Blastomycosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BLASTOMYCOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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BLASTOMYCOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Blastomycosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00146-2 1. Blastomycosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on blastomycosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLASTOMYCOSIS ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Blastomycosis ................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BLASTOMYCOSIS ............................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Blastomycosis............................................................................... 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON BLASTOMYCOSIS........................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 55 Chapters on Blastomycosis........................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 61 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 63 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 67 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 71 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 71 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 77 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 79 BLASTOMYCOSIS DICTIONARY.............................................................................................. 81 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 107

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with blastomycosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about blastomycosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to blastomycosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on blastomycosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to blastomycosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on blastomycosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLASTOMYCOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on blastomycosis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and blastomycosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Review of Oral Fungal Infections and Appropriate Therapy Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 126(1): 63-72. January 1995. Summary: This article reviews oral fungal infections and the therapeutic options for each. The authors emphasize that dental health care providers must recognize oral fungal pathogens that often are markers for early signs of immune deterioration. Topics covered include localized fungal infections, including the various types of oral candidiasis; deep-seated fungal infections, including aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, geotrichosis, blastomycosis, and mucormycosis; diagnostic considerations for these deep-seated fungal infections; antifungal medications; polyene antibiotic antifungals, including amphotericin B and nystatin; azole antifungals, including clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole; and the cost of therapy. Throughout the article, the authors discuss the impact of these fungal

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infections on individuals with immunosuppressive diseases. 4 tables. 56 references. (AA-M). •

Infectious Granulomatous Diseases of the Head and Neck Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2(3): 281-290. June 1994. Summary: This article reviews recent advances in the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious granulomatous diseases affecting the head and neck. These advances include trials of new antimicrobial and antifungal agents, innovative surgical and laser techniques, clarification of specific histologic and radiographic findings, and new approaches to organism isolation and identification. The authors review these developments in a discussion of the otolaryngologic approach to actinomycosis, rhinoscleroma, rhinosporidiosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, tuberculous and atypical mycobacteria, cat-scratch disease, and syphilis. 95 references (11 annotated). (AA).

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Fungal Infections of the Genitourinary System Source: Journal of Urology. Volume 149: 1377-1388. June 1993. Summary: This review article covers fungal infections that have the potential to cause disease of the genitourinary system. Topics covered include taxonomy and pathogenicity; primary infections, including blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis; opportunistic fungi, including aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and candidiasis; and rare and unusual infections, including geotrichosis, hansenula fabianii, paecilomyces, parococcidioidomycosis, phycomycosis, penicillium, pseudallescheria boydii, rhinosporidiosis, sporotrichosis, and trichosporon; and fungal infection and the renal transplant patient. The authors also discuss and summarize antifungal therapy. 6 figures. 181 references.

Federally Funded Research on Blastomycosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to blastomycosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to blastomycosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore blastomycosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for blastomycosis: 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: CATALYSIS DEHYDROGENASE

