; 12(3): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252171&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal absorption of beta-carotene ingested with a meal rich in sunflower oil or beef tallow: postprandial appearance in triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in women. Author(s): Hu X, Jandacek RJ, White WS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 May; 71(5): 1170-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799380&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction into Japan of pathogenic Yersinia through imported pork, beef and fowl. Author(s): Fukushima H, Hoshina K, Itogawa H, Gomyoda M. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1997 April 15; 35(3): 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9105929&dopt=Abstract

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Iron absorption in humans: bovine serum albumin compared with beef muscle and egg white. Author(s): Hurrell RF, Lynch SR, Trinidad TP, Dassenko SA, Cook JD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 January; 47(1): 102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3337027&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli O157 from retail beef and bovine feces in Thailand. Author(s): Vuddhakul V, Patararungrong N, Pungrasamee P, Jitsurong S, Morigaki T, Asai N, Nishibuchi M. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2000 January 15; 182(2): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620690&dopt=Abstract

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Landmark article Oct 31, 1936: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. V. Further evidence for the essential participation of extrinsic factor in hematopoietic responses to mixtures of beef muscle and gastric juice and to hog stomach mucosa. By W.B. Castle and T.H. Ham. Author(s): Castle WB, Ham TH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 January 27; 251(4): 514-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6361304&dopt=Abstract

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Leucine aminopeptidase activity is diminished in aged hog, beef, and human lens. Author(s): Taylor A. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985; 180: 299-302. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4034545&dopt=Abstract

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Lipoatrophy in a patient on highly purified beef insulin. Author(s): Evans-Jones LG. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1982 August; 57(8): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7051987&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term consumption of beef extended with soy protein by children, women and men: III. Iron absorption by adult men. Author(s): Morris ER, Bodwell CE, Miles CW, Mertz W, Prather ES, Canary JJ. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1987; 37(4): 377-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3507008&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term consumption of beef extended with soy protein by men, women and children: I. Study design, nutrient intakes, and serum zinc levels. Author(s): Miles CW, Bodwell CE, Morris E, Ziyad JA, Prather ES, Mertz W, Canary JJ. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1987; 37(4): 341-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3507006&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term consumption of beef extended with soy protein by men, women and children: II. Effects on iron status. Author(s): Bodwell CE, Miles CW, Morris E, Prather ES, Mertz W, Canary JJ. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1987; 37(4): 361-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3507007&dopt=Abstract

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Low achiever differentiation: where's the beef? Author(s): Algozzine B. Source: Except Child. 1985 September; 52(1): 72-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4043189&dopt=Abstract

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Low incidence of thrombocytopenia during treatment with hog mucosa and beef lung heparin. Author(s): Eika C, Godal HC, Laake K, Hamborg T. Source: Scand J Haematol. 1980 July; 25(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7444371&dopt=Abstract

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Meat allergy: investigation of potential allergenic proteins in beef. Author(s): Han GD, Matsuno M, Ito G, Ikeucht Y, Suzuki A. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2000 September; 64(9): 1887-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055392&dopt=Abstract

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Meat allergy: I--Specific IgE to BSA and OSA in atopic, beef sensitive children. Author(s): Fiocchi A, Restani P, Riva E, Qualizza R, Bruni P, Restelli AR, Galli CL. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1995 June; 14(3): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8586772&dopt=Abstract

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Medical education curricula. Where's the beef? Author(s): Thomas P. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1999 July; 14(7): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417606&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolites of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP) in human urine after consumption of charbroiled or fried beef. Author(s): Strickland PT, Qian Z, Friesen MD, Rothman N, Sinha R. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 September 30; 506-507: 163-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351156&dopt=Abstract

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Mice and beef and brain diseases. Author(s): Hope J. Source: Nature. 1995 December 21-28; 378(6559): 761-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8524408&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiological investigation of meat wholesale premises and beef carcases in Johannesburg. Author(s): Meara PJ, Melmed LN, Cook RC. Source: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1977 December; 48(4): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=202708&dopt=Abstract

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Minced beef and human salmonellosis: review of the investigation of three outbreaks in France. Author(s): Haeghebaert S, Duche L, Gilles C, Masini B, Dubreuil M, Minet JC, Bouvet P, Grimont F, Delarocque Astagneau E, Vaillant V. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2001 February; 6(2): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682708&dopt=Abstract

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Minimization of heterocyclic amines and thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli in fried ground beef. Author(s): Salmon CP, Knize MG, Panteleakos FN, Wu RW, Nelson DO, Felton JS. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 November 1; 92(21): 1773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058620&dopt=Abstract

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Modest doses of nitroglycerin do not interfere with beef lung heparin anticoagulation in patients taking nitrates. Author(s): Reich DL, Hammerschlag BC, Rand JH, Perucho-Powell MH, Thys DM. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1992 December; 6(6): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1472663&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of carcinogenesis by a beef-derived mutagenesis modulator, and by dietary fat. Author(s): Pariza MW, Hargraves WA, Boissonneault GA. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1986; 206: 265-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952093&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular biology studies of beef liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. Author(s): Guan K, Weiner H. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987; 232: 15-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3615417&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring beef cattle productivity as a measure of environmental health. Author(s): Waldner C. Source: Environmental Research. 2001 May; 86(1): 94-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386747&dopt=Abstract

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Multiplicity of mitochondrial inner membrane antigens from beef heart reacting with antimitochondrial antibodies in sera of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Author(s): Ishii H, Saifuku K, Namihisa T. Source: Immunology Letters. 1985; 9(6): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4007962&dopt=Abstract

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Mutagenicity of human urine caused by ingestion of fried ground beef. Author(s): Hayatsu H, Hayatsu T, Ohara Y. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1985 June; 76(6): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926577&dopt=Abstract

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Natural and simulated meat flavors (with particular reference to beef). Author(s): MacLeod G, Seyyedain-Ardebili M. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1981; 14(4): 309-437. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7023846&dopt=Abstract

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Non-fatal farm injuries on 117 eastern Ontario beef and dairy farms: a one-year study. Author(s): Brison RJ, Pickett CW. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1992; 21(5): 623-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1609810&dopt=Abstract

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Non-promoting effects of lean beef in the rat colon carcinogenesis model. Author(s): Pence BC, Butler MJ, Dunn DM, Miller MF, Zhao C, Landers M. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1995 May; 16(5): 1157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7767979&dopt=Abstract

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Nurse education: something to beef about. Author(s): Bolger T. Source: Nursing (Lond). 1991 May 9-22; 4(34): 25-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2038446&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient composition and sensory attributes of cooked ground beef: effects of fat content, cooking method, and water rinsing. Author(s): Love JA, Prusa KJ. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1992 November; 92(11): 1367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1430722&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational contact urticaria from beef associated with hand eczema. Author(s): Jovanovic M, Oliwiecki S, Beck MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 September; 27(3): 188-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451468&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104A in retail ground beef. Author(s): Zhao T, Doyle MP, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Zhao P, Ladely S. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 February; 65(2): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848574&dopt=Abstract

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Oral contraceptive side effects: where's the beef? Author(s): Goldzieher JW, Zamah NM. Source: Contraception. 1995 December; 52(6): 327-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8749595&dopt=Abstract

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Orthodontic education and training: where's the beef? Author(s): Isaacson RJ. Source: Angle Orthod. 2003 August; 73(4): Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12940551&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 leading to the recall of retail ground beef-Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 1999. Author(s): Macdonald C, Drew J, Carlson R, Dzogan S, Tataryn S, Macdonald A, Ali A, Amhed R, Easy R, Clark C, Rodgers F. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2000 July 1; 26(13): 109-11. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10927835&dopt=Abstract

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Pancreatic diabetes with severe generalized allergy to purified beef, pork, and human insulins. Author(s): Yoshino G, Yamochi W, Moriyama H, Ueno H, Inui A, Oimomi M, Baba S. Source: Diabetes Care. 1990 October; 13(10): 1093-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2209311&dopt=Abstract

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Penetration of surface-inoculated bacteria as a result of hydrodynamic shock wave treatment of beef steaks. Author(s): Lorca TA, Pierson MD, Claus JR, Eifert JD, Marcy JE, Sumner SS. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 April; 65(4): 616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952209&dopt=Abstract

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Pinkeye (bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis) in beef cattle. Author(s): Ward JK, Nielson MK. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1979 August; 49(2): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=574506&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. Author(s): Jacobs DR Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986 April; 43(4): 638-9, 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3962913&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. Author(s): Reiser R, Probstfield JL, Silvers A, Scott LW, Shorney ML, Wood RD, O'Brien BC, Gotto AM Jr, Insull W Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985 August; 42(2): 190-7. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 1986 June; 43(6): 978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4025191&dopt=Abstract

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Polymer scientists work to beef up biosensors. Author(s): Graff G. Source: Science. 1991 September 6; 253(5024): 1097-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1887236&dopt=Abstract

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Pork or beef? Author(s): Warkentin TE. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 January; 75(1): 15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537185&dopt=Abstract

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Possible increase of human Taenia saginata infections through import of beef to Norway from a high prevalence area. Author(s): Skjerve E. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 November; 62(11): 1314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571322&dopt=Abstract

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Postcooking temperature changes in beef patties. Author(s): Berry BW, Bigner-George ME. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 September; 64(9): 1405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563519&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive model for the combined effect of temperature, sodium lactate, and sodium diacetate on the heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in beef. Author(s): Juneja VK. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 May; 66(5): 804-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747689&dopt=Abstract

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Preparation of the flavin-containing aromatic amine oxidases of human placenta and beef liver. Author(s): Salach JI, Weyler W. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1987; 142: 627-37. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3600385&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef and ground baby beef meat. Author(s): Uhitil S, Jaksic S, Petrak T, Botka-Petrak K. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 June; 64(6): 862-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403139&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and genetic profiling of virulence determinants of non-O157 Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, beef, and humans, Calcutta, India. Author(s): Khan A, Yamasaki S, Sato T, Ramamurthy T, Pal A, Datta S, Chowdhury NR, Das SC, Sikdar A, Tsukamoto T, Bhattacharya SK, Takeda Y, Nair GB. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 January; 8(1): 54-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749749&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef and cattle feces from King County, Washington. Author(s): Samadpour M, Kubler M, Buck FC, Depavia GA, Mazengia E, Stewart J, Yang P, Alfi D. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 August; 65(8): 1322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182487&dopt=Abstract

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Problems associated with drug residues in beef from feeds and therapy. Author(s): Kaneene JB, Miller R. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 1997 August; 16(2): 694-708. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501382&dopt=Abstract

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Producing tender and flavoursome beef with enhanced nutritional characteristics. Author(s): Moloney AP, Mooney MT, Kerry JP, Troy DJ. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2001 May; 60(2): 221-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681638&dopt=Abstract

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Providing heart-healthy alternatives at cardiology meetings: grilled salmon or beef tenderloin? Author(s): Maxwell K, Ammerman A, McGaghie WC, Bryan CH, Simpson RJ Jr. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1989 July 1; 64(1): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2741804&dopt=Abstract

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Puberty in beef bulls: hormone concentrations, growth, testicular development, sperm production and sexual aggressiveness in bulls of different breeds. Author(s): Lunstra DD, Ford JJ, Echternkamp SE. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1978 April; 46(4): 1054-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=566747&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of beef stew in a hospital chill foodservice system. Author(s): Nicholanco S, Matthews ME. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1978 January; 72(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=563885&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative risk assessment for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef hamburgers. Author(s): Cassin MH, Lammerding AM, Todd EC, Ross W, McColl RS. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1998 May 5; 41(1): 21-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631335&dopt=Abstract

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RAPD- and actA gene-typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolates of human listeriosis, the intestinal contents of cows and beef. Author(s): Inoue S, Katagiri K, Terao M, Maruyama T. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2001; 45(2): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293478&dopt=Abstract

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Raw beef consumption and improper use of chopsticks as a possible cause of Escherichia coli O157 infection in Japan. Author(s): Nakano T, Nobutoki T, Sugiyama A, Ihara T, Kamiya H. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 June; 17(6): 534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9655555&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing the fat content of ground beef in a school foodservice setting. Author(s): Snyder MP, Obarzanek E, Montgomery DH, Feldman H, Nicklas T, Raizman D, Rupp J, Bigelow C, Lakatos E. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1994 October; 94(10): 1135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930317&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium on beef carcass surfaces using acidified sodium chlorite. Author(s): Castillo A, Lucia LM, Kemp GK, Acuff GR. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 June; 62(6): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10382644&dopt=Abstract

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Renal haemodynamic responses to a chicken or beef meal in normal individuals. Author(s): Zitta S, Holzer H, Reibnegger G, Estelberger W. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 March; 14(3): 794-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193846&dopt=Abstract

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Renal haemodynamic responses to a chicken or beef meal in normal individuals. Author(s): Simon AH, Lima PR, Almerinda M, Alves VF, Bottini PV, de Faria JB. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1998 September; 13(9): 2261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9761506&dopt=Abstract

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Rendering beef safe. Author(s): Horby P. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 January 1; 34(1): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731959&dopt=Abstract

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Replacement of animal fat with fractionated and partially hydrogenated palm oil in beef burgers. Author(s): Babji AS, Alina AR, Seri Chempaka MY, Sharmini T, Basker R, Yap SL. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1998 September; 49(5): 32732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367001&dopt=Abstract

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Researchers split over food safety as schools ban beef. Author(s): Masood E. Source: Nature. 1995 December 14; 378(6558): 654. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7501001&dopt=Abstract

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Response of lower esophageal sphincter pressure to beef soup or AOC-tetrapeptide stimulation in esophagitis. Author(s): Nagasaki A, Ishimori A, Masamune O, Yamagata S. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1977 January; 121(1): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=835141&dopt=Abstract

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Restaurant consumer acceptance of beef loin strip steaks tenderized with calcium chloride. Author(s): Hoover LC, Cook KD, Miller MF, Huffman KL, Wu CK, Lansdell JL, Ramsey CB. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 December; 73(12): 3633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655438&dopt=Abstract

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Retail consumer acceptance of beef tenderized with calcium chloride. Author(s): Miller MF, Huffman KL, Gilbert SY, Hamman LL, Ramsey CB. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 August; 73(8): 2308-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567467&dopt=Abstract

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Retail poultry and beef as sources of Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Osano O, Arimi SM. Source: East Afr Med J. 1999 March; 76(3): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442113&dopt=Abstract

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Roast beef, onions, and substernal chest pain. Author(s): Strum WB. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1984 May; 19(5): 53-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6425344&dopt=Abstract

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Role of beef and beef tallow, an enriched source of stearic acid, in a cholesterollowering diet. Author(s): Denke MA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 December; 60(6 Suppl): 1044S1049S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7977148&dopt=Abstract

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Routine use of pulse oximetry and supplemental oxygen during endoscopic procedures under conscious sedation: British beef or common sense? Author(s): Bell GD, Jones JG. Source: Endoscopy. 1996 October; 28(8): 718-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8934092&dopt=Abstract

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Sacre boeuf, it's mad cow. A beef scare in France. Author(s): Whitelaw K. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2000 November 27; 129(21): 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11186836&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of low-protein diets. Where's the beef? Author(s): Brodsky IG, Robbins DC. Source: Diabetes Care. 1989 June; 12(6): 435-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2731463&dopt=Abstract

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Salmonella Thompson associated with improper handling of roast beef at a restaurant in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Author(s): Shapiro R, Ackers ML, Lance S, Rabbani M, Schaefer L, Daugherty J, Thelen C, Swerdlow D. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 February; 62(2): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030628&dopt=Abstract

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Sample preparation methods for PCR detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on beef chuck shoulder using a single enrichment medium. Author(s): Bhaduri S, Cottrell B. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2001 October; 15(5): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735298&dopt=Abstract

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SARS outbreak. Hong Kong to beef up monitoring. Author(s): Normile D. Source: Science. 2003 May 16; 300(5622): 1062. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750483&dopt=Abstract

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Scientific cross-claims fly in continuing beef war. Author(s): Balter M. Source: Science. 1999 May 28; 284(5419): 1453, 1455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10383320&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory qualities and nutrient retention of beef strips prepared by different household cooking techniques. Author(s): Yang J, Sulaeman A, Setiawan B, Atughonu A, Giraud DW, Driskell JA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1994 February; 94(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8301000&dopt=Abstract

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Serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans among people eating contaminated home-produced eggs and beef. Author(s): Goldman LR, Harnly M, Flattery J, Patterson DG Jr, Needham LL. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 January; 108(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620519&dopt=Abstract

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Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxins in Citrobacter freundii strains from humans and beef samples. Author(s): Schmidt H, Montag M, Bockemuhl J, Heesemann J, Karch H. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1993 February; 61(2): 534-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8423084&dopt=Abstract

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SNPs--where's the beef? Author(s): Roses AD. Source: The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2002; 2(5): 277-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439733&dopt=Abstract

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Some human B and T cell epitopes of bovine serum albumin, the major beef allergen. Author(s): Tanabe S, Kobayashi Y, Takahata Y, Morimatsu F, Shibata R, Nishimura T. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 May 24; 293(5): 1348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054661&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity of IgE antibody against various insulins in a patient with anaphylaxis to beef-pork insulin but not to human (rDNA) insulin. Author(s): Grammer LC, Roberts M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 September; 19(5): 551-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2790563&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on contamination of beef with tissues of the central nervous system (CNS) as pertaining to slaughtering technology and human BSE-exposure risk. Author(s): Lucker E, Schlottermuller B, Martin A. Source: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2002 March-April; 115(3-4): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11938566&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of unusual case of brittle diabetes with sulfated beef insulin. Author(s): Davidson MB, Kumar D, Smith W. Source: Diabetes Care. 1991 November; 14(11): 1109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1797500&dopt=Abstract

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Suitability of selective plating media for recovering heat- or freeze-stressed Escherichia coli O157:H7 from tryptic soy broth and ground beef. Author(s): Rocelle M, Clavero S, Beuchat LR. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1995 September; 61(9): 3268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7574637&dopt=Abstract

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Sulfated beef insulin treatment elicits CD8+ T cells that may abrogate immunologic insulin resistance in type I diabetes. Author(s): Naquet P, Ellis J, Kenshole A, Semple JW, Delovitch TL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1989 November; 84(5): 1479-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2530249&dopt=Abstract

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Superovulatory responses in Japanese black beef cows following largest follicle aspiration or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) treatment. Author(s): Otoi T, Koyama N, Yamamoto K, Tachikawa S, Suzuki T. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 1998 August; 60(8): 961-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764411&dopt=Abstract

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Suppressing effect of Lactobacillus casei administration on the urinary mutagenicity arising from ingestion of fried ground beef in the human. Author(s): Hayatsu H, Hayatsu T. Source: Cancer Letters. 1993 September 30; 73(2-3): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8221630&dopt=Abstract

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Survival and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground, roasted beef as affected by pH, acidulants, and temperature. Author(s): Abdul-Raouf UM, Beuchat LR, Ammar MS. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1993 August; 59(8): 2364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8368828&dopt=Abstract

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Talking apples and oranges: The EU and the USA continue to struggle over exports of US hormone-treated beef to Europe. Author(s): Brower V. Source: Embo Reports. 2001 March; 2(3): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266354&dopt=Abstract

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Technical note: Sampling methodology for relating sarcomere length, collagen concentration, and the extent of postmortem proteolysis to beef and pork longissimus tenderness. Author(s): Wheeler TL, Shackelford SD, Koohmaraie M. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 April; 80(4): 982-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002335&dopt=Abstract

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Testing of a Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay for selective detection of E. Coli O157 from ground beef samples. Author(s): Kovacs HD, Rasky K. Source: Acta Vet Hung. 2001; 49(4): 377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942117&dopt=Abstract

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Textbook descriptions of disease--where's the beef? Author(s): Richardson WS, Wilson MC. Source: Acp Journal Club. 2002 July-August; 137(1): A11-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093237&dopt=Abstract

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The beef with atypical antipsychotics. Author(s): Sauer J, Howard R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 July; 159(7): 1249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091220&dopt=Abstract

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The chemical jungle: today's beef industry. Author(s): Epstein SS. Source: International Journal of Health Services : Planning, Administration, Evaluation. 1990; 20(2): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2332262&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of the 1996 'beef crisis' on depression and anxiety in farmers and nonfarming controls. Author(s): Eisner CS, Neal RD, Scaife B. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1999 May; 49(442): 385-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10736890&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of genetic testing on primary care: where's the beef? Author(s): Wulfsberg EA. Source: American Family Physician. 2000 February 15; 61(4): 971-2, 974, 977-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706153&dopt=Abstract

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The ineffectiveness of organic acids, freezing and pulsed electric fields to control Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef burgers. Author(s): Bolton DJ, Catarame T, Byrne C, Sheridan JJ, McDowell DA, Blair IS. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2002; 34(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849511&dopt=Abstract

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The proteolytic release of genotoxins from cooked beef. Author(s): Martin FL, Cole KJ, Phillips DH, Grover PL. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 May 24; 293(5): 1497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054685&dopt=Abstract

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The risks and prevention of contamination of beef feedlot cattle: the perspective of the United States of America. Author(s): Smith RA, Griffin DD, Dargatz DA. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 1997 August; 16(2): 359-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501349&dopt=Abstract

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The roast beef of old England. Author(s): Newsinger J. Source: International Journal of Health Services : Planning, Administration, Evaluation. 1997; 27(2): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9142601&dopt=Abstract

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The role of echocardiography in suspected endocarditis: where's the beef? Author(s): Seto TB, Manning WJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 September; 107(3): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492322&dopt=Abstract

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Thermal destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef and chicken: determination of D- and z-values. Author(s): Juneja VK, Snyder OP Jr, Marmer BS. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1997 April 15; 35(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9105932&dopt=Abstract

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Topical corticosteroids and oral vesiculo-erosive disease: where's the beef??? Author(s): Kalmar JR. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2000 April; 89(4): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760717&dopt=Abstract

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Trained sensory panel and consumer evaluation of the effects of gamma irradiation on palatability of vacuum-packaged frozen ground beef patties. Author(s): Wheeler TL, Shackelford SD, Koohmaraie M. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 December; 77(12): 3219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641867&dopt=Abstract

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UK adults' risk from eating beef. Author(s): Dealler SF. Source: Lancet. 1996 January 20; 347(8995): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8544567&dopt=Abstract

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UK ban on beef on the bone. Author(s): Glynn LE. Source: Lancet. 1998 February 7; 351(9100): 453. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9482343&dopt=Abstract

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UK dietary exposure to BSE in beef mechanically recovered meat: by birth cohort and gender. Author(s): Cooper JD, Bird SM. Source: J Cancer Epidemiol Prev. 2002; 7(2): 59-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501956&dopt=Abstract

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Uncertainty and variation in indirect exposure assessments: an analysis of exposure to tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from a beef consumption pathway. Author(s): Price PS, Su SH, Harrington JR, Keenan RE. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1996 April; 16(2): 263-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8638042&dopt=Abstract

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Use of anabolics in beef production. Author(s): Debackere M. Source: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1989 June; 60(2): 71-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2691697&dopt=Abstract

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Use of beef extract as a diluent in direct agglutination test for visceral leishmaniasis. Author(s): Mwaniki-Kagai J, Muigai R, Mbati PA, Githure J, Koech DK. Source: East Afr Med J. 1992 May; 69(5): 244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1644041&dopt=Abstract

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Use of beef ultralente for basal insulin delivery: plasma insulin concentrations after chronic ultralente administration in patients with IDDM. Author(s): Rizza RA, O'Brien PC, Service FJ. Source: Diabetes Care. 1986 March-April; 9(2): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3698778&dopt=Abstract

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Use of chuck muscles and their acceptability in restructured beef/surimi steaks. Author(s): Ruiz CF, Higginbotham DA, Carpenter JA, Resurreccion AV, Lanier TC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1993 October; 71(10): 2654-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8226365&dopt=Abstract

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Use of expected progeny differences for marbling in beef: II. Carcass and palatability traits. Author(s): Gwartney BL, Calkins CR, Rasby RJ, Stock RA, Vieselmeyer BA, Gosey JA. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1996 May; 74(5): 1014-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8726733&dopt=Abstract

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Use of pulse field gel electrophoresis for the epidemiological characterisation of coagulase positive Staphylococcus isolated from meat workers and beef carcasses. Author(s): Vanderlinde PB, Fegan N, Mills L, Desmarchelier PM. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1999 May 1; 48(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426444&dopt=Abstract

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Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in beefburgers linked to an outbreak of diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Britain. Author(s): Willshaw GA, Thirlwell J, Jones AP, Parry S, Salmon RL, Hickey M. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1994 November; 19(5): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7765442&dopt=Abstract

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Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in slaughter cattle and ground beef in South Dakota. Author(s): Reitsma CJ, Henning DR, Chase C, Hurley DJ. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 412: 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9191996&dopt=Abstract

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Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in Spain: prevalence, serotypes, and virulence genes of O157:H7 and non-O157 VTEC in ruminants, raw beef products, and humans. Author(s): Blanco J, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Mora A, Gonzalez EA, Bernardez MI, Alonso MP, Coira A, Rodriguez A, Rey J, Alonso JM, Usera MA. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2003 April; 228(4): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671177&dopt=Abstract

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Volatilization of mutagens from beef during cooking. Author(s): Rappaport SM, McCartney MC, Wei ET. Source: Cancer Letters. 1979 December; 8(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=555870&dopt=Abstract

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Washington report: political ideology and health care: where's the beef? Author(s): Lewin ME. Source: J Med Pract Manage. 1987 Fall; 3(2): 83-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10302094&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and total lipid profile changes in overweight women consuming beef or chicken as the primary protein source. Author(s): Melanson K, Gootman J, Myrdal A, Kline G, Rippe JM. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 May; 19(5): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714091&dopt=Abstract

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What's the beef? Author(s): Liebman B, Tolins CL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 April 12; 253(14): 2044-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3974092&dopt=Abstract

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When is too much too much and yet not enough? Alas, a plethora of opportunities but where's the beef? Author(s): DeNardo GL. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 March; 41(3): 470-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716321&dopt=Abstract

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When MPs chicken out over beef. Author(s): Warden J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 June 15; 312(7045): 1502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8646139&dopt=Abstract

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Where's the beef? Author(s): Scheinhorn DJ. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 November; 28(11): 3772-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099001&dopt=Abstract

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Where's the beef? Author(s): Coombes R. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 July 14-20; 95(28): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524139&dopt=Abstract

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Where's the beef? Author(s): Porter R. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 September 10-16; 93(37): 16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348932&dopt=Abstract

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Where's the beef? Author(s): Rosenberg IH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985 September; 42(3): 564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3929589&dopt=Abstract

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Where's the beef? Extra protein helps the elderly heal and stay healthy. Author(s): Brooks S. Source: Contemporary Longterm Care. 1995 March; 18(3): 57-8, 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10141058&dopt=Abstract

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Where's the beef? The role of cross-contamination in 4 chain restaurant-associated outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Pacific Northwest. Author(s): Jackson LA, Keene WE, McAnulty JM, Alexander ER, Diermayer M, Davis MA, Hedberg K, Boase J, Barrett TJ, Samadpour M, Fleming DW. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 August 14-28; 160(15): 2380-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10927738&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BEEF Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and beef.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Beef The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on beef: •

Estimating nutrient contributions from lean beef and pork in the U.S. food supply series. Author(s): Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Source: Gerrior, S. Family-economics-and-nutrition-review-- (USA). (1996). volume 9(4) page 38-43. beef pork nutritive value measurement carcass composition trends proximate composition meat grading meat cuts adipose tissues 1085-9985

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn)and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Education, M.G. University, Kottayam, India. Source: Augusti, K T Arathy, S L Asha, R Ramakrishanan, J Zaira, J Lekha, V Smitha, S Vijayasree, V M Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 Aug; 39(8): 760-6 0019-5189

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Amino acid levels following beef protein and amino acid supplement in male subjects. Author(s): School of Nutrition and Health, Deakin University, Geelong (Australia) Source: Uhe, A.M. O'Dea, K. Collier, G.R. Asia-Pacific-Journal-of-Clinical-Nutrition (United Kingdom). (1997). volume 6(3) page 219-223.

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Beef Tallow, but Not Perilla or Corn Oil, Promotion of Rat Prostate and Intestinal Carcinogenesis by 3,2'-Dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. Author(s): First Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan. [email protected] Source: Mori, T Imaida, K Tamano, S Sano, M Takahashi, S Asamoto, M Takeshita, M Ueda, H Shirai, T Jpn-J-Cancer-Res. 2001 October; 92(10): 1026-33 0910-5050

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Boiling the fat out of ground beef. Source: Sugarman, C. Wash-Post. [Washington, D.C.] : The Washington Post Co. January 29, 1991. page 16. 0190-8286

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Decreasing the roughage:concentrate ratio of a diet to determine the critical roughage part for beef cattle. Author(s): Agricultural Research Centre-Ghent, Belgium. [email protected] Source: De Campeneere, S Fiems, L O De Boever, J L Vanacker, J M De Brabander, D L Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 February; 56(1): 1-12 0003-942X

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Detection of cadmium in mineral salt commercial mixtures for beef cattle. Author(s): Londrina State University, Parana, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Marcal, W S Pardo, P E Lopes do Nascimento, M R Liboni, M de Nadia Bonin, M J-Vet-Sci. 2002 June; 3(2): 141-4 1229-845X

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Determination of calcium and magnesium fractions in milk and urine of normal and hypomagnesemic lactating beef cows. Source: Oluokun, J.A. Bell, M.C. World-Rev-Anim-Prod. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises. July/Sept 1985. volume 21 (3) page 59-63. 0043-8979

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Drylot wintering of pregnant beef cows supplemented with either a 12 percent crude protein heat processed molasses block or dry rolled barley. Source: Landblom, D.G. Nelson, J.L. Caton, J.S. Boyles, S.L. N-D-Farm-Res-N-D-AgricExp-Stn. Fargo, N.D. : The Station. Jan/February 1990. volume 47 (4) page 19-21. 00975338

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Effect of diet and level of intake on rumen liquid and solid volumes, passage rates, and water consumption of beef cattle. Source: Garza F, J.D. Owens, F.N. Misc-Publ-Agric-Exp-Stn-Okla-State-Univolume Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1989. (127) page 77-83. 0471-4091

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Effect of dietary energy source on age and weight at puberty of beef heifers. Source: Wilcox, G.A. Pruitt, R.J. Momont, P.A. Pritchard, R.H. S-D-Beef-Rep-AnimRange-Sci-Dep-Agric-Exp-Stn-Coop-Ext-Serv-S-D-State-Univolume [Brookings, S.D.] : Animal and Range Sciences Department. 1989. page 45-47.

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Effect of gastrointestinal nematode and liver fluke infections on weight gain and reproductive performance of beef heifers. Author(s): Dean Lee Research Station, Louisiana State University AgCenter, 8105 Tom Bowman Dr., Alexandria, LA 71302, USA. [email protected] Source: Loyacano, A F Williams, J C Gurie, J DeRosa, A A Vet-Parasitol. 2002 August 2; 107(3): 227-34 0304-4017

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Effects of copper supplementation on the copper status of peripartum beef cows and their calves. Source: Enjalbert, F. Lebreton, P. Salat, O. Meschy, F. Schelcher, F. Vet-rec. London : The British Veterinary Association. July 13, 2002. volume 151 (2) page 50-53. 0042-4900

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Effects of fat, beef and fiber in diets on activities of sphingomyelinase, ceramidase and caspase-3 in rat colonic mucosa. Author(s): Biomedical Center, B11, University of Lund, Sweden. Source: Yang, L Mutanen, M Cheng, Y Duan, R D Med-Princ-Pract. 2002 Jul-September; 11(3): 150-6 1011-7571

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Effects of pre-weaning vitamin E, selenium, and copper supplementation on the performance, acute phase protein concentration, and immune function of stressed beef calves. Source: Wright, C.L. Corah, L.R. Stokka, G. Blecha, F. Prof-anim-sci. Savoy, IL : American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. June 2000. volume 16 (2) page 111120. 1080-7446

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Effects of supplemental undegradable protein during early lactation on the performance of beef cows grazing native range. Source: Lents, C.A. Lalman, D.L. Vermeulen, C. Wheeler, J.S. Horn, G.W. Wettemann, R.P. Prof-anim-sci. Savoy, IL : American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. March 2000. volume 16 (1) page 21-29. 1080-7446

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Effects of veld fertilization on herbage chemical composition and beef cattle production. Source: Cilliers, J.W. Van der Merwe, H.J. Vermaak, L.M. Jaarsma, J.J. Oosthuysen, D. Anim-sci. Penicuik, [Scotland] : British Society of Animal Science, 1995-. December 1995. volume 61 (pt.3) page 519-526.

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Forage quality, mineral constituents, and performance of beef yearlings grazing two crested wheatgrasses. Source: Vogel, K.P. Gabrielsen, B.C. Ward, J.K. Anderson, B.E. Mayland, H.F. Masters, R.A. Agron-j. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy, [1949-. May/June 1993. volume 85 (3) page 584-590. 0002-1962

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Geometrical and positional monoene isomers in beef and several processed meats. Source: Wood, R. Dietary fats and health / edited by E.G. Perkins and W.J. Visek. Champaign, Ill. : American Oil Chemists' Society, c1983. page 341-358. ill.

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Grazing corn harvest residue in range beef cattle production systems. Source: Nelson, M.L. Gaskins, C.T. Males, J.R. Res-Bull-Wash-State-Univ-Agric-ResCent. Pullman, Wash. : The Center. 1989. (XB1008) 11 page 0889-7212

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Herbage intake as assessed by chromium controlled release capsules and liveweight gain of beef cattle grazed at three pasture heights. Source: Hirschberg, S.W. Morris, S.T. Parker, W.J. Michel, A. McCutcheon, S.N. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress, c1990. volume 3 page 114. ISBN: 9579700036

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Increased beef consumption increases apolipoprotein A-I but not serum cholesterol of mildly hypercholesterolemic men with different levels of habitual beef intake. Author(s): Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medicine, and Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. [email protected] Source: Smith, Dana R Wood, Randall Tseng, Stephen Smith, Stephen B Exp-Biol-Med(Maywood). 2002 April; 227(4): 266-75 1535-3702

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Inhibition of chemically induced carcinogenesis by 2-n-heptylfuran and 2-nbutylthiophene from roast beef aroma. Source: Lam, L.K.T. Zhang, J. Zhang, F. Zhang, B. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1994. (564) page 278-291. 0097-6156

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Intake and performance of beef heifers grazing bermudagrass supplemented with various energy sources combined with fish meal. Source: Coombs, D.F. Morrison, D.G. White, T.W. Fernandez, J.M. Annu-res-summDean-Lee-Res-Stn. [Baton Rouge, La.] : Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station,. 1996. page 3-4.

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Linking dietary fat intake to reproductive efficiency in beef cows. Source: Williams, G.L. Beef-Cattle-Sci-Handb. Bryan, Tex. : Lang Printing. 1990. volume 24 page 4-25. 0522-5892

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Louisiana beef cattle production. Source: Zalesky, D.D. Chapman, H.D. Publ-La-Coop-Ext-Serv. [Baton Rouge, La.?] : The Service. October 1991. (2239,revolume) 27 page

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New 'unexpected' applications exist for vitamin E, copper in beef production. Source: Eng, K. Feedstuffs. Carol Stream, Ill. : Miller Publishing Company. January 18, 1999. volume 71 (3) page 14, 45. 0014-9624

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Nitrogen fertilization and supplementation effects on performance of beef heifers grazing limpograss. Source: Lima, G.F. da C. Sollenberger, L.E. Kunkle, W.E. Moore, J.E. Hammond, A.C. Crop-sci. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America, 1961-. Nov/December 1999. volume 39 (6) page 1853-1858. 0011-183X

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Oxidative stability and vitamin E levels increased in restructured beef roasts with added rice bran oil. Source: Kim, J.S. Godber, J.S. J-food-qual. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press Inc. March 2001. volume 24 (1) page 17-26. 0146-9428

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Performance of beef steers fed grain diets in a tropical climate. 1. Climatic factors. Source: Bagley, C.P. Hembry, F.G. World-rev-anim-prod. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises. Jan/June 1995. volume 30 (1/2) page 57-61. 0043-8979

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Phosphorus and beef production in northern Australia. 2. Responses to phosphorus by ruminants--a review. Source: Winks, L. Trop-Grassl. St Lucia : Tropical Grassland Society of Australia. Sept 1990. volume 24 (3) page 140-158. 0049-4763

•

Phosphorus and beef production in northern Australia. 5. Animal phosphorus status and diagnosis. Source: Wadsworth, J.C. McLean, R.W. Coates, D.B. Winter, W.H. Trop-Grassl. St Lucia : Tropical Grassland Society of Australia. Sept 1990. volume 24 (3) page 185-196. 00494763

•

Phosphorus and beef production in northern Australia. 9. Modelling phosphorus requirements of beef cattle. Source: McCaskill, M.R. Trop-Grassl. St Lucia : Tropical Grassland Society of Australia. Sept 1990. volume 24 (3) page 231-238. 0049-4763

•

Postnatal calf losses in beef herds: causes and epidemiological characteristics. Source: Toombs, R.E. Grotelueschen, D.M. Glock, R.D. Salman, M.D. King, M.E. Odde, K.G. Large-anim-pract. Irvine, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co., [c1997-. July/August 1998. volume 19 (4) page 16-24. 1092-7603

•

Poultry manure as a supplement in high concentrate diets limit-fed to beef cows. Source: Rossi, J.E. Loerch, S.C. Borger, M.L. Prof-anim-sci. Savoy, IL : American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. December 1999. volume 15 (4) page 258-263. 1080-7446

•

Protein requirements of beef cows fed native range hay. Source: Karges, K. Klopfenstein, T. Wilkerson, Volume MP-Univ-Nebr-Agric-Exp-Stn. Lincoln, Neb. : The Station. October 1990. (56) page 32-34. 0748-2884

•

Reproductive efficiency in beef cattle: nutritional and medical considerations. Source: Odde, K.G. Snelling, W.M. Proc-Annu-Conv-Am-Assoc-Bovine-Pract. Stillwater, Okla. : The Association. January 1991. (23rd) page 58-61. 0743-0450

•

Rumen degradable protein requirement of gestating summer calving beef cows grazing dormant native sandhills range. Source: Lardy, G. Klopfenstein, T. Adams, D. Lamb, J. Clark, D. MP-Univ-Neb-LincAgric-Res-Divolume Lincoln : Agricultural Research Division, Institute of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, [1986?-. 1997. (67-A) page 8-10.

•

Sub-clinical parasitism in spring-born, beef suckler calves: epidemiology and impact on growth performance during the first grazing season. Author(s): Merial Animal Health Ltd., Sandringham House, P.O. Box 327, Harlow CM19 5TG, Essex, UK. [email protected] Source: Forbes, A B Cutler, K L Rice, B J Vet-Parasitol. 2002 April 2; 104(4): 339-44 03044017

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The influence of supplemental alfalfa quality on the intake, use and subsequent performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality roughages. Source: Weder, C. DelCurto, T. Svejcar, T. Jaeger, J. Bailey, R. Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center annual report, 1998 /. [Corvallis, OR] : Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University, [1998]. page 85-93.

•

The relationship between the activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentration of Cu in the erythrocytes of suckling beef calves grazing pastures with high levels of molybdenum. Source: Masters, H.G. Smith, G.M. Casey, R.H. Trace elements in man and animals: TEMA 5 : proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals / editors C.F. Mills, I. Bremner, & J.K. Chesters. Farnham Royal, Slough: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, c1985. page 575-577. ISBN: 085198553X

•

The release of insects sterilized by cobalt 60 to control a wild population of stable flies at the SDSU Beef Cattle and Sheep Nutrition Unit in Brookings. Source: Easton, E.R. Catangui, M.A. S-D-Beef-Rep-Anim-Range-Sci-Dep-Agric-Exp-StnCoop-Ext-Serv-S-D-State-Univolume [Brookings, S.D.] : Animal and Range Sciences Department. 1986. page 77-80.

•

Total and ultrafilterable plasma, calcium and magnesium in normal and hypomagnesemic pregnant and lactating beef cows. Source: Oluokun, J.A. Bell, M.C. World-Rev-Anim-Prod. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises. July/Sept 1985. volume 21 (3) page 53-57. 0043-8979

•

Two energy levels for crossbred drylot beef cows. Source: Anderson, V.L. N-D-Farm-Res-N-D-Agric-Exp-Stn. Fargo, N.D. : The Station. Jan/February 1990. volume 47 (4) page 11-12. 0097-5338

•

Wheat and barley silages for beef cattle. Source: Bolsen, K. Rep-Prog-Kans-Agric-Exp-Stn-Kans-State-Coll-Agric-Appl-Sci. Manhattan, Kan. : The Station. April 1983. (434) page 23-27.

•

Wheat middlings versus soybean meal and two wheat middlings/soybean meal supplements for wintering spring calving beef cows. Source: Cox, D.A. Ovenell, K.H. Lusby, K.S. Wettemann, R.P. Misc-Publ-Agric-Exp-StnOkla-State-Univolume Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1989. (127) page 41-45. 04714091

•

Where's the beef on labels. Source: N-Y-Times. [New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co.]. April 16, 1991. page A14. 0362-4331

•

Whole sorghum grain stillage for beef cattle. Source: Soderlund, S. Bolsen, K. Pope, R. Riley, J. Brent, B. Rep-Prog-Kans-Agric-ExpStn-Kans-State-Coll-Agric-Appl-Sci. Manhattan, Kan. : The Station. March 5, 1982. (413) page 42-47.

•

Women need to beef up dietary zinc. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. January 2000. volume 17 (11) page 1.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “beef” (or a synonym): •

Effect of amount and degradability of dietary starch on animal performance and meat quality in beef bulls. Source: Fiems, L.O. Campeneere, S. De Cottyn, B.G. Vanacker, J.M. D'Heer, B.G.J. Boucque, C.V. Journal-of-Animal-Physiology-and-Animal-Nutrition (Germany). (1999). volume 82(5) page 217-226. bulls fattening feeds starch feeding level rumen digestibility feed intake weight gain blood plasma urea glucose lactic acid carcass composition dressing percentage beef quality colour fatty acids meat texture 0931-2439

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Effect of concentrate supplementation and deworming on beef performance of indigenous Ethiopian zebu cattle fed on teff straw (Eragrostis tef). Author(s): Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit (Ethiopie). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Source: Abebe, W. Mekonnen, H.M. Moges, W.M. Getachew, T. Revue-de-MedecineVeterinaire (France). (Avr 2001). volume 152(4) page 307-310. zebu cattle meat animals animal feeding eragrostis tef concentrates food enrichment anthelmintics animal performance weight gain carcasses weight ethiopia 0035-1555

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Effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on alpha-tocopherol content and antioxidative status of beef muscle. Author(s): Vyskumny Ustav Zivocisnej Vyroby, Nitra (Slovak Republic) Source: Lahucky, R. Novotna, K. Zaujec, K. Mojto, J. Pavlic, M. Blanco Roa, N.E. CzechJournal-of-Animal-Science-UZPI (Czech Republic). (September 2002). volume 47(9) page 381-386. bulls muscles beef tocopherols antioxidants animal feeding quality moisture content protein content lipid content aldehydes pigments ph 1212-1819

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Impact of cholesterol on liver microsomal phospholipid metabolism in rats fed a diet containing fish oil or beef tallow. Author(s): Saga Univ. (Japan). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Cha, J.Y. Yanagita, T. Bulletin-of-the-Faculty-of-Agriculture-Saga-University (Japan). (December 1998). (no.83) page 59-69. rats cholesterol phospholipids diet treatment liver cytoplasmic organelles metabolism fish oils tallows 0581-2801

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Role of beef meat from organic animal husbandry in orthomolecular nutrition. Author(s): Rostock University, Rostock (Germany). Dept. of Agricultural Science Source: Matthes, H. D. Pastushenko, Volume Moehring, H. Heinrich, H. ZeszytyNaukowe-Akademii-Rolniczej-we-Wroclawiu.-Konferencje (Poland). (2000). (no.375(24)) page 273-275. cattle animal husbandry methods carcass composition beef quality antioxidants fatty acids alternative agriculture germany 1232-3071

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn)and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Education, M.G. University, Kottayam, India. Source: Augusti, K T Arathy, S L Asha, R Ramakrishanan, J Zaira, J Lekha, V Smitha, S Vijayasree, V M Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 Aug; 39(8): 760-6 0019-5189

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Amino acid levels following beef protein and amino acid supplement in male subjects. Author(s): School of Nutrition and Health, Deakin University, Geelong (Australia)

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Source: Uhe, A.M. O'Dea, K. Collier, G.R. Asia-Pacific-Journal-of-Clinical-Nutrition (United Kingdom). (1997). volume 6(3) page 219-223. •

Beef Tallow, but Not Perilla or Corn Oil, Promotion of Rat Prostate and Intestinal Carcinogenesis by 3,2'-Dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. Author(s): First Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan. [email protected] Source: Mori, T Imaida, K Tamano, S Sano, M Takahashi, S Asamoto, M Takeshita, M Ueda, H Shirai, T Jpn-J-Cancer-Res. 2001 October; 92(10): 1026-33 0910-5050

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Boiling the fat out of ground beef. Source: Sugarman, C. Wash-Post. [Washington, D.C.] : The Washington Post Co. January 29, 1991. page 16. 0190-8286

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Decreasing the roughage:concentrate ratio of a diet to determine the critical roughage part for beef cattle. Author(s): Agricultural Research Centre-Ghent, Belgium. [email protected] Source: De Campeneere, S Fiems, L O De Boever, J L Vanacker, J M De Brabander, D L Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 February; 56(1): 1-12 0003-942X

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Detection of cadmium in mineral salt commercial mixtures for beef cattle. Author(s): Londrina State University, Parana, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Marcal, W S Pardo, P E Lopes do Nascimento, M R Liboni, M de Nadia Bonin, M J-Vet-Sci. 2002 June; 3(2): 141-4 1229-845X

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Determination of calcium and magnesium fractions in milk and urine of normal and hypomagnesemic lactating beef cows. Source: Oluokun, J.A. Bell, M.C. World-Rev-Anim-Prod. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises. July/Sept 1985. volume 21 (3) page 59-63. 0043-8979

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Drylot wintering of pregnant beef cows supplemented with either a 12 percent crude protein heat processed molasses block or dry rolled barley. Source: Landblom, D.G. Nelson, J.L. Caton, J.S. Boyles, S.L. N-D-Farm-Res-N-D-AgricExp-Stn. Fargo, N.D. : The Station. Jan/February 1990. volume 47 (4) page 19-21. 00975338

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Effect of diet and level of intake on rumen liquid and solid volumes, passage rates, and water consumption of beef cattle. Source: Garza F, J.D. Owens, F.N. Misc-Publ-Agric-Exp-Stn-Okla-State-Univolume Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1989. (127) page 77-83. 0471-4091

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Effect of dietary energy source on age and weight at puberty of beef heifers. Source: Wilcox, G.A. Pruitt, R.J. Momont, P.A. Pritchard, R.H. S-D-Beef-Rep-AnimRange-Sci-Dep-Agric-Exp-Stn-Coop-Ext-Serv-S-D-State-Univolume [Brookings, S.D.] : Animal and Range Sciences Department. 1989. page 45-47.