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BIOGENESIS

IN

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METHYLAMINE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilmot, Caroline M.; Biochem/Mole Biol/Biophysics; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) is an ancient bacterial metabolic enzyme that evolved in a pre-aerobic world. Its anaerobic origins are attested to by the highly evolved multistep chemistry it catalyzes, and its use of ancillary redox protein partners, rather than molecular oxygen, to remove electrons during catalysis. Although a product of divergent evolution, the reductive chemistry catalyzed by the enzyme is analogous to that of the copper-containing amine oxidase family, whose human counterparts are linked to late-diabetic complications and vascular changes in congestive heart disease. MADH contains a novel organic cofactor, tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ), and study of its biogenesis will give new insight into how cofactors have evolved to extend the palette of chemistries enzymes can control: information that could aid in the development of new industrial catalysts, for example. Using a novel combination of single crystal visible spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and freeze-trapping, this project will probe how the protein controls its complex multistep reaction at atomic resolution by trapping catalytic intermediates in Paracoccus denitrificans MADH (PD-MADH) containing crystals, and determining their structures. Collaborative mutagenesis/structural studies will be used to probe the roles of active site residues in catalysis, substrate binding and TTQ biogenesis. By studying this highly developed metabolic system, a part of the ancient anaerobic redox chemistries still found in mitochondria and chloroplasts today; we can shed light on the fundamental processes of harnessing energy and materials that evolved complex life on earth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IV ITRACONAZOLE VS AMPHOTERICIN B IN BLASTOMYCOSIS OR HISTOPLASMOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pappas, Peter G.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The primary purpose of this study is to assess the safety of IV itraconazole compared to the standard of care (Amphotericin B). The study will also assess the clinical, microbiological, and overall response to therapy at the end of IV induction therapy (7-14 days) and after PO consolidation therapy at 2, 12, and 24 weeks. Patients will be randomized to either an initial treatment with IV itraconazole twice a day for two days (loading dose) and then once a day for five additional days or amphotericin-B IV for seven days. Extended treatment would be allowed if the patient's clinical condition required it. IV treatment will be followed by consolidation therapy with itraconazole capsules once daily or twice a day for up to one year. During induction therapy (7-14 days) IV itraconazole is infused over a one-hour period of time. IV Amphotericin-B is infused over a 1-6 hour period of time depending on the patient's side effects to therapy. During consolidation therapy oral itraconazole is given either once a day or twice a day for up to one year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF BLASTOMYCOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Bruce S.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-1995; Project End 31-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Blastomycosis is a progressive pulmonary infection of immune-competent and -compromised hosts, but the factors responsible for pathogenicity of the causative fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis are not well understood. We identified BAD1 (formerly WI-1), a surface antigen and adhesin on B. dermatitidis, and developed tools to genetically manipulate B. dermatitidis. On targeting and disrupting BAD1, we found that BAD1 is an essential virulence factor that suppresses host TNF-alpha responses and promotes fungal evasion of immunity. BAD1 displays yeast-phase specific expression, which is regulated transcriptionally by a mechanism shared in B. dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum. Strong preliminary data indicate that BAD1's tandem repeat contributes to virulence, and its C-terminal domain fixes the protein to the yeast surface. We hypothesize that BAD1 is a multi-domain protein whose structural motifs - a core, tandem repeat domain with EF hands for Ca2+ binding and a C terminal EGF-like domain - must be present and assembled properly to mediate pivotal biological functions in the host-pathogen interaction. We also postulate that upstream regulators conserved in B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum govern expression of BAD1 and other yeast-phase genes. Our 3 specific aims are to: 1) Elucidate the functional role of BAD1 domains, BAD1 deletions and domain swaps will be engineered and expressed in bad1 null B. dermatitidis. These strains and 6 HIS-tagged BAD1 derivatives purified from them, or their synthetic peptides, will be used to define the key domains in pathogenesis, and their modes of action. 2) Define critical features of BAD1 functional domains. Structural bases for virulence and TNF-alpha suppression due to the tandem repeats will be defined. Ca2+ binding by repeats will be studied for effects on BAD1's structure and function. Mutations of the repeat EF hand will assess effects on BAD1 Ca 2+ binding, shape and function. 3) Identify regulators of BAD 1 transcription. Insertional mutants of a reporter strain with a P(BAD1)-lacZ fusion will be screened for impaired P(BAD1) regulation due to insertion into regulatory genes. Regulators of BAD1, other co-regulated phase-specific genes and morphogenesis will be cloned and studied from among the mutated genes. Our work will resolve the molecular and structural bases of Blastomyces virulence and define how BAD1 is regulated and controlled coordinately with other yeast-phase genes, which is a key event in fungal pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TYPING

PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS--EVOLUTION

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STRAIN-

Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor, John W.; Associate Professor; Plant and Microbial Biology; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 947205940 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: We aim to study the evolutionary biology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the ascomycete fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important endemic mycosis in South America. Ours is a collaboration between Colombian medical mycologists with clinical and research experience with P. brasiliensis and a US mycologist experienced with fungal evolutionary biology. We have three specific aims: (1) Is P. brasiliensis one species or more than one? (2) Does P. brasiliensis reproduce clonally or by recombination? (3) Are clinical isolates of P. brasiliensis representative of