•

Effect of gastrointestinal nematode and liver fluke infections on weight gain and reproductive performance of beef heifers. Author(s): Dean Lee Research Station, Louisiana State University AgCenter, 8105 Tom Bowman Dr., Alexandria, LA 71302, USA. [email protected] Source: Loyacano, A F Williams, J C Gurie, J DeRosa, A A Vet-Parasitol. 2002 August 2; 107(3): 227-34 0304-4017

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Effects of copper supplementation on the copper status of peripartum beef cows and their calves. Source: Enjalbert, F. Lebreton, P. Salat, O. Meschy, F. Schelcher, F. Vet-rec. London : The British Veterinary Association. July 13, 2002. volume 151 (2) page 50-53. 0042-4900

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•

Effects of fat, beef and fiber in diets on activities of sphingomyelinase, ceramidase and caspase-3 in rat colonic mucosa. Author(s): Biomedical Center, B11, University of Lund, Sweden. Source: Yang, L Mutanen, M Cheng, Y Duan, R D Med-Princ-Pract. 2002 Jul-September; 11(3): 150-6 1011-7571

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Effects of pre-weaning vitamin E, selenium, and copper supplementation on the performance, acute phase protein concentration, and immune function of stressed beef calves. Source: Wright, C.L. Corah, L.R. Stokka, G. Blecha, F. Prof-anim-sci. Savoy, IL : American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. June 2000. volume 16 (2) page 111120. 1080-7446

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Effects of supplemental undegradable protein during early lactation on the performance of beef cows grazing native range. Source: Lents, C.A. Lalman, D.L. Vermeulen, C. Wheeler, J.S. Horn, G.W. Wettemann, R.P. Prof-anim-sci. Savoy, IL : American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. March 2000. volume 16 (1) page 21-29. 1080-7446

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Effects of veld fertilization on herbage chemical composition and beef cattle production. Source: Cilliers, J.W. Van der Merwe, H.J. Vermaak, L.M. Jaarsma, J.J. Oosthuysen, D. Anim-sci. Penicuik, [Scotland] : British Society of Animal Science, 1995-. December 1995. volume 61 (pt.3) page 519-526.

•

Forage quality, mineral constituents, and performance of beef yearlings grazing two crested wheatgrasses. Source: Vogel, K.P. Gabrielsen, B.C. Ward, J.K. Anderson, B.E. Mayland, H.F. Masters, R.A. Agron-j. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy, [1949-. May/June 1993. volume 85 (3) page 584-590. 0002-1962

•

Geometrical and positional monoene isomers in beef and several processed meats. Source: Wood, R. Dietary fats and health / edited by E.G. Perkins and W.J. Visek. Champaign, Ill. : American Oil Chemists' Society, c1983. page 341-358. ill.

•

Grazing corn harvest residue in range beef cattle production systems. Source: Nelson, M.L. Gaskins, C.T. Males, J.R. Res-Bull-Wash-State-Univ-Agric-ResCent. Pullman, Wash. : The Center. 1989. (XB1008) 11 page 0889-7212

•

Herbage intake as assessed by chromium controlled release capsules and liveweight gain of beef cattle grazed at three pasture heights. Source: Hirschberg, S.W. Morris, S.T. Parker, W.J. Michel, A. McCutcheon, S.N. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress, c1990. volume 3 page 114. ISBN: 9579700036

•

Increased beef consumption increases apolipoprotein A-I but not serum cholesterol of mildly hypercholesterolemic men with different levels of habitual beef intake. Author(s): Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medicine, and Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA. [email protected] Source: Smith, Dana R Wood, Randall Tseng, Stephen Smith, Stephen B Exp-Biol-Med(Maywood). 2002 April; 227(4): 266-75 1535-3702

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Inhibition of chemically induced carcinogenesis by 2-n-heptylfuran and 2-nbutylthiophene from roast beef aroma. Source: Lam, L.K.T. Zhang, J. Zhang, F. Zhang, B. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1994. (564) page 278-291. 0097-6156

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Intake and performance of beef heifers grazing bermudagrass supplemented with various energy sources combined with fish meal. Source: Coombs, D.F. Morrison, D.G. White, T.W. Fernandez, J.M. Annu-res-summDean-Lee-Res-Stn. [Baton Rouge, La.] : Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station,. 1996. page 3-4.

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Linking dietary fat intake to reproductive efficiency in beef cows. Source: Williams, G.L. Beef-Cattle-Sci-Handb. Bryan, Tex. : Lang Printing. 1990. volume 24 page 4-25. 0522-5892

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Louisiana beef cattle production. Source: Zalesky, D.D. Chapman, H.D. Publ-La-Coop-Ext-Serv. [Baton Rouge, La.?] : The Service. October 1991. (2239,revolume) 27 page

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New 'unexpected' applications exist for vitamin E, copper in beef production. Source: Eng, K. Feedstuffs. Carol Stream, Ill. : Miller Publishing Company. January 18, 1999. volume 71 (3) page 14, 45. 0014-9624

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Nitrogen fertilization and supplementation effects on performance of beef heifers grazing limpograss. Source: Lima, G.F. da C. Sollenberger, L.E. Kunkle, W.E. Moore, J.E. Hammond, A.C. Crop-sci. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America, 1961-. Nov/December 1999. volume 39 (6) page 1853-1858. 0011-183X

•

Oxidative stability and vitamin E levels increased in restructured beef roasts with added rice bran oil. Source: Kim, J.S. Godber, J.S. J-food-qual. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press Inc. March 2001. volume 24 (1) page 17-26. 0146-9428

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Performance of beef steers fed grain diets in a tropical climate. 1. Climatic factors. Source: Bagley, C.P. Hembry, F.G. World-rev-anim-prod. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises. Jan/June 1995. volume 30 (1/2) page 57-61. 0043-8979

•

Phosphorus and beef production in northern Australia. 2. Responses to phosphorus by ruminants--a review. Source: Winks, L. Trop-Grassl. St Lucia : Tropical Grassland Society of Australia. Sept 1990. volume 24 (3) page 140-158. 0049-4763

•

Postnatal calf losses in beef herds: causes and epidemiological characteristics. Source: Toombs, R.E. Grotelueschen, D.M. Glock, R.D. Salman, M.D. King, M.E. Odde, K.G. Large-anim-pract. Irvine, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co., [c1997-. July/August 1998. volume 19 (4) page 16-24. 1092-7603

•

Poultry manure as a supplement in high concentrate diets limit-fed to beef cows. Source: Rossi, J.E. Loerch, S.C. Borger, M.L. Prof-anim-sci. Savoy, IL : American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. December 1999. volume 15 (4) page 258-263. 1080-7446

•

Protein requirements of beef cows fed native range hay. Source: Karges, K. Klopfenstein, T. Wilkerson, Volume MP-Univ-Nebr-Agric-Exp-Stn. Lincoln, Neb. : The Station. October 1990. (56) page 32-34. 0748-2884

•

Reproductive efficiency in beef cattle: nutritional and medical considerations. Source: Odde, K.G. Snelling, W.M. Proc-Annu-Conv-Am-Assoc-Bovine-Pract. Stillwater, Okla. : The Association. January 1991. (23rd) page 58-61. 0743-0450

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77

•

Rumen degradable protein requirement of gestating summer calving beef cows grazing dormant native sandhills range. Source: Lardy, G. Klopfenstein, T. Adams, D. Lamb, J. Clark, D. MP-Univ-Neb-LincAgric-Res-Divolume Lincoln : Agricultural Research Division, Institute of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, [1986?-. 1997. (67-A) page 8-10.

•

Sub-clinical parasitism in spring-born, beef suckler calves: epidemiology and impact on growth performance during the first grazing season. Author(s): Merial Animal Health Ltd., Sandringham House, P.O. Box 327, Harlow CM19 5TG, Essex, UK. [email protected] Source: Forbes, A B Cutler, K L Rice, B J Vet-Parasitol. 2002 April 2; 104(4): 339-44 03044017

•

The influence of supplemental alfalfa quality on the intake, use and subsequent performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality roughages. Source: Weder, C. DelCurto, T. Svejcar, T. Jaeger, J. Bailey, R. Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center annual report, 1998 /. [Corvallis, OR] : Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University, [1998]. page 85-93.

•

The relationship between the activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentration of Cu in the erythrocytes of suckling beef calves grazing pastures with high levels of molybdenum. Source: Masters, H.G. Smith, G.M. Casey, R.H. Trace elements in man and animals : TEMA 5 : proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals / editors C.F. Mills, I. Bremner, & J.K. Chesters. Farnham Royal, Slough : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, c1985. page 575-577. ISBN: 085198553X

•

The release of insects sterilized by cobalt 60 to control a wild population of stable flies at the SDSU Beef Cattle and Sheep Nutrition Unit in Brookings. Source: Easton, E.R. Catangui, M.A. S-D-Beef-Rep-Anim-Range-Sci-Dep-Agric-Exp-StnCoop-Ext-Serv-S-D-State-Univolume [Brookings, S.D.] : Animal and Range Sciences Department. 1986. page 77-80.

•

Total and ultrafilterable plasma, calcium and magnesium in normal and hypomagnesemic pregnant and lactating beef cows. Source: Oluokun, J.A. Bell, M.C. World-Rev-Anim-Prod. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises. July/Sept 1985. volume 21 (3) page 53-57. 0043-8979

•

Two energy levels for crossbred drylot beef cows. Source: Anderson, V.L. N-D-Farm-Res-N-D-Agric-Exp-Stn. Fargo, N.D. : The Station. Jan/February 1990. volume 47 (4) page 11-12. 0097-5338

•

Wheat and barley silages for beef cattle. Source: Bolsen, K. Rep-Prog-Kans-Agric-Exp-Stn-Kans-State-Coll-Agric-Appl-Sci. Manhattan, Kan. : The Station. April 1983. (434) page 23-27.

•

Wheat middlings versus soybean meal and two wheat middlings/soybean meal supplements for wintering spring calving beef cows. Source: Cox, D.A. Ovenell, K.H. Lusby, K.S. Wettemann, R.P. Misc-Publ-Agric-Exp-StnOkla-State-Univolume Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1989. (127) page 41-45. 04714091

•

Where's the beef on labels. Source: N-Y-Times. [New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co.]. April 16, 1991. page A14. 0362-4331

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Whole sorghum grain stillage for beef cattle. Source: Soderlund, S. Bolsen, K. Pope, R. Riley, J. Brent, B. Rep-Prog-Kans-Agric-ExpStn-Kans-State-Coll-Agric-Appl-Sci. Manhattan, Kan. : The Station. March 5, 1982. (413) page 42-47.

•

Women need to beef up dietary zinc. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. January 2000. volume 17 (11) page 1.

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to beef; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B3 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Minerals Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Food and Diet Amaranth Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,69,00.html Apples Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,44,00.html Beef Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Bluefish Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,164,00.html Buckwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,71,00.html Buffalo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,16,00.html Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html Game Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,88,00.html High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lamb Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,90,00.html Low-fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Low-fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meat and Poultry Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Ostrich and Emu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Saturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sausage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,288,00.html Sour Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Textured Vegetable Protein Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html Tuna Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,137,00.html

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Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html Tyramine-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Variety Meats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Venison Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BEEF Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to beef. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to beef and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “beef” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to beef: •

A combination of methods for the preparation of highly intact mitoplasts from beef heart mitochondria. Author(s): Burnette B, Batra PP. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1985 February 15; 145(1): 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2988371&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn)and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats. Author(s): Augusti KT, Arathy SL, Asha R, Ramakrishanan J, Zaira J, Lekha V, Smitha S, Vijayasree VM. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 August; 39(8): 760-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018576&dopt=Abstract

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A concentrated solution containing urea, phosphorus, calcium and sodium for supplementation of oat straw-based diets given to beef cows. Author(s): Hemingway RG, Parkins JJ, Fishwick G. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1977 December; 36(3): 130A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=601011&dopt=Abstract

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A review of dietary vitamin E supplementation for improvement of beef quality. Author(s): Liu Q, Lanari MC, Schaefer DM. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 October; 73(10): 3131-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8617686&dopt=Abstract

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A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Author(s): Matvienko OA, Lewis DS, Swanson M, Arndt B, Rainwater DL, Stewart J, Alekel DL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081816&dopt=Abstract

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Adenine nucleotide binding sites on beef heart F1-ATPase. Asymmetry and subunit location. Author(s): Kironde FA, Cross RL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1987 March 15; 262(8): 3488-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2880850&dopt=Abstract

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Adenine nucleotide-binding sites on beef heart F1-ATPase. Conditions that affect occupancy of catalytic and noncatalytic sites. Author(s): Kironde FA, Cross RL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1986 September 25; 261(27): 12544-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2875073&dopt=Abstract

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Age at puberty, total fat and conjugated linoleic acid content of carcass, and circulating metabolic hormones in beef heifers fed a diet high in linoleic acid beginning at four months of age. Author(s): Garcia MR, Amstalden M, Morrison CD, Keisler DH, Williams GL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 January; 81(1): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597397&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial activity of Capsicum extract against Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated in raw beef meat. Author(s): Careaga M, Fernandez E, Dorantes L, Mota L, Jaramillo ME, HernandezSanchez H.

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Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003 June 25; 83(3): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745238&dopt=Abstract •

Antimicrobial effect of herb extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium associated with beef. Author(s): Cutter CN. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 May; 63(5): 601-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826716&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial populations associated with bulk packaged beef supplemented with dietary vitamin E. Author(s): Buys EM, Nortje GL, Jooste PJ, Von Holy A. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 June 1; 56(2-3): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857551&dopt=Abstract

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Beef allergy and the Persian Gulf syndrome. Author(s): Hollander DH. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1995 September; 45(3): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8569540&dopt=Abstract

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Beef cattle productivity under traditional and improved management in Botswana. Author(s): Rennie T, Light D, Rutherford A, Miller M, Fisher I, Pratchett D, Capper B, Buck N, Trail J. Source: Tropical Animal Health and Production. 1977 February; 9(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=906082&dopt=Abstract

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Beef color update: the role for vitamin E. Author(s): Faustman C, Chan WK, Schaefer DM, Havens A. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 April; 76(4): 1019-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581925&dopt=Abstract

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Beef fat prevents alcoholic liver disease in the rat. Author(s): Buko VU. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1990 August; 14(4): 632. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2221295&dopt=Abstract

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Beef tallow, but not perilla or corn oil, promotion of rat prostate and intestinal carcinogenesis by 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. Author(s): Mori T, Imaida K, Tamano S, Sano M, Takahashi S, Asamoto M, Takeshita M, Ueda H, Shirai T.

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Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 2001 October; 92(10): 1026-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676852&dopt=Abstract •

Behavioral and hematologic consequences of marginal iron-zinc nutrition in adolescent monkeys and the effect of a powdered beef supplement. Author(s): Golub MS, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 December; 70(6): 1059-68. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 2002 March; 75(3): 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584051&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of colchicine to beef brain tubulin: influence of methodology on binding constants. Author(s): Luyckx M, Brunet C, Cazin M. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1984 November; 6(11): 679-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6530906&dopt=Abstract

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Blood plasma and tissue concentrations of vitamin E in beef cattle as influenced by supplementation of various tocopherol compounds. Author(s): Hidiroglou N, Laflamme LF, McDowell LR. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1988 December; 66(12): 3227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3230082&dopt=Abstract

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Calf survival from embryo transfer-induced twinning in dairy-beef cows and the effects of synchronised calving. Author(s): Knight TW, Lambert MG, Devantier BP, Betteridge K. Source: Animal Reproduction Science. 2001 October 31; 68(1-2): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600269&dopt=Abstract

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Can sodium contents of foods be reduced by adding flavors? Studies with beef broth. Author(s): Tuorila H, Hellemann U, Matuszewska I. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1990 April; 47(4): 709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2385643&dopt=Abstract

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Canola and sunflower meal in beef cattle diets. Author(s): Lardy GP, Anderson V. Source: Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2002 July; 18(2): 327-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12235664&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrate fermentation and nitrogen metabolism of a finishing beef diet by ruminal microbes in continuous cultures as affected by ethoxyquin and(or) supplementation of monensin and tylosin. Author(s): Han H, Hussein HS, Glimp HA, Saylor DH, Greene LW.

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Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 April; 80(4): 1117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002320&dopt=Abstract •

Case life of seven retail products from beef cattle supplemented with alphatocopheryl acetate. Author(s): Zerby HN, Belk KE, Sofos JN, McDowell LR, Smith GC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 September; 77(9): 2458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492453&dopt=Abstract

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Cleavage of pseudomonas exotoxin and diphtheria toxin by a furin-like enzyme prepared from beef liver. Author(s): Chiron MF, Fryling CM, FitzGerald DJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1994 July 8; 269(27): 18167-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8027078&dopt=Abstract

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Coconut oil and beef tallow, but not tricaprylin, can replace menhaden oil in the diet of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) without adversely affecting growth or fatty acid composition. Author(s): Craig SR, Gatlin DM 3rd. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 December; 125(12): 3041-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7500182&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of muscle fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations of bison, beef cattle, elk, and chicken. Author(s): Rule DC, Broughton KS, Shellito SM, Maiorano G. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 May; 80(5): 1202-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019607&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the BAX for screening/E. coli O157:H7 method with conventional methods for detection of extremely low levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef. Author(s): Johnson JL, Brooke CL, Fritschel SJ. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998 November; 64(11): 4390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797296&dopt=Abstract

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Comparisons of vegetarian and beef-containing diets on hematological indexes and iron stores during a period of resistive training in older men. Author(s): Wells AM, Haub MD, Fluckey J, Williams DK, Chernoff R, Campbell WW. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 May; 103(5): 594-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728219&dopt=Abstract

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Control of stable flies and horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) with permethrin tapes applied to tails of beef and dairy cattle. Author(s): Hogsette JA, Ruff JP. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 1987 April; 80(2): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3584635&dopt=Abstract

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Cook/chill foodservice system with a microwave oven: aerobic plate counts from beef loaf, potatoes and frozen green beans. Author(s): Dahl CA, Matthews ME, Marth EH. Source: J Microw Power. 1980 June; 15(2): 95-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7003155&dopt=Abstract

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Copper toxicosis in suckling beef calves associated with improper administration of copper oxide boluses. Author(s): Steffen DJ, Carlson MP, Casper HH. Source: J Vet Diagn Invest. 1997 October; 9(4): 443-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9376443&dopt=Abstract

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Copper toxicosis in two herds of beef calves following injection with copper disodium edetate. Author(s): Galey FD, Maas J, Tronstad RJ, Woods LW, Johnson BJ, Littlefield ES, Wallstrum R, Dorius LC. Source: J Vet Diagn Invest. 1991 July; 3(3): 260-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1911999&dopt=Abstract

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Cysteine labeling studies of beef heart aconitase containing a 4Fe, a cubane 3Fe, or a linear 3Fe cluster. Author(s): Plank DW, Kennedy MC, Beinert H, Howard JB. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1989 December 5; 264(34): 20385-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2511202&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of copper deficiency and effects of supplementation in beef cows. Author(s): Naylor JM, Kasari TR, Blakley BR, Townsend HG. Source: Can J Vet Res. 1989 July; 53(3): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2766156&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary versus postmortem supplementation of vitamin E on pigment and lipid stability in ground beef. Author(s): Mitsumoto M, Arnold RN, Schaefer DM, Cassens RG. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1993 July; 71(7): 1812-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8349508&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary vitamin E supplementation shifted weight loss from drip to cooking loss in fresh beef longissimus during display. Author(s): Mitsumoto M, Arnold RN, Schaefer DM, Cassens RG. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 August; 73(8): 2289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567465&dopt=Abstract

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Diets rich in lean beef increase arachidonic acid and long-chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in plasma phospholipids. Author(s): Sinclair AJ, Johnson L, O'Dea K, Holman RT. Source: Lipids. 1994 May; 29(5): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8015364&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiation of fluorides-stimulated and non-fluoride-stimulated components of beef brain cortex adenylate cyclase cy calcium ions, ethyleneglycol-bis-(betaaminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid and Triton X-100. Author(s): MacDonald IA. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1975 July 27; 397(1): 244-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=167852&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion characteristics of beef steers fed silage and different levels of energy with or without protein supplementation. Author(s): Petit HV, Veira DM. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1994 December; 72(12): 3213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759372&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beef broth protein on the thermal inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B1. Author(s): Lee IC, Stevenson KE, Harmon LG. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1977 February; 33(2): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=403860&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary chromium-L-methionine on glucose metabolism of beef steers. Author(s): Kegley EB, Galloway DL, Fakler TM. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2000 December; 78(12): 3177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132832&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of high-oil corn or added corn oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets. Author(s): Duckett SK, Andrae JG, Owens FN. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 December; 80(12): 3353-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542177&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of histidine, cysteine, glutathione or beef on iron absorption in humans. Author(s): Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C, Leets I, Taylor P, Ramirez J. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1984 January; 114(1): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6693981&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of level and source of dietary selenium on concentrations of thyroid hormones and immunoglobulins in beef cows and calves. Author(s): Awadeh FT, Kincaid RL, Johnson KA. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 April; 76(4): 1204-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581946&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of magnesium and energy supplementation on blood constituents of fallcalving beef cows. Author(s): Boling JA, Okolo TO, Gay N, Bradley NW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1979 May; 48(5): 1209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=536330&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of nutritional management, trace mineral supplementation, and norgestomet implant on attainment of puberty in beef heifers. Author(s): Grings EE, Hall JB, Bellows RA, Short RE, Bellows SE, Staigmiller RB. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 August; 76(8): 2177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9734869&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of beef muscle on the profile of aroma volatiles. Author(s): Elmore JS, Mottram DS, Enser M, Wood JD. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 April; 47(4): 1619-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10564028&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation level on the postmortem tenderization of beef from steers. Author(s): Montgomery JL, Carr MA, Kerth CR, Hilton GG, Price BP, Galyean ML, Horst RL, Miller MF. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 April; 80(4): 971-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002334&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamin E supplementation on weight gain, immune competence, and disease incidence in barley-fed beef cattle. Author(s): Pehrson B, Hakkarainen J, Tornquist M, Edfors K, Fossum C. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1991 March; 74(3): 1054-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2071706&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of animal and supplement characteristics on average daily gain of grazing beef cattle. Author(s): Goetsch AL, Murphy GE, Grant EW, Forster LA Jr, Galloway DL Sr, West CP, Johnson ZB. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1991 February; 69(2): 433-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2016173&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of beef- and fish-based diets on the kinetics of n-3 fatty acid metabolism in human subjects. Author(s): Pawlosky RJ, Hibbeln JR, Lin Y, Goodson S, Riggs P, Sebring N, Brown GL, Salem N Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 March; 77(3): 565-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600844&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of copper supplementation on the copper status of peripartum beef cows and their calves. Author(s): Enjalbert F, Lebreton P, Salat O, Meschy F, Schelcher F. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2002 July 13; 151(2): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12148603&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fat and sire breed on puberty, weight, and reproductive traits of F1 beef heifers. Author(s): Lammoglia MA, Bellows RA, Grings EE, Bergman JW, Bellows SE, Short RE, Hallford DM, Randel RD. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2000 September; 78(9): 2244-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985394&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary supplementation with ethoxyquin, magnesium oxide, methionine hydroxy analog, and B vitamins on tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in beef cattle. Author(s): Cheeke PR, Schmitz JA, Lassen ED, Pearson EG. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1985 October; 46(10): 2179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4062027&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and organic selenium on the oxidative stability of beef. Author(s): O'Grady MN, Monahan FJ, Fallon RJ, Allen P. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 November; 79(11): 2827-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768111&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of exogenous protease effectors on beef tenderness development and myofibrillar degradation and solubility. Author(s): Uytterhaegen L, Claeys E, Demeyer D.

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Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1994 May; 72(5): 1209-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8056666&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of fish meal in beef cattle diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle. Author(s): Mandell IB, Buchanan-Smith JG, Holub BJ, Campbell CP. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1997 April; 75(4): 910-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110201&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of gossypol from cottonseed meal and dietary vitamin E on the reproductive characteristics of superovulated beef heifers. Author(s): Velasquez-Pereira J, Arechiga CF, McDowell LR, Hansen PJ, Chenoweth PJ, Calhoun MC, Risco CA, Batra TR, Williams SN, Wilkinson NS. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 September; 80(9): 2485-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350026&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle. Author(s): Scollan ND, Enser M, Gulati SK, Richardson I, Wood JD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 90(3): 709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129478&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of induced parturition and early obstetrical assistance in beef cattle. Author(s): Bellows RA, Short RE, Staigmiller RB, Milmine WL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1988 May; 66(5): 1073-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3397333&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ionophore feeding and anthelmintic administration on age and weight at puberty in spring-born beef heifers. Author(s): Purvis HT 2nd, Whittier JC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1996 April; 74(4): 736-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727993&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of marginal selenium deficiency and winter protein supplementation on growth, reproduction and selenium status of beef cattle. Author(s): Spears JW, Harvey RW, Segerson EC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1986 August; 63(2): 586-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3759693&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of marinating with Asian marinades or western barbecue sauce on PhIP and MeIQx formation in barbecued beef. Author(s): Nerurkar PV, Le Marchand L, Cooney RV.

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Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 34(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578481&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of nutrient supplementation in beef cows of poor body condition fed snakeweed (Gutierrezia spp). Author(s): Strickland JR, Gulino-Klein LF, Ross TT, Slate S, Peterson MK, May T, Taylor JB. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1998 October; 40(5): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778764&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation in beef cattle that calved in late winter and late summer. Author(s): Bass RT 2nd, Swecker WS Jr, Eversole DE. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2001 June; 62(6): 921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400851&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of pre- or postpartum selenium supplementation on selenium status in beef cows and their calves. Author(s): Enjalbert F, Lebreton P, Salat O, Schelcher F. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 January; 77(1): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10064048&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of selenium and copper supplementation on the growth of beef steers. Author(s): Gleed PT, Allen WM, Mallinson CB, Rowlands GJ, Sansom BF, Vagg MJ, Caswell RD. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1983 October 22; 113(17): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6417881&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of stair-step nutrition and trace mineral supplementation on attainment of puberty in beef heifers of three sire breeds. Author(s): Grings EE, Staigmiller RB, Short RE, Bellows RA, MacNeil MD. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 April; 77(4): 810-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328343&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of supplement type on animal performance, forage intake, digestion, and ruminal measurements of growing beef cattle. Author(s): Bodine TN, Purvis HT 2nd, Lalman DL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 April; 79(4): 1041-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11325178&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of supplemental vitamin E on performance, health, and humoral immune response of beef cattle. Author(s): Rivera JD, Duff GC, Galyean ML, Walker DA, Nunnery GA.

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Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 April; 80(4): 933-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002330&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of supplementary selenium source on the performance and blood measurements in beef cows and their calves. Author(s): Gunter SA, Beck PA, Phillips JK. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 April; 81(4): 856-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723072&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of supplementation with high linoleic or oleic cracked safflower seeds on postpartum reproduction and calf performance of primiparous beef heifers. Author(s): Bottger JD, Hess BW, Alexander BM, Hixon DL, Woodardt LF, Funston RN, Hallford DM, Moss GE. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 August; 80(8): 2023-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211368&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of three levels of alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation to feedlot cattle on performance of beef cuts during retail display. Author(s): Roeber DL, Belk KE, Tatum JD, Wilson JW, Smith GC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 July; 79(7): 1814-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465368&dopt=Abstract

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Effects on performance, tissue integrity, and metabolism of vitamin E supplementation for beef heifers fed a diet that contains gossypol. Author(s): Velasquez-Pereira J, McDowell LR, Risco CA, Prichard D, Martin FG, Calhoun MC, Williams SN, Wilkinson NS, Ogebe P. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 November; 76(11): 2871-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856398&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of a 1% lambdacyhalothrin cattle Pour-on (Saber) against sucking and biting lice infesting beef cattle. Author(s): Endris RG, Amodie D, Reuter V, Hair JA, Meyer HJ, Carey DR, Campbell JB, Smith LL, Meyer JA. Source: Vet Ther. 2002 Winter; 3(4): 387-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584675&dopt=Abstract

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Endogenous ubiquinol prevents protein modification accompanying lipid peroxidation in beef heart submitochondrial particles. Author(s): Forsmark-Andree P, Dallner G, Ernster L. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1995 December; 19(6): 749-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8582647&dopt=Abstract

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Energy available from corn oil is not different than that from beef tallow in high- or low-fiber diets fed to humans. Author(s): Rumpler WV, Baer DJ, Rhodes DG. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 December; 128(12): 2374-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868184&dopt=Abstract

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Energy-dependent release of magnesium from beef heart submitochondrial particles. Author(s): Schuster SM, Olson MS. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1973 December 25; 248(24): 8370-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4202777&dopt=Abstract

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Enrichment of beef with omega 3 fatty acids. Author(s): Mandell IB, Buchanan-Smith JG, Holub BJ. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1998; 83: 144-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648511&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid composition of beef, pork, and poultry fresh cuts, and some of their processed products. Author(s): Araujo de Vizcarrondo C, Carrillo de Padilla F, Martin E. Source: Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1998 December; 48(4): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10347702&dopt=Abstract

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Forage systems for beef production from conception to slaughter: I. Cow-calf production. Author(s): Allen VG, Fontenot JP, Notter DR, Hammes RC Jr. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1992 February; 70(2): 576-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1548221&dopt=Abstract

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Forage systems for beef production from conception to slaughter: II. Stocker systems. Author(s): Allen VG, Fontenot JP, Notter DR. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1992 February; 70(2): 588-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1312526&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of 2-alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans and 2-alkylthiophenes in cooked beef and lamb. Author(s): Elmore JS, Mottram DS. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 June; 48(6): 2420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888561&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of mutagens in cooked foods. VI. Modulation of mutagen formation by iron and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) in fried beef. Author(s): Barnes WS, Weisburger JH.

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Source: Cancer Letters. 1984 September; 24(2): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6434181&dopt=Abstract •

Growth and carcass characteristics of beef steers fed silage and different levels of energy with or without protein supplementation. Author(s): Petit HV, Veira DM, Yu Y. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1994 December; 72(12): 3221-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759373&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of different wheat milling by-products in supplements on the forage use and performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage. Author(s): Farmer CG, Cochran RC, Simms DD, Heldt JS, Mathis CP. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 September; 79(9): 2472-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583436&dopt=Abstract

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Infection with Bartonella weissii and detection of Nanobacterium antigens in a North Carolina beef herd. Author(s): Breitschwerdt EB, Sontakke S, Cannedy A, Hancock SI, Bradley JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 March; 39(3): 879-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230398&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of branched-chain fatty acid supplementation on voluntary intake, site and extent of digestion, ruminal fermentation, digesta kinetics and microbial protein synthesis in beef heifers consuming grass hay. Author(s): Gunter SA, Krysl LJ, Judkins MB, Broesder JT, Barton RK. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1990 September; 68(9): 2885-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2211418&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of pasture sward height and concentrate supplementation on intake, digestibility, and grazing time of lactating beef cows. Author(s): Gekara J, Prigge EC, Bryan WB, Schettini M, Nestor EL, Townsend EC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 March; 79(3): 745-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263836&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of roughage source on kinetics of digestion and passage, and on calculated extents of ruminal digestion in beef steers fed 65% concentrate diets. Author(s): Moore JA, Poore MH, Swingle RS. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1990 October; 68(10): 3412-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2174850&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of soybean meal and sorghum grain supplementation on intake, digesta kinetics, ruminal fermentation, site and extent of digestion and microbial protein

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synthesis in beef steers grazing blue grama rangeland. Author(s): Krysl LJ, Branine ME, Cheema AU, Funk MA, Galyean ML. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1989 November; 67(11): 3040-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2592286&dopt=Abstract •

Inhibition of heterocyclic aromatic amine formation in fried ground beef patties by garlic and selected garlic-related sulfur compounds. Author(s): Shin IS, Rodgers WJ, Gomaa EA, Strasburg GM, Gray JI. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 November; 65(11): 1766-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430700&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive beef production from sorghum grain. The effects of quality of roughage, supplementation with tallow and minerals and level of dietary nitrogen. Author(s): Gartner RJ, O'Rourke PK. Source: Aust Vet J. 1974 November; 50(11): 496-501. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4447534&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of Mg+2 with beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1). Author(s): Hackney DD. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1979 November 14; 91(1): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=160225&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with beef heart s-malate dehydrogenase. Author(s): Koren R, Hammes GG. Source: Biochemistry. 1975 March 11; 14(5): 1021-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=164884&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions of beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase and aurovertin. Author(s): Aleksandrowicz Z, Schuster SM. Source: Life Sciences. 1979 April 9; 24(15): 1407-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=158113&dopt=Abstract

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Labile magnesium reserves in beef cows subjected to different prepasture supplementation regimens. Author(s): Ritter RJ, Boling JA, Gay N. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1984 July; 59(1): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6746452&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus algidus sp. nov., a psychrophilic lactic acid bacterium isolated from vacuum-packaged refrigerated beef. Author(s): Kato Y, Sakala RM, Hayashidani H, Kiuchi A, Kaneuchi C, Ogawa M.

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Light scattering from suspensions of membrane fragments derived from sonication of beef heart mitochondria. Author(s): Storey BT, Lee CP, Papa S, Rosen SG, Simon G. Source: Biochemistry. 1976 February 24; 15(4): 928-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2291&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid metabolism in pigs fed beef tallow or high-oleic acid sunflower oil. Author(s): Klingenberg IL, Knabe DA, Smith SB. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 1995 January; 110(1): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7858942&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term feeding of corn oil, beef tallow, or menhaden oil and eicosanoid levels in BHE/cdb rats. Author(s): Bunce OR, Abou el-Ela SH, Berdanier CD. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1992 November-December; 8(6): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1336688&dopt=Abstract

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Low molecular weight substitutes for beef extract as eluents for poliovirus adsorbed to membrane filters. Author(s): Farrah SR, Bitton G. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1979 September; 25(9): 1045-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=44223&dopt=Abstract

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Maintenance of respiratory control by beef heart mitochondria incubated at 25 degrees C: response to protective agents and to protective agents and to prior stress. Author(s): Goldblatt MJ, Romani RJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1977 September; 183(1): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=410370&dopt=Abstract

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Manipulating the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in beef cattle. Author(s): Scollan ND, Choi NJ, Kurt E, Fisher AV, Enser M, Wood JD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 January; 85(1): 115-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227040&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of zinc bioavailability from beef and a ready-to-eat high-fiber breakfast cereal in humans: application of a whole-gut lavage technique. Author(s): Zheng JJ, Mason JB, Rosenberg IH, Wood RJ.

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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 December; 58(6): 902-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8249876&dopt=Abstract •

Methionine and somatotropin supplementation in growing beef cattle. Author(s): Tripp MW, Hoagland TA, Dahl GE, Kimrey AS, Zinn SA. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 April; 76(4): 1197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581945&dopt=Abstract

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Nitrogen metabolism of beef steers fed endophyte-free tall fescue hay: effects of ruminally protected methionine supplementation. Author(s): Archibeque SL, Burns JC, Huntington GB. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 May; 80(5): 1344-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019624&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional improvement of Lobia (Phaseolus vulgaris) by supplementation with poultry, mutton and beef meat. Author(s): Bhatty N, Gilani AH, Nagra SA. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2001 November; 52(6): 5216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570019&dopt=Abstract

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On the environment of zinc in beef heart cytochrome c oxidase: an x-ray absorption study. Author(s): Naqui A, Powers L, Lundeen M, Constantinescu A, Chance B. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1988 September 5; 263(25): 12342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2842329&dopt=Abstract

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Osteochondrosis in bull beef cattle following lack of dietary mineral and vitamin supplementation. Author(s): Davies IH, Munro R. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1999 August 21; 145(8): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10499859&dopt=Abstract

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Performance and digestibilities of beef cattle fed diets supplemented with either soybean meal or roasted soybeans and implanted with Synovex. Author(s): Rumsey TS, Elsasser TH, Kahl S. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 July; 77(7): 1631-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10438006&dopt=Abstract

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Performance and forage utilization by beef cattle receiving increasing amounts of alfalfa hay as a supplement to low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage. Author(s): Vanzant ES, Cochran RC.

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Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1994 April; 72(4): 1059-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8014141&dopt=Abstract •

Performance of beef cows receiving cull beans, sunflower meal, and canola meal as protein supplements while grazing native winter range in Eastern Colorado. Author(s): Patterson HH, Whittier JC, Rittenhouse LR, Schutz DN. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 March; 77(3): 750-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229373&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma inorganic iodine and thyroxine concentrations for beef cows in late pregnancy and early lactation associated with different levels of dietary iodine supplementation. Author(s): Hemingway RG, Fishwick G, Parkins JJ, Ritchie NS. Source: Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997). 2001 September; 162(2): 158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531400&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic men fed a lipid-lowering diet containing lean beef, lean fish, or poultry. Author(s): Beauchesne-Rondeau E, Gascon A, Bergeron J, Jacques H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 March; 77(3): 587-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600847&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and performance by beef feedlot cattle given Lactobacillus direct-fed microbials. Author(s): Brashears MM, Galyean ML, Loneragan GH, Mann JE, Killinger-Mann K. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 May; 66(5): 748-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747680&dopt=Abstract

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Prostaglandin f(2alpha) concentrations, fatty acid profiles, and fertility in lipidinfused postpartum beef heifers. Author(s): Filley SJ, Turner HA, Stormshak F. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1999 November; 61(5): 1317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529280&dopt=Abstract

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Reaction of beef plasma and lentil seedlings Cu-amine oxidases with phenylhydrazine. Author(s): Rinaldi A, Floris G, Sabatini S, Finazzi-Agro A, Giartosio A, Rotilio G, Mondovi B. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1983 September 30; 115(3): 841-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6312997&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent lipid peroxidation by beef heart submitochondrial particles. Author(s): Takeshige K, Minadami S. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 1975 May; 77(5): 1067-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=239930&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 numbers on vacuum-packaged fresh beef treated with nisin or nisin combined with EDTA. Author(s): Zhang S, Mustapha A. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 October; 62(10): 1123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528714&dopt=Abstract

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Repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cows. Author(s): Penny CD, Lowman BG, Scott NA, Scott PR. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1997 May 10; 140(19): 496-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9172295&dopt=Abstract

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Response of the adenosine triphosphatase activity of the soluble latent F1 enzyme from beef heart mitochondria to changes in Mg2+ and H+ concentrations. Author(s): Feinstein DL, Moudrianakis EN. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1984 April 10; 259(7): 4230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6231291&dopt=Abstract

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Serum copper concentrations in beef cows and heifers. Author(s): Dargatz DA, Garry FB, Clark GB, Ross PF. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999 December 15; 215(12): 1828-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10613217&dopt=Abstract

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Soy protein lowers fat and saturated fat in school lunch beef and pork entrees. Author(s): Thomas JM, Lutz SF. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 April; 101(4): 461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320954&dopt=Abstract

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Spectroscopic study on the structure and stability of beef liver arginase. Author(s): Rossi V, Grandi C, Dalzoppo D, Fontana A. Source: International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research. 1983 August; 22(2): 23950. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6618766&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of 11beta-hydroxylation by beef adrenal mitochondria. Author(s): Hudson RW, Schachter H, Killinger DW.

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Supplemental protein plus ruminally protected methionine and lysine for primiparous beef cattle consuming annual rye hay. Author(s): Hess BW, Scholljegerdes EJ, Coleman SA, Williams JE. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 July; 76(7): 1767-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9690631&dopt=Abstract

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Supplemental soybean oil or corn for beef heifers grazing summer pasture: effects on forage intake, ruminal fermentation, and site and extent of digestion. Author(s): Brokaw L, Hess BW, Rule DC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 October; 79(10): 2704-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721851&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation of dormant tallgrass-prairie forage: II. Performance and forage utilization characteristics in grazing beef cattle receiving supplements of different protein concentrations. Author(s): DelCurto T, Cochran RC, Corah LR, Beharka AA, Vanzant ES, Johnson DE. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1990 February; 68(2): 532-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2312440&dopt=Abstract

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Supranutritional oral supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium and the effects on beef tenderness. Author(s): Scanga JA, Belk KE, Tatum JD, Smith GC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 April; 79(4): 912-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11325197&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility of stable flies (Diptera:Muscidae) from southeastern Nebraska beef cattle feedlots to selected insecticides and comparison of 3 bioassay techniques. Author(s): Marcon PC, Thomas GD, Siegfried BD, Campbell JB. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 1997 April; 90(2): 293-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145029&dopt=Abstract

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The allosteric properties of beef-liver fructose bisphosphatase. Author(s): Nimmo HG, Tipton KF. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1975 October 15; 58(2): 575-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=171160&dopt=Abstract

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The beef about balance. Author(s): Fitzgerald F.

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Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1994 November; 161(5): 529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7810143&dopt=Abstract •

The beef about balance. Author(s): Loosli AR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1994 November; 161(5): 528; Author Reply 529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7810142&dopt=Abstract

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The beef about balance. Author(s): Berquist WE, Ceresa C. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1994 November; 161(5): 527; Author Reply 529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7810141&dopt=Abstract

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The conversion of cortisol to 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione by beef adrenal tissue. Author(s): Hudson RW, Schachter H, Killinger DW. Source: Endocrinology. 1974 July; 95(1): 38-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4151746&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of texturized vegetable protein from soy on nutrient digestibility compared to beef in cannulated dogs. Author(s): Hill RC, Burrows CF, Ellison GW, Bauer JE. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2001 August; 79(8): 2162-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518225&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of dietary biotin supplementation on vertical fissures of the claw wall in beef cattle. Author(s): Campbell JR, Greenough PR, Petrie L. Source: Can Vet J. 2000 September; 41(9): 690-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10992986&dopt=Abstract

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The forces of healing: reflections on energy, consciousness, and the beef stroganoff principle. Author(s): Dossey L. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 1997 September; 3(5): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9287437&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of timing and the addition of urea to supplements containing DLmethionine on ruminal fermentation and cow weight change in beef cows. Author(s): Wiley JS, Petersen MK, Clark CK, Ansotegui RP, Lodman DW.

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Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1991 November; 69(11): 4617-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1661284&dopt=Abstract •

The kinetic mechanism of beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase. Author(s): Negri A, Massey V, Williams CH Jr, Schopfer LM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1988 September 25; 263(27): 13557-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2901415&dopt=Abstract

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Thermal inactivation of ileal loop-reactive Clostridium perfringens type A strains in phosphate buffer and beef gravy. Author(s): Bradshaw JG, Peeler JT, Twedt RM. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1977 September; 34(3): 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=199113&dopt=Abstract

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Thiamin supplementation and the ingestive behavior of beef cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. Author(s): Lauriault LM, Dougherty CT, Bradley NW, Cornelius PL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1990 May; 68(5): 1245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2365641&dopt=Abstract

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Tightly bound magnesium in mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase from beef heart. Author(s): Senior AE. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1979 November 25; 254(22): 11319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=159299&dopt=Abstract

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Tightly coupled beef heart submitochondrial particles. Author(s): Lee C. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1979; 55: 105-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=222996&dopt=Abstract

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Titrimetric determination of calcium in mechanically separated poultry and beef: collaborative study. Author(s): Corrao PA, Malanoski AJ, Curry KA, Glover A. Source: J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1983 July; 66(4): 989-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6885704&dopt=Abstract

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Use of alternative products: where's the beef? Author(s): Katz MD. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 February; 172(2): 95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10693369&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin B and copper supplementation in beef calves. Author(s): Judson GJ, McFarlane JD, Riley MJ, Milne ML, Horne AC. Source: Aust Vet J. 1982 June; 58(6): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7138445&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin B12 responses to cobalt pellets in beef cows. Author(s): Judson GJ, McFarlane JD, Mitsioulis A, Zviedrans P. Source: Aust Vet J. 1997 September; 75(9): 660-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9325545&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin D3 supplementation of beef steers increases longissimus tenderness. Author(s): Swanek SS, Morgan JB, Owens FN, Gill DR, Strasia CA, Dolezal HG, Ray FK. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 April; 77(4): 874-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328351&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin E supplementation and stress affect tissue alpha-tocopherol content of beef heifers. Author(s): Nockels CF, Odde KG, Craig AM. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1996 March; 74(3): 672-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707726&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin E supplementation of cattle and shelf-life of beef for the Japanese market. Author(s): Sanders SK, Morgan JB, Wulf DM, Tatum JD, Williams SN, Smith GC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1997 October; 75(10): 2634-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9331865&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc and iron utilization in young women consuming a beef-based diet. Author(s): Johnson JM, Walker PM. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1992 December; 92(12): 1474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1333500&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc, an essential metal ion for beef liver delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase. Author(s): Cheh A, Neilands JB. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1973 December 19; 55(4): 1060-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4203902&dopt=Abstract

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to beef; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Acrodermatitis Enteropathica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diverticular Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron-deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha-lipoic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glandular Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10084,00.html Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BEEF Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to beef. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “beef” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on beef, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Beef ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to beef. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Reporter Bacteriophage - Beta-galactosidase Assay for Detection of Generic Escherichia Coli from Beef Carcasses by Goodridge, Lawrence David; PhD from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ67232

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A Simulation Model of the Biological Function of Beef Cows by Rosen, Meori; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60469

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A Spatial Equilibrium Analysis of the Potential Effects of an Increase in Production and Utilization of Lean Beef on the United States Beef Industry (Cattle Markets, Demand) by Olowolayemo, Surajudeen Omotola, PhD from Auburn University, 1993, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9316263

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A Spatial Equilibrium Model of the Beef Industry in the United States by Sohn, Hong Keun, PhD from University of Hawaii, 1970, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7104952

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A Study of Factors Influencing Plasma and Liver Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Beef Cattle by Smart, Marion E; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45029

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A Study of Futures and Cash Prices of Beef Cattle - Relating Theory to Fact for a Nonstorable Commodity by Blank, Steven Charles, PhD from University of Hawaii, 1980, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100667

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A Study of the Microbial Spoilage of Beef Stored at Chill Temperatures by Farber, Jeffrey Mark; PhD from Mcgill University (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK64583

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A System Analysis of Information and Communication in Beef Marketing. by Nelson, Kenneth Ervin, PhD from Oklahoma State University, 1976, 277 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7705148

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A Temporal and Spatial Model to Assist in Evaluating Investments in the Nigerian Beef Distribution System by Kellogg, Earl Duane, PhD from Michigan State University, 1971, 295 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7216452

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A Theoretical Cash-futures Price Model for Nonstorable Commodities with an Empirical Application for Live Beef Cattle by Cloman, Livia Ruth, PhD from University of Georgia, 1988, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8910404

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Advertising Traded Goods: Evaluation Methods with Applications to Beef and Avocados by Yu, Shixue; PhD from Auburn University, 2000, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9988492

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Agricultural Policy and Beef Marketing Trends: the Main Beef Trade Countries in the Pacific Rim by Jaegal, Uk, DPA from Arizona State University, 1995, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9530210

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An Analysis of Household Demand for Fresh Beef Products by Hsu, Jane Lu, PhD from Kansas State University, 1996, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9704770

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An Analysis of International Beef Trade Flows (trade Flows, Beef Trade) by Eddings, Velton Scott, PhD from Washington State University, 1990, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9131061

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An Analysis of Investment in the United States Beef Cattle Industry by Kim, Han Joo, PhD from Oregon State University, 1970, 329 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7005175

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An Analysis of Variables Affecting the Aggregate Production of Milk in the United States with Particular Emphasis on the Price of Beef. by Schamper, John Wayne, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1973, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7328945

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An Application of a Linear-quadratic Regulator Optimal Control Problem for a Beef Cattle Operator and Its Implications (cattle Management) by Yoo, Man-sik, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1990, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9109381

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An Appraisal of the Information System in Beef Marketing by Purcell, Wayne Douglas, PhD from Michigan State University, 1967, 285 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6710551

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An Econometric Analysis and Forecasting Model for Beef by Uvacek, Edward, Jr., PhD from Texas A&M University, 1967, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6709814

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An Econometric Analysis of the Beef-cattle Industry of Uruguay by Coirolo, Luis O., PhD from Michigan State University, 1980, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8101091

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An Econometric Analysis of the Demand for Beef in Japan. by Rachman, Alhambra, PhD from Montana State University, 1974, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7423481

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An Econometric Model for Analyzing Argentine Beef Export Potentials by Otrera, Wylian Rolando, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1966, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6700253

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An Econometric Model of the Beef and Pork Sectors: Development and Application to Policy Analysis. by Bain, Robert Addison, PhD from Cornell University, 1976, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7705718

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An Econometric Model of the U.s. Beef-cattle Industry (united States) by Atouga, Lapodini, PhD from Texas Tech University, 1989, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8920886

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An Econometric Study of the Brazilian Beef Sector. by Lattimore, Ralph Gerard, PhD from Purdue University, 1974, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7510911

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An Economic Analysis and Comparison of Part-time and Full-time Beef Farm Operations in Eastern Oklahoma. by Bateman, William Lanny, PhD from Oklahoma State University, 1973, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7407958

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An Economic Analysis of 1980 International Trade in Beef by McGarry, Michael John, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1969, 380 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6922434

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An Economic Analysis of Alternative Long-term Management Programs for Sawlogs, Beef, Elk, and Deer on a Small Portion of the St. Joe National Forest. by Santmyer, Carolee, PhD from Washington State University, 1977, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7720116

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An Economic Analysis of Beef Production and Emerging Technology on Commercial Cattle Ranches in the Southwest Texas High Plains Area by Moberly, Howard Dean, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1968, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6905143

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An Economic Analysis of Beef Production in the Delta and Brown Soil Area of Tennessee. by Williams, Donald Layne, PhD from The University of Tennessee, 1975, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7601994

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An Economic Analysis of Cattle Feeding and Interregional Flows of Live and Carcass Beef by Bhagia, Gobind Shewakram, PhD from Oregon State University, 1971, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7125061

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An Economic Analysis of Concentrate Versus Roughage Feeding for Finishing Beef Steers. by Melton, Bryan Edwin, PhD from Iowa State University, 1977, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7729852

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An Economic Analysis of Cyclical Variations in the U.s. Beef Industry. by Morris, John Lionel, PhD from Cornell University, 1978, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7817768

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An Economic Analysis of Farm Organizations for Beef Cattle Production in the Southwest Louisiana Rice Area. by Silva, Derli Chaves Machado Da, PhD from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1973, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7418367

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An Economic Analysis of Futures Trading in U.s. Live Beef Cattle: Causal, Informational, and Stabilization Impacts on Cash Price Determination (arma/state Space Models, United States) by Banerjee, Aniruddha, PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1985, 457 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8525991

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An Economic Analysis of the Effect of Monetary Policy on the Beef Industry. by Trimble, Richard Leon, PhD from Michigan State University, 1973, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7406154

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An Economic Analysis of the Production and Utilization of High-oil Corn on Mixed Crop and Beef Cattle Farms in North Central Missouri by Pashi, Katenda Muteba; PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2001, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3025643

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An Economic Analysis of the Registered Beef Cattle Industry of South Texas by Wendland, Kenneth Harlan, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1972, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7312301

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An Economic Analysis of Young Suckled Bull Beef in the Scottish Beef Market by Dunn, Judith M., PhD from University of Aberdeen (united Kingdom), 1991, 363 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX96933

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An Economic Evaluation of Retained Ownership of Beef Cattle in Mississippi by Mancill, David Archie; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2002, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411409

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An Economic Evaluation of Sire and Length of Feeding on Acceptance of Beef Loin Steaks and on Pricing Accuracy in the Beef Marketing System by Schupp, Alvin Reinhart, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1969, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7003018

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An Economic Evaluation of Yield Grade Standards for Canadian Carcass Beef by Dawson, Oliver Glenn, PhD from Oregon State University, 1982, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8218727

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An Economic Model for Appraisal of Beef Production in the Midwest. by Martin, Neil Robbins, Jr., PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1974, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7511530

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An Enquiry into Risk Aspects of Beef Farming in Crop District Number Three, Manitoba by Stonehouse, D. P; PhD from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK30075

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An Enquiry into Risk Aspects of Beef Farming in Crop District Number Three, Manitoba. by Stonehouse, David Peter, PhD from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3191670

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An Evaluation of the Competitiveness of Beef Cattle Production for Resource Use in Selected Areas of Kentucky. by Smith, Daniel Bruce, PhD from University of Kentucky, 1973, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7409323

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An Evaluation of the Parameters Influencing the Weight of Beef Cows by Hiley, Peter Graham; PhD from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33070

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An Evaluation of the Performance of the Marketing Systems for Fed Cattle, Range Cattle, and Beef in Mali by Bocoum, Cheick Abagouro, PhD from Michigan State University, 1990, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9028626

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An Information Theory Analysis of Grades and Grading with an Application to Beef Cattle by Hanson, John David, PhD from Iowa State University, 1980, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8019635

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An Input-output Analysis of Import Substitution: a Case Study of Potential Impacts of Expanded Washington Beef Production by Pietsch, William Herman, PhD from Washington State University, 1971, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7207674

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An Interregional Competition Model of the United States Pork and Beef Industries with Special Reference to Wisconsin by Ghosh, Sukesh Kumar, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1967, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6700487

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An Investigation into Temperament, Production, and Their Physical Indicators in Bos Taurus Beef and Holstein Dairy Cattle by Lanier, Jennifer Lee; PhD from Colorado State University, 2002, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075367

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An Investigation of the State of Water in Early Postmortem Beef Muscle by Currie, Ronald William; PhD from University of Alberta (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67261

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Analysis and Application of Growth Models to Beef Cattle by Goonewardene, Laksiri Anura; PhD from University of Alberta (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK36388

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Analysis of a Least-cost Production, Processing and Distribution System for the Southeastern Fed Beef Industry by Commer, Malcolm, Jr., PhD from Mississippi State University, 1989, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8917056

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Analysis of Economic Factors Influencing Price, Organization, and Facilities of the Wisconsin Cooperative Graded Beef Feeder Cattle Auction Sales by Cole, David Lee, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1966, 351 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6609132

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Animal Factors Influencing Forage Intake in Mature Beef Cows by Johnson, Celina Rea; PhD from Oklahoma State University, 2002, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066176

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Argentine Interest Groups: the Export Beef Sector 1958-1968 by Matz, Clair William, Jr., PhD from University of Virginia, 1970, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7026619

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Assessment of the Goals and the Policies of the National Development Plan 1979-1982 for Beef Cattle in Costa Rica by Solera-ruiz, Carlos L., PhD from Iowa State University, 1981, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8122565

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Asymmetric Repositioning Costs and Quality Competition: Why Is Beef Losing Share to Poultry? by Anderson, Eugene Walter, Iii, PhD from The University of Chicago, 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/T-30903

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Beef and Pork Demand: an Examination of the Structural Change Hypothesis by Mintert, James Ralph, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1986, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8701396

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Beef before the Ballot: the Impact of the Common Market on Agriculture and Politics in Eastern Ireland by Wilson, Thomas M., PhD from City University of New York, 1985, 422 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8515674

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Beef Cattle Production. a Microeconomic Growth Curve Model with Special Reference to Sire Evaluation under Tropical Conditions. by Ariza-nino, Edgar Julio, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1974, 453 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7502444

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Beef Packer Conduct, Alternative Approaches to Price Discovery, and Success Factors for New Generation Cooperatives by Carlberg, Jared Garfield; PhD from Oklahoma State University, 2002, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066163

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Beef Producers' Attitudes toward the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service and Their Assessment of Extension Methods of Disseminating Information by Obahayujie, Julius Oziegbe, Edd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8620650

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Beef Production in the South: Model Development and Economic Appraisal of Beef Supply Response. by Nix, James Elbert, PhD from Clemson University, 1974, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7504162

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Beef Slaughter Plant Location: Factors Influencing the Location Decisions of the Firm by Moser, David Elliott, PhD from Columbia University, 1970, 389 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7117527

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Beyond Rum and Corned Beef Politics: the Development of 'interactional Oppositional Consciousness' in the Mobilization of Grassroots Women in Guyana, South America by Nettles, Kimberly Denise, PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 1998, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9906085

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Broilers, Dairy Cattle, Fed Beef Cattle, Layers and Swine: Differences between Actual Production and Production with an 'optimum' Economic Utilization of Feed in Eleven

Dissertations 115

Regions of the United States, 1965 by Witt, Harry Gene, PhD from University of Florida, 1970, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7113469 •

Cattlemen, Big Business, and Government: the Kansas Beef Industry, 1890-1940. by Wood, Charles L., PhD from University of Kansas, 1974, 343 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7506276

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Choice of Crossbreeding Systems for Commercial Beef Cattle Production by Leigh, Abisogun Olubode; PhD from University of Guelph (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14008

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Commodity Price Determination and Transmission: an Analysis of the Farm-retail Pricing of U.s. Beef. by Ryan, Timothy John, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1978, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7912072

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Comparing Experimental Production Systems under Risk Criteria: a Legume Based Beef Pasture System Versus a Nitrogen Fertilizer Grass Based System by Duffield, James Anthony, PhD from University of Georgia, 1987, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8806784

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Comparison of Buffered Grazing Systems for Beef Cattle by Wolfe, Charles R., Iii; Ms from West Virginia University, 2002, 52 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409764

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Composite Forecasting of the Annual Average Price of Beef Cattle Received by Farmers in the United States by Haden, Kimberly Lynn, PhD from Oklahoma State University, 1986, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8709714

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Computer Simulation Model for Management Evaluation of Individual Animals in a Breeding Herd of Beef Cattle by Worthington, William Bowman, PhD from The University of Arizona, 1979, 438 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8003058

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Consumer and Retailer Demand for Quality Differentiated Beef by Lusk, Jayson Lee; PhD from Kansas State University, 2000, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9970818

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Consumer Preferences for Public and Private Sector Certifications of Beef Products in the United States and the United Kingdom by Christensen, Bryan James; Mba from Utah State University, 2003, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412251

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Consumer Willingness-to-pay for Flavor in Beef Steaks: an Experimental Economics Approach by Umberger, Wendy Jeanne; PhD from The University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2001, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3000466

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Costs, Loss, and Forecasting Error: an Evaluation of Models for Beef Prices by Teigen, Lloyd Douglas, PhD from Michigan State University, 1973, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7320411

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Data Needs and Use for Orderly Production and Marketing in the Beef - Pork Sector by Trierweiler, John Edwin, PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1970, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7017765

116 Beef

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Design and Application of an Econometric Model of the United States Beef Sector to Policy Analysis (macroeconomics) by Barefield, Danny Alan, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1993, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9410706

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Designing a Dairy/beef Cattle Production Program, Attractive to the Youth of the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria by Yorama, Moses Tombari, Edd from Oklahoma State University, 1983, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8325859

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Determination of Factors Causing Livery Flavor in Steaks from the Beef Loin and Chuck by Yancey, Edward Jacob, Ii; PhD from Kansas State University, 2002, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076129

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Developing a Multiperiod Linear Programming-simulation Farm Firm Growth Model: Application to a Central Kentucky Beef Cattle Farm. by Chien, Ying I., PhD from University of Kentucky, 1973, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7401405

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Development of a Material Testing Protocol for Evaluation of Radio Frequency Transponder Effects on Bloom Time of Beef Loin Muscle by Vorst, Keith L.; Ms from Michigan State University, 2002, 73 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410738

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Development of Alternative Approaches to Modeling U.s. Beef Production (united States, Gams Modeling) by Disney, William Terry, PhD from Auburn University, 1989, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9109053

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Disequilibrium in Agricultural Markets: the U.s. Beef Sector by Ziemer, Rod Franklin, PhD from University of Georgia, 1981, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8206316

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Dynamic Adjustment Models of the Alberta Beef Industry under Risk and Uncertainty by Mbaga, Msafiri Daudi; PhD from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2000, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ53069

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Dynamic Pricing Relationships Within the Fresh Beef Subsector under Conditions of Structural Change by Stevens, Thomas Jay, Iii, PhD from University of Florida, 1993, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9505647

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Dynamic Short-term Estimating and Forecasting Models for Wholesale Beef Price by Whyte, Charles Dudley, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1969, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6922229

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Econometric Analysis of Colorado's Beef Industry by Liu, Zeng Rung, PhD from Colorado State University, 1970, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7116272

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Econometric Analysis of Japanese Beef Supply and Demand by Furuya, Jun; PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2000, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9999284

Dissertations 117

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Economic Analysis of Alternative Approaches to Vertical Coordination in the Beef Production-marketing System. by Gauthier, Wayne Michael, PhD from Oklahoma State University, 1977, 311 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7801254

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Economic Analysis of Futuristic Beef Cattle and Forage Production Systems by Chafin, Donald Gray, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1973, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7326782

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Economic Efficiency in Dairy and Beef Cattle Feeding by Olayide, Samson Olajuwon, PhD from University of California, Davis, 1967, 298 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6812362

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Economic Evaluation of Potato Waste As a Feed Ingredient for Beef Cattle Finishing Rations (by-product) by Turek, Paul S., PhD from Oregon State University, 1985, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8506841

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Economic Feasibility of Synchronization of Estrus for Selected Beef Cattle Ranches by Deal, Emit Bernard, PhD from Oregon State University, 1969, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6918350

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Economic Impacts of Growth Promotants in the Beef, Pork and Poultry Industries (agribusiness) by Buhr, Brian Lee, PhD from Iowa State University, 1992, 420 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9301998

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Economic Interaction between Wheat and Beef in the Southern Great Plains. by Harwell, Richard Lynn, PhD from Oklahoma State University, 1976, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7705089

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Economic Strategies for Beef Cattle Production Applied to the Shenandoah Area of Virginia. by Chiang, Ying-chih, PhD from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1973, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7407077

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Economic Sustainability of Beef Cattle Ranching with Alternative Grazing Systems in Riparian Zones, Eastern Oregon by Abedin, Joynal, PhD from Oregon State University, 1995, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9604288

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Economics of Alternative Beef Genotypes and Cattle Management/marketing Systems by Stokes, Kenneth Wayne, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1980, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8101649

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Economics of Alternative Waste Management Systems Complying with Pollution Control Regulations on Beef Feedlots in Southwestern Minnesota. by Pherson, Carl Lennis, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1973, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7410566

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Effect of Degradable Intake Protein, Harvest Management, Physical Processing and Genetics on Utilization of Corn, Barley and Whole-plant Corn Silage by Beef Cattle by Kennington, Lance Robert; PhD from University of Idaho, 2002, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055390

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Effect of Delaying Implant and Programmed Rate of Gain on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Steers by Scaglia Alonso, Guillermo; PhD from Texas A&m University, 2002, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072529

118 Beef

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Effect of Dietary Crude Protein Level and Degradability on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing and Finishing Beef Calves by Gleghorn, Justin Finis; PhD from Texas Tech University, 2003, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083378

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Effects of Body Condition Score and Nutrition on Estrous Behavior and Endocrine Function in Beef Heifers and Cows by Lents, Clay Austin; PhD from Oklahoma State University, 2002, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066180

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Effects of Dietary Energy and Animal Frame Size on Feed Intake, Body Composition and Plasma Concentrations of Insulin and Leptin in Beef Steers by Ribeiro Filho, Claudio Crespo; PhD from Iowa State University, 2002, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073475

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Effects of Government Feed Grain Programs on Beef and Pork Prices and Costs to Consumers by Elledge, Barry Ward, PhD from North Carolina State University, 1970, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7113969

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Effects of Heat and Acid Stress on Bacterial Populations of Beef, and on Susceptible and Multi-antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Beef by Bacon, Richard Todd; PhD from Colorado State University, 2002, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063975

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Effects of Live Cultures of Lactobacillus Acidophilus (strains Np45 and Np51) and Propionibacterium Freudenreichii on Performance, Carcass and Intestinal Characteristics, and Escherichia Coli 0157:h7 Shedding of Finishing Beef Steers by Elam, Nathan Andrew; PhD from Texas Tech University, 2003, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083377

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Effects of Sel-plex (organic Selenium) and Vitamin E on Performance, Immune Response, and Beef Cut Shelf Life of Feedlot Steers by Clyburn, Bradley Scott; PhD from Texas Tech University, 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056065

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Effects of the European Economic Community Agricultural Policies on Argentine Exports of Beef by Liboreiro, Ernesto Saturnino, PhD from Michigan State University, 1970, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7118238

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Effects of Various Frequencies of Supplementation and Urea Inclusion in Protein Supplements on Low-quality Forage Use, Ruminal Metabolism, and Performance of Beef Cattle by Farmer, Chance Garrett; PhD from Kansas State University, 2002, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076091

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Effects of What's the Beef/here's the Beef, an Educational Program to Address Animal Activist Concerns about Animal Agriculture, on Knowledge and Attitudes of Texas Agricultural Extension Agents-agriculture by Goodwin, Jeffery Layton, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1993, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9328726

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Efficiencies and Impediments of Centrally Processed Retail Cuts from Boxed and Carcass Beef by Leafgreen, Mark Owen, PhD from Kansas State University, 1979, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8005534

Dissertations 119

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Empirical Analyses of Price Relationships in the Live Beef Cattle Futures Market-implications for Primary Producers. by Erickson, Steven Paul, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1977, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7714945

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Essays in the Beef Industry: Grid Prices, Meatpacking Firm Mergers, and Advertising Impacts on Beef Consumption by Lee, Jong-in; PhD from Oklahoma State University, 2000, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9999911

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Estimated Cost Structure for New and Existing Specialized On-the-rail Beef Slaughter Plants in Mississippi by Wilson, John Crisler, PhD from Mississippi State University, 1981, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8210096

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Estimating Normative Supply Schedules: an Alternative Model for Beef Cattle and Hogs in Northeast Missouri by Sanderson, John Timothy, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1969, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6916104

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Estimation and Economic Analysis of Protein and Energy Utilization by Beef Steers. by Epplin, Francis Michael, PhD from Iowa State University, 1979, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8000129

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Europe 1992: Effects of Animal Health Regulations on World Beef Trade (international Trade) by Forsythe, Kenneth Wayne, Jr., PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1991, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9133592

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Evaluation and Modeling of Cooking Parameters to Optimize Tenderness of Beef Biceps Femoris and Longissimus Lumborum Muscles by Obuz, Ersel; PhD from Kansas State University, 2003, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090377

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Evaluation of Alfalfa Leaf Meal As a Protein Source in Beef Cattle Diets by Zehnder, Chad Michael; PhD from University of Minnesota, 2002, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037495

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Evaluation of Beef Production in the Georgia Middle Coastal Plain. by Matsuda, Yoshiaki, PhD from University of Georgia, 1976, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7626482

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Evaluation of Organic Salts and Spices for the Control of Clostridium Perfringens in Cooked Vacuum-packaged Ground Beef Products during Alternative Cooling Procedures by Sabah, Judith Regine; PhD from Kansas State University, 2003, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090384

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Evaluation of Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins and the Insulinlike Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 Locus for Potential Associations with Growth, Carcass Merit and Meat Quality in Beef Cattle by Pagan, Melvin; PhD from Michigan State University, 2002, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053787

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Evolution, Role, and Impact of the Feedlot As an Institution in the Distribution of Beef by Alberts, Earl Duane, Dba from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1968, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6904352

120 Beef

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Evolving Policies and Institutional Arrangements in the Canadian Agri-food Industry: an Analysis of Differential Development between the Dairy and Beef Livestock Sectors (agricultural Policy-making) by Chiotti, Quentin P., PhD from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1991, 383 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN71986

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Factors Determining Textural Characteristics of Restructured Beef by Bernal, Victor Manuel; PhD from University of Guelph (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41201

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Farm Management under Uncertainty: Implications for Beef Cattle Production (target Motad, Hierarchical Decision Models) by Zimet, David Joseph, PhD from University of Florida, 1985, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8615528

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Farm Plans and Supply Response Estimates for Indiana: Hog and Beef Cattle Farms by Hancock, William Oscar, PhD from Purdue University, 1966, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6607431

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Firm Level Beef Supply: a Simulation and Linear Programming Application in East Texas by Angirasa, Aditi Kumar, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1979, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8011919

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Foreign Imports and Firms' Dynamic Adjustment: the Case of the United States Beef Industry by Kim, Hanho, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1995, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9537875

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Futures and Cash Price Relationships for Beef Cattle (causality) by Oellermann, Charles M., PhD from Purdue University, 1985, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8520059

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Genetic Analysis of Production Traits for Improvement of National Beef Cattle Genetic Evaluations: Mature Weight, Body Condition Score, Hip Height, Birth Weight, and Weaning Weight by Rumph, Janice Michele; PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2002, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074098

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Genetic and Environmental Aspects of Maternal Ability in Beef Cattle by Crow, Gary H; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK55997

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Genetic Evaluation of Calving Ease in a Multi-breed Beef Population by Wang, Yachun; PhD from University of Guelph (canada), 2003, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ75996

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Genetic Markers for Genes Encoding Pit-1, Ghrh-receptor, and Igf-ii, and Their Association with Growth and Carcass Traits in Beef Cattle by Zhao, Qun; , PhD from The Ohio State University, 2002, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081981

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Genetic Relationships between Sex-specific Traits in Beef Cattle: Mature Body Size of Cows and Carcass Traits of Their Steer Relatives by Nephawe, Khathutshelo Agree; PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2003, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092579

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Genetics Factors in Postmortem Muscle Metabolism That Influence Beef Tenderness by Shanks, Bruce Cameron; PhD from South Dakota State University, 2002, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081146

Dissertations 121

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Growth Patterns and Distribution of Major Tissues in Beef Cattle by Mukhoty, Hari Moy; Advdeg from University of Alberta (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08105

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Household Consumption Patterns of Beef Products: a Disaggregated Cross-sectional Analysis by Mulhim, Fahad Nasser, PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1985, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8526629

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Identifying Implicit Collusion under Declining Output Demand: the Case of the United States Beef Packing Industry by Weliwita, Sakalasooriya Mudiyanselage Ananda, PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1995, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9538658

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Impact of Socioeconomic Characteristics of United States Households on the Demand for Beef, Pork, Poultry, and All Meats by Nourbakhsh, Tahereh, PhD from University of Kentucky, 1994, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9519760

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Implications of Changing Federal Food Safety Regulations on the Cost Structure of Beef Packers by Klein, Nicole Louise Chicoine, PhD from Kansas State University, 1996, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9714462

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Implications of Joint Venture Contracting on the Structure of the Pacific Northwest Beef Industry by Dixon, Forrest Parry, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbanachampaign, 1979, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8004158

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Implications of Korean Rice, Beef and Feed Grain Policy under the Transition from a Developing to a Developed Economy--1967 to 1986 (rice Policy, Beef Policy) by Lee, Sangmu, PhD from Michigan State University, 1990, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9102705

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Implications of Open Trade in West Africa for the Beef Sector: Evidence from Ghana, Cote D'ivoire, Mali, and Burkina Faso by Asuming-brempong, Samuel; PhD from Michigan State University, 1999, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9936525

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Indonesian High-value Food Product Market Analysis (food Products, Apples, Oranges, Grapes, Beef, Fast Food Industry) by Andayani, Sri Rejeki Muji, PhD from Oklahoma State University, 1995, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9618370

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Induction of Cycling Status and Effect of Follicle Size on Fertility in Postpartum Beef Cows by Perry, George Allen, Jr.; PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2003, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091956

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Information, Expectations, Market Efficiency and Welfare: Long-run Equilibrium in the Beef Market by Hertzler, Gregory Lloyd, PhD from University of California, Davis, 1982, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8311955

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Injection-site Lesions in Beef Muscles and Study of the Chemistry Responsible for Green Discoloration by Roeber, Deborah Lynn; PhD from Colorado State University, 2002, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075379

122 Beef

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International Trade in Beef and Economic Development of Selected South American Countries. by Simpson, James Rodney, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1974, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7421223

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International Trade in Selected Processed Foods and Beverages (beef, Beer, Economic, Marketing Theory, Distribution) by Ross, Mary Anne, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1985, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8511668

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Interregional and Interseasonal Competition in the United States Beef Industry, 1967-an Integrated Analysis by Pendse, Dilipsinha Chintamani, PhD from Oregon State University, 1972, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7203859

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Interregional Competition in the U. S. Cattle Feeding/fed-beef Economy - with Emphasis on the Southern Plains by Clary, Gregory Michael, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1982, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8306762

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Interregional Flows of Slaughter Cattle, Carcass, Primal, and Retail Beef in the United States by Sullivan, James Dwight, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1970, 287 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7021070

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Interregional Price Flexibilities and Structural Changes in the United States Fed Beef Industry by Kalantar, Said Jamaladin, PhD from The University of Arizona, 1973, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7330263

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Investigation of Nutritional and Metabolic Regulators of Puberty in Dairy and Beef Heifers by Lopez-ordaz, Rufino; PhD from New Mexico State University, 2002, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040630

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Korean Beef Import Demand and Impacts of Exchange Rate Changes by Sung, Myung-hwan, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1996, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9717152

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Labor Relations, Technological and Structural Change in U.s. Beef Packing and Retailing (food Processing, Agricultural Policy, Boxed Beef, Marketing, United States) by Hiemstra, Stephen Wayne, PhD from Michigan State University, 1985, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8607083

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Large Limited-menu Foodservice Firms: Market Structure Changes and Procurement Practices for Beef and Poultry by Schmelzer, John Raymond, PhD from Michigan State University, 1983, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8315503

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Longevity, Lifetime Production and Stayability in Beef Cattle by Martinez, Gonzalo Enrique; PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2002, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074089

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Metabolic and Endocrine Effects of Anabolic Compounds in Growing Beef Steers by Gopinath, Ramachandran; PhD from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK64931

Dissertations 123

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Methods and Costs of Distributing Beef to the Food-service Industry. by Stafford, Thomas Howard, PhD from Cornell University, 1973, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7406355

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Micro Economic Approaches to Technical Change in the Canadian Beef Cattle Industry Two Studies of Crossbreeding As an Innovation by Kerr, William A; PhD from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK55050

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Micro Economic Approaches to Technical Change in the Canadian Beef Cattle Industry: Two Studies of Crossbreeding As an Innovation by Kerr, William Alexander, PhD from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f398150

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Microeconomic Analysis of Opportunities for Increasing Beef Production: the Pampean Area, Argentina. by Mcgrann, James Michael, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1973, 338 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7321683

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Minimum Resource Decision Criteria to Attain a Specified Income Level for Kentucky Beef Producers. by Kelly, Alfred Brown, PhD from University of Kentucky, 1974, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7526459

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Modeling Consumer Demand for a Quality Differentiated Product: the Japanese Beef Market by Gong, Hongguang, PhD from University of Kentucky, 1995, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9536907

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Modeling Sugarcane and Beef Cattle Production Integration System by Ji, Fang, PhD from University of Hawaii, 1997, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9801449

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Movement and the Removal of Nutritional Deficiencies: the Case of Beef in Nigeria. by Obot, Johnson Udo, PhD from The University of Oklahoma, 1977, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7721391

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Multidimensional Goals of Farmers in the Beef Cattle and Dairy Industries by Basarir, Aydin; PhD from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2002, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063042

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Natural Beef: Theoretical and Empirical Consumer Demand by Grannis, Jennifer Lynn; PhD from Colorado State University, 2001, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038637

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New Tests of Market Power in the Beef Packing Industry with Variable Proportions Technology by Muth, Mary Katherine, PhD from North Carolina State University, 1997, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9809267

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Utilization by Beef Cattle Fed Three Dietary Crude Protein Levels with Three Supplemental Urea Levels by Mcbride, Kevin Wayne; PhD from Texas Tech University, 2003, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083354

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Non-nested Tests and Agricultural Trade Models (beef Demand) by Lee, Jung-hee, PhD from Oklahoma State University, 1993, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9327951

124 Beef

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Normative Production of Hogs, Beef Cattle and Other Farm Products in Iowa by Sharples, Jerry Alan, PhD from Iowa State University, 1967, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6712995

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Nucleotide-facilitated Release of Inorganic Phosphate and Hycrolysed Adenosine Triphosphate from Beef Heart Mitochondrial Adenosine Triphosphatase by Beharry, Seelochan; PhD from Simon Fraser University (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30813

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Number, Size, and Location of Beef Slaughter Plants in Michigan by Huie, John Mack, PhD from Michigan State University, 1970, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7118226

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Nutritional Regulation of Reproduction and Ovarian Function in Postpartum Beef Cows by Ciccioli, Norberto Horacio; PhD from Oklahoma State University, 2002, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066165

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Ontogeny of the Somatotropin/insulin-like Growth Factor Axis in Beef Calves by Weston, Ashley Rebecca Schafer; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2002, 44 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410612

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Optimal Beef Production Management Strategies for Hawaii: a Dynamic Programming Approach by Van Poollen, Hendrik Walter, PhD from University of Hawaii, 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f398886

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Optimal Location of Beef Enterprises under Current and Projected Conditions--an Interregional Analysis by Crow, Joseph Richard, PhD from Oklahoma State University, 1972, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7315085

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Policy and Structures of Japanese Import Demand for Beef and Feedgrains by Jesdapipat, Dusit, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1984, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8502192

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Practical Methods of Increasing Intake by Beef Cattle on Grass (dactylis Glomerata) by Zippin, Sara A.; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71843

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Preweaning Performance of Range Beef Calves and Factor Analysis of Prebreeding Traits of Cow and Offspring by Ahunu, Benjamin Kwadjo; PhD from University of Alberta (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67505

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Price Relationships among Selected Wholesale Beef and Pork Cuts by Hacklander, Duane Donald, PhD from Michigan State University, 1971, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7131217

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Price Spreads for Beef: a Failing Concept (calculation Methodology, U.s. Department of Agriculture) by Lawrence, Albert Earle, Jr., PhD from University of Missouri Columbia, 1992, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9307427

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Price Stabilization, Bilateral Trade and Institutional Constraints: the Case of Beef in Australia and the United States by Reeves, George Wheatley, PhD from University of California, Davis, 1979, 431 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8016780

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Producer Adoption of Alternative Beef Cattle Production and Marketing Practices: a Statistical, Econometric, and Financial Analysis by Lacy, Richard Curtis; PhD from Mississippi State University, 2001, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3030261

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Production Planning for Extensive Beef Farmers in South Africa by Meyer, Denise Helen, Dbl from University of South Africa (south Africa), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4250404

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Quality Factors Affecting the Value of Beef in Kenya: an Assessment of Relevant Attributes and Alternate Methodologies by Karugia, Joseph Thuo, PhD from University of Alberta (canada), 1997, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ23002

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Quantitative Detection of Escherichia Coli O157:h7 in Ground Beef by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Incorporating Immunomagnetic Separation by Guan, Jiewen; PhD from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039361

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Quarterly Structure of the Argentine Beef Cattle Economy: a Short Run Model, 19601970 by Nores, Gustavo Adolfo, PhD from Purdue University, 1972, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7230947

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Quasi-rational Expectations, an Alternative to Fully Rational Expectations: an Application to Modeling United States Beef Cattle Supply by Fornari, Ilaria, PhD from University of Pennsylvania, 1994, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9427537

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Recent Protectionism in Agriculture: the United States Beef and Sugar Cases by Allen, Roy Evan, PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 1983, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8413301

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Reproductive Function in Beef Cows and Ewes during the Postpartum Period by Sharpe, Paul Herbert; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65327

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Restaurant Beef Steak Consumption Behavior Measured by an Expanded Rational Expectations Model by Crockett, Kathryn Lynn, PhD from Texas Tech University, 1997, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9725909

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Safety and Quality Assessment of Beef Exposed to Low Levels of Ammonia by Alsahal Al-shathry, Abdulaziz Abdullah; PhD from Kansas State University, 2003, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090341

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Short-run Beef Demand and Supply in the United States. by Usman, Mohammad, PhD from Colorado State University, 1976, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7712071

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Short-term Forecasting Models for Average Monthly Prices of Wholesale Beef by Jones, Lonnie Lee, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1967, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6716293

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Simulation of Cattle Cycle Demography: Cohort Analysis of Recruitment and Culling Decisions in the National Beef Cow Herd by Nordblom, Thomas Lee, PhD from Oregon State University, 1982, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8128574

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Simultaneous Equations System Estimation: an Application in the Cattle-beef Sector. by Unger, Samuel Galen, PhD from Michigan State University, 1966, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6614181

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Skillful Butchers in a Deskilled Packinghouse: an Ethnographic Study of a Boxedbeef Factory by Erickson, Kenneth Cleland, PhD from University of Kansas, 1995, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9544829

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Socio-economic Factors and Marketability of Carabeef in Central Luzon by Marzan, Eduardo Gallardo, Jr., PhD from Kansas State University, 1981, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8201601

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Some Adaptive Control Models for the Analysis of Economic Policy: United States Beef Trade Policy by Freebairn, John William, PhD from University of California, Davis, 1972, 341 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7319118

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Some Theoretical Considerations for Futures Trading in Commodities Requiring Transformation Services: the Case of Live Beef Futures by Ward, Ronald Wayne, PhD from Iowa State University, 1970, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7107339

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Structural Change in the Retail Demand for Beef, Chicken and Pork: an Application of Gradual Switching Regression (segmented Regression, Varying Parameters) by Frank, Michael Dean, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1984, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8502143

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Studies on the Onset of Warmed-over Flavor in Ground Beef Products and the Use of M-s Based Electronic Nose in Differentiating Beef Products by Mulla, Zohair Shoroz; PhD from The Ohio State University, 2002, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072919

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Superfetation in Beef Cattle by Carter, Joel Andrew; PhD from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2002, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069702

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Supply and Demand for Slaughter Beef in the U.S.: a Disaggregated Econometric Approach. by Ospina, Enrique, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1978, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7817203

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Technological Change and Agribusiness Structure: the Beef System by Mcginity, Richard Charles, Dba from Harvard University, 1980, 288 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8020471

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The Beef Delivery System: Optimal Plant Sizes, Locations, and Product Flows from a Normative Perspective. by Hafer, John Charles, PhD from The University of Nebraska Lincoln, 1979, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7920992

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The Beef Trust: Antitrust Policy and the Meat Packing Industry, 1902-1922 by Gordon, David, PhD from The Claremont Graduate University, 1983, 370 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8321050

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The Bolivian Beef Cattle Industry: Effects of Transportation Projects upon Plant Location and Product Flows in Beni by Ampuero-ramos, Luis A., PhD from Iowa State University, 1981, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8123114

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The Comparative Advantage of the Michigan Beef Industry's Feedlot Sector by Wachenheim, Cheryl Joy, PhD from Michigan State University, 1994, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9512158

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The Contrasted Effects of Quota, Autarky and Free Trade Policies on United States Beef Production and Prices by Hunt, Robert Devere, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1972, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7232298

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The Decline of German-american Friendship: Beef, Pork, and Politics, 1890-1906 by Crouse, Janet Kay Wellhousen, PhD from University of Delaware, 1980, 564 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8019915

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The Development of a Modern Agricultural Enterprise: Beef Cattle Farming in Ontario, 1870-1924 by Derry, Margaret Elsinor, PhD from University of Toronto (canada), 1997, 386 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ27909

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The Economic Effects on Beef Production of Feeding Young Bulls, Administering Growth Stimulants, and Crossing British Breeds. by Davison, Cecil Wyman, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1976, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7624064

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The Economic Impact of Applying Hypothetical Nonpoint Source Pollution Controls to Hog and Beef Feeding in Illinois. by Stucker, Thomas Arnold, Jr., PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1976, 264 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7709203

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The Economics of Alternative Fresh Beef Distribution Systems by Diaz-martinez, Jose Luis, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1984, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8417733

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The Economics of Beef Cow Herds in Northeastern Minnesota by Wells, Arnold Robert, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1966, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6714687

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The Economics of Milk and Beef Production in the Humid Tropics: a Case Study San Carlos County, Costa Rica by Aguirre, Juan Antonio, PhD from Cornell University, 1969, 367 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6921599

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The Effect of the Hot-boning Processing Technique on the Cost Structure and Distribution System of the U.s. Beef Industry. by Webb, Shwu-eng Hwang, PhD from University of Arkansas, 1979, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7919222

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The Effects of Alternative Beef Cattle Finishing Systems on Farm Income Potential and Resource Utilization in Tennessee by Anderson, James Marshal, PhD from The University of Tennessee, 1969, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7007543

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The Effects of Diet and Weight on Induction of Puberty and Fertility Response in Yearling Beef Heifers by Baptiste, Quinn Stephan; Ms from West Virginia University, 2002, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410828

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The Effects of Selected Water Pollution Control Rules on the Simulated Behavior of Beef Feedlots, 1974-85. by Forster, David Lynn, PhD from Michigan State University, 1974, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7507165

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The Effects of Strip Grazing Stockpiled Permanent Pasture on the Performance of Non-lactating, Gestating Beef Cows by Fleming, Jennifer Raeanne; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ65927

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The Effects of Various Tenure and Tax Management Strategies on Organization of Beef Cattle Ranches in the Gulf Coast Area of Central Florida by Brodnax, Henry Doss, Jr., PhD from University of Florida, 1972, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7329164

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The Epidemiology of Acute Undifferentiated Diarrhea of Beef Calves in Western Canada by Acres, Stephen Douglas; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK31675

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The Epidemiology of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia Coli O157:h7 in Louisiana Dairy Cattle, Beef Cattle, and White-tailed Deer by Dunn, John Robert; PhD from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2003, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085672

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The Evaluation of Seven Microsatellite Markers and Real Time Ultrasound Information As Tools for Selecting Animals for Improved Carcass Characteristics and Beef Tenderness by Barham, Brett Lee; PhD from Texas Tech University, 2002, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069177

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The Feasibility of an Informaiton System: the Beef Feedlot Case by Nelson, A. Gene, PhD from Purdue University, 1969, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7003947

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The Feasibility of Beef Cattle Feedlots in Argentina: Methodology of Economic Evaluation. by Zulberti, Carlos Alberto, PhD from Cornell University, 1974, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7427533