Studies

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environmental isolates, or are only some environmental genotypes capable of infecting humans? The importance and approach for each aim follow. (1) Fungal species concepts are morphological, but our experience with Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis and Aspergillus flavus shows that a morphological species can harbor more than one genetically isolated species. These species may have different phenotypes, including pathogenicity, so physicians must know the species. We will use the same strategy that we developed with C. immitis, A. flavus and H. capsulatum to use the interface of congruence and incongruity of four or five gene genealogies to define genetically isolated species. (2) P. brasiliensis is thought to reproduce clonally, which means that the same pathogenic genotype may be encountered repeatedly and that any variable DNA region could be used to track strains. However, our experience with C. immitis and A. flavus is that asexual fungi can also recombine; causing different patients to be infected with genetically different pathogens which cannot be tracked with just one gene. The same data used to assess species can be used to determine reproductive mode, again by gene genealogy congruence within species. (3) If genotypes of clinical isolates are not representative of all environmental isolates, it is possible that comparison of the genomes of the two types of isolates may help find genes responsible for pathogenicity. Finding pathogenicity genes is one of the goals of the field of medical mycology and comparing pools of DNA from pathogens and nonpathogens could solve the problem. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for blastomycosis in the PubMed Central database: •

Cutaneous blastomycosis in New Brunswick: case report. by Ross JJ, Keeling DN.; 2000 Nov 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80341

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Disseminated blastomycosis in a German shepherd dog. by Bateman BS.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=341945

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Novel cases of blastomycosis acquired in Toronto, Ontario. by Lester RS, DeKoven JG, Kane J, Simor AE, Krajden S, Summerbell RC.; 2000 Nov 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80342

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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STUDIES IN MICROBIC HEREDITY VII. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENETIC ORIGIN OF THE SEVERAL TYPES OF FUNGI FOUND IN THE LESIONS OF BLASTOMYCOSIS HOMINIS. by Mellon RR.; 1926 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=374879

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Treatment of murine pulmonary blastomycosis with SCH 39304, a new triazole antifungal agent. by Sugar AM, Picard M, Noble L.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171713

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Treatment of murine pulmonary blastomycosis with SCH 51048, a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent. by Sugar AM, Picard M.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162670

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with blastomycosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for blastomycosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of blastomycosis from Zaria, Nigeria. Author(s): Anjorin FI, Kazmi R, Malu AO, Lawande RV, Fakunle YM. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1984; 78(5): 577-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6506148

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A case of North American blastomycosis reported in an eight year old African male who was also affected by bilharziasis. Author(s): Jaravaza VS. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1975 April; 78(4): 81-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1080209

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

A case of South American blastomycosis in California. Author(s): Artiga CA, Gotelli GR. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1968 July; 17(4): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5672787

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A clinician's view of blastomycosis. Author(s): Bradsher RW. Source: Curr Top Med Mycol. 1993; 5: 181-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8242800

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A common source epidemic of North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Tosh FE, Hammerman KJ, Weeks RJ, Sarosi GA. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974 May; 109(5): 525-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4823408

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A decade of experience with blastomycosis and its treatment with amphotericin B. A National Communicable Disease Center Cooperative Mycoses Study. Author(s): Parker JD, Doto IL, Tosh FE. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969 June; 99(6): 895-902. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5787603

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A laboratory-based surveillance of human blastomycosis in Wisconsin between 1973 and 1982. Author(s): Klein BS, Davis JP. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 November; 122(5): 897-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4050777

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A new enzyme immunoassay specific for blastomycosis. Author(s): Lo CY, Notenboom RH. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 January; 141(1): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2105073

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A new hypothesis on the epidemiology of blastomycosis and the ecology of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Author(s): Furcolow ML, Smith CD. Source: Trans N Y Acad Sci. 1973 May; 35(5): 421-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4516564