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The Impact of Quantitative and Qualitative Restrictions on World Markets: the Case of Ec Beef and Dairy Policies (european Community) by Tsolakis, Dimitris A., PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 1993, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9430719

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The Impact of Separating Fed from Nonfed Beef in an Econometric Simulation. by Kamal-abdou, Dyaa Kamal Abdou Ahmed, PhD from Iowa State University, 1975, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7609595

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The Impact of Transfer Cost and Trade Policies on International Trade in Beef, 19671980. by Mack, Friedrich Georg, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1973, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7401033

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The Impact on Consumers and Cattle Producers of Changes in Beef Processing Costs (input Substitution, Retail Ready, Boxed, Economic Surplus, Log Linear Displacement Model) by Mullen, John Denis, PhD from Texas A&m University, 1985, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8605188

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The Inhibition of Beef Liver Carboxylesterases by Organophosphorus Pesticides by Villeneuve, David Camille; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03987

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The Inhibition of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine Formation in Ground Beef Patties Using Tart Cherries and Fractions from Tart Cherries (prunus Cerasus) by Rodgers, William John, Iv; PhD from Michigan State University, 2002, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053800

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The Metabolism of Folylpolyglutamates in Beef Liver by Vickers, Philip Jonathan; PhD from University of Toronto (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34148

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The Natural Resource Factors of Nevis and Their Role in Beef Production Systems with Special Emphasis on Fodder Supplies by Edwards, Linnell M; PhD from Mcgill University (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24311

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The North American Market for Beef: Analysis of Future Market Dimensions and Competitive Relationships. by Andersen, Richard Svend, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1975, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7603368

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The Politics of Argentine Beef, 1900-1946 by Smith, Peter Hopkinson, PhD from Columbia University, 1966, 480 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7006703

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The Relationship of Selected Variables to Consumer Knowledge of Beef in Selected Areas of Mississippi. by Tucker, Duane H., Edd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1974, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7424808

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The Relevant Geographic Market Area for Fed Cattle and the Changing Structure of the Beef Packing Industry by Schultz, Margaret Marstall, PhD from Iowa State University, 1988, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8825953

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The Welfare Economics and the Political Economy of Japanese Beef Trade Liberalization: an Empirical Application of New Political Economy Theory by Jeong, Kyeong-soo, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1995, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9543612

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The Welfare Effects in the United States of Removing Restrictions on Beef Imports. by Phillips, Ned Hansen, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1976, 312 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7710585

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Thermomechanical Properties of Beef Muscle by Findlay, Christopher J; PhD from University of Guelph (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65583

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Transportation between Sudan and Libya As a Means for Socio-economic Development: Beef and Oil. by Elnigoumi, Hosni Mohamed, PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 1974, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7501803

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U.s. Agricultural Policy and the Demand for Imported Beef by Martin, William John, PhD from Iowa State University, 1982, 352 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8307769

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Use of Genetically Modified Carnobacterium Piscicola to Control Escherichia Coli O157:h7 in Vacuum-packaged Ground Beef by Watters, Douglas John; Msc from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ69774

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Validation of a Static Chamber Steam Pasteurization(tm) System for Decontaminating Beef Carcasses; Development of Food Safety Educational Materials for Delivery Through Mediated Formats by Retzlaff, Deanna Devereaux; PhD from Kansas State University, 2002, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059653

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Variance Component Estimation for Reproductive Traits and Analyses of Myofibrillar Proteins and Age at Puberty in Angus Beef Cattle Divergently Selected for Blood Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor I Concentration by Yilmaz, Ahmet; PhD from The Ohio State University, 2003, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088898

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BEEF Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “beef” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on beef, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Beef By performing a patent search focusing on beef, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on beef: •

Absorbent food product support Inventor(s): Posson; Jean ("La Source" Vieille Route de Cholet, Trementines 49340, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,079,555 Date filed: November 12, 1997 Abstract: A support for food products includes a cardboard support on which an impermeable layer of plastic material is applied. The layer of plastic material can be of the polyethylene type, for example. The impermeable layer has perforations that provides for the absorption of exudate and any other liquid from food product support. The support advantageously can form the bottom of a liquid-tight boat-shaped tray for packaging, storing and/or displaying of meat products, such as poultry of slices of beef, for example. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of packaging. It concerns more particularly a food product support of the boat-shaped tray type with liquid-tight corners, for example, intended in particular for the packing of meat products and their packaging, storage or display for sale. This cardboard support is of the type having an impermeable contact layer in the form of a food-product polyethylene film for example. The nature of this film ensures the packaging's imperviousness. It advantageously enhances sealing, particularly at the corners, thereby preventing liquid or exudate seeping from the packaged product from staining the periphery of the packaging and its immediate external environment. On the other hand, this enhancement of sealing limits dissipation of the product's liquid exudate. This biological liquid stagnates in the bottom of the boat-shaped tray and promotes development of bacteria. This particular aspect limits the conservation time of products and can influence their taste qualities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06079555__

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Apparatus for shaping cooked meat Inventor(s): Secord; John L. (2711 Horton Rd., Jackson, MI 49203) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,957,039 Date filed: May 1, 1997 Abstract: Meat, particularly beef prime rib, of an elongated form having ends is, prior to cooking, shaped at its ends by substantially flat retaining elements whereby the ends are maintained substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal length of the meat form wherein, upon cooking, the meat form will retain the cooked form having "squared" ends. A variety of devices may be employed to engage and shape the meat form ends, and in most instances, the meat form will be encased within a heat shrunk bag, and may also be encased within mesh netting. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to the process and apparatus for shaping elongated meat forms during cooking wherein the meat form will be shaped to have substantially squared ends and will retain such configuration after cooking. A variety of devices are

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proposed for the shaping of the meat form during cooking. Beef prime rib is often encased within heat shrunk bags or envelopes prior to cooking. The use of such envelopes aids in shaping the longitudinal cross sectional configuration of the meat form, retains juices during cooking, and has other advantageous attributes. Also, it is known to encompass meat such as beef prime rib with a mesh or net wherein the net aids in the cross sectional shaping of the meat form during cooking, and it is common to employ, simultaneously, a heat shrinkable envelope and mesh netting to encompass a long beef prime rib muscle during cooking. Such a circumferentially encased prime rib will preferably have a pear cross sectional configuration, but the chuck and loin ends of the boneless beef rib muscle will become generally flattened and somewhat pointed wherein the ends of the form are thin and generally unusable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05957039__ •

Artificial media for rearing entomophages comprising cooked, whole egg Inventor(s): Cohen; Allen C. (12333 S. Shoshoni Dr., Phoenix, AZ 85044) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,834,177 Date filed: July 16, 1996 Abstract: An improved artificial diet or growth medium for rearing entomophages (predatory arthropods and parasitic insects). The growth medium is composed of a mixture of (a) an adherent, fibrous retention substrate, (b) a protein-lipid paste, and (c) a liquid, and provides nutrients in a stabilized form in amounts and proportions effective to support growth of entomophages. An exemplary formulation is a mixture of adherent, fibrous cooked whole egg, ground beef and beef liver protein-lipid paste, and water. The growth medium is suitable for mass production of entomophages at a reasonable cost for use as biological control agents, and is well suited for rearing entomophages that feed by the process of extra-oral digestion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved artificial diet or growth medium for rearing entomophages (predatory arthropods and parasitic insects). The growth medium of the invention is suitable for mass production of entomophages at a reasonable cost for use as biological control agents. In the United States and throughout the world, the application of synthetic chemical insecticides is the primary method of controlling insect pests of many agricultural commodities, including food, fiber, and ornamental crops. However, there is an increasing interest in reducing the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers and to make agriculture more sustainable. Biological control is recognized as the best alternative to the use of chemical insecticides for controlling insect pests. A major stumbling block to using biological control on a large scale as an alternative to pesticides is that it has been impossible to produce adequate numbers of predatory insects to effect reduction of large outbreaks of pest populations. For example, arthropod predators and parasites have been used successfully for decades to control insect pests, however, the scale of their use has been limited because of inadequate methods to artificially produce these predatory insects. Thus, one of the greatest needs in the field of biological control of insects is the mass production an insect's natural enemies at a reasonable cost. However, despite intensive research for many years on artificial media suitable for rearing predatory insects, it is still necessary to rear these beneficial insects on their natural hosts/prey or on unnatural factitious hosts. These classical methods are too expensive to allow large scale use of beneficial insects in commercial agriculture.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05834177__ •

Automated high throughput E. coli o157:H7 PCR detection system and uses thereof Inventor(s): Oberst; Richard D. (Manhattan, KS) Assignee(s): Kansas State University Research Foundation (Manhattan, KS) Patent Number: 6,268,143 Date filed: August 4, 1999 Abstract: The present invention describes the development and evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of a PCR-based 5' nuclease assay for presumptively detecting E. coli O157:H7 DNA. The specificity of the eaeA-based, 5' nuclease assay system was sufficient to correctly identify all E. coli O157:H7 strains evaluated, mirroring the previously described specificity of the PCR primers. The SZ-primed, eaeA-targeted, 5' nuclease detection assay was capable of rapid, semiautomated, presumptive detection of E. coli O157:H7 when.gtoreq.10.sup.3 CFU/ml were present in modified tryptic soy broth (mTSB) or modified E. coli broth (mEC), and when.gtoreq.10.sup.4 CFU/ml were present in ground beef-mTSB mixtures. Incorporating an immunomagnetic separation step (IMS), followed by a secondary enrichment culturing step and with DNA recovery, improved the detection threshold to.gtoreq.10.sup.2 CFU/ml. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of microbiology and molecular biology of E. coli. More specifically, the present invention relates to the development and evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of a PCR-based 5' nuclease assay for presumptively detecting E.coli O157:H7 DNA and the uses of such assay. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important human pathogen that is predominantly associated with hemorrhagic colitis and the more severe complications of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Although human to human transmission of E. coli O157:H7 has been demonstrated (25), most infections have been associated with the consumption of contaminated ground beef, milk, water, produce, and apple juice products that have been improperly handled, stored, or cooked (1,5,7,15,18,19,25,43). The primary reservoir is believed to be cattle (24,27). However, a clear understanding of the farm ecology of E. coli O157:H7 is lacking, partly because of the low detected prevalence in individual cattle and herds (20,40,55) and the low infectious dosage required for human infections (25,53). Established methods for recovering and identifying E. coli O157:H7 from foods and feces have been hindered by the inability to specifically and rapidly detect small numbers of organisms from complex matrices and background microflora. Although the inclusion of pre-enrichment incubations and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) (6,9,11,16,22,31,44,48) and additional selective subculturing or secondary enrichment incubations (12,14,30) have been reported to increase the detection rate of E. coli O157:H7 from foods and fecal specimens, these methods are dependent on isolating individual colonies from selective and/or indicator media and then characterizing them in immunological and biochemical/fermentation reactions. Immunological assays are used to determine if the O157 somatic and H7 flagellar antigens are present, while the biochemical/fermentation reactions determine the genus and species of the isolate in classical taxonomic fashion. Combined with the initial replication steps in the isolation process, the current E. coli O157:H7 identification process takes upwards of 5 or more days to complete. This adds considerably to the costs required to determine whether a sample contains E. coli O157:H7, and is a limiting factor in doing more E. coli O157:H7 tests. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06268143__

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Carbon dioxide atmosphere modifiers for packaging Inventor(s): Darnett; Rod (Banora Waters, AU), Matthews; Andrew Ernest (Greer, SC), Snowball; Thomas Erick (Bonogin, AU) Assignee(s): Sealed Air (NZ) Limited (Hamilton, NZ) Patent Number: 6,592,919 Date filed: April 9, 2001 Abstract: A device or sachet (3) for maintaining or modifying the atmosphere in a package suitable for meat, beef, lamb, pork, etc. the device including at least two containing layers (4, 5), a moisture activated chemical substance (6) contained by the containing layers, and at least one absorbent layer (7). Moisture within the package is soaked up by the absorbing layer. The moisture is then transferred from the absorbing layer to permeate through a micro-porous layer (5) as water vapor and activate the chemicals. The gas produced by the chemicals then passes through the sachet and into the package's atmosphere. This modifies the atomosphere to ensure that there is an adequate quantity of CO.sub.2 for achieving the desired shelf life of the packaged food. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and apparatus used in packaging. More particularly, the principles of the present invention relate to the packaging of food products such as meat using atmosphere modifiers. Reference to the packaging of meat should not be seen to be limited as the principles of the present invention may be equally applied to the packaging of other food products. The export and domestic consumption of meat, such as beef, lamb, chicken and other meats, provides a significant source of revenue for many countries. It is therefore important that this product arrives at its destination having the highest possible quality. It therefore follows that packaging methods used to contain the meat in transit must be of high quality in order to keep the meat in a desired state. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06592919__

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Composition containing peptides and nucleic acids and methods of making same Inventor(s): Kochel; Bonawentura (Wroclaw, PL) Assignee(s): Immune Modulation Maximum (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,849,196 Date filed: October 7, 1996 Abstract: An improved composition containing peptides and nucleic acids has active components, i.e., which heighten the phagocytic activity f neutrophils, consisting of molecules with a molecular weight of at least 8 kDa, and preferably at least 15 kDa. The active components comprise peptides without aromatic portions and will absorb light at an absorption band of.DELTA.lambda.=200-235 mn,.lambda.sub.max =205 nm, in the UV spectrum. The composition is nontoxic and is formulated using casein, blood albumin, beef peptone, nucleic acid (RNA) and a base such as sodium hydroxide. The composition stimulates phagocytic activity of neutrophils if used at sufficient concentrations. A separate composition is obtained using the same components of manufacture, but filtering or centrifuging the composition to a molecular weight of <815 kDa which inhibits phagocytic activity of neutrophils for application in treating auto immune diseases.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a novel composition containing peptides and nucleic acid which is useful as antiviral agent and as an agent useful in treating auto immune diseases, and to methods of formulating and utilizing same. More particularly, the invention pertains to such a composition which is modified to have an improved ability to stimulate phagocytosis in humans for treatment of viruses and the like, and to methods of formulating and utilizing same. In the art there is at least one conventionally known composition containing peptides and nucleic acids distributed under the trademark Reticulose.TM., which has been used as antiviral agent for humans in relation to treatment of viral infections/diseases such as influenza, herpes, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis A and B, and most recently HIV. The known composition is referred to as "conventional composition " hereinafter. See Anderson R. H. & Thompson R. N., Treatment of Viral Syndromes With A Lipo-protein Nucleic Acid Formulation (Reticulose), VIRGINIA MED. MONTH. 84, 347-353, 1957; Wegryn S. P., Marks R. A. and Baugh J. R., Herpes Gestations, Am J. Obst. & Gynecol. 79,812-814, 1960; Reynolds M. R., Generalized Vaccinia Successfully Treated With Lipoprotein-Nucleic Acid Complex (Reticulose) Arch Pediatrics 77,421-422,1960; Medoff L. R. Use Of A Lipoprotein-Nucleic Acid Formulation In Treatment Of Infectious Mononucleosis, Clin. Med. 69, 1-4, 1962; Catterall R. A, A New Treatment Of Herpes Zoster, Vaccinia And Chicken Pox, J. Roy. Coll. Gen. Practit. 19,182-183, 1970; Friedland B., In vitro Antiviral Activity Of A Peptide-Nucleic Acid Solution Against The Human Immonodeficiency Virus And Influenza A Virus, J. Royal Soc. Health 111, 170-171, 1991; Hirschman S. Z. and Chen W., Peptide Nucleic Acids Stimulate Gamma Interferon And Inhibit Replication Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Proc. Biomedicine '96, Washington D.C., U.S.A., May 3-6, 1996. Thompson R. M., A Lipo-Protein Nucleic Acid Complex In The Treatment Of Radiation Injury, The Military Surgeon, 110, 51-58, 1952; Strickland W. N., Summary Of Peptide-Nucleic Acid Studies Conducted At The University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Reticulose, Commonwealth Pharmaceuticals, Trenton, 1995, pp. 19-35; Friedland, B., In Vitro Antiviral Activity of a Pepti-Nucleic Acid Solution Against The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Influenza Virus, J. ROY SOC. HEALTH, V. 111, No. 5, PP170, 171, 1991; and Cohen M. The Efficacy of a PeptiNucleic Acid Solution (Reticulose.TM.) For The Treatment of Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B-A Preliminary Controlled Human Clinical Trial, J. ROY SOC. HEALTH, V. 112, No. 6, PP. 266-270 1992. The conventional composition, also generally referred to as nucleophosphoprotein and a lipoprotein nucleic acid solution, was originally conceived by Dr. Vincent LaPenta around 1934 and was commercially available in the U.S. for a period ending in 1962. The conventional composition is known to be formulated through a mixture of casein, beef peptone, ribonucleic acid (RNA), beef serum (blood) albumin, sodium hydroxide and distilled water which is processed through heat, pressurization and filtration to a solution that is of such a small molecular weight as to be compatible with any human blood type, as discussed further hereinbelow. Essentially, the conventional composition is a complex solution of peptides and nucleic acids in which nucleic acid fragments are associated or possibly associated with short chain peptides, and wherein the molecular weight of the active components ranges from approximately 1 to 25 kDa. Presently, the conventional composition is still manufactured according to its original formulation by Advanced Viral Research Corp., in Miami, Fla. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05849196__

Patents 137

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Continuous high-speed pickle injector Inventor(s): Otsuka; Shoji (Tokyo, JP), Samusawa; Shinji (Tsuchiura, JP), Takahashi; Takayuki (Tsuchiura, JP), Watanabe; Shigeaki (Tsuchiura, JP) Assignee(s): Prima Meat Packers, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,386,099 Date filed: March 9, 2001 Abstract: A continuous high-speed pickle injector is provided with improved productivity that can inject a liquid substance such as brine for curing, seasoning or the like into a block of meat such as pork, beef, livestock meat and the like continuously, and disperse the liquid substance uniformly. A pickle injector which can inject a liquid substance such as brine for curing and the like into a block of meat being conveyed continuously while gradually raising the injection pressure from 0 or a low pressure includes two or more injecting sections being able to repeat an injecting operation, that is, from the start to the completion of the injection of a liquid substance. The two or more injecting sections inject a liquid substance while moving at a speed synchronized with the conveying speed of a block of meat continuously being conveyed during the operation of injection. The timing of the injecting operation for each injecting section is controlled. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a modification of the pickle injector developed by the inventors of the present invention and described in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 89542/1999. The present invention relates to a continuous high-speed pickle injector with improved productivity that can inject a liquid substance such as brine for curing, seasoning or the like into a block of meat such as pork, beef, livestock meat and the like continuously, and disperse the liquid substance uniformly. In meat processing, there is a need for uniform dispersion of a curing agent or seasoning in meat, and a multi-needle pickle injector has been used. However, immediately after injection of a liquid using this known injector, the liquid accumulates in portions of meat where the needles have been inserted. Therefore, the meat processing cannot advance to the next step unless a dynamic stimulus is given with a tumbling machine, a massage machine or the like, to the meat with the accumulated liquid. After such a stimulus, the block of meat is cured until the brine for curing or the seasoning liquid permeates through the block of meat so it is uniformly dispersed. These procedure can take several days. Accordingly, a problem exists with known processes in that several days are necessary to salt loin ham or boneless ham, or to season roast pork. Moreover, the injection pressure of brine for curing in the multi-needle pickle injector is limited to about 12 kg/cm.sup.2 owing to its structure. A low-molecular substance such as salt can easily move inside the block of meat. However, high-molecular substances, or substances having a high reactivity with meat constituent substances cannot easily move inside the block of meat. As a result, the seasoning liquid, which can contain both low and high molecular substances, is defectively dispersed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06386099__

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Convertible drum-type coating apparatus Inventor(s): Nothum, Jr.; Robert G. (6356 W. State Hwy O, Willard, MO 65781), Nothum, Sr.; Robert G. (2719 S. Catalina, Springfield, MO 65781) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,937,744 Date filed: October 5, 1998 Abstract: A convertible drum-type coating apparatus for applying breading material to food products includes an in-line breader section, a rotary drum section, and an outflow section. The rotary drum is mounted on an elevator for lowering and lifting between a low use position and a high non-use position. The low use position is involved with tumbling the breading material and food product together to enhance the coating by the breading material, and in a sense the tumbling gives the appearance of dusting off excess breading material. The coating apparatus is convertible in that the rotary drum can be lifted out of the way to the high non-use position to allow substitution in favor of a bypass conveyor. Bypass of the drum is desired when running "formed" food products and the like, such as patties (eg., beef) or cakes (eg., fish), which are ordinarily too delicate to tumble in the drum. The convertible drum-type coating apparatus further includes an auger-less re-circulation system for recovering excess breading material from the outflow section and returning it for re-use to the in-line breader section. Eliminating augers or "screw-conveyors" avoids clogging problems associated therewith. The convertible drum-type coating apparatus moreover includes a spreader mechanism at the drum's discharge end for spreading the discharging product in a series of courses traversing the lateral width of the outflow conveyor. This improvement eliminates four and five worker crews who to date do the same thing manually. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a coating apparatus for applying a coating to a stream of product passing continuously through it, and more particularly to a coating apparatus that handles food products fit for human consumption including without limitation chicken, fish, seafood, pork, beef and so on. The coating material is commonly a breading material which might range in composition from a flour mixture to a coarse bread-crumb mixture. The various kinds of breading material allow inclusion of spices or flavorings within the mixture. The coating apparatus has an infeed unit which is where the main coating activity takes place, and a drum which, when not bypassed, tumbles the coated product to knock off excess breading material as well as to ensure more even application of the coating material. The food product can be routed at the option of the operator(s) of the coating apparatus to bypass the drum. Bypassing the drum is desirable when processing "formed" food products such as beef patties or fish cakes and the like, which would disintegrate in the drum. Further inventive aspects of this coating apparatus include improvements in the way that the drum discharges coated product onto an outflow conveyor. This is achieved by an inventive spreader. Conventionally, a drum pours its discharge onto an outflow conveyor (or the like) in a single track that occupies only a relatively narrow strip on the width of the outflow conveyor. This conventional single track is also piled such that it is generally undesirable. The prior art solution has been to station a crew of between about four to six workers at the discharge end of the drum, who manually spread out the clumped together product. It would be preferred if the outflowing product were automatically spread more evenly distributed across the whole width of the outflow conveyor. This would eliminate the need for the crew. The run-time of the food line would be more economical and would not as much be hostage to break- or meal-times of the crew, or

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shift-changes and the like. Hence the spreader in accordance with the invention provides a highly desirable result. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05937744__ •

Device for producing ground meat patties of beef and/or pork Inventor(s): Kugelmann; Johan (Welden, DE) Assignee(s): OSI International, Inc. (Aurora, IL) Patent Number: 6,540,503 Date filed: June 14, 2000 Abstract: In order to increase the output, a device for producing ground meat patties of beef and/or pork comprises a shaping plate that can be moved out of a filling position in a shaping station into an ejecting position outside the shaping station, the shaping plate having holes that are disposed offset relative to each other in moving direction in two rows, one behind the other, a device by means of which the ground meat can be supplied under pressure via filling slots associated to each hole into the holes on the underside, said holes being covered at the top by means of a ventilation plate, an antilipbar serving to reduce the excess pressure that is disposed in the delivery area of the shaping station and having a continuous longitudinal slit and an ejection device disposed outside the shaping station above the ejecting position of the shaping plate having ejection cups whose quantity and position is coordinated with the holes 24 in the shaping plate. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a device for producing ground meat patties of beef and/or pork. This type of device is already known in the art based on NL-A-9301248, the European patent EP 0 708 601 B1 and the European patent application EP 0 818 148 A1. The disadvantage found in these devices is that with the existing shaping plate having a maximum of six openings, the previous filling process and the system-related maximum number of 80 to 90 cycles per minute allows only a limited output of ground beef and/or pork patties. Accordingly, there is a need for further developing a device of the above mentioned type so as to permit a significant increase in the output. The problem is solved in accordance with the invention by means of a device having the characteristic features of the patent claims. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06540503__

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Enchilada style food product and method of making Inventor(s): Cortez; Rose M. (3449 Buckner Dr., San Jose, CA 95127) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,177,111 Date filed: June 24, 1999 Abstract: A enchilada style food product and method of making for providing a better tasting and nutritious enchilada style food product. The enchilada style food product and method of making includes flour tortillas, ground beef, yellow onion, potatoes, sweet peas, cheddar cheese, chili powder, salt, and tomato sauce. The method generally includes making the flour tortillas; making a meat mixture using the ground beef, onions, and salt; making a chili sauce mixture using the chili powder, water and tomato

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sauce; boiling diced potatoes; coating the tortillas with the chili sauce mixture, rolling the meat mixture, the boiled potatoes, sweet peas, and cheese into the coated tortilla; frying a seamed side of the rolled tortilla until crisp; frying an opposite side of the rolled tortilla until crisp; garnishing; and serving. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food products and methods and more particularly pertains to a new enchilada style food product and method of making for providing a better tasting and nutritious enchilada style food product. The use of food products and methods is known in the prior art. More specifically, food products and methods heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of combinations in the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements. Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,126; U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,404; U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,083; U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,198; U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,900; U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,090; U.S. Pat. No. 4,396,817; U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,648; U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,643; U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,259; U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,974; and U.S. Pat. No. Des. 343,494; and U.S. Pat. No. Des. 339,744. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06177111__ •

Food article in the form of a taco chip Inventor(s): Parker; LeRoy (21250 Mahon, Southfield, MI 48075) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,083,554 Date filed: May 5, 1998 Abstract: A method of making an edible beef jerky-containing chip is disclosed. The chip is provided in a convenient and ready-to-eat form, and in a manner that is intended at preserving the meat flavor of the chip. The present invention includes a grain product such as wheat, rice, or corn, as well as bits of a meat product. The meat product is preferably beef jerky, although a variety of types of meats may be used. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a food product and method for making the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel method and means for utilizing meat product in a thin crisp of cooked food such as a chip. Some time ago edible chips established themselves as a highly desirable snack food for between-meal consumption. Chips offer the convenience of being ready-to-eat and readily storable. On the other hand, the use of meat and meat products is primarily known for consumption during main courses. Traditionally, meat and meat products, when served at all, are served either as a main dish or as a part of a sandwich or similar food combination. In some cases the meat or meat product may be combined with other components. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06083554__

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Food portioning tool Inventor(s): Evans; Todd D. (Corona, CA) Assignee(s): Taco Bell Corporation (Irvine, CA) Patent Number: 5,934,722 Date filed: August 29, 1997

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Abstract: A portioning tool designed to provide consistent portions of ground beef or other food product. The portioning tool has a scoop with a plurality of apertures. The apertures allow drainage of any excess liquid from the food product and aids in smoothly dispensing the ground beef. The apertures are larger than the average size of the food particle to be portioned. This prevents the food product from clogging the scoop or sticking to the scoop's side, which results in uneven portioning. The portioning tool also has an ergonomic shaped handle which aids in the proper orientation of the portioning tool in the user's hand. The handle may be attached to accommodate either left-handed or right-handed users. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food portioning tools, and more specifically to portioning tools designed to easily dispense a consistent portion of food product such as ground beef without excessive sticking of the food product to the portioning tool. Many restaurants currently use a variety of tools to dispense a portion of food onto or into a plate or similar food product (e.g, a taco shell). Pie knifes, scoops, and spoons have commonly been used for this purpose. While these tools adequately dispense food products, the amount dispensed varies widely from serving to serving. Many situations require a more accurate method of dispensing food. For example, in quick-service mexican food restaurants, consistent portions of meat (e.g. ground beef) must be served on or into each taco and burrito served. Using existing tools presents a variety of problems. First, when a pie knife or similar tool is used, the worker must estimate the portion to be served. This results in inaccurate and inconsistent portion sizes; typically, under portioning results. Also, use of the pie knife in this manner is messy as the dispensed food product tends to fall off the knife, and waste commonly results. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05934722__ •

Gene markers for beef marbling and tenderness Inventor(s): Fluharty; Francis (Wooster, OH), Jackwood; Daral J. (Wooster, OH) Assignee(s): The Ohio State University Research Foundation (Columbus, OH) Patent Number: 6,569,629 Date filed: October 11, 2001 Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided for objectively identifying: i) bovine animals having the genetic potential to produce beef that is marbled or tender, and ii) bovine carcasses whose beef is marbled or tender. The methods comprise extracting DNA from a sample obtained from a bovine animal or carcass, assaying for the presence of a DNA comprising a sequence, referred to hereinafter as a "genetic marker", in the DNA sample. In one aspect, the genetic marker is a marker of marbling, and comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1. In another aspect, the genetic marker is a marker of tenderness, and comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 4 or combinations thereof. The compositions include primers that amplify markers of marbled or tender beef present in bovine animal or carcass genomes and hybridization probes to detect marbling or tenderness markers. Excerpt(s): Beef used for human consumption has a number of characteristics desired by consumers. Characteristics such as color, texture, firmness, tenderness and marbling all contribute to the quality of a cut of meat. Based on such characteristics, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) classifies beef from bulls, steers and heifers into eight different quality grades. Beginning with the highest and continuing to the lowest, the eight quality grades are prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter

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and canner. Typically, beef that is classified as prime or choice is sold at higher prices than beef that is classified into lower quality grades. One particularly desired characteristic of beef is marbling which refers to the relative amount of intramuscular fat in the beef. Well-marbled beef, i.e., beef that contains substantial amounts of intramuscular fat relative to muscle, tends to be classified as prime or choice; whereas, beef that is not marbled tends to be classified as select. Another desirable characteristic of beef desired by consumers is tenderness which refers to the softness or the ease in chewing the meat, after it is cooked. At present, marbling is determined after a bovine animal is slaughtered. For example, marbling of beef from carcasses is determined by a certified USDA grader at the packing facility and involves visual inspection of a region between the 12th and 13th rib of a beef carcass. Unfortunately, the visual appraisal by the grader is costly, labor intensive, and time-consuming. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569629__ •

Generation and stabilization of preferred beef tallow flavors in frying oils Inventor(s): Massie; Cecil T. (Bloomington, MN), Muffet; Dorothy J. (Plymouth, MN), San Buenaventura; Gena (Makati, PH), Schuh; David A. (Burnsville, MN) Assignee(s): Source Food Technology, Inc (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,344,225 Date filed: October 30, 1998 Abstract: A frying oil is described which produces fried foods exhibiting a highly preferred flavor profile and flavor stability over the life of the oil. The invention includes a beef tallow fraction containing an effective amount of beef tallow stearin fraction and an effective amount of beef tallow volatiles such that upon heating is produced a flavor profile which is highly preferred in fried foods. Excerpt(s): The area of this invention is the preparation and use of a frying oil which produces a highly preferred flavor profile in fried foods while providing optimum fry life stability in a beef tallow containing frying oil. Kuss (U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,398) teaches that desirable flavor compounds in beef tallow are a low boiling volatile fraction which can be transferred from beef tallow to vegetable oil by passing a carrier gas first through the tallow at a temperature of 150.degree. F. or greater and then through a vegetable oil. The resulting beef tallow flavored vegetable oil lost the beef tallow flavor after brief period of use, however, demonstrating that the volatile constituents themselves do not provide long lasting flavor enhancement. Yang (U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,678) teaches that the flavor compounds of beef tallow arise from minor unsaturated fatty acid constituents. To isolate the effect of these fatty acids, Yang isolated the fatty acids, reconstituted the triglyceride and then deodorize the resulting triglyceride. The resulting product is said to develop beef tallow flavors upon heating. It would seem reasonable that these minor fatty acids would exert their flavor development in their natural state. The present inventors have found, however, that well deodorized beef tallow does not develop a preferred flavor profile when heated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06344225__

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Hanging rack for beef jerky Inventor(s): Broadnax; Sean (319 Del Norte Ave., Yuba City, CA 95991) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,996,820 Date filed: April 23, 1998 Abstract: A new jerky hanging rack for facilitating the curing of meat strips which have been seasoned with a preferred recipe of ingredients by supporting the meat strips a finite distance apart allowing aeration of the meat strips until cured. The inventive device includes a rack structure formed into an elongated U-shaped structure with a first upper member and a second upper member secured to the cornice of the rack structure in opposition to one another, where the upper members include a plurality of skewer slots which receive a plurality of skewer members. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cooking devices and more particularly pertains to a new jerky hanging rack for facilitating the curing of meat strips which have been seasoned with a preferred recipe of ingredients by supporting the meat strips a finite distance apart allowing aeration of said meat strips until cured. The use of cooking devices is known in the prior art. More specifically, cooking devices heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements. Known prior art cooking devices include U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,764; U.S. Pat. No. 4,112,833; U.S. Design Pat. No. 260,227; U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,344; U.S. Pat. No. 4,933,528 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,942,288. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05996820__

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Inactivation of iron dependent bacterium using visible and near infrared light Inventor(s): Rosenthal; Richard A. (2680 Pacer La., San Jose, CA 95111) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,030,653 Date filed: November 3, 1998 Abstract: An apparatus and process are provided for cold pasteurizing a food product such as a ground beef food product, using visible and near infrared light. The invention includes radiating the food product with pulsed near infrared light having a wavelength capable of penetrating the food product to at least about one centimeter in depth and further, radiating nonionizing radiation into the food product to inactivate bacterium, particularly iron dependent bacterium, therein. The nonionizing radiation preferably includes visible and near infrared wavelengths, with ultraviolet wavelengths filtered therefrom. The invention may further include using a pulsed heat exchanger to supercool the food product during the pulsed radiation treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to apparatus for cold pasteurization of food products and more specifically relates to apparatus and method for inactivating iron dependent bacterium such as E. coli and salmonella in the interior of a food product, such as ground beef, through the use of visible and near infrared radiation. Sanitation of foods for safe human consumption is becoming an increasingly urgent concern as new, more resilient strains of food borne pathogens have been proliferating.

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For example, a bacterial organism known as E. coli is ordinarily a benign organism found in the intestines of animals, and on the exterior of plants. However, E. coli has the ability to mutate into strains that are highly toxic if ingested. A recently discovered and particularly dangerous strain of the bacteria, called E. coli 0157:H7, has been implicated in numerous disease outbreaks, as many as thirty each year across the United States during the past five years. People have been infected and hospitalized as a result of eating contaminated beef, cheese and fresh fruits. Unfortunately, many experts believe that the problem is on the rise. As epidemiologists search for answers on how to discover sources of contamination during an epidemic, and as doctors search for new effective treatments, it is believed that prevention and controlling the spread of these pathogens is still the best way to protect the public health. Treatment of food products using high frequency radiation is considered "cold pasteurization" because it theoretically will not cause significant heating of the food being treated. Cold pasteurization uses nonionizing wavelengths of light. This is to be contrasted with sanitation processes that use ionizing radiation such as gamma, E-beam or X-ray radiation, which cause permanent denaturation of essential proteins and enzymes and permanent degradation of the organoleptic properties of the food product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06030653__ •

Method and apparatus for measuring characteristics of meat Inventor(s): Clinton; Robert P. (701 Carlisle Dr., Arnold, MD 21012) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,872,314 Date filed: July 25, 1997 Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring characteristics of meat, such as beef. More particularly, the invention uses quantitative analysis of ultrasonic A scan signals to measure the following characteristics of meat in real time: the percentage of intramuscular fat, the quality grade, the merit number, the depth of back fat and the approximate size of a predetermined rib eye area. The ultrasonic A scan signals are measured above the twelfth rib, above the thirteenth rib and between the twelfth and thirteenth ribs. The invention can be used with either live or processed animals. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring characteristics of meat, such as beef. More particularly, the invention uses quantitative analysis of an ultrasonic A scan signal to measure the following characteristics of meat: the percentage of intramuscular fat, the quality grade, the merit number, the depth of back fat and the approximate size of a predetermined rib eye area. Ultrasonic A scan signals are measured above the twelfth rib, above the thirteenth rib and between the twelfth and thirteenth ribs. The invention can be used with either live or slaughtered animals. Traditionally, meat is visually inspected and graded after an animal has been slaughtered. With beef, for example, a cut is made between the 12th and 13th rib. A grader then visually inspects the exposed meat. Based on the appearance of this cross section, the grader classifies the meat according to predetermined standards that reflect the amount of fat, or marbling, present in the meat. Typically, beef is classified according to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) guidelines. Under USDA guidelines, meat can be classified as standard, select, choice or prime. The visual inspection of meat has several disadvantages. First, the grading is subjectively based on the opinion of the grader. Different graders may assign different grades to the same piece of meat. Even the same grader might assign different grades to the same meat on

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different days. This is extremely important because the value of the meat is directly dependent on the grade it is assigned. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05872314__ •

Method and device for determining meat tenderness Inventor(s): Aignel; Denis (Cesson-Sevigne, FR), Faure; Patrick (Saint-Gregoire, FR), Laumonier; Patrice (Balaze, FR) Assignee(s): Societe Vitreenne d'Abattage (Vitre, FR) Patent Number: 6,563,580 Date filed: January 3, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for determining the quality of meat, in particular beef, on the transformation site, comprising the following steps: a) collecting, on the transformation site, data on parameters pertaining to the group consisting of the animal's race, age, and category, and biological and/or physico-chemical parameters of the animal's carcass pertaining to the group consisting of weight, conformation, fleshing, the carcass pH and color, and the thickness of the hide; b) obtaining at least an optical spectrum of the meat at wavelengths pertaining to a spectral range from the visible to near-infrared; c) combining data obtained from steps a) and b), to determine the meat tenderness according to a predetermined law established with respect to a predetermined tenderness reference scale. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of International application No. PCT/FR99/01404, dated Jun. 14, 1999, which in turn claims priority of French application No. 98/08536, filed Jul. 3, 1998. The present invention relates to the determining of the tenderness of meat, in particular of beef, on the transformation site by means of biological and/or physico-chemical data and optical measurements in the visible and near infrared range. Among the numerous factors of quality of meat, such as juiciness, tenderness, colour, or flavour, tenderness is considered as the factor of quality which gives the most satisfaction to the consumer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06563580__

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Method for cutting a flat or round Inventor(s): Gagliardi; Eugene D. (Atglen, PA) Assignee(s): Visionary Design, Inc. (Atglen, PA) Patent Number: 5,951,392 Date filed: September 22, 1998 Abstract: A method for cutting a portion of a flat or outside animal round into a plurality of meat products including steaks having substantially enhanced value comprises removing substantially all of a fat layer from the exterior surface of the portion of the animal round. A natural seam on the muscle is located and a cut is made along the seam to divide the portion of the beef round into at least two separate portions, a first portion having coarse grains extending in multiple directions and a second portion having generally parallel grains. Substantially all of the cartilage, membrane, fat, and other non-meat tissue is removed from the outside of the first portion. Substantially all of the cartilage, membrane, fat and other non-meat tissue is

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also removed from the outside of the second portion. The second portion is tenderized and is then cut across the grain in a direction generally parallel to natural seam into a plurality of steaks, each steak being very low in fat content and of relatively high economic value. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method of cutting an animal carcass into edible meat products and more particularly, to a method of cutting a flat or outside round, into a plurality of steaks or london broils. The butchering and dressing of animals, such as cattle, for the purpose of producing edible meat or beef products is well known. Animals are butchered into meat products such as rib roasts, sirloin steaks, strip steaks, and the like. Typically, a side or quarter of beef is butchered by a meat cutter cutting or otherwise removing from the standing side or beef quarter as many "high value" beef products as feasible. Such high value beef products include roasts, steaks, and the like. Once the high value cuts or products are removed from the standing side or beef quarter, the products are further processed by deboning, trimming, cleaning, and the like, and are thereafter wrapped and sold for relatively high per pound prices. Such high value cuts include the middle cuts of the carcass including the rib, loin, and sirloin. They are typically considered the most tender and are derived from the most well-protected, less-stressed muscles and have a fine close-grained texture. Other less desirable or lower value components are also removed from the remainder of the side or beef quarter and sold separately as less valuable roasts. Typically, the lesser desirable components include muscles having coarse grains running in many different directions similar to a cowlick unlike the fine closed grained texture described above. Alternatively, the removed lower value components are placed into a meat grinder along with other components trimmed from the higher value products and converted into ground beef to be sold at a generally lesser price per pound than the per pound price of higher value products. Any meat which goes through a grinder becomes a commodity of lesser quality and cost. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05951392__ •

Method for determining the percent fat of a meat product Inventor(s): Banayan; Daniel (P.O. Box 261338, Encino, CA 91426) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,858,795 Date filed: July 14, 1997 Abstract: A device (10) for determining the percent fat of a meat product such as beef or pork. The device 10 is presented in two designs, the first design uses a mechanical device in the form of a slide chart (12) and the second design employs an electronic device which is disclosed in three design configurations. The slide chart includes a stationary member (14) having a plurality of percent moisture windows (30) and percent fat windows (32) and a movable member (62) having a multiplicity of percent moisture figures (72) and percent fat figures (74). When a selected percent moisture figure (72) is located on the percent moisture window (30) the equivalent percent fat figure (74) is displayed on the percent fat window (32). The first design of the electronic device consists of a hand-held electronic calculator (90) which calculates the percent fat of the meat product when the percent moisture is known. The second design of the electronic device utilizes a percent moisture analyzer (110) that is connected, via a cable assembly (119), to an electronic calculator (94) which calculates the percent fat. The third electronic device design consists of an integrated percent moisture and fat analyzer (108).

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Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to the general field of percent fat analyzers for meat products. More particularly, the invention discloses a mechanical device and three electronic devices that can be used to analyze and calculate the percent fat of a meat product such as beef and pork. For many years the attitude of living healthy has become a primary concern of both men and women of all age groups. The need for exercise and healthy eating is now a way of life for a great majority of People. To assist in maintaining a healthy lifestyle, many new products and concepts have been introduced. These can range from membership gyms and home exercise equipment to special foods and recipes for health-conscious eating. One of the primary concerns of the health-food industry is the ability to disclose to the consumer the nutrition information for a specific food. Most healthy-conscious individuals are very interested in the amount of calories, sodium and, especially fat that is present in the food they eat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05858795__ •

Method for preparing cooked meat slices Inventor(s): Cohen; M. Richard (757 Highway 98 East, Suite 14-307, Destin, FL 32541) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,042,871 Date filed: November 12, 1998 Abstract: A method for preparing cooked meat slices includes slicing larger portions of fresh meat into pluralities of slices in one pass of each portion through a multi-blade, automatic slicer. Slicing releases cell components which bind the slices together to form a loaf of meat slices. The loaf of bound together slices are thereafter simultaneously agitated and heated in a cooking liquid at an elevated temperature for a time sufficient to cause the slices to delaminate in the loaf and separate from one another. The slices may be left in the cooking liquid at the elevated temperature for a time sufficient to cook completely therethrough or may be removed from the first liquid for subsequent cooking at higher temperature. Subsequent cooking may occur in a second liquid or in a dry cooker such an oven or grill to more thoroughly brown the meat or in a dry cooker after partial cooking in a second liquid. The fresh meat may be marinated before cooking. Vacuum marination, preferably after slicing, allows maximum marinade liquid penetration in the shortest time. Although the method is designed particularly for beef slices used in steak sandwiches and the like, other meats may be processed in the same manner. Excerpt(s): Steak sandwiches, such as Philadelphia style or "Philly" steak sandwiches, have become highly popular. Commercially, the beef steaks used in these sandwiches are generally supplied precooked. The standard commercial process for providing precooked beef steak slices entails packing fresh beef chunks into boxes or metal pans to form molds of solid meat blocks. The meat chunk molds are frozen to a temperature of about minus 10.degree. F. When needed, the molds are tempered, that is, allowed to warm to a temperature of about 28.degree. F. for slicing. The meat must be frozen to firm the meat sufficiently throughout so that it can be handled by conventional, automatic meat slicers and keep frozen so the chunks remain together at least until sliced. The automatic meat slicers deposit a series of cut meat slices onto a conveyer which carries the separated slices into an oven or other "dry" cooker. The individual slices are cooked throughout. The cooked slices are then packaged for shipment. The conventional process of preparing fully cooked beef slices suffers from high fixed and variable costs. An inventory of metal boxes/pans and cold storage facilities must be

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provided. The meat must be deeply frozen to firm the meat sufficiently throughout so that it can be handled by conventional, automatic meat-slicing equipment. Freezing takes one to two days. Tempering frozen meat takes another two to three days. Thus, significant amounts of meat must be maintained in inventory or delays will be incurred if the process is not begun until after orders are received. Even with quick or flash freezing, the above-described conventional process typically results in a shrunken and grey colored finished product because of damaging the cell structure and having a taste different from cooking fresh meat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06042871__ •

Method for processing a homogeneous food product Inventor(s): Palaniappan; Sevugan (Grayslake, IL), Sizer; Charles E. (Hawthorn Woods, IL), Walley; Rawn P. (New Palestine, IN) Assignee(s): Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance, S.A. (Pully, CH) Patent Number: 5,792,498 Date filed: February 21, 1997 Abstract: A method for processing a food product is disclosed which overcomes problems associated with coagulation of food products (mostly meat products) undergoing aseptic processing. The method coagulates the food product prior to aseptic processing. The coagulated food product is then separated into smaller particles using various methods. The food product is then subjected to aseptic processing and packaging. The method is especially applicable to thawed meat products such as lamb or beef. The method allows for the aseptic shipment of food products to overseas markets where previously the food product had been frozen to prevent spoilage during shipment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for aseptically processing and packaging food. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for aseptically processing and packaging a meat or fish product. The transportation of a food product from one location to another location presents a number of problems for a food processor. One major problem is the possibility of spoilage of the food product during transport. Another major problem is the cost of transportation of the food product, especially if the food product is frozen prior to shipment to prevent spoilage of the food product. Yet another major problem is processing the food product once it has arrived a food processor's plant. These problems are further exaggerated when the food product is shipped overseas as is common in an intertwined global economy where the lowest cost producer may be an overseas entity. These problems are still further exaggerated when the food product is a meat product which has been frozen for shipment overseas to undergo aseptic processing for retail distribution. Frozen meat or fish requires an extended thawing period which degrades the microbiological and sensoric properties. The thawing also inconveniences the food processing plant and requires special equipment. A particular problem with a meat product undergoing aseptic processing is the tendency for the meat product to coagulate while undergoing the aseptic processing thereby clogging the machinery and preventing the processing of the meat product. This problem of coagulation is a serious detriment the meat processing industry if left unresolved would lessen the purchase of a meat product from the lowest cost producer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05792498__

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Method of improving the water-holding capacity, color, and organoleptic properties of beef, pork, and poultry Inventor(s): Greaser; Marion L. (Middleton, WI), Kauffman; Robert G. (Madison, WI), Pospiech; Edward (Paznan, PL), Russell; Ronald L. (Brooklyn, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,020,012 Date filed: June 5, 1997 Abstract: A method of improving the color, water-holding capacity, and organoleptic qualities of beef, pork, lamb, veal, and poultry by injecting or perfusing a solution of sodium bicarbonate into a carcass is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is drawn to a method of improving the water-holding capacity (WHC), color, and organoleptic properties of fresh meats, including beef, pork, amd poultry, by injecting an early post-mortem, pre-rigor carcass with one or more solutions which serve to reduce the rate and extent of pH decline of the meat on the carcass. Consumers purchase meat products after making judgments about the quality and price of the meat. Consumers often use color to judge the ultimate tenderness and taste of the meat product. However, such quality attributes are very difficult to quantify from visual appraisal. For purposes of this application, the term "meat(s)" or "meat product(s)" are synonymous and refer to the processed cuts of meat offered to the wholesale and retail buying public. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06020012__

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Method of making a cooking pouch containing a raw protein portion, a raw or blanched vegetable portion and a sauce Inventor(s): Wright; Leah Kay (Rogers, AR) Assignee(s): Food Talk, Inc. (Rogers, AR) Patent Number: 6,488,973 Date filed: November 19, 1998 Abstract: A frozen food product which includes a raw protein portion, a raw or an only partially cooked or blanched vegetable portion and a sauce, contained in a sealed cooking pouch made primarily of paper and a susceptor layer, preferably aluminum, which may be placed in an oven or microwave oven so as to cook the contents of the cooking pouch. The raw protein product is preferably one of fish, beef, poultry, pork or veal. The vegetables are raw or blanched vegetables such as julienne peppers, celery, carrots, onions, zucchini or broccoli. The blanched vegetables are only partially cooked so that the time remaining to complete cooking of the vegetables is approximately the same as the time required to cook the raw protein portion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of frozen food products including a raw protein portion. The protein may be by itself, or alternatively, the protein portion may include at least one of a raw or blanched vegetable portion or a sauce sealed in a cooking pouch formed of a sheet material having a paper outermost layer and a plastic coated metal innermost layer. In today's hurried world, little time is left for the involved processes of cooking a gourmet meal. Accordingly, resort has been made to taking advantage of processed or frozen, prepared meals. These meals come in various forms of precooked food and provide a wide range of entrees and flavors. However, the

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offerings of the processed food industry have not yet achieved the quality of a restaurant prepared meal. The reheating of frozen, precooked food cannot provide the flavor and texture of fresh food. For example, a popular dish in restaurants which must be prepared from all fresh ingredients is "pompano in a bag" or "fillets de poisson en papillotes". This specialty item traditionally includes fish which is cooked in a parchment paper bag or using greaseproof (waxed) paper. The bag is crumbled at its open end to form a loose closing of the bag so as, to a limited extent, produce a build-up of steam pressure in the bag during a cooking process. However, this type of quality food product has previously been unavailable to the frozen food mass market. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06488973__ •

Method of preparing a uniformly tender meat product Inventor(s): Purser; David E. (San Antonio, TX) Assignee(s): Distinctive Brands, Inc. (Boulder, CO) Patent Number: 6,319,527 Date filed: October 26, 1999 Abstract: A method of preparing a uniformly tender meat product having an extended shelf life comprises the steps of selecting one or more meat ingredients wherein the muscle weight is comprised of whole protein tissue fibers, such as beef or pork, and mixing an acidulent with the meat to form a pretenderized meat product. Subsequently, the pre-tenderized meat product is mixed with an enzymatic tenderizer and cooked. The finished product is typically packaged in an oxygen-impermeable film, which also contains a microbe-inhibiting atmosphere and an oxygen-moisture scavenging agent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for preparing a uniformly tender meat product having an extended shelf life. More particularly, this invention relates to a method whereby the resulting uniformly tender meat product with an extended shelf life is produced using a combination of acid treatment and a tenderizing enzyme. Naturally prepared jerky, also known as charqui, is typically made with strips of lean animal tissue having distinct muscle striation. The natural toughness of the product is enhanced by using muscle tissue with a significant whole protein tissue fiber content. In addition, most of the factors which contribute to tenderness, or the lack thereof, such as the anatomical location of muscle within the animal, product freshness, moisture content, fat content, animal age, etc. are not easily controlled. Thus, a significant amount of time and care is required to prepare whole muscle natural jerky which, in most cases, lacks consistent tenderness. Further, current methods provide an inconsistently tender product due to the inconsistent application of tenderizing adjuncts. The protein structure of meat is such that the application of tenderizer using conventional tumbling or soaking processes will result in an end product which is overly-tender in some areas, while remaining rather tough in others. Until the tenderizer begins to act on the outer muscle fibers, many of the inner fibers remain closed to the tenderizing activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06319527__

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Method of reconstituting meat Inventor(s): Glidden, Sr.; Peter H. (Whiting, ME), Liberman; Barnet L. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Winterlab Limited (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,807,598 Date filed: November 12, 1996 Abstract: A method of reconstituting meat from trims of fish, poultry, pork, beef or the like. The method includes the steps of freezing the trims, defrosting the trims, configuring the defrosted trims and then refreezing the configured trims using a cooled brine. The cooled brine is cooled to a temperature between about -22.degree. and 46.degree. F., and includes at least 0.005% by weight of cruciferous oil, such as rapeseed oil. The method does not require the use of any artificial binding agent for holding the reconstituted meat together, even during normal cooking conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods of reconstituting meat from trims of fish, poultry or the like and, in particular, a method of reconstituting meat which requires no binding agents. Various methods have been devised to reconstitute meat from trims or scrap pieces of beef, veal, pork, fish, poultry or the like for maximizing recovery of meat products therefrom. One known method of reconstituting meat makes use of binding agents for holding pieces of trims together so that the reconstituted meat does not fall apart during cooking. The known method includes the steps of coating fresh, i.e. not previously frozen, trims with a commercially available binding agent or binder, packing the trims in a mold, then allowing the binding agent to cure at about 35.degree. F. for one hour. An example of a commercially available binder contains 0.5% transglutaminase, 2.5% sodium polyphosphate, 2.5% anhydrous sodium pyrophosphate, 2.0% silicon dioxide, and 92.5% casein. Another example of a binding agent contains 75.0% protein (from milk and/or egg) and 25.0% calcium chloride and/or sodium chloride. A disadvantage of this known method is that the binding agent adds to the reconstituted meat "chemicals" which many consumers deem undesirable for consumption. Another disadvantage is that the binding agent sometimes gives the reconstituted meat an "unnatural" resiliency or flavor. As expected, these shortcomings decrease the marketability of reconstituted meat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05807598__

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Method of reconstituting meat from trims Inventor(s): Glidden, Sr.; Peter H. (Whiting, ME), Liberman; Barnet L. (NY, NY) Assignee(s): Winterlab Limited (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,248,381 Date filed: August 11, 1999 Abstract: An improved method of reconstituting meat from trims of fish, poultry, pork or beef comprises the steps of freezing the trims, configuring the frozen trims and compressing the frozen trims with an external force to form purge on the outer surface thereof. The method does not require the trims to be defrosted and the use of any artificial binding agent for holding the reconstituted meat together, even during normal cooking conditions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved method of reconstituting meat from trims of fish, poultry, pork, veal or the like. In particular, the present method

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enables meat to be reconstituted while still in a frozen state. Various methods have been devised to reconstitute meat into logs with various cross-sectional shapes, such as round or square, from trims or scrap pieces of beef, veal, pork, fish, poultry or the like for maximizing recovery of meat products therefrom. One known method of reconstituting meat makes use of binding agents for holding pieces of trims together so that the reconstituted meat does not fall apart during cooking. The known method includes the steps of coating fresh, i.e. not previously frozen, trims with a commercially available binding agent or binder, packing the trims in a mold, then allowing the binding agent to cure at about 35.degree. F. for one hour. An example of a commercially available binder contains 0.5% trans-glutaminase, 2.5% sodium polyphosphate, 2.5% anhydrous sodium pyrophosphate, 2.0% sillicon dioxide, and 92.5% casein. Another example of a binding agent contains 75.0% protein (from milk and/or egg) and 25.0% calcium chloride and/or sodium chloride. However, the conventional binding agents added to the reconstituted meat are "chemicals" that many consumers deem undesirable for consumption. In addition, the binding agent sometimes gives the reconstitute meat an "unnatural" resiliency or flavor. Thus, adding binding agents decreases the marketability of the reconstituted meat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06248381__ •

Methods for assessing the beef characteristics of live cattle Inventor(s): Fluharty; Francis (Wooster, OH), Jackwood; Daral J. (Wooster, OH) Assignee(s): The Ohio State University Research Foundation (Columbus, OH) Patent Number: 6,242,191 Date filed: December 30, 1999 Abstract: Methods for identifying cattle and beef carcasses that have markers of beef tenderness are provided The methods comprise extracting DNA from a sample obtained from a bovine animal or beef carcass, amplifying the extracted DNA using a primer referred to hereinafter as the "CSTN" primer and low stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions to provide a pool of PCR products, and then assaying the pool for the presence or absence of a PCR product of approximately 350 base pairs, a PCR product of approximately 625 base pairs, a PCR product of approximately 675 base pairs, a PCR product of approximately 1450 base pairs, or combinations thereof. The CSTN primer is a single stranded oligonucleotide of from 8 to 12 nucleotides and having the sequence 5' CGGGCAGG-3', SEQ ID NO:1. Methods for identifying cattle and carcasses that have markers of beef marbling are also provided. The method comprise extracting DNA from a tissue sample from a bovine animal or beef carcass, amplifying the extracted DNA using a primer referred to hereinafter as the "CPN" primer and low stringency PCR conditions to provide a pool of PCR products, and then assaying the pool for the presence or absence of a PCR product of approximately 175 base pairs, or a PCR product of approximately 600 base pairs, or both PCR products. The CPN primer is a single stranded oligonucleotide comprising from 9 to 12 nucleotides and having the sequence 5'GCGCGAACG-3', SEQ ID NO:3. Excerpt(s): Under the current standards established by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), beef from bulls, steers, and heifers is classified into eight different quality grades. Beginning with the highest and continuing to the lowest, the eight quality grades are prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter and canner. The characteristics which are used to classify beef include color, texture, firmness, and marbling, a term which is used to describe the relative amount of intramuscular fat of

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the beef. Well-marbled beef from steers and heifers, i.e., beef that contains substantial amounts of intramuscular fat relative to muscle, tends to be classified as prime or choice; whereas, beef that is not marbled tends to be classified as select. Beef that is classified as prime or choice, typically, is sold at higher prices than beef that is classified into lower quality grades. Classification of beef into different quality grades is a subjective process which occurs at the packing facility and involves visual inspection of a region between the 12th and 13th rib of a beef carcass by a certified USDA grader. The grader relies on pictures and other objective aids to make his determinations as to color, texture, firmness, and marbling. Unfortunately, the visual appraisal by the grader is costly, labor intensive, and time-consuming. Moreover, the visual appraisal of a beef carcass cannot occur until the animals are harvested. Currently there are no methods for identifying live cattle that have or that lack the genetic potential to produce beef that is wellmarbled. Such information could be used by the cattle producer to channel calves into particular feeding regimens and to meet the requirements of specific marketing programs. Such information could also be used to identify cattle that are good candidates for breeding. Thus, it is desirable to have a method which can be used to assess the beef marbling potential of live cattle, particularly young cattle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06242191__ •

Multilayer plastic film, useful for packaging a cook-in foodstuff Inventor(s): Idlas; Scott Allan (Downers Grove, IL) Assignee(s): Viskase Corporation (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 5,759,648 Date filed: July 5, 1996 Abstract: A multilayer, preferably biaxially oriented, film suitable for processing and/or packaging cook-in foods such as ham, roast beef and poultry having an excellent combination of oxygen barrier, heat seal and optical properties comprising at least five essential sequential layers with a first layer of a copolymer of propene and at least one C.sub.2 -C.sub.8.alpha.-olefin having a propene content of at least 60 wt. % and preferably having a melting point <140.degree. C.; a second layer of (1) a first copolymer of ethylene and at least one C.sub.4 -C.sub.8.alpha.-olefin having a density of from 0.900 to 0.915 g/cm.sup.3 and a melt index of less than 1.0 dg/min., (2) a second copolymer of ethylene with from 4 to 18%, preferably 4 to 12%, of a vinyl ester or alkyl acrylate, (3) an anhydride-modified third copolymer of ethylene with at least one.alpha.-olefin, a vinyl ester or an alkyl acrylate, and (4) optionally a fourth copolymer of ethylene and at least one C.sub.3 -C.sub.8.alpha.-olefin having a density less than 0.900 g/cm.sup.3 and a melting point less of less than 85.degree. C.; a third EVOH layer; a fourth layer like the second layer; and a fifth layer of a first copolymer of ethylene with at least one C.sub.4 C.sub.8.alpha.-olefin having a density of from 0.900 to 0.915 g/cm.sup.3 and a melt index of less than 1.0 dg/min., and a second copolymer of ethylene with from 4 to 18%, preferably 4 to 12%, of a vinyl ester or alkyl acrylate, and optionally a third copolymer of ethylene and at least one C.sub.3 -C.sub.8.alpha.-olefin having a density less than 0.900 g/cm.sup.3 and a melting point less of less than 85.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in the art of packaging foodstuffs, especially cook-in foods such as for example ham, beef, and turkey breasts. Various published patent documents disclose different types of packaging films for cook-in and other processing or packaging applications. U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,185 (Shah) discloses a five layer coextruded oriented film having a core layer of an EVOH-nylon

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blend attached to outer layers of a blend of linear low density polyethylene, linear medium density polyethylene, and EVA using intermediate layers of an acid anhydridemodified adhesive resin. The film is irradiated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05759648__ •

Nitrite formation in beef mixed vegetable juice: isolation of nitrite-resistant bacteria which have nitrate reductase activity Inventor(s): Kim; Cheryl K. (4683 Ravine Dr., Bloomfield Hills, MI 48301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,217,925 Date filed: February 26, 1999 Abstract: There is provided a method for retarding bacterial growth in foods by adding plant extracts. Also provided is a bacterial growth inhibitor for foods containing a plant extract. A method for isolating nitrate-resistant bacteria with nitrate reductase activity by growing nitrate-resistant bacterial and nitrate rich media is also provided. Also provided is a method of measurement by utilizing nitrate-resistant bacteria with high nitrate reductase activity. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a general method for isolation and growth of nitrite-resistant bacteria with a high level of inducible nitrate reductase activity. In particular, the present invention relates to a method of isolation and growth of bacteria with a high level of inducible nitrate reductase activity using Chinese cabbage and celery extracts as a source of the bacteria and media. The present invention also relates to a general method of inhibiting bacterial growth in foods by adding nitrate-rich vegetable extracts. More specifically, the present invention demonstrates an antibacterial effect of Chinese cabbage and celery extracts on beef during storage. Sodium nitrate and nitrite are added to meat as preservatives to ward off bacteria. These compounds are also responsible for a bright-red color of cured meat (Committee on nitrite and alternative curing agents in food, national Academy of Sciences, Chapter 3, 1981). Vegetables such as celery, spinach, beets, turnip greens, radishes and lettuce have a high nitrate content (Committee on nitrite and alternative curing agents in food, national Academy of Sciences, Chapter 5, 1981). As a result, nitrate consumed by U.S. residents is primarily through vegetables. However, the main source of nitrite in the U.S. is cured meats (Committee on nitrite and alternative curing agents in food, national Academy of Sciences, Chapter 5, 1981; White, 1975). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06217925__

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Packaging to hold fastfoods and expose only bite-sized portions being eaten Inventor(s): Ogbue; M. Udeozo (5159 Micmac Crescent, Mississauga, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,290,121 Date filed: October 19, 1999 Abstract: A more convenient, user-friendly and less messy packaging that enables the eater to cleanly and hygienically hold and handle hamburgers, beef burgers, cheeseburgers, chicken burgers, fish burgers, croissant sandwiches, Kaiser sandwiches

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and similar fast foods; and expose one bite-sized portion of the fast food at a time. The packaging shell has symmetrical and matching segments in the bottom and top plates that the eater can tear off in order to expose the fast food in one bite-sized portion at a time while eating; and, provides space to act as a trough for catching morsels, spills, drips, and run-offs and fluids from vegetables and condiments. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to packaging, serving, holding, handling and consumption of convenience and fast foods such as hamburgers, beef burgers, cheeseburgers, chicken burgers, fish burgers, croissant sandwiches, Kaiser sandwiches and similar fast foods. It specifically concerns a holding, handling, preserving and dispensing shell to enable customers to eat servings of burger-type fast foods while minimising the risk of soiling and contaminating same with dirty hands; ingesting the hand-contaminated food; having too much of the food go cold; and, spilling and splattering of morsels, condiments, remnants and fluids on clothing, furniture and vehicle interiors. Fast and convenience food outlets have become popular features around the world Cities, towns, communities and highways in North America and all over the world boast such fast food outlets as "McDonald's", "Wendy's", "Burger King", "Harvey's", "A&W", "Subway", "Arby's", "Lick's" and others depending on the continent and particular country. Convenience and fast food outlets present their burgers, bun sandwiches and similar fast foods to customers in unit packaging such as paper wraps, plastic wraps, paper boxes, cardboard boxes or styrofoam boxes. The customers proceed to eat the burgers by first unwrapping the paper fully or partially with a risk of mess, or opening the box and grasping and lifting the fast food (again with a risk of mess). Eating of the unwrapped and exposed burger or bun sandwich is done with condiments and fluids spilling and dripping from all sides in the fast food premises, motor vehicle or home. Most customers who have little time or opportunity to wash their hands are compelled to handle and contaminate their fast foods due to the use of the current inconvenient, untidy and unhygienic, full-exposure packaging. A lot of care is exercised by the customers to avoid soiling the fast food with usually dirty hands; letting the food go cold; squeezing out the condiments, fluids and morsels; and soiling their clothing, furniture and vehicle interiors. A major drawback of the current packaging for burger and bun sandwich fast foods is the inconvenient and unhygienic aspects of forcing workers straight out of construction sites, plants, factories, warehouses and similar workplaces; and travellers coming off the roads and highways; to handle and eat their fast foods with dirty hands and risk food contanination, food spill and mess. trapping and confining the squeezed out condiments, morsels, remnants and fluids in the trough of the packaging. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06290121__ •

Peptide-containing compositions, and methods of making and using same Inventor(s): Kochel; Bonawentura (Ul. Tragutta, 57/59 Wroclaw, PL) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,312,602 Date filed: December 15, 1998 Abstract: A first preferred peptide containing composition has therapeutically beneficial components, i.e., which heighten the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, consisting of molecules with a molecular weight of at least 8 kDa, and preferably at least 15 kDa. The beneficial components comprise peptides which will absorb light at an absorption band of.DELTA.lambda.=200-235 nm,.lambda.sub.max =205 nm, in the UV spectrum. The

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preparation is nontoxic and is formulated using casein, blood albumin, beef peptone, nucleic acid (RNA) and a base such as sodium hydroxide. The preparation stimulates phagocytic activity of neutrophils, if used at sufficient concentrations. A second preferred preparation is obtained using the same components of manufacture, but filtering or centrifuging the preparation to provide a composition containing components exclusively having a molecular weight of <8-15 kDa which inhibits phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel compositions containing peptides, which are useful as antiviral agents, and as agents useful in treating auto immune diseases, and to methods of making and using same. More particularly, the invention pertains to modified formulations, of the type described, with an improved ability to stimulate phagocytosis in humans for treatment of viruses and the like, and to methods of making and using same. In the art there is at least one conventionally known formulation containing peptides and peptones, which is distributed under the trademark Reticulose.TM., which has been used as antiviral agent for humans in relation to treatment of viral infections/diseases such as influenza, herpes, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis A and B, and most recently HIV. The known formulation is referred to as "conventional peptide-peptone composition" hereinafter. U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,472 has recently issued on what is believed to be a method of using the conventional peptide-peptone composition to treat a specific disease. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,472 is hereby incorporated by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312602__ •

Pit-1 gene polymorphism and trait selection in animals Inventor(s): Portetelle; Daniel (Bruyere, BE), Renaville; Robert (Gembloux, BE) Assignee(s): Tomen Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,492,142 Date filed: January 22, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to a genetic marker used to distinguish amongst animals a trait for milk producing capabilities or muscular beef producing capabilities, said genetic marker comprising a mutation in a fragment of a Pit-1 gene. After digestion with a restriction endonuclease, three allele patterns are observed, the fully digested pattern being indicative of a trait for muscularity in said animal, while the intermediate digested / nondigested pattern or the nondigested pattern being indicative of a milk producing trait in said animal. A process and kit using this genetic marker is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a genetic marker associated with different conformational traits. More specifically, the present invention describes a process wherein a polymorphism in a Pit-1 gene is used to determine traits in animals such as milk production and muscularity with ease. Selection of a particular trait in a mammal is presently very expensive and very slow. Usually the selection process involves a genealogical evaluation of the mammals history over a long period of time. This evaluation is based on various traits of the mammal or animal such as birth weight, growth weight, build, muscle strength, firmness, marbling, color, and the like. Most of the selection of a particular trait in an animal to date, involves visually characterizing the specific traits over a time frame or weighing the animal at particular times. The animals with the quality traits that are to be selected are then bred with similar animals

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such that the particular trait is hopefully dominant in the next generation or the generations to follow. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06492142__ •

Process for producing a food product from whole vegetables and animal meat Inventor(s): Hochman; Mitchell (31 Jane St., Suite 9G, New York, NY 10014) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,766,667 Date filed: December 31, 1996 Abstract: A process for producing a meat analogue comprising the steps of liquefying whole vegetables being about 70% to about 99% water, thereby eliminating the need for added water, and blending the liquefied whole vegetables with animal meat to form a blended beef block. Excerpt(s): This application hereby claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/013,140 filed Mar. 11, 1996. The present invention relates to a method for producing a food product using a combination of meat and fresh whole vegetables, as well as the food product produced by the method, which is designed to simulate a frankfurter or a bologna but is not limited thereto. In response to public perception regarding the health risks in connection with the consumption of red meat and products formed thereby, it has become a common goal amongst those in the art to produce a food product comprising meat which has a lower fat content and which is more healthy. To achieve this goal, meat manufacturers have substituted turkey and/or chicken for beef in such food products because of their perceived low fat content. However, the recent introduction of the new food labeling laws have defined fat content as a percentage of calories thus enlightening consumers to the fact that these meat substitutes are not substantially lower in fat than beef. In addition, the utilization of meat substitutes have left consumers' cravings for red meat unsatisfied. Thus, the failure to reduce the true fat content of these products in combination with the lack of the "meaty" taste consumers desire of such products have caused some difficulties in the art of healthy meat food product processing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05766667__

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Producing meat with enhanced shelf-life Inventor(s): Allen; Vivien Gore (Lubbock, TX), Pond; Kevin R. (Wolfforth, TX) Assignee(s): Texas Tech University (Lubbock, TX) Patent Number: 6,383,538 Date filed: June 16, 1999 Abstract: A method of obtaining beef of increased shelf-life comprises the step of grazing cattle on forage on or into which seaweed supplement has been incorporated or directly feeding seaweed supplement to cattle during the feedlot finishing period. A method of obtaining pork of increased shelf-life comprises the step of feeding seaweed supplement to pigs during the nursery period of their life cycle. A preferred seaweed is Ascophyllum nodosum.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of producing meat of increased shelf-life. Background in respect to beef and pork production is set forth below. We turn firstly to beef production. Beef is typically obtained from cattle (beef cattle or dairy cattle) that have grazed in pastures and have fed in feedlots. About two years after birth, the animals are slaughtered and primal cuts are obtained. The primal cuts are usually vacuum packaged to preserve freshness, and the vacuum packaged primal cuts are sent to supermarkets or other meat distribution businesses where the vacuum packaging is removed and the primal cuts are cut into smaller cuts which are repackaged or displayed in a case for sale. As time passes beyond the period of optimum sale, the pieces of beef lose their desirable bright cherry red color and darken due to browning or otherwise discolor and become non-uniform in color (two-toning) and must be sold at lower than premium prices, and eventually are converted to hamburger and sold at much lower prices. Extending the shelf-life of beef by preserving optimum color is a sought after goal whereby the stores selling the beef can obtain higher return on beef that they purchase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383538__ •

Reducing E. coli content of beef Inventor(s): Allen; Vivian Gore (Lubbock, TX), Pond; Kevin R. (Wolfforth, TX) Assignee(s): Texas Tech University (Lubbock, TX) Patent Number: 6,270,812 Date filed: January 31, 2000 Abstract: A method of obtaining beef of reduced pathogenic E. coli content comprises the step of directly feeding seaweed supplement to cattle during the feedlot finishing period or grazing cattle on forage on or into which seaweed supplement has been incorporated. Beef and beef products of improved safety are the result. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of producing beef of reduced pathogenic E. coli content. Beef is typically obtained from cattle (beef cattle or dairy cattle) that have grazed in pastures and have fed in feedlots. About 18 to 24 months after birth, the animals are slaughtered and primal cuts are obtained. The bacterium E. coli is a natural inhabitant of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of most warm-blooded animals, including man and cattle. Over 200 serotypes or strains of E. coli have been identified, and most are non-pathogenic. In 1971, however, E. coli was first recognized as a cause of food borne illness in the United States when contaminated imported cheese caused diarrheal disease in about 400 individuals. Evidence that certain strains of E. coli were associated with human disease grew, and now five classes of "enterovirulent" E. coli are recognized as food borne pathogens causing diseases ranging from traveler's diarrhea to the potentially deadly hemorrhagic colitis/hemolytic uremic syndrome. Red meat (including beef) and poultry have been implicated as prominent sources of enterovirulent E. coli. One strain of enterovirulent E. coli is 0157:H7. Presence of this specific strain is considered as an adulterant by the USDA. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06270812__

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Salmonellae preferential media Inventor(s): Mallinson; Edward (Columbia, MD), Miller; Russell G. (Gambrills, MD) Assignee(s): The University of Maryland (College Park, MD) Patent Number: 5,871,944 Date filed: July 2, 1997 Abstract: A new Salmonella preferential media uses lactose and cellobiose to suppress formation of black colonies by non-Salmonella, to permit easy inspection of the media to determine the presence or absence of Salmonella. Modified media, including high levels of peptone, beef extract, and tris buffers are required for preferential detection of S. typhi, all other Salmonella and Shigella. Excerpt(s): This application is a regular National application claiming priority from provisional application, U.S. application Ser. No. 60/022,084 filed Jul. 9, 1996. This invention pertains to a Salmonella-preferential or selective plating medium, to be used in conjunction with assays performed to determine the presence of Salmonella microorganisms in poultry, other livestock species, humans, and related environments. Other examples of Salmonella-preferential media exist, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,150, which is incorporated herein by reference. The MM medium (MillerMallinson medium) of the present invention is a significant and non-obvious improvement over the other selective media, for the reasons listed herein. Generally, when streaked or plated onto most differential and selective bacterial agar media, Salmonella spp. are at an immediate disadvantage compared to other bacteria. This is because there tends to be more growth factors favoring the competing bacteria than favoring the Salmonella spp. Several media use a high concentration of carbohydrates to differentiate Salmonella competitors from Salmonella on the basis of the media color changes due to decreased pH associated with the growth of such competitors as E. Coli and Enterobacter spp. The exact change in color is dependent on the type of pH change indicator used in the media. Because Salmonella spp. usually are unable utilize most of the carbohydrates that the competing bacteria are capable of metabolizing, the other competing bacteria tend to out-compete the Salmonella on the carbohydrate-rich medium, and the presence and number of Salmonella organisms in a test sample often are masked from efficient detection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05871944__

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Three-dimensional measuring system for animals using structured light Inventor(s): Ellis; James S. (Broomfield, CO) Assignee(s): Pheno Imaging, Inc. (Broomfield, CO) Patent Number: 6,377,353 Date filed: March 7, 2000 Abstract: A system measures the three-dimensional linear, angular and volumetric characteristics of an animal or carcass, such as a beef animal. The system uses light spots from a structured light camera to measure multiple points on the animal. The system locates the vertical, horizontal and depth dimension for each point and uses this data to calculate the desired linear and volumetric measurements for conformation of the animal by combining measurements of some of the light spots projected on the animal.

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The system also provides rapid consecutive three-dimensional motion pictures of the animal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a system for evaluating the physical characteristics of animals and more particularly to a structured light system for three-dimensional measuring. Even more particularly, the invention relates to projecting structured light toward an animal or carcass, measuring the reflection of the light from the animal or carcass, and using the measured light to develop a three-dimensional surface scan that can be used to measure both the linear, volume and angular related characteristics of the animal and provide rapid, consecutive images of an animal in motion. Throughout the history of the domestic livestock industry, mankind has attempted to measure animals, whether the need was to be taller, longer, thicker, leaner, wider or stronger, taking accurate measurements quickly has always been important. In modern times it has become more and more important to measure offspring of sires and compare those groups of offspring with like kind. Obviously, the sires that provide improved offsprings are in great demand and can provide the most improvement to a breed. Much of the future genetic progress will be attributed to our ability to improve the speed and accuracy of measuring animals. Systems have evolved from measuring horses by using the approximate width of a hand; for example, a horse could be reported as 14 hands high which was about 56 inches. Currently some animals are measured at 15 different conformation points, however, most often the measurements are only visual appraisals, with even a tape measure being seldom used. Thus, there is tremendous need for more information and the improved accuracy of that information to accelerate breed progress. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06377353__ •

Unitary meat slices and process Inventor(s): Finger; Linda K. (Madison, WI), Gosnell; Blake (Sigourney, IA), KellerFarwell; Jennifer (Madison, WI), Quickert; Stephen C. (DeForest, WI), Rattmann; James A. (Marshall, WI), Rojo; Jose C. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,976,003 Date filed: February 26, 1998 Abstract: Whole muscle slicing is accomplished in order to provide a plurality of meat slices, each of which is a single piece of meat, despite the fact that the muscle from which the slices originate had been reshaped prior to slicing in order to enhance slicing yield from each such muscle. The invention is particularly useful in forming roast beef slices which are used in preparing weight-controlled food products such as sandwiches. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to slicing of meat products, more particularly to meat product slicing which eliminates slices formed from more than one meat muscle cut or piece. Prior to slicing, the whole meat muscle cut or piece is somewhat reshaped, particularly its longitudinal end portions, by engaging same with a spacer when the meat and spacer are within a casing which is then longitudinally tensioned. Casings are of course well known for their usefulness in producing meat products of various types. It is also generally appreciated that casings are useful in shaping meats. Included in this regard are shaping smaller meat pieces, including ground meat, within casings in order to form products which are traditionally recognized as sausages, luncheon meats, restructured meat products, and the like. Patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,480,449 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,666 incorporate the use of discs at the longitudinal ends of casings

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otherwise filled with ground meat, multiple meat pieces and meat batters. Discs of this type are said to provide flattened sausage ends. In some channels of trade, such flattened ends can be considered to be aesthetically more pleasing than a dome-shaped end. Also generally known is the use of casings in preparing so-called chunk sectioned and formed meat products. Illustrative in this regard is U.S. Pat. No. 4,534,084. In some instances, casings are used in procedures for joining together two or more larger muscle pieces or chunks. In such approaches, the casing surrounding the meat is stretched and clipped to close same around the meat, thereby compressing the meat and adhering the meat pieces together at the interfaces between them. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05976003__ •

Vegetarian pet treat Inventor(s): Gluck; Gilbert (Irvine, CA), Kent; Bradford L. (Sherman Oaks, CA), Yatcilla; Michael T. (Irvine, CA) Assignee(s): Cyvex Nutrition (Irvine, CA) Patent Number: 6,228,418 Date filed: April 7, 1999 Abstract: A treat for pets, primarily for dogs is made by first preparing a wet dough composition that includes approximately 25 to 50 percent by weight of corn flour; approximately 0.2 to 2.0 percent by weight of a palatability enhancer selected from the group consisting of vegetable digest, liver digest, poultry digest, beef digest; approximately 2 to 15 percent by weight of a protein, preferably selected from the group consisting of soy protein, whey protein and beef protein; approximately 0.1 to 5.0 percent by weight of a nutraceutical composition, and approximately 35 to 55 percent by weight of an aqueous solution that optionally includes a palatability enhancer where the palatability enhancer is present in the solution by approximately 1.0 to 5.0 percent by weight. The wet dough composition is baked and thereafter rebaked or fried. Prior to rebaking and or after frying the following further components may be added: 2 to 4 percent by weight of a palatability enhancing oil, 4 to 10 percent by weight of seasoning and one or more nutraceutical products. The pet treat product does not have any other ingredient of animal origin in substantial amount. Excerpt(s): The present invention is in the field of pet treats. More particularly, the present invention is in the field of pet treats which are palatable to pets, particularly to dogs and are based exclusively or virtually exclusively on vegetarian products and contain nutraceutical ingredients. Food products for pets and particularly specialty food products known as pet treats are old in the art. In this connection pet treats for dogs and cats, and primarily treats for dogs are of interest as background art to the present invention. Pet treats ideally should be highly palatable for the animal (pet) and at the same time should be relatively low in calories to avoid obesity in pets. The prior art has attempted to avoid high caloric content in pet treats by providing treats with high cellulose and fiber content. Palatability has, generally speaking, been achieved in the prior art by the use of meat and meat by-products, which, generally speaking, contain high levels of fat. The use of meat and meat by-products in any event, is considered undesirable or objectionable by a significant segment of the human population. For this reason there is need in the state-of-the-art for a pet treat, and particularly for a treat designed primarily for consumption by canines, which is palatable and is based exclusively or virtually exclusively on plant-based (vegetarian) products. The following specific patents are believed to be of interest as background to the present invention:

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U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,556 which describes a dog food that contains soy bean products; U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,748 which describes a low calorie pet treat that contains cellulose and a non-caloric gum binder and U.S. Pat. Nos. D0,354,613 and D0,380,072 which show decorative designs for pet treats. Moreover, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,298,274 and 4,978,548 pertain to corn chip and tortilla chip making technology and also are of interest as background to the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06228418__

Patent Applications on Beef As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to beef: •

Acidified metal chlorite solution for disinfection of beef, pork and poultry Inventor(s): Danner, Bobby C.; (Norman, OK), Khanna, Neeraj; (Norman, OK), Reeves, Paul J.; (Norman, OK) Correspondence: Crowe & Dunlevy; 1800 Mid-America Tower; 20 North Broadway; Oklahoma City; OK; 73102-8273; US Patent Application Number: 20020122854 Date filed: March 14, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the disinfection of beef, pork, poultry and seafood. The inventive method includes the steps of (a) preparing a concentrated aqueous solution of a chlorine dioxide liberating compound having a concentration of from about 0.2% to about 25% by weight of the chlorine dioxide liberating compound and having an amount of an acid sufficient to adjust the pH to from about 1.0 to about 5.0; (b) diluting the concentrated aqueous solution to provide a dilute, acidified solution having a concentration of from about 0.00017% to about 0.17% by weight of the chlorine dioxide liberating compound; and (c)contacting the dilute, acidified solution with beef, pork, poultry and seafood to disinfect the beef, pork, poultry and seafood. Preferably, the chlorine dioxide liberating compound is an alkali metal chlorites, with sodium chlorite and potassium chlorite being particularly preferred. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application No. 09/430,064 entitled ACIDIFIED CHLORITE SOLUTION FOR DISINFECTION OF SEAFOOD, filed Oct. 29, 1999, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/106,485 filed Oct. 30, 1998, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to an improved method for the treatment and disinfection of beef, pork, poultry and seafood, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a method for disinfecting beef, pork, poultry and seafood by acidification of an aqueous solution of a chlorine dioxide liberating compound, such as a metal chlorite. Chlorine has been known to be an effective bactericide since the early 1940s. The concentration of chlorine that may be utilized as a disinfectant is limited, however, due to environmental and health concerns relating to the transfer of chlorine into the air.

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Therefore, low concentrations such as 20 ppm are typically employed for disinfection. Such low concentrations, however, dilute the biocidal effects of the chlorine. Moreover, aqueous chlorine, which has been used for the sanitation of meats and seafood, creates safety concerns because of the formation of trihalomethanes and other potentially harmful reaction products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Amylase feed supplements for improved ruminant nutrition Inventor(s): Dawson, Karl A.; (Lexington, KY), Johnston, Jay D.; (Kanata, CA), Tricarico, Juan; (Lexington, KY) Correspondence: GREENLEE WINNER AND SULLIVAN P C; 5370 MANHATTAN CIRCLE; SUITE 201; BOULDER; CO; 80303; US Patent Application Number: 20030165487 Date filed: February 12, 2003 Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and compositions for the following: improving rumen fermentation efficiency; increasing the efficiency with which dietary starch is utilized while preventing a deleterious increase in ruminal lactic acid concentration and/or a deleterious drop in ruminal pH; and promoting the growth of beneficial ruminal microorganisms. As a result, there is a concurrent improvement in the productivity and profitability of ruminant animal husbandry, especially in the diary and beef industries. These methods and compositions provide for the supplementation of the diet of a ruminant animal with exogenous amylase at relatively low levels, without any concomitant need for exogenous fibrolytic enzymes such as cellulases and xylanases. The methods and compositions of the present invention can further comprise supplementation with yeast preparations, rumen buffering agents, ionophores or other growth and productivity stimulating agents. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/356,324, filed Feb. 12, 2002, which application is incorporated herein by reference. not applicable. The field of the present invention is animal husbandry, especially as related to ruminant nutrition. Specifically, the present invention relates to supplementation of the diet of domesticated ruminant animals with amylase(s) at a level sufficient to improve the performance of the animals without resulting in deleterious effects due to a too great increase in the rate and extent of starch metabolism in the rumen. In particular, the supplementation of the feed rations of lactating dairy cattle results in increased milk production and/or fat content without an increase in the total feed rations; similarly, supplementation of feed rations of beef cattle with amylase at the levels taught herein results in improved weight gain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Aqueous coating composition and coated article Inventor(s): Fritcher, Jesse; (Lansing, IL), Kim, Juhan; (Ann Arbor, MI), Kozaki, Mamoru; (Toyota-shi, JP), Makarewicz, Jeffrey; (Ann Arbor, MI), Watanabe, Takashi; (Osaka, JP), Yasunaga, Kenichi; (Toyota-shi, JP) Correspondence: ROBERT J JACOBSON PA; 650 BRIMHALL STREET SOUTH; ST PAUL; MN; 551161511 Patent Application Number: 20030044626 Date filed: June 11, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides: a coating composition, with which a 1-coat finish of plastic materials such as polyolefin materials can be performed, and which is aqueous and can be baked at 70.degree. C. for 5 min. keep to have the following performance high adhesion, excellent beef tallow resistance and alkaline resistance; and a coated article. The aqueous coating composition comprises: a poly(propylene chloride) resin emulsion including a poly(propylene chloride) resin which has a chlorine content of 15 to 25 weight % and a maleic anhydride moiety content of 1.0 to 5.0 weight %; an acrylic resin emulsion including an acrylic resin which is obtained by modifying the poly(propylene chloride) resin of 0 to 30 weight % and has a glass transition temperature of not lower than 90.degree. C., a polycarbodiimide crosslinking agent; and a resin powder. An coated article is coated with the above aqueous coating composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aqueous coating composition which has excellent properties to plastic materials, and a coated article. Plastic materials utilized for automotive interior parts include polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS), poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) and polycarbonate (PC). In recent years, polyolefin materials are getting often used in view of cost and recyclability. Coatings designed for interior parts are applied to these plastic materials. However, it is difficult to give good properties with a paint, because the polyolefin materials have low polarity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Continuous production and packaging of perishable goods in low oxygen environments Inventor(s): Garwood, Anthony J.M.; (Mercer Island, WA) Correspondence: CHRISTENSEN, O'CONNOR, JOHNSON, KINDNESS, PLLC; 1420 FIFTH AVENUE; SUITE 2800; SEATTLE; WA; 98101-2347; US Patent Application Number: 20030152679 Date filed: February 14, 2003 Abstract: Processing and packaging for perishable goods, such as beef, in a conduit wherein oxygen is substantially excluded and suitable gases such as carbon dioxide are provided at a suitable pressure and in such a manner as to increase the quantity of the gases dissolved in the perishable goods to extend the shelf life of the goods and decontaminate the goods. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of pending Application No PCT/US01/45146, filed on Nov. 28, 2001, designating the United States, which is a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 09/724,287, filed on Nov. 28, 2000, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of Application No. PCT/US00/29038, filed Oct. 19, 2000, designating the United States, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No.

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09/550,399, filed Apr. 14, 2000, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/392,074, filed Sep. 8, 1999, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/039,150, filed Mar. 13, 1998, now abandoned, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/040,556, filed Mar. 13, 1997, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial Nos. 60/129,595, filed Apr. 15, 1999; 60/141,569, filed Jun. 29, 1999; 60/144,400, filed Jul. 16, 1999; 60/148,227 filed Jul. 27, 1999; 60/149,938, filed Aug. 19, 1999; 60/152,677, filed Sep. 7, 1999; 60/154,068, filed Sep. 14, 1999; 60/160,445, filed Oct. 19, 1999; and 60/175,372, filed Jan. 10, 2000; 60/255,684, filed Dec. 13, 2000; 60/286,688, filed Apr. 26, 2001; 60/291,872, filed May 17, 2001; 60/299,240, filed Jun. 18, 2001; 60/312,176, filed Aug. 13, 2001, 60/314,109, filed Aug. 21, 2001; 60/323,629, filed Sep. 19, 2001. All the above are herein expressly incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to methods and apparatus, and the products made therefrom from processing and packaging under conditions of reduced oxygen for substantially decontaminating and prolonging the shelf life of perishable goods, such as beef. A problem in the meat packing industry is the formation of metmyoglobin and growth of aerobic bacteria on finished packages of meat, reducing the shelf life of meat and ending in vast amounts of waste. Metmyoglobin is an oxygenated form of myoglobin, a protein in meat. The problem arises when the meat, in either ground or sliced form, is exposed to air for too long. Deoxymyoglobin is a precursor protein which when oxygenated forms oxymyoglobin in a normal atmosphere of oxygen. Oxymyoglobin is responsible for the bright red color of meat which is desirable. When oxymyoglobin is immersed in a substantially oxygen deficient atmosphere, the process reverses itself and the oxymyoglobin will reduce, yielding oxygen in gas form or dissolved in the surface water of the meat. If the free gas space in the package is very small, such as a chubb package, or even a vacuum package, the relative percentage volume of oxygen can become very high. This can lead to metmyoglobin formation, discoloration and growth of aerobic bacteria in the areas of high oxygen concentration. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cooking pouch containing a raw protein portion, a raw or blanched vegetable portion and a sauce and method of making Inventor(s): Wright, Leah Kay; (Rogers, AR) Correspondence: JACOBSON HOLMAN PLLC; 400 SEVENTH STREET N.W.; SUITE 600; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030017235 Date filed: September 13, 2002 Abstract: A frozen food product which includes a raw protein portion, a raw or an only partially cooked or blanched vegetable portion and a sauce, contained in a sealed cooking pouch made primarily of paper and a susceptor layer, preferably aluminum, which may be placed in an oven or microwave oven so as to cook the contents of the cooking pouch. The raw protein product is preferably one of fish, beef, poultry, pork or veal. The vegetables are raw or blanched vegetables such as julienne peppers, celery, carrots, onions, zucchini or broccoli. The blanched vegetables are only partially cooked so that the time remaining to complete cooking of the vegetables is approximately the same as the time required to cook the raw protein portion. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuing application of application Ser. No. 09/166,712, filed Oct. 5, 1998, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. The

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present invention relates to the field of frozen food products including a raw protein portion. The protein may be by itself, or alternatively, the protein portion may include at least one of a raw or blanched vegetable portion or a sauce sealed in a cooking pouch formed of a sheet material having a paper outermost layer and a plastic coated metal innermost layer. In today's hurried world, little time is left for the involved processes of cooking a gourmet meal. Accordingly, resort has been made to taking advantage of processed or frozen, prepared meals. These meals come in various forms of precooked food and provide a wide range of entrees and flavors. However, the offerings of the processed food industry have not yet achieved the quality of a restaurant prepared meal. The reheating of frozen, precooked food cannot provide the flavor and texture of fresh food. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Food supplement and use thereof for elevating levels of essential fatty acids in livestock and products therefrom Inventor(s): Stewart, James F.; (Kitchener, CA) Correspondence: THOMPSON HINE L.L.P.; 2000 COURTHOUSE PLAZA , N.E.; 10 WEST SECOND STREET; DAYTON; OH; 45402; US Patent Application Number: 20030198730 Date filed: October 22, 2002 Abstract: This invention describes feed supplement, and processes which increase the amount of essential fatty acids in the milk, eggs, meat and other by-products from animals including dairy cattle, beef cattle, goats and poultry. The food supplement described herein includes specific fish meal, fish oil, algae or plant dietary supplements combined with a natural ingredient/coating mixture, which can be either talc, clay or combinations; or mixtures of talc or clay with flax sprout powder to achieve enhanced levels of the essential fatty acids in the milk, eggs, meat and processed livestock products from animals fed this dietary supplement. In ruminants, the natural ingredient/coating mixture prevents microbial degradation of the essential fatty acids in the rumen stomach of the animals fed with this composition, thus providing more of the essential fatty acids to the animal, for their use. This in turn results in improved concentrations in the milk, meat and processed products from these animals. Poultry fed with this food supplement also have a higher concentration of essential fatty acids in their eggs and meat. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of PCT application CA02/00566 filed April 23, 2002 claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/28240 filed Apr. 23, 2001. This invention relates to a feed supplement, and processes which increase the amount of essential fatty acids in the milk, eggs, meat and other by-products from animals including dairy cattle, beef cattle, goats and poultry. In particular, the present invention relates to a feed supplement, which includes a natural ingredient that acts as a rumen bypass ingredient, which protects the fatty acids from being broken down in the rumen so that the ruminant can receive the beneficial effects of the feed or food supplement formulations. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) cannot be manufactured by animals including humans and are required in human nutrition. There are two groups of essential fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are found naturally in the oil of cold-water fish, such as mackerel, salmon, sardines, anchovies and tuna, or as extracted oil from plants, such as flaxseed, canola (rapeseed), or soybean. Examples of omega-3 fatty acids include docasahexaenioc acid (DHA),

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eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and alpha linolenic acid. Omega-6 fatty acids are found in both animal and plant material. Plant sources include unprocessed, unheated vegetable oils such as corn, sunflower seed, safflower, soy, sesame, and cottonseed oils. They are also found in plant materials such as evening primrose, black current seeds and gooseberry oils as well as in raw nuts and seeds, legumes and leafy greens. Omega-6 fatty acids include linoleic acid and its derivatives, such as arachidonic acid (AA). There are also conjugated fatty acids such as conjugated linolenic acid (CLA). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Foodstuff for pets or other animals Inventor(s): English, Paul Martin; (Wahroonga, AU) Correspondence: BELL, BOYD & LLOYD LLC; P. O. BOX 1135; CHICAGO; IL; 606901135; US Patent Application Number: 20030175387 Date filed: May 15, 2003 Abstract: A dried pet food product comprises a body substance and visually contrasting nutritive particles embedded therein, so as to be visible. The particles communicate an association with nutrition. Preferably they simulate known nutritive entities such as chicken, beef or grains. A method of forming such food bodies with embedded particles includes baking and distributing the particles over a surface of the body. Excerpt(s): THIS INVENTION relates to a foodstuff for pets or other animals and to a method of forming such foodstuff. It also provides for the visible attachment of nutrition to a food body for ingestion by a pet. Dried pet foods are well known in the pet food industry. They may broadly be categorised as pellets or kibbles, which are generally intended to be fed as a complete meal, and biscuits, which are more often fed between meals or as a supplement to meals. Biscuit treats tend to be larger in size than kibbles or pellets, but the term "biscuit" is commonly used interchangeably and in relation to dry pet food in general. U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,460 discloses a dry, soft canine biscuit that displays visually apparent, discrete particles that contain meat, meat by-products, farinaceous material or textured vegetable protein. These particles are distributed throughout the biscuit body in a substantially uniform manner. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Furfuryl propyl disulfide as a flavoring agent and methods for preparing and using same Inventor(s): Belanger, Ronald Louis; (Yorktown Heights, NY), Fortineau, AnneDominique; (London, GB), Isaac, Benjamin Owen; (Ilford, GB) Correspondence: Richard R. Muccino; 785 Springfield Avenue; Summit; NJ; 07901; US Patent Application Number: 20020110628 Date filed: January 4, 2002 Abstract: This invention pertains to a method for flavoring an ingestible composition with a flavoring agent, furfuryl propyl disulfide, in organoleptically purified form, unaccompanied by substances of natural origin present in cooked beef and onions. The flavoring agent may be used in a wide variety of ingestible vehicles to augment or

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enhance the aroma or taste of foodstuffs, particularly roasted nut, roasted meat, beef broth, black pepper, onion, fine herbs, omelet, and cooked onion omelet flavored foodstuffs. The present invention also pertains to an ingestible composition comprising an ingestible vehicle and an organoleptically effective amount of the purified flavoring agent. The present invention also pertains to furfuryl propyl disulfide represented by the formula, (2-Furan-CH.sub.2SSCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), in purified form, unaccompanied by substances of natural origin present in cooked beef and onions, and to methods for preparing furfuryl propyl disulfide. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from United Kingdom patent application serial no. 0011211.0, filed May 9, 2000. This invention pertains to a method for flavoring an ingestible composition which comprises admixing an ingestible vehicle with an organoleptically effective amount of furfuryl propyl disulfide represented by the formula, (2-Furan-CH.sub.2SSCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), in purified form, unaccompanied by substances of natural origin present in cooked beef and onions. The flavoring agent may be used in a wide variety of ingestible vehicles to augment or enhance the aroma or taste of foodstuffs, particularly roasted nut, roasted meat, beef broth, black pepper, onion, fine herbs, omelet, and cooked onion omelet flavored foodstuffs. The present invention also pertains to an ingestible composition comprising an ingestible vehicle and an organoleptically effective amount of the purified flavoring agent. The present invention also pertains to furfuryl propyl disulfide represented by the formula, (2-Furan-CH.sub.2SSCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), in purified form, unaccompanied by substances of natural origin present in cooked beef and onions, and to methods for preparing furfuryl propyl disulfide. The Generessence.RTM. flavor research program conducted by Bush Boake Allen focuses on developing flavors by employing in depth understanding of the volatile organic components present in a wide variety of samples, for example fruits, herbs, and meat products and coupling this information to flavor preference profiling. A number of sampling and analytical techniques are used including extraction, distillation, and headspace analysis of the sample. The flavors are primarily formulated from synthetic chemicals and contain only components identified in the sample. There is no limit to the concentration of individual components used apart from organoleptic considerations. A problem with developing flavoring agents, such as cooked beef and onions flavor, is that natural flavoring agents do not contain a single flavoring agent, but rather contain a complex mixture of volatile components making identification of characteristic flavors very difficult. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

High-fat animal feed tub Inventor(s): Bartle, Steven J.; (Quincy, IL), Bevans, Basil D.; (Quincy, IL), Hickman, Dan S.; (Payson, IL), Moechnig, Bruce W.; (Quincy, IL) Correspondence: Michael E. Yates; Archer-Daniels-Midland Company; 4666 East Faries Parkway; Decatur; IL; 62526; US Patent Application Number: 20030118690 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: A high fat animal feed tub is provided. Higher fat levels are achieved through the use of a low moisture, high fat ingredient in the formulation of the high fat animal feed tub of the invention. The process for producing such tubs is also provided. Use of such tubs provides a high energy feed source for animals, especially beef and dairy cattle.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to animal feed products. More specifically, the present invention relates to high fat content high-energy source animal feed tubs, and the methods for their production. The animal feed industry is currently a significant part of world agribusiness. Over the years, much of the emphasis of industrial research and development in the feed industry has been placed on the development of feed products that can improve the nutritional and physiological status of commercially bred and raised animals. Of course, such products must be made commercially available in a form that is both useful and convenient to those raising the animals. This is, of course, particularly true in the beef and dairy industries. In the past, there have been several developments in the field. U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,296 (DeSantis) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,749,578 (Benton and Patrick), disclose chemically hardened molasses-based feed blocks or tubs for ruminants. These blocks are molasses-based, but may also include minerals, vitamins, protein and fat. Fat sources may include animal fats and/or vegetable fats such as acidulated soapstock. Such feed blocks are convenient for use in dairy and beef cattle applications and can provide nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and other dietary requirements. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Item handler for sorting and packing Inventor(s): Courier, Andrew S.; (Mansfield, MA), Fallin, Larry W.; (Dakota Dunes, SD), Forti, Stephen N.; (Stoneham, MA), Leary, William G.; (Upton, MA), Smith, Ronald Dean JR.; (McCook, SD) Correspondence: BLACKWELL SANDERS PEPER MARTIN LLP; 720 OLIVE STREET; SUITE 2400; ST. LOUIS; MO; 63101; US Patent Application Number: 20020157926 Date filed: June 26, 2002 Abstract: An item handling system that sorts and packs items in a storage or shipping receptacle. The system is specifically designed to handle items such as sub-primal cuts of beef or pork or items of like size and weight. The system is adapted to sort items based on product type or based on system capacity. The packing mechanism is adapted to properly orient the item prior to placing the item in the storage or shipping receptacle. The system is specifically adapted to handle cardboard shipping boxes. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/452,954 filed Dec. 12, 1999 entitled Item Handler For Sorting and Packing. This invention relates to automatic item handling systems and methods for the sorting of a product item and the packing of said product item into a receptacle where packing of the item is performed by spatially manipulating the item to an optimal orientation prior to depositing it into a storage or packing receptacle for the most efficient usage of the receptacles storage volume. More specifically, the invention relates to such an automatic item handling apparatus and methods where the item is a type of now conforming material, such as a subprimal cut of meat, to be packed in a cardboard packing box. There is a need for an automated item handling system for meat packing facilities, or other like facilities, where the item handler can automatically pack items in packing receptacles while filling the volume of the receptacle with product items in a predefined orientation and without the need for manual interaction. Item handling systems generally perform the function of capturing an item in the manufacturing flow and operating on it and manipulating it in such a way as to prepare it or spatially position it for the next series of operations in the manufacturing flow. In the case of an item

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handling system that has the specific function of packing an item or multiple items into a storage receptacle or a simple packing box, there are several key objectives that must be achieved in order to develop an effective item handling system. It is desired that an item handling system for the purpose of packing will have the flexibility to handle various types of items and quantity of items to be packed. The types of items can vary in size, shape, and weight and the quantity to be packed can vary for a given receptacle. It is also desired that an item handling system has the ability to automatically deposit an item into a receptacle or box with a specific positional orientation which is based on the size and shape of the item, and each item has its own orientation such that the interior storage volume of the receptacle or box is utilized most efficiently and guarantees quality of product. Another desire is that the item handling system will pack same-type items into receptacles of various volumes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Low calorie oils which develop characteristic flavor notes during frying Inventor(s): Sekula, Bernard Charles; (Lebanon Township, NJ) Correspondence: Patent Department Attorney; Unilever Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20030072864 Date filed: October 1, 2001 Abstract: Frying oil compositions comprising fatty-acid esterified propoxylated glycerin having the fatty acids derived from natural beef or animal tallow. The compositions develop characteristic flavor notes during frying and impart a savory beefy or tallow flavor to the fried foods. The compositions are non-digestible and thus add no caloric content to the fried foods, and the compositions have significantly less cholesterol compared to conventional animal fats traditionally used as a frying oil for fried foods. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns low calorie oils comprising fatty acidesterified propoxylated glycerin compositions (sometimes referred to herein as "EPG" in the singular form and as "EPGs" in the plural form), having animal or beef tallow fatty acids. The low calorie oils can be used for frying comestible goods, such as farinaceous materials like potatoes, and the low calorie oils have no cholesterol and contribute little or no calories to the food. The low calorie oils unexpectedly develop flavor notes, particularly a savory beefy or tallow flavor, which are imparted to food during frying. The flavor is reminiscent of the flavor imparted to foods fried in conventional tallow or tallow containing frying mediums, such as the flavor of french fried potatoes from commercial "fast food" type restaurants. This is particularly surprising since similar oil compositions prepared with fatty acids derived from soybean oil fail to impart characteristic beany flavor to fried foods. Tallow is a fat that historically has been preferred by retail food establishments and food service operations, particularly "fastfood" type restaurants, as a frying medium because of the distinct flavor associated with tallow. Edible tallow is generally obtained by rendering beef and/or mutton fat. Typically, anti-oxidants such as BHA and BHT are added to provide oxidative stability. Tallow is light yellow in color and has a mild pleasant flavor. The iodine value of tallow, as measured by AOCS Method Cd 1-25, is between 34 and 47 and tallow generally has a free fatty acid content of less than 0.2%. Tallow, however, is a fat and, as such, has a high caloric content and also contains cholesterol which, considering increasing public concerns, has all but eliminated the use of tallow as a frying medium. One of the most prevalent concerns among people today is the amount of fat consumed in their daily

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diet. It is estimated that fat constitutes about 40% of the total calories in a western diet. Fats are consumed, for example, in meats, chocolates, sweet breads, oils and fried snacks. When conventional oil is used as a frying medium, the fat is absorbed into the food, thus undesirably adding fat to the fried substrate, while also desirably adding distinct flavor characteristics to the fried food to which consumers have become accustomed. Conventional fats used as frying mediums generally contribute around 9 calories per gram to the total caloric content of the comestible good. Thus, there is an enormous potential for a fat substitute or mimetic, which exhibits the desired characteristics of fats, including the organoleptic properties and flavor notes, but does not contribute the calorie density of conventional fats, i.e., approximately 9 calories per gram. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and system for agricultural data collection and management Inventor(s): Curkendall, Leland D.; (Cheyenne, WY), Dolan, Adrew J.; (Arvada, CO), Pape, William R.; (Los Ojos, NM) Correspondence: Rick B. Yeager; 10805 Mellow Lane; Austin; TX; 78759; US Patent Application Number: 20030177025 Date filed: February 11, 2003 Abstract: A system and method for agricultural data collection and management is described to provide quality assurance source verification data and performance tracking for agricultural items throughout the production cycle. Individual item data is efficiently collected, transferred, and shared in a transactional, event-oriented, roworiented structure with few columns without need for creating relational structures. The system includes software components for data collection and real-time data lookup components; share, switch, route, and interface components; extract, transform, and load components; and report and analyze data components. Embodiments include data acquisition from multiple RFID reader locations; a web-based information system for a beef marketing alliance; value-based procurement, and supply chain management. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/073,485 filed Feb. 11, 2002 which was a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/544,388 filed Apr. 6, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,885 B1 issued Feb. 12, 2002; which was a divisional application of application Ser. No. 09/036,564 filed Mar. 9, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,839 issued Jan. 29, 2002. The present invention relates to a system, computer program product and method for tracking processing events for a meat animal from its conception to its consumption, by using data entry devices that minimize keyboard entry and multiple interconnected databases such that a particular animal history can provide both quality assurance source verification and performance tracking. There is a need, for both economic and quality assurance reasons, for an efficient and cost-effective method for identifying and tracking livestock, and for the monitoring of the processing of those livestock. Throughout the livestock production and processing cycle, there is a need for more detailed information so that ranchers, stockmen, feedlots, packers, distributors retailers, consumers, and others can make informed decisions about factors and variables such as genetics, herd management, purchasing, feed strategies, and ship dates. Producers who improve their animal performance can realize greater returns with performance based compensation when accurate information about the history and the value of each animal is easily available.

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METHOD FOR MOLDING AND SHAPING TONGUE Inventor(s): Brindley, Jeff; (Fremont, NE), Johnson, Ken; (Fremont, NE), Leech, Les; (Fremont, NE), Nomura, Kohei; (Fremont, NE), Ogawa, Keizo; (Fremont, NE) Correspondence: Mark Frederiksen; P.O. Box 938; Council Bluffs; IA; 51502-0938; US Patent Application Number: 20020106433 Date filed: February 5, 2001 Abstract: A tongue rack includes a frame with a plurality of troughs supported on the frame. Each trough is generally U-shaped in cross-section and sloped, with the open upper end of the trough located above a closed lower end of the trough. A tongue placed in the trough will shorten in length and increase in thickness as it is chilled. The method of the invention includes extracting a beef tongue from an animal and positioning the tongue into the sloped trough with the base end of the tongue against the closed end of the trough and the tipped end of the tongue proximal the open end of the trough, prior to rigor mortis setting in on the tongue. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a rack for forming and shaping tongue to a desirable shape for resale, and more particularly to an improved tongue shaping rack and method of use. Beef tongue is considered a delicacy by many people in this country, as well as in many foreign countries. Preferably, the product is served in sliced form, sliced transversely to the length of the product. The shape of each slice is generally rectangular, but a slice with greater width and height dimensions commands a better selling price than a slice which is much greater in width than in height. In addition, a uniform tongue shape permits better conditions for skinning and slicing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for preparing food article Inventor(s): Parker, Roy; (Valencia, CA) Correspondence: POWELL, GOLDSTEIN, FRAZER & MURPHY LLP; P.O. BOX 97233; WASHINGTON; DC; 20090-7223; US Patent Application Number: 20030161916 Date filed: February 26, 2003 Abstract: A method for preparing meat products and a chip in a convenient and readyto-eat form in a manner that is intended at preserving the meat flavor once part of the chip. The present invention provides an edible chip arrangement or similar foodstuff which includes a grain product such as wheat, rice, or corn, as well as a meat product sandwiched between at least two chips. The meat product can be a variety of types of meats, including, for example, pepperoni and beef jerky. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing a food article in the form of a taco-style snack. More particularly, the present invention relates to a taco-style snack having two spaced-apart chips having a meat filling therebetween. Some time ago edible chips established themselves as a highly desirable snack food for between-meal consumption. Chips offer the convenience of being ready-to-eat and readily storable. On the other hand, the use of meat and meat products is primarily known for consumption

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during main courses. Traditionally, meat and meat products, when served at all, are served either as a main dish or as a part of a sandwich or similar food combination. In some cases the meat or meat product may be combined with other components. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for producing food product packages with modified environment packaging Inventor(s): Coulter, Curtis L.; (Springdale, AR), Throgmorton, Mike; (West Fork, AR) Correspondence: HEAD, JOHNSON & KACHIGIAN; 228 W. 17TH PL.; TULSA; OK; 74119; US Patent Application Number: 20030035868 Date filed: August 12, 2002 Abstract: There is disclosed a method for producing food product packages which produces packaging having the desirable characteristics of the conventional overwrap food tray with printed film and excellent storage and display characteristics achieved with modified environment packaging. The fresh food products suitable to be packaged by the method include fresh meat, particularly ground beef, fruits, and vegetables, particularly mushrooms. The method has an advantage of using generally conventional tray wrapping apparatus and generally conventional trays and involves the use of a flexible plastic wrap material preprinted and also perforated with microperforations of predetermined size and density to be permeable to air while inhibiting any flow of liquids from the package. This plastic wrap material is wrapped around trays by a tray wrapping machine so perforation patterns provide microperforation openings on top of the trays and on sides of the trays, 4 to 16 of which are then placed in an outer container from which the air is exhausted and replaced with a non-oxidizing gas. The tray container is sealed to complete the process. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/312,954, filed on Aug. 15, 2001. Not applicable. There has been a longstanding problem in the packaging of fresh fruit, vegetables, and meat, particularly ground beef, for which numerous solutions have been proposed over the years. The problem arises because fresh meat, for example, needs to be maintained in an environment substantially free of oxygen while being shipped and stored prior to its being offered to the customer in display cases in supermarkets and elsewhere. A substantially complete absence of oxygen, however, causes fresh meat to have an undesirable purplish-red coloration that is unattractive to consumers. In order for the fresh meat to bloom again to its bright red color which is desirable to the purchasers, it must be exposed to the natural oxygen containing air environment of the supermarket just prior to being placed in display cases for customer viewing and access. An early method for solving this problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,681,092 to Titchenal, et al., issued Aug. 1, 1972. As disclosed in that patent, the fresh meat may be inserted in an oxygen permeable plastic film package which is then placed into a substantially oxygen impermeable outer container. Oxygen is removed from both the packages and the containers are sealed. After the container and packages are shipped to the retail store, the outer container is removed and the product is ready to be displayed. The present invention is an improvement on this old process and other more-recent approaches to most efficiently provide long, safe storage times for food products in an outer oxygen impermeable container while providing trays or other packages within the container that will attractively display the food product.

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Method for producing ground meat patties Inventor(s): Kugelmann, Johan; (Welden, DE) Correspondence: Bell, Boyd & Lloyd LLC; P.O. Box 1135; Chicago; IL; 60690-1135; US Patent Application Number: 20030113423 Date filed: February 5, 2003 Abstract: A method for producing ground meat patties of beef and/or pork comprises a shaping plate that can be moved out of a filling position in a shaping station into an ejecting position outside the shaping station, the shaping plate having holes that are disposed offset relative to each other in moving direction in two rows, one behind the other, a device by means of which the ground meat can be supplied under pressure via filling slots associated to each hole into the holes on the underside, said holes being covered at the top by means of a ventilation plate, an antilipbar serving to reduce the excess pressure that is disposed in the delivery area of the shaping station and having a continuous longitudinal slit and an ejection device disposed outside the shaping station above the ejecting position of the shaping plate having ejection cups whose quantity and position is coordinated with the holes in the shaping plate. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application of and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/593,466, filed Jun. 14, 2000, which claims priority under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and/or the World Trade Organization to German patent application No. 19959432.5, filed Dec. 9, 1999. The invention relates to a method for producing ground meat patties of beef and/or pork. This type of device is already known in the art based on NL-A-9301248, the European patent EP 0 708 601 B1 and the European patent application EP 0 818 148 A1. The disadvantage found in these devices is that with the existing shaping plate having a maximum of six openings, the previous filling process and the system-related maximum number of 80 to 90 cycles per minute allows only a limited output of ground beef and/or pork patties. Accordingly, there is a need for further developing a device of the above mentioned type so as to permit a significant increase in the output. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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METHOD FOR TENDERIZING RAW BEEF Inventor(s): Teran, James F.; (Highlands Ranch, CO) Correspondence: SHELDON & MAK, INC; 225 SOUTH LAKE AVENUE; 9TH FLOOR; PASADENA; CA; 91101; US Patent Application Number: 20030059497 Date filed: January 18, 2002 Abstract: An enzyme mixture for tenderizing raw beef comprising bromelin, ficin and papain. A method of tenderizing raw beef to produce a product that can be cooked by the consumer using the same methods as preparing naturally tender beef, and that results in a post-consumer preparation product that is consistently tender. The method comprises providing a suitable cut of raw beef and treating the raw beef with an enzyme mixture comprising bromelin, ficin and papain.

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Excerpt(s): The present Application is a continuation of PCT Patent Application PCT/US01/30415 titled "Method for Tenderizing Raw Beef," filed Sep. 27, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated in this disclosure by reference in its entirety. A large portion of commercially raised beef is limited in value because conventional preparation by the consumer generally results in meat that is unacceptably tough and dry. A variety of methods have been used to tenderize raw beef, such as mechanically interrupting the muscle fibers of the beef. However, none of these methods have produced a raw beef product that can be cooked by a human consumer using the same methods as preparing naturally tender beef, and that results in a post-consumer preparation product that is consistently tender and suitable for human consumption. Therefore, it would be useful to have a method of tenderizing raw beef to produce a product that can be cooked by the consumer using the same methods as preparing naturally tender beef, and that results in a post-consumer preparation product that is consistently tender. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of herd management Inventor(s): Fuqua, James; (Quanab, TX) Correspondence: CARSTENS YEE & CAHOON, LLP; P O BOX 802334; DALLAS; TX; 75380 Patent Application Number: 20030140865 Date filed: January 30, 2002 Abstract: A method and system to generate the highest level of return on investment of a cattle ranch producing beef to the consumer. Through the use of computer software integrated with an individual cow and calf identification system, the method and system disclosed herein allows a cattle producer to analyze the yearly production characteristics of each individual cow's calf or calves through all the various phases of growth and production with an accumulation of the economic cost and gain of value up to the end product as a feeder or cull.The total value of the carcass at the end of production, expressed as a sum of the costs associated with producing each animal minus the market value of the animal, allows the animal's economic value to be expressed by one figure which can then be used to judge the cow's ability to produce animals that meet all predetermined economically important genetic traits. This system and method of cow herd management provides a continuing improvement in the efficiency of the ranching operation and a better product for the consumers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the management of cattle for varying market needs such as quality, food safety, and the consistent improvement of beef quality for one or more target markets. More specifically, the invention relates to the methods and processes for analyzing and improving the carcass value of beef cattle for the production of beef for human consumption by identifying, measuring, sorting and tracking animals individually and grouping animals into specific market groups for increased value and consistency with in each group. This process allows duplication of results by tracking performance at multiple levels and tracing results back to the base genetic lines of individual animals allowing the selection from that genetic pool for specific traits relating to marketing goals. A working cattle ranch is a very complex operation and it is where the genetic makeup and processing management for individual animals are set and cannot be changed by natural means. It is the genetic blueprint that determines all the different attributes of the individual calf from the time

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of conception to the final destination in life. The rancher today does not have to give up ownership when the calves leave his or her ranch or control. Through retained ownership interests, it is possible to cultivate and develop the end product before selling the calves at one or more marketing points to one or more market targets. It is in this concept that this invention was developed for and designed to implement. It also provides the flexibility for the rancher to take advantage of all situations and know his or her margin of profit at any time in the production chain for differing markets. This information allows the rancher to be able to determine the optimum time and market to sell the beef calves. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of making an enhanced value meat product and meat product made thereby Inventor(s): Frey, Fred; (Quarryville, PA) Correspondence: AKIN, GUMP, STRAUSS, HAUER & FELD, L.L.P.; ONE COMMERCE SQUARE; 2005 MARKET STREET, SUITE 2200; PHILADELPHIA; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20020069765 Date filed: December 11, 2000 Abstract: Briefly stated, the present invention comprises a method of preparing a meat product and, in one embodiment, a method of preparing a beef product from a beef round. The method comprises the steps of cutting a generally solid, generally low fat meat muscle, in one embodiment the beef round, across the grain into two or more muscle portions with each muscle portion having a predetermined thickness. At least one of the muscle portions is cut laterally into a plurality of elongated strips with each strip having a predetermined width and the predetermined thickness. The strips are cooked by placing the strips in hot, deep fat, which is maintained within a predetermined temperature range for a predetermined time period so that the outside of each of the strips becomes crispy and golden brown while the inside remains soft and moist. In a preferred embodiment, the predetermined thickness is the range of 1/4 to 1/2 inch and the predetermined width is also in the range of 1/4 to 1/2 inch. In a preferred embodiment, the predetermined temperature is in the range of 350.degree. F. to 400.degree. F. and the predetermined time period of the cooking is about two minutes. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/177,097, filed Jan. 20, 2000 and entitled "Method of Making An Enhanced Value Meat Product And Meat Product Made Thereby". The present invention relates generally to a meat product having enhanced value, and, more particularly, to a method of making such an enhanced value meat product and the product made in accordance with the method. The butchering and dressing of animals, such as cattle, for the purpose of producing edible meat or beef products is well known. Animals are typically butchered into a plurality of products, such as rib roasts, sirloin steaks, strip steaks, ground meat, and the like. Typically, a side or quarter of beef is butchered by a meat cutter, cutting or otherwise removing from the standing side or beef quarter as many "high value" beef products as feasible. Such high value beef products include roasts, steaks and the like. Once the high value cuts or products are removed from the standing side or beef quarter, the high value products are further processed by deboning, trimming, cleaning, and the like and are thereafter wrapped and sold for relatively high per pound prices. Such high value cuts generally include the middle cuts of the caucus, including the rib,

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loin and sirloin. They are typically considered most tender, are derived from the most protected, less stressed animal muscles and generally have a fine, close-grain texture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method to improve the water-holding capacity, color, and organoleptic properties of beef, pork, and poultry Inventor(s): Greaser, Marion L.; (Middleton, WI), Kauffman, Robert G.; (Madison, WI), Pospiech, Edward; (Paznan, PL), Russell, Ronald L.; (Brooklyn, WI) Correspondence: DEWITT ROSS & STEVENS S.C.; 8000 EXCELSIOR DR; SUITE 401; MADISON; WI; 53717-1914; US Patent Application Number: 20030175391 Date filed: March 19, 2003 Abstract: A method of improving the color, water-holding capacity, and organoleptic qualities of beef, pork, lamb, veal, and poultry by injecting or perfusing a solution of sodium bicarbonate into a carcass or parts thereof is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This is a Continuation in Part of co-pending application Ser. No. 08/869,790, filed Jun. 5, 1997. The present invention is drawn to a method of improving the waterholding capacity (WHC), color, and organoleptic properties of fresh meats, including beef, pork, amd poultry, by injecting or perfusing a post-rigor carcass or parts thereof with one or more solutions containing sodium bicarbonate. Complete bibliographic citations to the references contained herein are provided in the "Bibliography," immediately preceding the Abstract. Each of the references cited below is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Objective value discovery method Inventor(s): Brunner, Tracy; (Ramona, KS) Correspondence: THOMAS B. LUEBBERING; HOVEY WILLIAMS LLP; Suite 400; 2405 Grand; Kansas City; MO; 64108; US Patent Application Number: 20030158773 Date filed: February 15, 2002 Abstract: A method for determining a live animal value broadly comprises the steps of determining a total retail value (TRV) which represents beef demand and combining the TRV with adjustments for supply, cost, and other factors. These adjustments preferably include a weekly beef production adjustment (WPA), an energy cost adjustment (ECA), a labor cost adjustment (LCA), an interest rate adjustment (IRA), a feed cost adjustment (FCA), and an expected value adjustment (EVA). Together with the TRV, these adjustments are variable with market conditions but are measurable. Since the TRV and the adjustments are measurable, the live animal value can be objectively determined, optimizing sales transactions between a cattle producer and a beef processor. The live animal value can be adjusted according to an animal's individual merits of quality. The animal's weight is determined and that weight is multiplied by the live animal value, to determine a price for the animal.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of determining a value for livestock. More particularly, the present invention relates to an efficient method of determining a live animal value for livestock accounting for demand, supply, cost, and other factors. The United States beef industry produced over 26.7 billion pounds of beef with a retail value of over $58.6 billion and United States consumers consumed 69.5 lbs. of beef at a cost of $213 per capita in the year 2000. Such an industry is comprised of millions of sales transactions each day. Obviously, optimization of these sales transactions can improve efficiency of the entire beef industry. Sales transactions typically occur at all levels from a cattle producer to a beef processor, to a retailer, and finally to a consumer. Sales transactions involving a retailer comprise a very broad market with little to no standardization. Thus, optimizing retail sales transactions would prove difficult. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for systematizing, informatizing and automating self-programmed slaughter of cattle and beef processing Inventor(s): Pascual, Ricardo Garcia; (La Plata, Buenos Aires, AR) Correspondence: JACOBSON HOLMAN PLLC; 400 SEVENTH STREET N.W.; SUITE 600; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030181156 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: A process which systematizes, informatizes and automates cattle slaughter and beef processing, in factories with integrated Cycles I and II; following actual anatomical parameters, predetermined for each industrial biotype, scanned before entering the knockout box, the self-programmed operative model, which starts the system and automates the sequence of the slaughter and processing process of the programmed beef industrial biotype, is activated or not to optimise the obtainment of equal and homogeneous programmed cuts. Collaterally it is applied in the farming sector: by transfer of the best bovine genetics of each breed, to unify, program and systematize standard production of the industrial biotype on scale and to unify and program uniform production of large-scale equal forage. The industrial biotype (excluding any other) is a whole male bovine, 11/12 months in age and 420 kg in preslaughter weight fed on exclusive equal forage. A conditioned production and industrialisation system is generated,--by the juxtaposition of entities and activities with modified characteristic qualities and/or functions to obtain the industrial result--, which cannot work separately. Therefore, for the system to work, horizontal concentration and vertical integration is needed, in the framework of a unique 5 year module schedule, under the same unified management. Excerpt(s): In the sub-sector of cattle breeding for unifying, programming and systematizing production, standard in a long continuous large-scale series of the industrial biotype. In the sub-sector of agriculture for unifying and programming uniform production of similar forage, in a long continuous large-scale series, so as to always have the same supplementary feed for the breeding herds and exclusive of the industrial biotype. The invention of the process generates a system of production and conditioned industrialisation,--by the juxtaposition of entities and activities with qualities and/or modified characteristic functions to obtain the industrial result--that cannot function separately. Therefore, for the system to work, horizontal concentration

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and vertical integration are resorted to, under the same unified management in the framework of a unique schedule of five year modules. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process to cure and season uncooked sliced beef, pork and poultry Inventor(s): Paddock, F. Peter; (Rutland, MA) Correspondence: James F. Baird, Esquire; 33 East Main Street; P.O. Box 574; West Brookfield; MA; 01585-0574; US Patent Application Number: 20030113419 Date filed: December 17, 2001 Abstract: A new and improved process to cure and season uncooked sliced beef, pork and poultry products. The process involves the selection of the desired principal ingredient, being either beef, pork or poultry. The desired principal ingredient is then frozen, tempered to desired temperature below freezing and sliced thin. The sliced principal ingredient is then blended with salt, spice blend, curing agent, sodium erythorbate and water in a blending machine. The blended product is then packaged and stored in a refrigerated cooler allowing the curing agent and spices to cure and season the blended product, forming the final product. The final product is then kept refrigerated for immediate use, or frozen for shipment and future use. The final product must be cooked by the consumer prior to eating. Excerpt(s): Over the years the preparation of food has relied on various methods to keep the particular food item edible if not eaten fresh or soon after cooking. Some of the methods used to preserve and prolong the usability of foods have included freezing, drying, smoking and curing. For some foods the taste and appeal or appearance of the particular food has been improved and enhanced as a result of the process. This is particularly true of Pastrami. The curing and seasoning process brings out a flavor that is not present in the unprocessed beef In the past in order to prepare Pastrami it was necessary to cook the main ingredient, beef, as a part of the process. No matter what sequence was used to cook, cure or season the beef, to become the final product, the cooking time comprised a major portion of the time. The cooking time prolonged the total time required. As time is money the cooking time increased the cost of producing the Pastrami. This is also true for other beef products. The same problem applies to the preparation of pork and poultry. There is in any event still a requirement to cook the Pastrami a second time prior to consumption. The present invention is a new and improved process to prepare Pastrami without cooking the beef during the initial processing. The result is a much reduced time for preparation thereby reducing the cost of preparation. This process is equally applicable to beef, in general, pork or poultry. An object of the invention is to develop a process for the preparation of Pastrami that does not involve cooking the pastrami during the initial processing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Systems and methods for interactive beef cattle marketplace Inventor(s): DeHaan, Kevin; (Taylor, MO), Fleck, William; (Duluth, GA), Godbersen, Lynn; (Winterset, IA), Lind, David; (Overland Park, KS), Nicholson, Thomas; (Indianola, IA), Norwood, James; (Kansas City, MO), Sarzen, Marcell J.; (Dunwoody, GA), Shuler, Richard O.; (Alpharetta, GA), Young, Joseph; (Olathe, KS) Correspondence: ALSTON & BIRD LLP; BANK OF AMERICA PLAZA; 101 SOUTH TRYON STREET, SUITE 4000; CHARLOTTE; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20020065765 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: A system and method for dynamically marketing cattle is provided comprising a buyer interface, a producer interface, a network, and an cattle information server. The cattle information server receives information from the buyer interface defining a plurality of demand profiles at least one which contains information specifying a first pre-conditioning program. The cattle information server also receives information from the producer interface defining a supply profile that specifies a second pre-conditioning program and stores the demand profiles and supply profile in a database. The cattle information server searches the database to determine if one or more of the demand profiles match the supply profile based at least in part on a comparison of the first and second pre-conditioning programs and identifies at least one demand profile in response to a match between the supply profile and the demand profile. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to interactive networked marketplaces. More particularly, the present invention relates to an interactive marketplace that facilitates the development and marketing of beef cattle. One the biggest problems facing the cattle industry today is the lack of a systematic and integrated method of breeding and marketing cattle to suit the expressed needs of cattle buyers. Although the beef industry is U.S. agriculture's largest sector, it is one of the least efficient. In an attempt to correct this problem, there is a growing trend in the beef industry to apply concepts such as consolidation, vertical integration, production to specification and valued-based marketing to improve beef production efficiency, product quality, and consistency among particular brands and/or types of cattle. Consumer demand for predictably safe, healthy and tasty beef product is the catalyst for this trend. In response to consumer demand, the beef cattle industry is attempting to shift to a branding concept that utilizes an integrated production system. Integrated branded beef systems typically consist of two or more business partners, each representing a single phase of production, i.e., breeding, production, feeding, slaughter, processing, or retail. Cattlemen and beef industry business leaders are forming such partnerships to develop branded beef products. The attempt to create an integrated branded beef system, however, is typically impeded by a number of factors present in the cattle industry. For example, due to the large number of independent cattle producers with stock of varied genetic backgrounds, there is significant variation in quality and other characteristics within the supply of feeder cattle available for finishing and harvesting. Thus, even cattle purchased from the same supplier may vary significantly in quality and characteristics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Triglyceride emulsion for deinking process Inventor(s): Li, Chin; (Huntington, WV), Segelstrom, Rodger; (Appleton, WI) Correspondence: BASF CORPORATION; ANNE GERRY SABOURIN; 26701 TELEGRAPH ROAD; SOUTHFIELD; MI; 48034-2442; US Patent Application Number: 20030106654 Date filed: November 28, 2001 Abstract: A method is provided for deinking paper. Repulped paper is treated with a deinking agent. The deinking agent comprises a triglyceride. A preferred triglyceride is beef tallow. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the addition of a triglyceride in a deinking process. Paper is a renewable resource and can be recycled to make new paper. Papers that can be recycled include, but are not limited to, newspaper, mixed office waste, and magazine paper. In order to be recycled, the paper is repulped into cellulose fibers. The fibers are swelled with alkaline water to form an aqueous slurry to assist in detaching the ink particles from the fibers. In order to remove these detached ink particles from the slurry, many deinking processes are available. One method of deinking is washing. In wash deinking, at least one surfactant is added to make the ink hydrophilic, and to allow the ink to be washed away. The particle size of the ink is generally about 2-20.mu.m in order to allow the ink particles to flow through a fiber mat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with beef, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “beef” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on beef. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning beef. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BEEF Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to beef. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on beef include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “beef” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on beef: •

Quick and Healthy Recipes and Ideas Contact: ScaleDown Publishing, Inc., 1519 Hermits Way, The Dalles, OR 97058. (541) 296-5859, Fax (541) 296-1875, Email [email protected]. Summary: In this book, Ms. Ponichtera offers a wide variety of healthy, tasty meals from many cultures. All are fairly simple to cook and have ingredients found at any grocery store. Included are suggestions for healthy snacks, diabetic exchanges and nutrition information for each recipe, and complete menu plans. Ms Ponichtera has also included recipes for healthy substitutes for such staples as soy sauce, breading, and cream soup base. The dishes cover a wide range, from beverages (yogurt shakes) to appetizers (smoked salmon spread), breads (blueberry coffee cake), poultry (oven fried chicken), meat (beef fajitas), soups (tomato-shrimp soup), vegetables (basil tomatoes), salads (curry tuna salad), and even desserts (mandarin orange cake).

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The NutriBase Nutrition Facts Desk Reference Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery, 789p., 1995. Contact: Avery Publishing Group, 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (516) 741-2155, (800) 548-5757. FAX (516) 742-1892. Summary: This book is a compilation of nutrition information on foods. Individual foods are listed, such as walnut oil, ground beef, and honeydew melon, as are prepared foods such as fudge brownies, oat cereal, and Welsh rarebit. Brand names are included for the prepared foods and for the many menu items from fast food restaurants. Serving size, caloric content, protein, carbohydrates, sodium, fat, saturated fats, and cholesterol are included.

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Wheat-Free Recipes and Menus: Delicious Dining without Wheat or Gluten Source: Centennial, CO: Savory Palate, Inc. 2002. 287 p. Contact: Available from Savory Palate, Inc. 8174 South Holly, No. 404, Centennial, CO 80122-4004. (800) 741-5418 or (303) 741-5408. Fax (303) 741-0339. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.savorypalate.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1889374059. Summary: This book offers a guide to wheat-free recipes and menus, explaining the gluten-free diet, a requirement for people with celiac disease (gluten intolerance). The author begins with a brief introductory section, then provides recipes in ten categories: breads; breakfast and brunch; pasta, grains, beans and rice; desserts including cake, cookies, pie, and pudding; soups; sauces and salad dressings; vegetables; poultry; fish and seafood; and beef and pork. The book includes a special section of menus: quick and easy dinners, reduced fat low calorie meals, fish and seafood menus, beef and pork menus, poultry menus, Southwestern menus, and meatless meals. The book concludes with a section of appendices, including wheat flour equivalents, substitutes for wheat as a thickener, wheat-free flours, and hidden sources of wheat; a list of mail-order sources, and a subject index.

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At Home with Gladys Knight: Her Personal Recipe for Living Well, Eating Right, and Loving Life Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. 193 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $16.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400752. Summary: This book offers an overview of a healthy approach to living as embraced by Gladys Knight. Gladys' mother was diagnosed with diabetes at the age of 30 and Gladys has fought to stay healthy and avoid the same fate her whole life. Even though she does not have diabetes, Gladys soon realized that living a lifestyle aimed towards preventing diabetes was actually the healthiest way to live. Living healthy is the best way to protect oneself against the threat of America's fastest growing 'lifestyle' disease and it is the best way to get in shape. The book offers five chapters describing her family history and goals, the joys of eating right, strategies for exercise and burning calories, and how to stay on track with a healthy lifestyle. The final chapter offers many recipes in eleven categories: appetizers and dips, beverages, salads, dressings and sauces, soups and stews, veggies and side dishes, chicken and turkey, seafood, beef, pork and lamb,

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breakfast, breads and muffins, and desserts. Each recipe includes portion sizes, complete nutritional information and exchange list information. The book includes a section of full color family photographs and another section of full color photographs of some of the foods for which recipes are provided. A subject index and a brief summary of the American Diabetes Association conclude the book. •

Tasty, Tender Temptations: Recipes for Soft, High-Fiber, Low-Salt Meals for Folks with Kidney Disease Source: Roanoke, TX: Niche Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1997. 19 p. Contact: Available from Niche Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 200 North Oak Street, Roanoke, TX 76262. (800) 677-0355. Fax (817) 491-3533. PRICE: Single copy free to health professionals; bulk copies available. Summary: This cookbook features recipes that are acceptable for a person following a renal diet and that combine high fiber and low salt foods in an easy to ingest and easy to digest form. The recipes are designed to help kidney disease patients who have trouble chewing or swallowing and who may be at increased risk of malnutrition as they try to follow the recommended renal diet. The introductory material discusses the importance of dietary fiber (including the use of supplements), the role of caloric intake, and the individual recommendations for protein foods, starches, vegetables, and fruits. The recipes begin with three basic sauces: a white sauce, a brown sauce, and a tomato sauce; the nutritional values (calories, protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus) are provided for each. The cookbook then provides recipes for lasagna, chicken pot pie, beef burgundy, beef stroganoff, shrimp creole, mock stuffed crab, Garden-roni, curried egg, and Dialyzing potatoes. All of the recipes include the supplemental fiber product, Unifiber, manufactured by the company that created the cookbook. All of the recipes include a nutrient analysis that notes calories, protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus amounts. The cookbook is spiral bound for ease of use.

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Let's Get Cooking! A Practical Guide to Community Kitchens for People Living with and Affected by HIV/AIDS Contact: Canadian Public Health Association, Canadian HIV/AIDS Clearinghouse, 4001565 Carling Ave Ste 400, Ottawa, (613) 725-3434, http://www.cpha.ca. Summary: This cookbook, for community organizations that serve individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), contains recipes for inexpensive, nutritious meals and discusses the concept of a community kitchen and how to establish one. The cookbook contains recipes for beef, poultry, pork, fish, and vegetarian dishes as well as desserts that are safe for consumption by HIV-positive persons.

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Fat-Proof Your Child Source: New York, NY: Workman Publishing Company. 1997. 494 p. Contact: Available from Workman Publishing Company. 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003. (800) 722-7207 ext. 7509 or (212) 614-7509. PRICE: $22.95. ISBN: 1563051508. Summary: This spiral bound cookbook stresses fitness and health in addressing the problem of American children and adolescents who are overweight and out of shape. The author focuses on the overweight child and teen, the reasons behind the problem, and the role of parents. The book emphasizes that parents are the single most influential factor regarding how active and healthy their children will be. The book examines many

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of the reasons for lack of exercise and fitness in teenagers, including increased television viewing, increased computer use, lack of physical education programs in schools, and societal changes that have restricted the unchaperoned use of parks and playgrounds by children. The author provides specific, realistic suggestions for parents who want to help their children (and themselves) become more physically active. In the sections on food intake, the author provides seven simple steps that parents can take to moderate fat and to change their children's eating habits. The book concludes with 150 pages of recipes, many of which provide low-fat adaptations of familiar foods that children like. Recipes are provided in 10 categories: soups and chili, pasta, salads, poultry, beef, veal and pork, seafood, side dishes, kid-friendly vegetables, old favorites made lean, and fresh fruit endings. A section of recommended menus, a bibliography, a general index, and a recipe index complete the book. 73 references. (AA-M).

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “beef” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “beef” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “beef” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

125 Best Ground Meat Recipes: Using Beef, Turkey, Chicken, Pork and More by Ilana Simon (2003); ISBN: 0778800768; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0778800768/icongroupinterna

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13th Report [session 1994-95]: EC Beef and Veal Regime; with Evidence: [HL]: [199495]: House of Lords Papers: [1994-95] by Digby Michael G.J. Willoughby Middleton (1995); ISBN: 0104081953; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0104081953/icongroupinterna

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3rd Report, Session 1996-97: the BSE Crisis and the Export Ban on Northern Ireland Beef: [HC]: [1996-97]: House of Commons Papers: [1996-97] by Clive Soley (1997); ISBN: 0102184976; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102184976/icongroupinterna

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3rd Report, Session 1997-98: the UK Beef Industry: [HC]: [1997-98]: House of Commons Papers: [1997-98] by Peter Luff (1998); ISBN: 0102183988; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102183988/icongroupinterna

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Accounting For Successful Farm Management Series - Beef by Canadian Farm Business Management Council (1999); ISBN: 0888005148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0888005148/icongroupinterna

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Agricultural Exports and Economic Growth: A Study of the Botswana Beef Industry by Michael Hubbard (1987); ISBN: 0710301219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0710301219/icongroupinterna

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Barbecuing & Sausage Making Secrets: How to Buy Beef, Pork, Poultry, Lamb, Fish, Seafood, & Sausage, Making 95 Percent Fat Free Ground Meats by Charles Knote, et al

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(1993); ISBN: 0685633160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685633160/icongroupinterna •

Basic Routines For Massive Muscles: Beef-It Training Secrets by Robert, Jr. Kennedy (1998); ISBN: 0806977612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806977612/icongroupinterna

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Beef (Emergency Control) (Revocation) Order (Northern Ireland) 1996: Food (Statutory Rule: 1996: 403) by Great Britain (1996); ISBN: 0337923639; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337923639/icongroupinterna

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Beef and Liberty by Ben Rogers (2003); ISBN: 070116980X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/070116980X/icongroupinterna

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Beef and Veal (Ency of Creative Cooking) (1988); ISBN: 9997695208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997695208/icongroupinterna

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Beef Busters by Marissa Cloutier, et al (2002); ISBN: 1580626386; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580626386/icongroupinterna

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Beef Cattle Breeding, Feeding and Showing by Lucy Newham (1995); ISBN: 0750689021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750689021/icongroupinterna

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Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition (Animal Feeding and Nutrition) by Michael J. Cecava (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0125520522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125520522/icongroupinterna

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Beef Cattle Management by Peter J. Chenoweth, Michael Sanderson (2004); ISBN: 0813804027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813804027/icongroupinterna

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Beef Cattle Production: An Integrated Approach by Verl M. Thomas (1992); ISBN: 0881336602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881336602/icongroupinterna

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Beef Housing and Equipment Handbook/Mwps-6 (1987); ISBN: 0893730688; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893730688/icongroupinterna

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Beef on the Bone by Sarah Ann Hill (2001); ISBN: 0754116360; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754116360/icongroupinterna

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Beef Production from Different Dairy Breeds and Beef Crosses by G.J. More O'Ferrall (Editor) (1983); ISBN: 9024727596; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024727596/icongroupinterna

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Beef Special Premium (Protection of Payments) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1996: Agriculture (Statutory Rule: 1997: 611) (1997); ISBN: 0337925704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337925704/icongroupinterna

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Beef Stew (Step into Reading, Step 1, paper) by Barbara Brenner, Catherine Siracusa (Illustrator) (1990); ISBN: 0394850467; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394850467/icongroupinterna

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Beef Today! (Today Series) by Companys Coming Cookbooks (1997); ISBN: 1896891004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1896891004/icongroupinterna

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Beef Usage Attitudes and Opportunities in Foodservice and Consumer Market: Usage, Attitudes, and Opportunities in Foodservice and Consumer Markets by Mary

188 Beef

M. Adolf (1984); ISBN: 0887000037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887000037/icongroupinterna •

Beef: Chinese Style by Wei-Chuan Publishing, Su-Huei Huang (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0941676412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941676412/icongroupinterna

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Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture by Jeremy Rifkin (1993); ISBN: 0452269520; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0452269520/icongroupinterna

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Bon Appetite - Beef, Veal, Lamb: Stry of Dizzy Dean & BSBL by Knapp (1994); ISBN: 0517135965; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517135965/icongroupinterna

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Case for Three Detectives (Croft-Cooke, Rupert, Sgt. Beef Mystery.) by Leo Bruce (1996); ISBN: 0897330331; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897330331/icongroupinterna

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Chinese Children's Stories: Monks' Beef Stew, Yue's Tofu Store by Staff Hwa-I Publishing Co, et al (1991); ISBN: 1561620351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561620351/icongroupinterna

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COM (93) 418 Final, Brussels, 2 September 1993: Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) Amending Regulation (EEC) No. 805/68 on the Common Organization of the Market in Beef and Veal (1993); ISBN: 927759151X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/927759151X/icongroupinterna

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COM (93) 601 Final, Brussels, 24 November 1993: Commission Report on the Prospects for the Beef and Veal Market and the Intervention System (COM (93) 601 Final, Brussels, 24 November 1993) (1993); ISBN: 9277618426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9277618426/icongroupinterna

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COM (93) 614 Final, Brussels, 29 November 1993: Amended Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) Amending Regulation (EEC) No. 805/68 on the Common Organization of the Market in Beef and Veal (COM (93) 614 Final, Brussels, 29 November 1993) (1993); ISBN: 9277618787; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9277618787/icongroupinterna

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COM (94) 451 Final, Brussels, 26.10.1994 94/0243 (CNS): Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) Amending Regulation (EEC) No. 805/68 on the Common Organization of the Market in Beef and Veal as Regards the Deseasonalization Premium (COM (94) 451 Final, Brussels, 26.10.1994 94/0243 (CNS)) (1994); ISBN: 9277812648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9277812648/icongroupinterna

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COM (94) 467 Final, Brussels, 03.11.1994 94/0247 (CNS): 03 - Agriculture, Silviculture & Fisheries: Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) on the Common Organization of the Market in Beef and Veal [consolidated Text] (COM (94) 467 Final, Brussels, 03.11.1994 94/0247 (CNS)) (1994); ISBN: 9277814527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9277814527/icongroupinterna

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COM (97) 161 Final, Brussels, 18.04.1997 - 97/0122 (CNS): 03 - Agriculture, Silviculture and Fisheries: Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) Amending Regulation (EEC) No. 805/68 on the Common Organisation of the Market in Beef and Veal (COM (97) 161 Final, Brussels, 18.04.1997 - 97/0122 (CNS)) (1997); ISBN: 9278183415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9278183415/icongroupinterna

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COM (97) 165 Final, Brussels, 18.04.1997: 03 - Agriculture, Silviculture and Fisheries: Report from the Commission to the Council on the Application of the Early Marketing and the Calf Processing Premium Schemes in the Beef Sector (COM (97) 165 Final, Brussels, 18.04.1997) (1997); ISBN: 9278186600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9278186600/icongroupinterna

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Cook's Guide to Meat: All You Need to Know About Choosing, Preparing, and Cooking With Meat, Plus Delicious Recipes Featuring Beef, Lamb, Pork, Sausages and Cured Meats by Lucy Knox, Keith Richmond (2001); ISBN: 1842153986; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842153986/icongroupinterna

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Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 in Ground Beef: Review of a Draft Risk Assessment by Institute of Medicine (2002); ISBN: 0309086272; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309086272/icongroupinterna

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Food Safety and International Competitiveness: The Case of Beef by John Spriggs, Grant Isaac (2001); ISBN: 0851995187; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851995187/icongroupinterna

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Fresh Meat (Beef Controls) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1996: Food (Statutory Rule: 1996: 506) (1996); ISBN: 033792466X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/033792466X/icongroupinterna

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Fresh Meat (Beef Controls) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1996: Food (Statutory Rule: 1996: 404) by Great Britain (1996); ISBN: 0337923647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337923647/icongroupinterna

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Garfield Beefs Up: His 37th Book (Garfield, 37) by Jim Davis (2000); ISBN: 0345441095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345441095/icongroupinterna

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Grassland Beef Production by W. Holmes (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 0898386500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898386500/icongroupinterna

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Great Beef Cookbook (Australian Women's Weekly) (1997); ISBN: 1863960554; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1863960554/icongroupinterna

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Here's the Beef by Stuart Anderson (1997); ISBN: 1883697948; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883697948/icongroupinterna

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Identification of Cattle and Labelling of Beef and Beef Products: Wednesday 13 November 1996 (Parliamentary Debates: [1996-97) by Ann Winterton (1996); ISBN: 0109651979; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0109651979/icongroupinterna

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Indoor Beef Production by Ron Hardy, Stan Meadowcraft (1986); ISBN: 0852361602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852361602/icongroupinterna

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Japanese Beef Policies by Francis Teal (1987); ISBN: 0644074256; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0644074256/icongroupinterna

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Japan's Beef Industry: Economics and Technology for the Year 2000 by James R. Simpson (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 085199105X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085199105X/icongroupinterna

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Joe Beef by David Fennario (1998); ISBN: 0889222916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889222916/icongroupinterna

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Kill and Chill: Restructuring Canada's Beef Commodity Chain by Ian MacLachlan (2002); ISBN: 080200847X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080200847X/icongroupinterna

190 Beef

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Light Beef and Pork (Great Taste, Low Fat) by Editors of Time-Life Books (Editor), Time-Life Books (1999); ISBN: 0783545657; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0783545657/icongroupinterna

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Lowfat Gourmet Beef by Jackie Eddy, Eleanor Clark (1997); ISBN: 0761501916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761501916/icongroupinterna

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Marketing Beef in Japan by William A. Kerr, et al (1994); ISBN: 1560220449; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560220449/icongroupinterna

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Minced Beef Cookbook by Carole Cooper (1985); ISBN: 0572013442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0572013442/icongroupinterna

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Muscle Hypertrophy of Genetic Origin and Its Use to Improve Beef Production by J.W.B. King (1982); ISBN: 9024726379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024726379/icongroupinterna

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National Guidelines for Beef Cattle Feedlots in Australia (SCARM Technical Report) (1993); ISBN: 0643054383; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0643054383/icongroupinterna

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Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: 1996 (Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals) by National Research Council (2000); ISBN: 0309069343; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309069343/icongroupinterna

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Plays Two: Beef/My Father's House/the Viewing/King John's Jewel/Black Star by David Pownall (2003); ISBN: 1840020776; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840020776/icongroupinterna

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Pocketbook for Beef Producers by Roger Brownson (1993); ISBN: 0788127128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788127128/icongroupinterna

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Protection or Liberalization?: A Policy Analysis of the Korean Beef Sector (Development Economics and Policy, 5) by Elke M. Forster (1997); ISBN: 0820429562; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0820429562/icongroupinterna

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Quick and Easy Microwaving Ground Beef (1987); ISBN: 0865735328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865735328/icongroupinterna

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Quick and Easy Microwaving: Ground Beef by Microwave Cooking Institute (1991); ISBN: 0137494254; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0137494254/icongroupinterna

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Radio Plays: An Epiphanous Use of the Microphone, Beef, Ploughboy Monday, Flos, Kitty Wilkinson, Under the Table by David Pownall (1998); ISBN: 1840020342; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840020342/icongroupinterna

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Raising a Calf for Beef by Phyllis Hobson (1983); ISBN: 0882660950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882660950/icongroupinterna

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Rationing Beef Cattle by David Allen (1992); ISBN: 0948617276; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0948617276/icongroupinterna

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REG 805/68/EEC: Council Regulation of 27 June 1968 on the Common Organisation of the Market in Beef and Veal - [compilation Including the Following Amendments (1996); ISBN: 0119743434; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119743434/icongroupinterna

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Regionalisation and Integration in China: Lessons from the Transformation of the Beef Industry (The Chinese Economy Series) by Colin G. Brown, et al (2002); ISBN:

Books

191

075461753X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075461753X/icongroupinterna •

Review of the Usda Draft Risk Assessment of the Public Health Impact of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef (2003); ISBN: 0309085268; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309085268/icongroupinterna

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Riddle Roundup : A Wild Bunch to Beef Up Your Word Power by Giulio Maestro (Author) (1989); ISBN: 0899195377; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899195377/icongroupinterna

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Roast Beef in April an Autobiographical Sketch of the '30's & '40's by Bob Higgins, et al (1993); ISBN: 0963793624; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963793624/icongroupinterna

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Roast Beef on Italian Bread: A Boy and His Dog by Paul V. Dunn (2003); ISBN: 0595263658; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595263658/icongroupinterna

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Roast Beef, Medium by Edna Ferber (2003); ISBN: 1592244483; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592244483/icongroupinterna

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Roast Beef, Medium: The Business Adventures of Emma McChesney by Edna Ferber, et al (2001); ISBN: 0252069455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0252069455/icongroupinterna

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Robert Rose's Favorite Beef, Pork & Lamb by Robert Rose (1999); ISBN: 0778800075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0778800075/icongroupinterna

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Rural Development in China: Insights from the Beef Industry (The Chinese Economy Series) by Scott A. Waldron, et al (2003); ISBN: 0754618048; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754618048/icongroupinterna

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Salad Bar Beef by Joel Salatin (Introduction), H. Allan Nation (1996); ISBN: 096381091X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096381091X/icongroupinterna

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Small-Scale Processing of Beef (Technical Memorandum, No 10) by United Nations Environment Programme (1985); ISBN: 9221050505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9221050505/icongroupinterna

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Stir Frying Beef with Video by Wei-Chuan (1994); ISBN: 0941676528; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941676528/icongroupinterna

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Stock Diseases: Diseases of Beef Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Farm Dogs in Temperate Australia by Anthony Brightling (1997); ISBN: 040930476X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/040930476X/icongroupinterna

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Studies on Beef Production from Females (Agriculture) by Hans-Jurgen Langholz (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 928257220X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/928257220X/icongroupinterna

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The 2000-2005 Outlook for Beef and Veal in the Middle East by Inc. Icon Group International (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0757677177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757677177/icongroupinterna

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The Australian Cooking Collection: Brilliant Beef (The Australian Cooking Collection) (1993); ISBN: 1875655123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1875655123/icongroupinterna

192 Beef

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The Beef (Emergency Control) (Revocation) Order 1996: Food (Statutory Instruments: 1996: 1742) (1996); ISBN: 0110627997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110627997/icongroupinterna

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The Beef (Marketing Payment) (Amendment) Regulations 1996: Agriculture (Statutory Instruments: 1996: 2561) by Great Britain (1996); ISBN: 0110631293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110631293/icongroupinterna

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The Beef (Marketing Payment) (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations 1997: Agriculture (Statutory Instruments: 1997: 195) (1997); ISBN: 0110638409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110638409/icongroupinterna

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The Beef Book by Jean Pare (2002); ISBN: 1895455812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1895455812/icongroupinterna

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The Beef Carcase (Classification) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1998: Agriculture (Statutory Rule: 1998: 40) by Great Britain (1998); ISBN: 0337929475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337929475/icongroupinterna

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The Beef Labelling (Enforcement) Regulations 1998 (Statutory Instruments: 1998: 616) (1998); ISBN: 0110658493; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110658493/icongroupinterna

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The Beef Lover's Guide to Weight Control and Lower Cholesterol by Chriss McNaught, et al (1990); ISBN: 0943255279; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943255279/icongroupinterna

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The Beef Special Premium (Amendment) Regulations 1999: ???????? (Statutory Instruments: 1999: 1179) (1999); ISBN: 0110826574; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110826574/icongroupinterna

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The Behaviour of Beef Suckler Cattle (Bos Taurus) by Marthe Kiley-Worthington, Susan De LA Plain (1983); ISBN: 3764312653; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3764312653/icongroupinterna

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The Best Ground Beef Cookbook Ever (1992); ISBN: 0871973316; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871973316/icongroupinterna

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The Certification of the Fatty Acid Profile of Two Edible Oil and Fat Materials: SoyaMaize Oil Blend Crm No 162, Beef-Pig Fat Blend Crm No 163 (Bcr) by W.D. Pocklington, P.J. Wagstaffe (1988); ISBN: 9282577724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282577724/icongroupinterna

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The Government's Response to the 3rd Report in the 1996/97 Session of the House of Commons Northern Ireland Affairs Committee: The BSE Crisis and the Export Ban on Northern Ireland Beef (Cm.: 3704) (1997); ISBN: 0101370423; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0101370423/icongroupinterna

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The Problem of Dark-Cutting in Beef: A Seminar in the Eec Programme of Coordination of Research on Animal Welfare, Organized by D.E. Hood and P.V. T by Hood (1981); ISBN: 9024725224; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024725224/icongroupinterna

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The World Encyclopedia of Meat, Game and Poultry: Essential Visual Guide Includes Everything You Need to Know About Beef and Veal, Lamb, Pork, Game and Poultry by Lucy Knox, Keith Richmond (2000); ISBN: 0754806022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754806022/icongroupinterna

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193

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Trails and Trials: Markets and Land Use in the Alberta Beef Cattle Industry, 18811948 by Maxwell L. Foran (2003); ISBN: 1552380890; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1552380890/icongroupinterna

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Where's the Beef?: The Mad Cow Disease Conspiracy by David Lamar Cole (2001); ISBN: 0595202586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595202586/icongroupinterna

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Women of the Range: Women's Roles in the Texas Beef Cattle Industry by Elizabeth Maret, Liz Carpenter (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0890965323; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890965323/icongroupinterna

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Your Calf: A Kid's Guide to Raising and Showing Beef and Dairy Calves by Heather Smith Thomas (1997); ISBN: 0882669478; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882669478/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “beef” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

A comparative study of shark liver catalase with crystalline beef liver catalase. by Sister Mary Julitta Bomkamp. Author: Bomkamp, Mary Julitta,; Year: 1953; Washington, D. C., The Catholic university of America press, 1942

•

Cancer from beef: DES, federal food regulation, and consumer confidence Author: Marcus, Alan I,; Year: 2002; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994; ISBN: 0801847001 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801847001/icongroupinterna

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Comparative studies of beef-lecithin and egg-lecithin as components of the cardiolipin antigens in the complement fixation test for syphilis. Author: Vogelsang, Thomas Martin,; Year: 1955; Bergen, Grieg [1953]

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Factors influencing fertility in the postpartum cow: a seminar in the CEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Freising, September 30October 2, 1981 Author: Commission of the European Communities. Coordination of Agricultural Research.; Year: 1994; The Hague; Boston: Nijhoff for the Commission of the European Communities, 1982; ISBN: 9024727154 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024727154/icongroupinterna

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

194 Beef

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Growth of hemolytic streptococci and influenza bacilli in protein fractions of beef blood and human ascitic fluid, by Walter Richard Hess. Author: Hess, Walter Richard,; Year: 1905; Chicago, Ill. [1942]

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Manipulation of growth in farm animals: a seminar in the CEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held in Brussels, December 13-14, 1982 Author: Commission of the European Communities. Coordination of Agricultural Research.; Year: 1995; Boston: Nijhoff for the Commission of the European Communities; Hingham, MA: Distributors for the United States and Canada, Kluwer Boston, 1984; ISBN: 0898386178

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Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition.; Year: 1967; Washington, 1963

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Postmortem changes in animal tissues; the conditioning or ripening of beef, by T. Moran and E. C. Smith. Author: Moran, T.; Year: 1942; London, 1929

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Studies on the in vitro perfusion of the beef, rabbit and dog thyroid glands using radioactive iodide as a tracer element. Author: Lacy, Paul Eston.; Year: 1942; [Minneapolis] 1955

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The dark side of the beef trust; a treatise concerning the "canner" cow, the coldstorage fowl, the diseased meats, the dopes and preservatives, and what takes place on the other side of the partitions of the packing houses while the public is being entertained by tinsel and music and a parade of prize steers for government inspection, by a practical butcher with forty years' experience in the cattle and meat business. Author: Hirschauer, Herman.; Year: 1870; [Jamestown, N. Y., Root] 1905

Chapters on Beef In order to find chapters that specifically relate to beef, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and beef using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on beef: •

Meat and Meat Substitutes Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 181-234. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: The protein food group includes meat, seafood, cheese, eggs, and soy products. These foods are often grouped according to how much fat they contain (very lean to high fat). This chapter on meat and meat substitutes is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss how protein

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195

can be incorporated into one's diet, strategies for lightening one's protein intake (choosing lower fat options), tips for cutting back on meat, low fat cooking techniques, sauces and seasonings, the nutrition of cheese, portion control with protein foods, common questions about meats and protein, and the use of soy foods, including tofu and tempeh. Numerous recipes are then provided: roasted soy nuts, teriyaki tofu kabobs, Chinese ginger salmon, seared salmon with asparagus and green onion, seared sesame tuna with orange glaze, teriyaki glazed tuna, Middle Eastern tuna salad, 4 ways with tuna or salmon, crunchy shrimp and broccoli stir fry, cioppino, seafood kabobs Hawaiian, stir fry fish, New Orleans shrimp Creole, shrimp scampi, crispy fish filets, low fat sauces for fish (tartar sauce, cold cucumber sauce), wild rice sun-dried cherry stuffed chicken, chicken with tricolored peppers, grilled chicken breasts with fruit salsa, chicken salad in 64 ways, Oriental turkey salad, marinated steak kabobs, Chinese stir fried beef with ginger, and spiced lamb stew. The chapter includes charts of common meats and meat substitutes and their nutrition values.

197

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON BEEF Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on beef. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on beef is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “beef” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on beef: •

Recreating Taste in Low Fat Cooking Source: Chicago, IL: The Association, 25 min., 1994. Summary: This video demonstrates ways to decrease the fat content when cooking food. Techniques are shown for main dish beef, poultry, and fish entrees.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Beef The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in beef (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on beef:

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•

Beef cattle zoonoses [slide]: a self-instructional presentation Source: Institute of Agricultural Medicine and Environmental Health, Dept. of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Year: 1978; Format: Slide; Oakdale, Iowa: The Institute, 1978

•

E. coli 0157 [sound recording]: H7: where's the beef?: recorded at DDW 1995 in San Diego Source: AGA; Year: 1995; Format: Sound recording; [United States]: American Gastroenterological Association, [1995?]

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BEEF Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover beef.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on beef is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to beef. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “beef” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for beef: •

Angiotech loss grows as it beefs up studies Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 17, 2003

•

Bad beef can mean lasting kidney problems for kids Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 09, 2003

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•

U.S. says still discussing Canada beef ban Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 2003

•

Desperate times for Canada's beef industry Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 14, 2003

•

UK food agency recommends relaxing BSE beef rules. Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 10, 2003

•

Brazil to trace U.S., Canada beef cattle imports Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 09, 2003

•

Bush tells Canada he wants quick end to beef ban Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 07, 2003

•

Canada expects expert panel to say beef safe Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 25, 2003

•

Canada expects expert panel to declare beef safe Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 25, 2003

•

Experts to urge U.S. to end Canada beef ban: CBC TV Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 24, 2003

•

No decision on easing Canada beef ban--USDA Veneman Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 16, 2003

•

Canada confident U.S. will soon ease beef ban Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 12, 2003

•

USDA to offer radiation-treated beef to schoolkids Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 29, 2003

•

Canada beef industry sputters amid mad cow probe Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 27, 2003

•

World slams door on Canadian beef Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 21, 2003

•

US bans Canadian beef imports due to mad cow case Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 20, 2003

•

U.S. bans Canada beef imports due to mad cow case Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2003

Periodicals and News

•

Beef vs. bagels: Food companies take on Dr. Atkins Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 17, 2003

•

Nebraska firm recalls beef due to E. coli concerns Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 08, 2002

•

Cargill expands US beef recall Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 03, 2002

•

France ends ban on British beef Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 02, 2002

•

Cargill recalls beef due to E. coli outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 30, 2002

•

French agency rules British beef is safe Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 20, 2002

•

For older men, beefy physique doesn't require beef Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 28, 2002

•

CDC says illnesses from tainted beef could rise Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 26, 2002

•

ConAgra tainted beef linked to 26 illnesses Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 23, 2002

•

Huge ground beef recall to get bigger, USDA says Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 19, 2002

•

Huge beef recall to get bigger, USDA says Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 19, 2002

•

France finds BSE-risk material in beef Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 19, 2002

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “beef” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “beef” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to beef, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “beef” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on beef: •

Do You Need Meat to Beef up? Source: Tufts University Health and Diet Letter. 20(8):2. October 2002.

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Contact: P.O. Box 420235, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0235. 800/274-7581. www.healthletter.tufts.edu. Summary: Researchers from four universities attempted to answer whether animal protein is necessary to gain strength or increase muscle size. Twenty-one men in their 60s participated in a strength-training regimen 3 days a week while eating an assigned diet. Half of the men ate a vegetarian meal plan with meat substitutes made from soy as the main protein source, and the others ate beef dishes. After 12 weeks of working out, gains in strength and muscle size in the meat-eating group were not any greater than the vegetarian group. Wayne Campbell, Ph.D., notes that 'if a person is eating enough protein, the source of protein is not critical.' Most Americans, including vegetarians, eat up to twice the recommended amount of daily protein.

Academic Periodicals covering Beef Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to beef. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering beef that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for beef. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with beef. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following

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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to beef: Insulin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humulin 50/50; Humulin 70/30; Humulin 70/30 Pen; Humulin L; Humulin N; Humulin N Pen; Humulin R; Humulin R, Regular U500 (Concentrated); Humulin U; Lente; Lente Iletin II; Novolin 70/30; Novolin 70/30 PenFill; Novolin 70/30 Prefilled; Novolin L; Novoli http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203298.html

Niclosamide •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Niclocide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202406.html

Thiamine (Vitamin B 1 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biamine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202560.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

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If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

211

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “beef” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Typhimurium Infection Associated with Eating Raw Ground Beef: Wisconsin, 1994 Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 44(49): 905-909. December 15, 1995. Summary: Despite previous publicized outbreaks of illness associated with undercooked meat and recommendations to avoid it, some persons continue to eat undercooked or raw meat. This report summarizes the investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium gastrointestinal illness in Wisconsin associated with eating contaminated raw ground beef during the 1994 winter holiday season. The authors describe the numbers of people infected and possible problems from a butcher shop suspected as the origin of the outbreak. An editorial note is included; the editor stresses that the investigation in Dodge County underscores that knowledge of health risks is not consistently associated with desirable changes in behavior. The editorial concludes with a list of three guidelines for interventions to reduce the risks associated with the consumption of ground beef. 1 table. 8 references.

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

14 15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 10400 74 772 7 0 11253

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “beef” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

16

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

18

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 20

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

217

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on beef can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to beef. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to beef. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “beef”:

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•

Other guides Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/creutzfeldtjakobdisease.html Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html E. Coli Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on beef. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

High Phosphorus Foods Source: Birmingham, AL: Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 934-8055. Fax (205) 9342987. PRICE: $0.65 per copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: Almost all foods contain some phosphorus, so the average person generally consumes more phosphorus than the body needs. Kidneys that do not function properly lose the ability to get rid of excess phosphorus. People with kidney disease can help keep their bones in the best possible condition by avoiding high phosphorus foods. This single fold brochure lists foods with the highest phosphorus, organized into six categories: dairy products, breads and cereals, dried beans and peas, meats and meat substitutes, beverages, and miscellaneous. Foods include milk, cheese, yogurt, custard, ice cream, cream soups, cream pies, cottage cheese, oatmeal, brown rice, wheat germ, raisin bran, whole wheat breads, bran cereals, bran muffins, lentils, soybeans, navy beans, lima beans, kidney beans, blackeyed peas, pinto beans, salmon, oysters, pot pies, sardines, dried beef, TV dinners, strawberry sodas, all dark colored sodas (except root beer), molasses, chocolate, dried fruit, nuts and seeds, and raisins and dates. The brochure is printed on cardstock and illustrated with graphics of the foods listed.

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Star-Lite Dining Source: Parsippany, NJ: Estee Corporation. 1992. 8 p. Contact: Available from Estee Corporation. 169 Lackawanna Avenue, Parsippany, NJ 07054. (800) 343-7833. PRICE: Single copy free for individuals; up to 25 copies free to health care providers. Summary: This booklet presents basic tips on nutrition and meal planning for people with diabetes. Illustrated with photographs of performing and athletic stars, the brochure provides recipes and guidelines used by these famous people with diabetes. Topics include controlling blood glucose levels, controlling blood lipid levels, controlling blood pressure, and managing weight. Recipes included are Teryaki Beef Kabobs; Couscous Salad; Caponata (Italian Eggplant Dip); Roasted Rosemary Chicken with New Potatoes and Garlic; Fruity Oat Bran Coffee Cake; Floating Islands with Fresh Fruit Sauce; Peach Parfait Pie; and Flounder en Papillote. An introductory section describes the activities and benefits of membership of the American Diabetes Association.

•

Food for Thought: Planning a Healthy Diet Source: Parsipanny, NJ: Estee Corporation. 1993. 7 p. Contact: Available from Estee Corporation, Professional Services Department. 169 Lackawanna Avenue, Parsipanny, NJ 07054. (800) 523-1734, ext. 200, or (201) 335-1000. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet, from the Estee Corporation, provides information about nutrition and meal planning for people with diabetes. Topics covered include the role of diet and nutrition in a diabetes management program; managing blood glucose levels through reading food labels, meal planning, informed consumption, and the use of fructose; managing blood pressure, including the role of a restricted sodium diet; managing cholesterol levels; and choosing appropriate snack foods. The booklet includes a few recipes: blueberry muffins; apple raisin crumble; and teriyaki beef kabobs. Complete nutritional information and diabetic exchange information follow each recipe.

•

An Eating Plan for Healthy Americans Source: Dallas: The Association, 18 p., 1995. Contact: American Heart Association, National Center, 7272 Greenville Ave., Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Summary: This brochure describes the Heart Association diet. The goals of the plan are a lowered intake of fat, salt, and cholesterol. Suggested amounts of various foods are given, as well as how to select from that group. For example, the diet recommends six ounces of lean meat, poultry, or fish per day, which is about two thin slices of roast beef, and other choices might include fish, skinless chicken, or lean ground beef. Tips on following the diet and suggestions for snacks and beverages are included.

•

Be Heart Smart! Eat Foods Lower in Saturated Fats and Cholesterol Source: Washington, DC: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Office of Research on Minority Health. 8p. 1997.

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Contact: NHLBI Information Center. Attention: Web Site P.O. Box 30105 Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. Phone 301-592-8573. Fax: 301-592- 8563 E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www:nhlbi.nih.gov. Summary: This brochure focuses on ways African Americans can blend traditional foods with a low-fat diet. The role of saturated fat and cholesterol in heart disease is explained and common sources of saturated fats and cholesterol are listed. Suggested meats include pork ears and ham hocks, opossum, and beef tripe. A list of suggestions for alternative cooking methods includes using vegetable oil or broth instead of lard, using low-fat cheese, skimming fat from gravies, and using egg whites or egg substitutes rather than whole eggs. Other ideas are to use other cooking methods than frying, to remove poultry skin, to trim visible fat, to use chicken breasts or drumsticks instead of wings and thighs, to drink skim milk, to eat plenty of vegetables, fruits and grains, and to read nutrition labels. The nutrition label is explained in detail. •

Empower Yourself! Learn Your Cholesterol Number Source: Washington, DC: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Office of Research on Minority Health. 8p. 1997. Contact: NHLBI Information Center. Attention: Web Site P.O. Box 30105 Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. Phone 301-592-8573. Fax: 301-592- 8563 E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www:nhlbi.nih.gov. Summary: This brochure, aimed at African Americans, explains why high cholesterol is unhealthy, and the difference between HDL and LDL. Suggested actions to lower cholesterol include substituting ground turkey breast for pork sausage and ground beef, skim milk for whole milk and cream, vegetable oil for lard or butter, and lower-fat meats (such as turkey thighs) or bean and grain dishes for fatback, bacon, and other high-fat meats. Readers are advised to be physically active by, for example, jogging, gardening, climbing stairs, or playing a sport. Readers are urged to maintain a healthy weight by following the low-fat recommendations, staying active, and eating fruits and vegetables for snacks.

•

Low-Calorie, Lowfat and Low Cost Meats Source: Raleigh, NC: Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (DEHNR), Division of Adult Health Promotion, 4p, 1994. Contact: North Carolina DEHNR, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611. Summary: This consumer-education booklet presents simple suggestions for incorporating lean meats into a healthy diet. The booklet recommends no more than two servings of meat or meat substitutes per day, trimming fat from beef and pork, and including fish as a part of a low-fat diet. The booklet also includes a recipe for baked herbed fish.

•

Flavor Ideas For Sodium Controlled Diets Source: Columbus, OH: Central Ohio Diabetes Association 199x. 2 p. Contact: Avaliable from Central Ohio Diabetes Association (CODA). Janet Gorman, 1803 West Fifth Avenue, Columbus, OH 43212. (614) 486-7124. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet presents flavor ideas for sodium-controlled diets. Foods listed include meats (pot roast, stews, beef, eggs, fish, lamb, pork, poultry, and veal) and vegetables (asparagus, beans, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, corn,

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cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, mushrooms, noodles, onions, potatoes, and peas). For each food listed, the fact sheet recommends nonsodium herbs and spices. •

Dining Away From Home Using Exchange Lists Source: Dayton, OH: Miami Valley Hospital. 1990. 22 p. Contact: Available from Miami Valley Hospital. Sarah Lutton, Nutrition Services, One Wyoming Street, Dayton, OH 45409. (513) 223-6192. PRICE: $1 plus $1 shipping and handling. Order Number N-PE-3. Summary: This guide is designed to help people with diabetes make healthy choices that fit into their diet plans while eating out at restaurants. Following an introductory section outlining general guidelines and menu selection tips, the guide lists the exchange list values of the majority of entrees at the following fast food restaurants: Arby's, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Long John Silvers, McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Ponderosa, Rax Roast Beef, Taco Bell, and Wendy's.

•

Meat Serving Sizes Source: Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital. University Hospital. Department of Food and Nutrition Services, 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 934-8055. Fax (205) 934-2987. PRICE: $1.00 for single copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This pamphlet provides information on meat serving sizes and their equivalent meat exchanges. It offers examples of a 2-and 3-ounce portion of lean roast beef round; a lean hamburger; a lean pork chop; a chicken thigh, a chicken drumstick, and half of a chicken breast with the skin removed; and white or dark roast turkey.

•

High Iron Foods Source: Birmingham, AL: Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 934-8055. Fax (205) 9342987. PRICE: $0.65 per copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This single fold brochure lists foods that are high in iron, organizing them into five categories: vegetables, juices, breads and cereals, meats, and miscellaneous. The brochure notes that high iron foods should be eaten along with foods high in vitamin C, such as citrus fruit juices or fresh fruits. Vitamin C is needed so that the body can absorb and use the iron that is eaten. Foods listed include dates, prunes, raisins, prune juice, dried peaches, dried apricots, kale, chard, lentils, spinach, beet greens, turnip greens, dried beans and peas, beef, chicken, cured ham, beef heart, beef kidney, liver, oysters, pork, sardines, scallops, shrimp, turkey, veal, enriched noodles, enriched breads, Cream of Wheat, enriched rice, raisin bran, bran flakes, Special K, peanuts, molasses, corn syrup, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, and black walnuts. The brochure is printed on cardstock and illustrated with graphics of the foods listed.

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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Summary: Browse this FDA web site for guidelines and policies related to safety measures for dairy and beef cattle products. These guidelines are designed to prevent the establishment and spread in the U.S. Source: Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3928 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to beef. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to beef. By consulting all of associations listed in this

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chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with beef. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about beef. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “beef” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “beef”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “beef” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “beef” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BEEF DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues

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(properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Afterload: The tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU]

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Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]

Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminoethyl: A protease inhibitor. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH]

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Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH]

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Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]

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Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginase: A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ORNITHINE and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes hyperargininemia. EC 3.5.3.1. [NIH]

Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascitic Fluid: The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]

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Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-sheet: Two or more parallel or anti-parallel strands are arranged in rows. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH]

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Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Biotype: A group of individuals having the same genotype. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists

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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Purging: Techniques for the removal of subpopulations of cells (usually residual tumor cells) from the bone marrow ex vivo before it is infused. The purging is achieved by a variety of agents including pharmacologic agents, biophysical agents (laser photoirradiation or radioisotopes) and immunologic agents. Bone marrow purging is used in both autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH]

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Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catfish: Common name to express the order Siluriformes. This order contains many families and over 2,000 species, including venomous species. Heteropneustes and Plotosus genera have dangerous stings and are aggressive. Most species are passive stingers. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH]

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Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of

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chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH]

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Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1

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to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Conscious Sedation: An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumer Satisfaction: Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a benefit or service received. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cottonseed Oil: Oil obtained from the seeds of Gossypium herbaceum L., the cotton plant. It is used in dietary products such as oleomargarine and many cooking oils. Cottonseed oil is commonly used in soaps and cosmetics. [NIH] Counterpulsation: A technique for assisting the circulation by decreasing the afterload of the left ventricle and augmenting the diastolic pressure. It may be achieved by intra-aortic balloon, or by implanting a special pumping device in the chest, or externally by applying a negative pressure to the lower extremities during cardiac systole. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for

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the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxins: Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. [NIH]

Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH]

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Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH]

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Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diphtheria Toxin: A 60 kD single chain protein elaborated by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes the sign and symptoms of diphtheria; it can be broken into two unequal fragments, the smaller (A fragment) inhibits protein synthesis and is the lethal moiety that needs the larger (B fragment) for entry into cells. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes epidemics. [NIH] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to

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meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Residues: Drugs and their metabolites which are found in the edible tissues and milk of animals after their medication with specific drugs. This term can also apply to drugs found in adipose tissue of humans after drug treatment. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

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[NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU]

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Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteric Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH]

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Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethionine: 2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms. [NIH] Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Acids, Omega-3: A group of fatty acids, often of marine origin, which have the first unsaturated bond in the third position from the omega carbon. These fatty acids are believed to reduce serum triglycerides, prevent insulin resistance, improve lipid profile, prolong bleeding times, reduce platelet counts, and decrease platelet adhesiveness. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU]

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Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is

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used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma irradiation: A type of radiation therapy that uses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from x-rays. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an

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increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gossypol: Poisonous pigment found in cottonseed and potentially irritating to

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gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart Ventricle: The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right pumps venous blood into the lungs and the left pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemin:

Chloro(7,12-diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-

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dipropanoato(4-)-N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24)) ferrate(2-) dihydrogen. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU]

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Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human growth hormone: A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which promotes growth of the whole body by stimulating protein synthesis. The human gene has already been cloned and successfully expressed in bacteria. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU]

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Hypodermic: Applied or administered beneath the skin. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomagnetic Separation: A cell-separation technique where magnetizable microspheres or beads are first coated with monoclonal antibody, allowed to search and bind to target cells, and are then selectively removed when passed through a magnetic field. Among other applications, the technique is commonly used to remove tumor cells from the

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marrow (bone marrow purging) of patients who are to undergo autologous bone marrow transplantation. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may

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be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across

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membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]

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Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside

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diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical

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Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metmyoglobin: Myoglobin which is in the oxidized ferric or hemin form. The oxidation causes a change in color from red to brown. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mode of Transmission: Hepatitis A [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired

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from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocomponent: A drug containing only one significant molecule. [EU] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Pictures: The art, technique, or business of producing motion pictures for entertainment, propaganda, or instruction. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

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Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH]

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Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nidation: Implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium. [EU] Nisin: A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Unsaturated fatty acids required for the growth of mammals. They are constituents of phospholipids and glycerides in cell membranes. [NIH]

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Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxaloacetate: An anionic form of oxaloacetic acid. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons.

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[EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] P53 gene: A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitism: A) The mode of life of a parasite; b) The relationship between an organism (parasite) that derives benefits from, and at the expense of, another organism (host). [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentosan polysulfate: A drug used to relieve pain or discomfort associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. It is also being evaluated for its protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people undergoing radiation therapy. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]

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Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH]

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Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Adhesiveness: The process whereby platelets adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., collagen, basement membranes, microfibrils, or other "foreign" surfaces. [NIH] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH]

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Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Poultry Products: Food products manufactured from poultry. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH]

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Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proinsulin: The substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin. When insulin is purified from the pancreas of pork or beef, all the proinsulin is not fully removed. When some people use these insulins, the proinsulin can cause the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin is injected. The purified insulins have less proinsulin and other impurities than the other types of insulins. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids,

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primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among

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alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purified Insulins: Insulins with much less of the impure proinsulin. It is thought that the use of purified insulins may help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions. [NIH] Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: An organized assembly of three kinds of enzymes; catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. [NIH] Quinacrine: N(4)-(6-Chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine. An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. [NIH] Quinoxaline: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects

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are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH]

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Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rigor Mortis: Muscular rigidity which develops in the cadaver usually from 4 to 10 hours after death and lasts 3 or 4 days. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Sarcomere: The repeating structural unit of a striated muscle fiber. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]

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Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of

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silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and

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the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stringency: Experimental conditions (e. g. temperature, salt concentration) used during the hybridization of nucleic acids. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]

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Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submitochondrial Particles: The various filaments, granules, tubules or other inclusions within mitochondria. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfotransferases: Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH]

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Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trihalomethanes: Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for

Dictionary 287

nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tylosin: Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. [NIH] Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]

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Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH]

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Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers'

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and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

291

INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 5, 233 A Abdomen, 233, 241, 253, 263, 265, 273, 283, 289 Abdominal, 233, 234, 256, 272, 273 Acatalasia, 233, 242 Acceptor, 233, 265, 271, 284 Acrylonitrile, 164, 233, 280 Actin, 17, 233 Activities of Daily Living, 20, 233 Acute renal, 233, 259 Acyl, 233, 253 Adaptability, 7, 233, 243 Adaptation, 4, 22, 39, 233 Adduct, 12, 233 Adenine, 84, 97, 101, 233 Adenosine, 97, 101, 104, 124, 233, 274 Adenylate Cyclase, 89, 233 Adhesives, 233 Adipocytes, 8, 234 Adipose Tissue, 26, 68, 98, 234, 251 Adjustment, 116, 120, 177, 233, 234 Adrenal Cortex, 234, 247 Adrenal Medulla, 234, 253, 270 Adverse Effect, 234, 281 Aerobic, 88, 165, 234, 267, 277 Aerosol, 234, 284 Affinity, 10, 32, 234, 282 Afterload, 234, 247 Agar, 159, 234, 248, 261 Age Groups, 147, 234 Aged, 80 and Over, 234 Aggressiveness, 54, 234 Albumin, 135, 136, 156, 234, 274 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 49, 235 Aldehydes, 73, 235 Alfalfa, 72, 77, 99, 119, 235 Algorithms, 235, 240 Alimentary, 235, 249 Alkaline, 164, 181, 235, 241, 273 Alkaloid, 235, 245 Allergen, 58, 235 Allylamine, 235 Alpha Particles, 235, 278 Alternative medicine, 202, 235 Aluminum, 149, 165, 235 Alveoli, 235, 288

Amine, 16, 53, 97, 100, 129, 235, 259 Amino Acid Sequence, 235, 236, 256 Amino Acids, 235, 256, 272, 275, 277, 284, 287 Aminoethyl, 89, 235 Ammonia, 125, 235, 287 Amplification, 10, 11, 236 Ampulla, 236, 252 Amylase, 163, 236 Anaerobic, 22, 236, 280, 281 Anal, 9, 104, 236, 255 Analgesic, 236, 247 Analog, 91, 236 Analogous, 236, 251, 286 Anaphylatoxins, 236, 246 Anaphylaxis, 28, 58, 236 Anatomical, 150, 178, 236 Anemia, 107, 236, 241, 245, 273 Anesthesia, 49, 236, 247 Angina, 236, 270 Animal Husbandry, 73, 163, 236 Animal model, 12, 236 Anions, 234, 236, 264, 281, 284 Annealing, 236, 275 Anthelmintic, 92, 236, 278 Antibacterial, 84, 236, 250, 283, 288 Antibiotic, 22, 24, 28, 236, 270, 272, 280, 283, 287 Antibodies, 10, 11, 21, 28, 37, 46, 50, 236, 237, 258, 261, 274 Anticoagulant, 237, 277 Anticonvulsant, 237, 266 Antidote, 237, 241 Antigen, 234, 236, 237, 246, 259, 260, 261, 262 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 237, 246 Anti-infective, 237, 260, 263, 282 Antimetabolite, 237, 254 Antimicrobial, 85, 118, 237, 249 Antioxidant, 237, 238, 254, 271, 272 Antiviral, 136, 156, 237 Antiviral Agents, 156, 237 Anus, 236, 237 Anxiety, 60, 237, 247, 266 Apolipoproteins, 237, 265 Apoptosis, 237, 242 Approximate, 144, 160, 237

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Aqueous, 7, 29, 161, 162, 164, 181, 237, 239, 248, 252, 260, 264, 266 Arachidonic Acid, 89, 167, 238, 265, 277 Arginase, 101, 238 Arginine, 236, 238 Aromatic, 12, 42, 46, 53, 97, 129, 135, 238, 246, 283 Arterial, 235, 238, 244, 258, 270, 277 Arteries, 238, 240, 247, 266, 267, 285 Arterioles, 238, 240, 242 Ascites, 238 Ascitic Fluid, 194, 238 Ascorbic Acid, 35, 238, 260, 271 Aseptic, 148, 238, 271 Aspartate, 104, 238 Aspiration, 14, 59, 238 Assay, 7, 9, 10, 11, 21, 23, 38, 109, 134, 238, 280, 287 Atopic, 48, 238 Atrial, 238, 284 Atrophy, 238, 269 Atypical, 60, 238, 262 Autologous, 238, 241, 262 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 238, 262 Autonomic, 238, 270, 273 Autosuggestion, 238, 261 B Bacteremia, 238, 280 Bacterial Physiology, 233, 239 Bactericide, 162, 239 Bacteriophage, 109, 239, 280 Bacterium, 97, 143, 158, 239, 246, 259, 287 Basal Ganglia, 239, 241 Base, 135, 152, 156, 172, 175, 183, 233, 239, 249, 255, 256, 264, 273, 287 Beer, 122, 218, 239 Benign, 26, 144, 239, 258, 269, 278 Beta-sheet, 7, 239 Bile, 239, 257, 260, 265, 276, 283, 284 Bile Acids, 239, 283, 284 Bile Ducts, 239, 276 Bilirubin, 234, 239, 257 Binding agent, 151, 152, 239 Binding Sites, 32, 84, 239 Bioassay, 102, 239 Bioavailability, 32, 44, 46, 98, 239 Biochemical, 32, 58, 60, 97, 100, 105, 134, 237, 239, 264, 268 Biological therapy, 239, 258 Biomarkers, 13, 15, 239 Biosynthesis, 238, 240, 287

Biotechnology, 21, 24, 28, 40, 48, 136, 193, 202, 213, 240 Biotin, 103, 240 Biotransformation, 240 Biotype, 178, 240 Bladder, 240, 272, 277, 279, 287 Blastocyst, 240, 246, 252, 274 Bleeding Time, 240, 254 Blood Cell Count, 240, 273 Blood Coagulation, 240, 241, 280, 285 Blood Glucose, 219, 240, 259, 263 Blood Platelets, 240, 285 Blood pressure, 3, 219, 240, 268, 282 Blood vessel, 240, 254, 259, 273, 274, 282, 285, 288 Blot, 15, 240 Body Fluids, 7, 239, 240, 241, 282, 287 Body Mass Index, 240, 271 Bone Marrow, 238, 240, 241, 262, 266 Bone Marrow Purging, 241, 262 Bowel, 236, 241, 263, 264 Brachytherapy, 241, 263, 264, 278, 289 Brain Diseases, 49, 241 Branch, 229, 241, 248, 277, 282, 285 Breakdown, 241, 249, 256 Breeding, 115, 153, 178, 180, 187, 236, 241 Bronchodilator, 241, 244 Buffers, 159, 241 Butyric Acid, 241, 254 Bypass, 9, 138, 166, 241 C Cadaver, 241, 280 Cadmium, 68, 74, 241 Cadmium Poisoning, 241 Calcium, 4, 38, 40, 56, 68, 72, 74, 77, 84, 89, 102, 104, 151, 152, 241, 245, 271, 285 Calcium Chloride, 40, 56, 151, 152, 241 Calcium Oxalate, 4, 38, 241, 271 Calculi, 241, 242, 258 Caloric intake, 185, 242 Capillary, 12, 240, 242, 288 Capsules, 70, 75, 242 Carbohydrate, 86, 159, 194, 242, 257, 270, 275 Carbon Dioxide, 164, 242, 249, 255, 256, 274, 279, 288 Carcinogen, 233, 242, 268 Carcinogenesis, 12, 42, 46, 49, 50, 68, 70, 74, 75, 85, 242, 243 Carcinogenic, 16, 242, 250, 262, 276, 283 Carcinoma, 242

Index 293

Cardiac, 11, 26, 32, 235, 242, 247, 252, 253, 269, 283 Cardiology, 29, 54, 242 Cardiotonic, 242, 249 Carotene, 46, 242 Case report, 242, 244 Case series, 242, 244 Caspase, 69, 75, 242 Catalase, 193, 233, 242 Catfish, 25, 242 Cations, 242, 264 Causality, 120, 243 Celiac Disease, 184, 243 Cell Division, 238, 243, 248, 258, 267, 274, 276, 281 Cell membrane, 11, 16, 17, 32, 243, 267, 270, 274 Cell Respiration, 243, 267, 279 Cell Survival, 243, 258 Cellobiose, 159, 243 Cellulose, 161, 181, 243, 256, 274 Central Nervous System, 58, 241, 243, 256, 258, 265 Centrifugation, 243, 267 Cerebellum, 241, 243 Cerebral, 239, 241, 243, 253, 254 Character, 243, 249, 257 Chemopreventive, 9, 243 Chemotactic Factors, 243, 246 Chest Pain, 56, 243 Chlorine, 162, 164, 243 Cholera, 25, 244, 281, 288, 289 Cholesterol Esters, 244, 265 Chromatin, 237, 244, 270 Chromium, 70, 75, 89, 244 Chromosomal, 236, 244, 280 Chromosome, 244, 246, 258, 265, 280, 281 Chronic, 62, 244, 253, 262, 264, 266, 272, 276, 283, 289 Chylomicrons, 244, 265 Chymopapain, 244, 272 CIS, 8, 26, 244 Citrus, 221, 238, 244 Claviceps, 244, 280 Clear cell carcinoma, 244, 249 Clenbuterol, 34, 244 Clinical Medicine, 244, 276 Clinical study, 20, 244 Clinical trial, 5, 8, 14, 213, 244, 251, 277, 278 Cloning, 240, 244 Coagulation, 148, 240, 245, 274

Cobalt, 72, 77, 105, 245 Cod Liver Oil, 245, 252 Coenzyme, 238, 245 Cofactor, 245, 277, 285 Cognition, 20, 245 Colchicine, 86, 245, 287 Colitis, 18, 44, 63, 134, 158, 245 Collagen, 59, 234, 245, 274, 276 Collapse, 236, 241, 245 Colloidal, 234, 245, 251, 273, 281, 284 Combinatorial, 19, 245 Complement, 193, 236, 245, 246, 274 Complementary and alternative medicine, 83, 108, 246 Complementary medicine, 83, 246 Complementation, 246 Computational Biology, 213, 246 Conception, 95, 171, 176, 246, 247, 254 Concomitant, 163, 246 Condiments, 155, 246 Conjugated, 8, 26, 84, 89, 107, 167, 246, 248, 269 Conjugation, 9, 16, 240, 246, 284 Conjunctiva, 246, 262, 264 Connective Tissue, 238, 241, 245, 246, 247, 256 Conscious Sedation, 56, 247 Consciousness, 103, 114, 236, 247, 249, 250 Consolidation, 180, 247 Constriction, 247, 280 Consumer Satisfaction, 39, 247 Contamination, 7, 18, 23, 35, 37, 58, 61, 65, 144, 247 Contraceptive, 51, 247 Contraindications, ii, 247 Corn Oil, 68, 74, 85, 89, 95, 98, 247 Cornea, 247, 264 Coronary, 247, 267, 270 Coronary Thrombosis, 247, 267 Cortex, 89, 241, 247, 254 Corticosteroids, 61, 247 Cortisol, 103, 234, 247 Cottonseed Oil, 167, 247 Counterpulsation, 29, 247 Criterion, 11, 247 Crossing-over, 247, 279 Culture Media, 234, 247 Cultured cells, 19, 248 Curative, 248, 285 Cutaneous, 248, 264 Cyclic, 233, 248 Cysteine, 88, 90, 244, 248, 284

294 Beef

Cystine, 248 Cytochrome, 5, 16, 99, 248 Cytochrome b, 5, 248 Cytogenetics, 248, 280 Cytoplasm, 237, 243, 248, 253, 258, 270 Cytotoxins, 58, 248 D Dairy Products, 218, 248, 280 Data Collection, 10, 171, 248 Databases, Bibliographic, 213, 248 De novo, 8, 248 Deamination, 248, 287 Decarboxylation, 249, 259, 278 Decidua, 249, 274 Degenerative, 249, 259 Dehydration, 244, 249 Dementia, 38, 249 Denaturation, 144, 249, 275 Density, 36, 153, 154, 171, 173, 240, 243, 249, 265, 271, 275 Dentures, 249, 285 Deoxyribonucleic, 249, 279 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 249, 279 Dermatitis, 51, 249, 251 DES, 193, 236, 249 Detergents, 249, 255 Detoxification, 16, 249, 257 Deuterium, 249, 260 Diagnostic procedure, 131, 202, 249 Diarrhea, 17, 128, 158, 249 Diarrhoea, 63, 249, 256 Diastolic, 247, 249 Dietary Fiber, 185, 249 Digestion, 89, 93, 96, 102, 133, 156, 235, 239, 241, 249, 263, 265, 283, 288 Digitalis, 32, 249 Dihydrotestosterone, 249, 279 Dilatation, 249, 276 Dilator, 250, 270 Dimethyl, 68, 74, 85, 250 Dioxins, 25, 57, 250 Diphtheria, 87, 250 Diphtheria Toxin, 87, 250 Diploid, 246, 250, 274 Direct, iii, 12, 13, 18, 38, 62, 100, 205, 244, 250, 257, 279 Disease Outbreaks, 144, 250 Disease Transmission, 38, 250 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 250 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 250 Disease Vectors, 250, 263 Disinfectant, 7, 162, 250, 253

Disinfection, 162, 250 Disposition, 6, 38, 250 Dissociation, 234, 250, 263 Distal, 250, 277 Diuretic, 241, 250 Domesticated, 163, 250 Dorsal, 15, 251, 275 Dorsum, 251 Double-blinded, 19, 251 Drip, 89, 251 Drug Design, 19, 251 Drug Interactions, 206, 251 Drug Residues, 53, 251 Duodenum, 239, 251, 252, 283 Dura mater, 11, 251 Dyes, 251, 270 E Echocardiography, 61, 251 Eczema, 51, 251 Effector, 245, 251 Efficacy, 19, 22, 39, 94, 136, 251 Elastin, 245, 251 Electrocoagulation, 245, 251 Electrolyte, 251, 275, 282 Electrons, 237, 239, 251, 263, 264, 271, 278 Electrophoresis, 12, 27, 63, 251, 261 Embryo, 86, 240, 252 Embryo Transfer, 86, 252 Empirical, 19, 110, 119, 123, 129, 252 Emulsion, 164, 181, 252, 255 Encephalitis, 10, 252 Encephalitis, Viral, 252 Encephalopathy, 7, 15, 29, 32, 222, 252 Endemic, 244, 252, 283 Endocarditis, 61, 252 Endocardium, 252 Endocrine System, 252, 269 Endocrinology, 13, 103, 252 Endoscope, 252 Endoscopic, 56, 252 Endotoxic, 252, 265 Endotoxins, 246, 252, 253 Enhancer, 161, 253 Enteric Nervous System, 18, 253 Environmental Health, 45, 50, 57, 198, 212, 214, 253 Enzymatic, 150, 241, 242, 246, 253, 259, 272, 275 Epidemic, 7, 19, 34, 144, 253, 283 Epidemiological, 14, 27, 63, 71, 76, 253 Epigastric, 253, 272 Epinephrine, 253, 270

Index 295

Epithelial, 17, 249, 253, 259, 268 Epithelial Cells, 17, 253, 259, 268 Epitope, 6, 253 Ergot, 253, 280 Erythema, 253, 288 Erythrocytes, 72, 77, 236, 240, 241, 253, 279 Esophagitis, 55, 253 Esophagus, 253, 266, 273, 283 Esterification, 8, 16, 253 Estrogen, 9, 253 Ethanol, 253, 254 Ether, 89, 254 Ethionine, 254 Ethoxyquin, 86, 91, 254 Eukaryotic Cells, 254, 271 Evoke, 254, 283 Exocrine, 254, 272 Exogenous, 91, 163, 240, 251, 254, 257, 284 Exotoxin, 87, 254 External-beam radiation, 254, 264, 278, 289 Extracellular, 246, 247, 254, 282 Extraction, 168, 254 Exudate, 132, 254 F Faecal, 249, 254 Family Planning, 213, 254 Fatty acids, 8, 73, 89, 95, 142, 166, 170, 234, 254, 257, 270, 276, 282 Fatty Acids, Omega-3, 166, 254 Feces, 22, 37, 47, 53, 134, 254 Fermentation, 86, 96, 102, 103, 134, 163, 239, 254, 280, 281 Ferritin, 43, 254 Fertilizers, 133, 254, 270 Fetus, 254, 274, 276 Filtration, 22, 26, 136, 254 Fish Oils, 73, 255 Fish Products, 255, 280 Fixation, 193, 255 Flatus, 255, 256 Flavoring Agents, 168, 255 Fluorescence, 7, 15, 255 Fold, 218, 221, 255, 272 Food Chain, 4, 255 Food Labeling, 157, 255 Forearm, 240, 255 Fovea, 255 Frameshift, 255, 287 Frameshift Mutation, 255, 287 Fructose, 102, 219, 255 Fungi, 244, 246, 256, 267, 289

Fungus, 253, 256, 280 G Gamma irradiation, 35, 61, 256 Gamma Rays, 256, 268, 278 Ganglia, 253, 256, 269, 273 Gangrenous, 256, 281 Gas, 135, 142, 165, 173, 235, 242, 243, 255, 256, 260, 268, 270, 284, 288 Gas exchange, 256, 288 Gastric, 47, 256, 259 Gastrin, 256, 260 Gastroenteritis, 256, 280 Gastrointestinal, 18, 69, 74, 158, 214, 241, 253, 256, 258, 265, 272, 284, 287, 288 Gastrointestinal tract, 18, 253, 256, 258, 265, 272, 287 Gene, 8, 9, 15, 17, 18, 54, 115, 128, 141, 156, 193, 240, 256, 260, 272, 281, 282 Gene Expression, 8, 9, 15, 256, 282 Genetic Code, 256, 270 Genetic testing, 60, 256, 275 Genetics, 17, 117, 120, 171, 178, 246, 248, 257 Genotype, 240, 257, 274 Germ Cells, 257, 271, 282, 285 Gestation, 15, 93, 257, 274 Giardiasis, 257, 278 Ginger, 195, 257 Gland, 234, 257, 266, 272, 277, 280, 283, 285 Glucose, 73, 89, 238, 240, 243, 244, 257, 259, 263 Glucuronic Acid, 257, 259, 287 Glucuronides, 16, 257 Glutathione Peroxidase, 257, 281 Gluten, 184, 243, 257 Glycerol, 241, 257, 274 Glycerophospholipids, 257, 274 Glycosidic, 243, 257 Goats, 166, 191, 248, 257 Gonadotropin, 45, 257 Gossypol, 92, 94, 257 Gout, 107, 245, 258 Governing Board, 258, 275 Grade, 30, 35, 39, 112, 144, 258 Grading, 68, 113, 144, 258 Graft, 258, 260 Grafting, 258, 262 Gram-negative, 252, 258, 277, 280, 288 Granulocytes, 258, 289 Growth factors, 159, 258

296 Beef

H Habitual, 45, 70, 75, 243, 258 Hair follicles, 258, 289 Haploid, 258, 274 Haptens, 234, 258 Headache, 107, 258, 262 Heart Ventricle, 11, 258 Heme, 43, 239, 248, 258, 269 Hemin, 258, 267 Hemoglobin, 236, 240, 253, 258, 259, 264, 272 Hemolytic, 17, 21, 44, 134, 158, 194, 259 Heparin, 26, 46, 48, 49, 259 Hepatic, 234, 259 Hepatitis, 22, 35, 136, 156, 259, 262, 267 Hepatocytes, 259 Hepatomegaly, 259, 262 Herbicides, 250, 259 Heredity, 256, 257, 259 Herpes, 136, 156, 259 Herpes Zoster, 136, 259 Heterogeneity, 234, 259 Histamine, 236, 259 Histidine, 44, 90, 259 Homogeneous, 148, 178, 259 Homologous, 15, 247, 259, 281 Hormonal, 40, 238, 259 Host, 15, 17, 18, 239, 250, 255, 260, 265, 272, 280, 289 Human growth hormone, 11, 260 Humoral, 93, 260 Humour, 260 Hybrid, 260, 280 Hybridization, 23, 141, 260, 283 Hydrofluoric Acid, 260, 282 Hydrogen, 6, 233, 235, 239, 241, 242, 249, 257, 260, 265, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 277, 284 Hydrogen Bonding, 6, 260, 270 Hydrogen Peroxide, 242, 257, 260, 265, 284 Hydrolysis, 238, 240, 243, 260, 265, 275, 277 Hydrophilic, 181, 249, 260 Hydrophobic, 249, 257, 260, 265 Hydroxylation, 101, 260 Hydroxylysine, 245, 260 Hydroxyproline, 245, 260 Hyperlipidemia, 68, 73, 83, 260 Hypersensitivity, 235, 236, 260, 265 Hypnotic, 260, 266 Hypodermic, 14, 261

Hypothalamic, 261, 282 Hypothalamus, 241, 261 I Iatrogenic, 11, 261 Ice Cream, 218, 261 Id, 78, 106, 222, 228, 230, 261 Ileal, 104, 261 Ileum, 261 Imaging procedures, 261, 286 Imidazole, 240, 259, 261 Immune function, 69, 75, 261 Immune response, 93, 237, 258, 261, 284, 289 Immune system, 239, 261, 265, 273, 288, 289 Immunity, 58, 248, 261, 268, 270 Immunodeficiency, 136, 185, 261 Immunodiffusion, 234, 261 Immunoelectrophoresis, 234, 261 Immunogenic, 261, 265 Immunoglobulin, 236, 261, 268 Immunohistochemistry, 15, 261 Immunologic, 27, 59, 241, 243, 261, 278 Immunology, 14, 17, 28, 29, 34, 50, 54, 58, 234, 261 Immunomagnetic Separation, 125, 134, 261 Implant radiation, 262, 263, 264, 278, 289 Implantation, 15, 246, 262, 270 In vitro, 13, 17, 18, 136, 194, 252, 262, 275, 280, 286 In vivo, 18, 259, 262, 271, 285 Incision, 262, 263 Incubated, 98, 262 Indicative, 156, 186, 262, 288 Infant, Newborn, 234, 262 Infarction, 247, 262, 267 Infectious Mononucleosis, 136, 156, 262 Inflammation, 234, 245, 249, 252, 253, 254, 256, 259, 262, 264, 265, 269, 272, 279, 289 Influenza, 136, 156, 194, 262 Infusion, 40, 262 Ingestion, 11, 17, 27, 29, 42, 45, 50, 59, 167, 241, 262, 275 Inhalation, 234, 262, 275 Initiation, 14, 262, 283 In-line, 138, 262 Inner ear, 262, 288 Inorganic, 100, 124, 262, 266, 270, 274, 284 Insecticides, 102, 133, 262, 273, 289 Insight, 6, 263

Index 297

Insulin, 27, 31, 35, 37, 38, 42, 44, 46, 47, 58, 59, 62, 118, 119, 124, 130, 206, 254, 263, 276 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 263 Insulin-like, 119, 124, 130, 263 Internal Medicine, 40, 48, 65, 252, 263 Internal radiation, 263, 264, 278, 289 Interstitial, 241, 263, 264, 289 Intervertebral, 263, 266 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 263, 266 Intestinal, 17, 46, 54, 68, 74, 85, 118, 242, 243, 263, 266, 268 Intestine, 34, 241, 263, 264, 283 Intracellular, 262, 263, 267, 275, 281 Intracellular Membranes, 263, 267 Intramuscular, 142, 144, 152, 263 Intravenous, 262, 263 Intrinsic, 32, 234, 263 Invasive, 14, 261, 263, 272 Iodine, 100, 170, 263 Ionization, 263 Ionizing, 144, 235, 263, 278 Ionophores, 163, 263, 287 Ions, 89, 239, 241, 250, 251, 260, 263, 264 Irradiation, 39, 264, 289 K Kb, 17, 212, 264 Keratoconjunctivitis, 52, 264 Kidney Disease, 185, 212, 218, 264 Kidney stone, 4, 38, 264, 271 Kinetic, 32, 104, 263, 264 L Labile, 97, 245, 264 Lactation, 69, 75, 100, 264 Large Intestine, 263, 264, 279, 282 Latent, 101, 264 Lavage, 98, 264 Laxative, 234, 264, 266 Lectin, 264, 267 Leishmaniasis, 62, 264 Lens, 35, 47, 264 Lesion, 17, 264, 265 Lethal, 250, 264, 268 Leucine, 35, 47, 264 Leukemia, 16, 265 Leukocytes, 240, 241, 243, 258, 265, 270 Leukotrienes, 238, 265 Library Services, 228, 265 Lice, 94, 265 Life cycle, 157, 256, 265 Ligament, 265, 277, 283

Linkage, 243, 265 Lipid A, 52, 265 Lipid Peroxidation, 16, 94, 101, 265, 272 Lipolysis, 8, 265 Lipopolysaccharides, 265 Lipoprotein, 36, 52, 136, 258, 265, 266 Liver, 9, 14, 16, 24, 27, 49, 53, 69, 73, 74, 85, 87, 101, 102, 105, 110, 129, 133, 161, 193, 221, 233, 234, 238, 239, 240, 252, 254, 255, 257, 259, 265, 276, 287 Liver Neoplasms, 254, 265 Lobe, 15, 260, 265 Localization, 261, 265 Localized, 250, 255, 262, 265, 274, 288 Locomotion, 265, 274 Loop, 6, 104, 265 Lorazepam, 38, 266 Low Back Pain, 41, 266 Low-density lipoprotein, 265, 266 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 55, 266 Lumbar, 263, 266 Lymph, 260, 262, 266 Lymphadenopathy, 262, 266 Lymphatic, 262, 266 Lymphoid, 236, 247, 266 Lysine, 102, 260, 266 Lytic, 266, 281 M Magnesium Hydroxide, 266 Magnesium Oxide, 91, 266 Malabsorption, 243, 266 Malate Dehydrogenase, 97, 266 Malignant, 266, 269, 278 Malnutrition, 185, 234, 238, 266 Mastitis, 266, 281 Meat Products, 9, 132, 140, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 160, 168, 172, 266 Medical Staff, 251, 266 MEDLINE, 213, 266 Membrane, 5, 16, 50, 98, 145, 243, 246, 254, 258, 267, 268, 269, 271, 274, 279 Membrane Proteins, 5, 267 Memory, 249, 267 Meninges, 243, 251, 267 Mental Health, iv, 5, 212, 215, 267, 277 Metabolite, 9, 17, 240, 250, 267 Methionine, 89, 91, 99, 102, 103, 107, 250, 254, 267, 284 Metmyoglobin, 165, 267 MI, 63, 132, 140, 154, 164, 181, 231, 267 Microbe, 150, 267, 286 Microbiological, 49, 148, 267

298 Beef

Microorganism, 245, 267, 272, 289 Microscopy, 6, 267 Microsomal, 73, 267 Microspheres, 261, 267 Microvilli, 17, 267 Mitochondria, 83, 98, 101, 267, 271, 284 Mitosis, 237, 267, 282 Mode of Transmission, 15, 267 Modeling, 116, 119, 123, 125, 251, 267 Modification, 94, 137, 267 Modulator, 49, 268 Molasses, 69, 74, 169, 218, 221, 268 Molecule, 6, 237, 239, 245, 246, 250, 251, 253, 257, 260, 264, 268, 270, 271, 272, 278, 279, 284, 288 Monensin, 86, 268 Monitor, 12, 268, 270 Monoclonal, 6, 261, 264, 268, 278, 289 Monocomponent, 35, 268 Mononuclear, 262, 268 Morphological, 252, 256, 268 Morphology, 8, 268 Motion Pictures, 160, 268 Mucocutaneous, 264, 268 Mucosa, 47, 48, 69, 75, 243, 268 Muscle Fibers, 150, 175, 268 Mustard Gas, 268 Mutagen, 95, 268 Mutagenesis, 49, 268 Mutagenic, 12, 38, 250, 268 Mutagenicity, 29, 38, 42, 50, 59, 268 Mutate, 144, 269 Myalgia, 262, 269 Myocarditis, 250, 269 Myocardium, 267, 269 Myoglobin, 165, 267, 269 N Nasal Mucosa, 262, 269 NCI, 1, 211, 244, 269 Necrosis, 237, 262, 267, 269 Neonatal, 11, 269 Neoplasia, 14, 269 Neoplasms, 269, 278 Nephropathy, 264, 269 Nerve, 236, 253, 269, 279, 283, 286 Nervous System, 243, 269, 273, 284 Neural, 260, 269 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 18, 269 Neuroendocrine, 18, 269 Neurology, 19, 269 Neutrons, 235, 264, 269, 278 Neutrophils, 135, 155, 258, 265, 270

Nidation, 252, 270 Nisin, 22, 101, 270 Nitrates, 49, 270 Nitric acid, 270 Nitrogen, 70, 76, 86, 97, 99, 115, 123, 235, 255, 270, 287 Nitroglycerin, 49, 270 Norepinephrine, 18, 270 Nuclear, 15, 64, 239, 245, 246, 251, 254, 256, 269, 270, 285 Nuclei, 15, 235, 246, 251, 267, 269, 270, 277 Nucleic acid, 10, 135, 136, 156, 256, 260, 270, 276, 279, 283 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 260, 270 Nucleus, 237, 244, 248, 249, 254, 256, 263, 268, 269, 270, 276, 277, 283 Nutritive Value, 68, 270 O Odour, 238, 270 Omega-3 fatty acid, 166, 270 Omega-6 Fatty Acids, 166, 270 Oncology, 13, 271 Oocytes, 15, 271 Opacity, 249, 271 Ophthalmology, 255, 271 Organ Culture, 271, 286 Organ Transplantation, 11, 271 Organelles, 73, 243, 248, 271, 274 Organoleptic, 144, 149, 168, 171, 177, 271 Osmotic, 234, 271, 281 Overexpress, 9, 271 Overweight, 64, 78, 185, 271 Ovum, 249, 257, 265, 271, 290 Ownership, 112, 176, 271 Oxalate, 5, 81, 271 Oxalic Acid, 241, 271 Oxaloacetate, 266, 271 Oxidants, 170, 271 Oxidation, 5, 8, 233, 237, 240, 248, 257, 265, 267, 271, 272, 287 Oxidation-Reduction, 240, 271, 272 Oxidative Stress, 16, 272 Oximetry, 56, 272 Oxygen Consumption, 8, 272, 279 P P53 gene, 12, 272 Palliative, 272, 285 Pancreas, 12, 233, 239, 240, 263, 272, 276, 287 Papain, 174, 272 Parasite, 255, 272 Parasitic, 133, 244, 265, 272

Index 299

Parasitism, 71, 77, 272 Particle, 10, 141, 181, 272 Parturition, 92, 272 Pathogen, 17, 18, 21, 44, 134, 272 Pathogenesis, 15, 17, 18, 272 Patient Education, 218, 226, 228, 231, 272 Pelvic, 272, 277 Penicillin, 28, 272 Pentosan polysulfate, 46, 272 Peptide, 7, 101, 136, 155, 156, 272, 275, 277, 282 Perception, 10, 157, 273 Perforation, 173, 273 Perfusion, 194, 273 Peripheral Nervous System, 269, 273, 284 Peritoneal, 238, 273 Peritoneal Cavity, 238, 273 Pernicious, 47, 273 Pernicious anemia, 47, 273 Peroxide, 16, 273 Pesticides, 129, 133, 259, 262, 273 Petrolatum, 252, 273 PH, 73, 142, 273 Phagocyte, 271, 273 Phagocytosis, 136, 156, 273 Phallic, 255, 273 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 243, 253, 273 Pharmacokinetic, 273 Pharmacologic, 236, 241, 273, 286 Pharynx, 262, 273 Phenolphthalein, 252, 273 Phenotype, 17, 246, 274 Phosphates, 40, 274 Phospholipids, 16, 73, 89, 254, 265, 270, 274 Phosphorus, 5, 71, 76, 84, 123, 185, 218, 241, 274 Photocoagulation, 245, 274 Physiologic, 240, 274, 279, 284 Physiology, 73, 86, 98, 242, 252, 274 Pigment, 88, 239, 257, 269, 274 Placenta, 53, 274 Plant Proteins, 4, 25, 38, 274, 288 Plasma, 6, 40, 52, 62, 72, 73, 77, 86, 89, 100, 110, 118, 234, 236, 243, 244, 259, 274, 281 Plasma cells, 236, 274 Plasma protein, 234, 274, 281 Plastids, 271, 274 Platelet Adhesiveness, 254, 274 Platelet Count, 254, 274 Platinum, 265, 275

Poisoning, 28, 34, 106, 241, 253, 256, 275, 280 Polyethylene, 132, 154, 275 Polymerase, 11, 37, 125, 152, 237, 275 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 11, 37, 125, 152, 275 Polymers, 275, 277, 283 Polymorphism, 156, 275 Polypeptide, 235, 245, 260, 269, 270, 275, 290 Polysaccharide, 237, 243, 275, 287 Polyunsaturated fat, 89, 90, 275, 285 Posterior, 236, 243, 251, 272, 275 Postprandial, 36, 46, 275 Potassium, 5, 162, 185, 275, 282 Poultry Products, 179, 275 Practice Guidelines, 215, 275 Precancerous, 243, 276 Precipitating Factors, 243, 276 Precipitation, 4, 38, 276 Precursor, 165, 238, 251, 253, 270, 276, 287 Prenatal, 252, 276 Presumptive, 134, 276 Prevalence, 14, 22, 23, 24, 39, 52, 53, 63, 100, 134, 276 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 50, 276 Prion, 7, 10, 11, 15, 18, 276 Probe, 200, 276 Progeny, 63, 246, 276 Progression, 14, 20, 236, 276 Progressive, 15, 19, 249, 258, 269, 276 Proinsulin, 37, 276, 278 Projection, 270, 276 Proline, 245, 260, 276 Promoter, 13, 15, 276 Prophase, 271, 276 Prophylaxis, 237, 276, 279 Prostaglandins, 238, 276 Prostate, 14, 68, 74, 85, 239, 277, 287 Protease, 7, 91, 235, 277 Protective Agents, 98, 277 Protein C, 5, 69, 73, 75, 102, 195, 234, 235, 237, 239, 254, 265, 277, 287 Proteolytic, 60, 245, 272, 277 Protocol, 20, 116, 277 Protons, 235, 260, 263, 277, 278 Protozoa, 246, 264, 267, 277 Proximal, 172, 250, 277 Proxy, 10, 277 Pruritic, 251, 277 Pseudomonas, 84, 87, 277 Psychiatry, 60, 255, 277, 288

300 Beef

Puberty, 54, 69, 74, 84, 90, 91, 92, 93, 122, 128, 130, 277 Public Health, 11, 38, 42, 144, 185, 191, 215, 277 Public Policy, 213, 277 Publishing, 21, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 183, 184, 185, 188, 278 Pulmonary, 240, 243, 247, 265, 278, 284, 288 Pulmonary Artery, 240, 278, 288 Pulmonary Edema, 243, 278 Pulse, 56, 63, 268, 272, 278 Purified Insulins, 276, 278 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, 6, 278 Q Quinacrine, 18, 278 Quinoxaline, 12, 16, 278 R Race, 18, 145, 278, 282 Radiation, 136, 143, 200, 233, 254, 255, 256, 263, 264, 272, 278, 289 Radiation therapy, 233, 254, 256, 263, 264, 272, 278, 289 Radioactive, 194, 260, 262, 263, 264, 270, 278, 289 Radioisotope, 278, 286 Radiolabeled, 264, 278, 289 Radiotherapy, 241, 264, 278, 289 Randomized, 4, 19, 26, 251, 278 Reagent, 7, 243, 271, 279 Receptor, 120, 233, 237, 279 Recombinant, 6, 11, 46, 279, 288 Recombination, 15, 246, 279 Rectum, 35, 237, 255, 256, 264, 277, 279 Red blood cells, 253, 259, 279, 282 Reductase, 5, 154, 279 Refer, 1, 149, 245, 255, 256, 259, 265, 269, 279 Refraction, 279, 283 Regimen, 203, 251, 279 Renal pelvis, 264, 279 Respiration, 242, 268, 279 Respiratory Physiology, 279, 288 Retina, 264, 279, 280 Retinoids, 279 Retinol, 79, 279 Reversion, 279, 287 Rheumatoid, 271, 279 Rhinitis, 279, 281 Ribonucleic acid, 136, 279 Ribose, 233, 280 Rigidity, 274, 280

Rigor Mortis, 172, 280 Risk factor, 9, 16, 43, 243, 280 Ristocetin, 280, 288 Rod, 116, 135, 239, 277, 280 Rodenticides, 273, 280 Rubber, 233, 280 Rye, 102, 244, 253, 280 S Salmonella, 7, 20, 21, 24, 28, 34, 45, 51, 55, 57, 84, 85, 118, 143, 159, 214, 256, 280 Salmonellosis, 49, 280 Sanitation, 45, 143, 163, 280 Sarcomere, 59, 280 Satellite, 31, 280 Saturated fat, 101, 184, 220, 280 Screening, 11, 22, 87, 244, 280 Seafood, 138, 162, 184, 186, 194, 280 Sebaceous, 280, 289 Secretion, 17, 259, 260, 263, 264, 280, 281, 288 Sedative, 266, 281 Segregation, 279, 281 Selenium, 69, 75, 79, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 118, 281 Self Care, 233, 281 Semen, 277, 281 Sensor, 7, 281 Septic, 238, 281 Septicaemia, 281 Sequencing, 275, 281, 284 Serologic, 11, 281 Serotypes, 63, 158, 281 Serous, 238, 281 Serum Albumin, 43, 47, 58, 281 Sex Characteristics, 277, 281, 285 Shock, 51, 236, 281, 286 Side effect, 51, 205, 234, 239, 266, 281, 286 Sil, 112, 281 Silage, 89, 96, 117, 281 Silicon, 151, 281, 282 Silicon Dioxide, 151, 282 Skeleton, 233, 282 Sludge, 41, 282 Small intestine, 239, 244, 251, 257, 260, 261, 263, 282 Smooth muscle, 235, 236, 241, 259, 270, 282, 284 Soaps, 247, 255, 282 Sodium Bicarbonate, 149, 177, 282 Sodium Lactate, 53, 282 Solvent, 6, 253, 257, 271, 282 Soma, 282

Index 301

Somatic, 15, 134, 260, 267, 273, 282 Somatotropin, 99, 124, 282 Soybean Oil, 102, 170, 275, 282 Specialist, 223, 282 Specificity, 10, 21, 58, 134, 234, 282 Spectrum, 135, 145, 155, 283 Sperm, 54, 244, 283, 287 Spices, 119, 138, 179, 221, 283 Spinal cord, 243, 244, 251, 253, 267, 269, 273, 283 Spirochete, 283, 284 Splenomegaly, 262, 283 Sporadic, 18, 43, 269, 283 Sprains and Strains, 266, 283 Stabilization, 112, 124, 142, 283 Sterile, 238, 283 Steroid, 102, 247, 257, 283 Stimulus, 137, 283, 285 Stomach, 33, 47, 166, 233, 253, 256, 260, 264, 266, 273, 282, 283 Strand, 275, 283 Streptococci, 194, 283 Streptomycin, 28, 283 Stress, 16, 18, 23, 98, 105, 118, 247, 256, 272, 280, 283, 288 Stringency, 152, 283 Styrene, 164, 280, 283 Subacute, 262, 283 Subclinical, 7, 262, 284 Subcutaneous, 39, 234, 256, 284 Submitochondrial Particles, 94, 95, 101, 104, 284 Subspecies, 282, 284 Substance P, 267, 280, 283, 284 Substrate, 6, 133, 171, 284 Suction, 254, 284 Sulfotransferases, 9, 284 Sulfur, 97, 267, 284 Sulfur Compounds, 97, 284 Superoxide, 72, 77, 284 Superoxide Dismutase, 72, 77, 284 Surfactant, 181, 284 Suspensions, 98, 284 Sympathomimetic, 253, 270, 284 Symphysis, 277, 284 Symptomatic, 7, 284 Synchrony, 101, 284 Syphilis, 193, 284 Systemic, 107, 206, 236, 240, 250, 253, 258, 262, 264, 278, 282, 285, 289 Systole, 247, 285

T Talc, 166, 285 Tartar, 195, 285 Teratogenic, 250, 285 Testicular, 54, 285 Testis, 285 Testosterone, 279, 285 Thalamus, 241, 285 Therapeutics, 27, 206, 285 Thermal, 49, 61, 89, 104, 250, 269, 275, 285 Thigh, 221, 285 Threshold, 134, 285 Thrombin, 277, 285 Thrombocytopenia, 48, 285 Thrombomodulin, 277, 285 Thrombosis, 46, 277, 285 Thromboxanes, 238, 285 Thyroid, 28, 90, 194, 263, 285 Thyroid Gland, 28, 194, 285 Thyroid Hormones, 90, 285 Thyrotoxicosis, 28, 285 Thyroxine, 100, 234, 285 Tissue Culture, 17, 286 Tolerance, 233, 286 Tooth Preparation, 233, 286 Topical, 61, 253, 260, 272, 273, 282, 286 Toxic, iv, 144, 244, 246, 248, 249, 250, 254, 261, 270, 280, 281, 283, 286, 288 Toxicity, 16, 19, 251, 280, 286 Toxicokinetics, 286 Toxicology, 13, 34, 214, 286 Toxins, 20, 22, 26, 237, 252, 253, 257, 262, 286, 288 Trace element, 72, 77, 244, 245, 281, 286 Tracer, 194, 286 Trachea, 273, 285, 286 Transfection, 240, 286 Translating, 11, 286 Transmitter, 270, 286 Transplantation, 55, 241, 252, 286 Trauma, 253, 258, 269, 286 Trees, 274, 280, 286 Triglyceride, 8, 142, 181, 286 Trihalomethanes, 163, 286 Tryptophan, 245, 286 Tuberculosis, 247, 287 Tubulin, 86, 287 Tumor marker, 239, 287 Tumor suppressor gene, 272, 287 Tylosin, 86, 287 TYPHI, 159, 287

302 Beef

Typhimurium, 7, 28, 45, 51, 55, 57, 84, 85, 214, 287 Typhoid fever, 287 U Unconscious, 261, 287 Uncoupling Agents, 264, 287 Unsaturated Fats, 255, 287 Urea, 73, 84, 103, 118, 123, 238, 287 Ureters, 264, 287 Urethra, 277, 287 Uridine Diphosphate, 257, 287 Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid, 257, 287 Urinary, 4, 13, 38, 59, 242, 282, 287 Urine, 4, 12, 13, 29, 36, 38, 46, 48, 50, 68, 74, 240, 241, 250, 257, 264, 271, 279, 287 Urticaria, 51, 236, 288 V Vaccine, 11, 15, 17, 277, 288 Vacuoles, 271, 288 Vagina, 249, 288 Vancomycin, 22, 28, 288 Vascular, 40, 49, 235, 236, 262, 274, 285, 288 Vector, 10, 15, 288 Vegetable Proteins, 274, 288 Vein, 263, 270, 280, 288 Venereal, 284, 288 Venoms, 248, 288 Venous, 240, 258, 270, 274, 277, 288 Venous blood, 240, 258, 274, 288 Ventilation, 139, 174, 288 Ventricle, 247, 261, 278, 285, 288 Ventricular, 284, 288 Venules, 240, 242, 288 Vesicular, 259, 267, 288

Veterinary Medicine, 13, 26, 33, 73, 213, 222, 288 Vibrio, 244, 288, 289 Vibrio cholerae, 244, 289 Villous, 243, 289 Vinblastine, 287, 289 Vincristine, 287, 289 Viral, 136, 156, 237, 252, 262, 289 Virulence, 17, 18, 53, 63, 286, 289 Virus, 22, 35, 136, 185, 237, 239, 253, 262, 289 Virus Diseases, 237, 289 Viscera, 282, 289 Visceral, 62, 264, 289 Vitro, 13, 18, 136, 259, 289 Vivo, 241, 289 Vulgaris, 99, 289 W War, 57, 268, 289 Weight Gain, 69, 73, 74, 90, 163, 289 White blood cell, 42, 46, 237, 262, 265, 266, 274, 289 Windpipe, 273, 285, 289 X Xenobiotics, 9, 289 Xenograft, 236, 289 X-ray, 5, 99, 144, 255, 256, 264, 268, 270, 278, 289 X-ray therapy, 264, 289 Y Yeasts, 256, 274, 289 Z Zoonoses, 198, 290 Zygote, 246, 290 Zymogen, 277, 290

Index 303

304 Beef

Beef - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References