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A survey of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis in U.A.R. (Egyptian sector). A preliminary report. Author(s): el-Mofty AM, Mikhail GR, Nada MM, Moawad MK. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1969 May 23; 37(3): 257-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5796000

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related blastomycosis in an unusual geographic location. Author(s): Battle SE, Skillman DR, Maguire JH, Bennett KS. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 November; 166(11): 1026-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11725316

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome and blastomycosis: presentation of nine cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Lemos LB, Baliga M, Guo M. Source: Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 2001 February; 5(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172200

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome from blastomycosis: a case report. Author(s): Mundey K, Varkey B, VanRuiswyk J, Yang F, Schapira RM. Source: Wmj. 2001; 100(7): 40-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816781

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Addison's disease secondary to North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Chandler PT. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1977 July; 70(7): 863-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=877650

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Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by blastomycosis infection. Author(s): Callaway JJ. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1986 January; 61(1): 75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3941569

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Adult respiratory distress syndrome due to blastomycosis during pregnancy. Author(s): MacDonald D, Alguire PC. Source: Chest. 1990 December; 98(6): 1527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2245702

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Adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to diffuse pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Lockridge RS Jr, Glauser FL. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 February; 72(2): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=424803

Studies

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Amphotericin B and blastomycosis. Author(s): Greenberg RN, Sanders CV. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1978 July; 71(7): 880-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=580815

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Amphotericin B lipid complex for the treatment of recurrent blastomycosis of the brain in a patient previously treated with itraconazole. Author(s): Cook PP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 May; 94(5): 548-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11372815

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An outbreak of blastomycosis in eastern Tennessee. Author(s): Frye MD, Seifer FD. Source: Mycopathologia. 1991 October; 116(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1766458

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An outbreak of blastomycosis on a United States Indian reservation. Author(s): Baumgardner DJ, Egan G, Giles S, Laundre B. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2002 Winter; 13(4): 250-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12510781

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An outbreak of human and canine blastomycosis. Author(s): Baumgardner DJ, Burdick JS. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991 September-October; 13(5): 898-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1962106

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An outbreak of human blastomycosis: the epidemiology of blastomycosis in the Kenora catchment region of Ontario, Canada. Author(s): Dwight PJ, Naus M, Sarsfield P, Limerick B. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2000 May 15; 26(10): 82-91. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893821

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An unusual case of North American blastomycosis in New Jersey: its clinical course and response to amphotericin B. Author(s): Sweeney EW, Franks A Jr, Silva-Hunter M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1982 August; 30(2): 199-202, 2046. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7128199

12

Blastomycosis

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An unusual case of North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Pirozzi DJ, Schwarzmann SW, Lewis AD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 September; 114(9): 1370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=686753

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Apparent diminution of the blastomycin skin test; follow-up of an epidemic of blastomycosis. Author(s): Sarosi GA, King RA. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977 October; 116(4): 785-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=921056

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Asymptomatic blastomycosis of the central nervous system with progression in patients given ketoconazole therapy: a report of two cases. Author(s): Yancey RW Jr, Perlino CA, Kaufman L. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 October; 164(4): 807-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1894941

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Atypical isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans cultured from sputum of a patient with pulmonary cancer and blastomycosis. Author(s): Moser SA, Friedman L, Varraux AR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1978 March; 7(3): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=348724

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Autofluorescence of South American Blastomycosis less sensitive than stain. Author(s): Friedman H, Raick AN. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1984 April; 81(4): 540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6199970

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Blastomycosis and opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. An autopsy study. Author(s): Harding CV. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1991 November; 115(11): 1133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1747031

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Blastomycosis in Africa. A review of known cases diagnosed between 1951 and 1987. Author(s): Carman WF, Frean JA, Crewe-Brown HH, Culligan GA, Young CN. Source: Mycopathologia. 1989 July; 107(1): 25-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2682252

Studies

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Blastomycosis in Africa: a new case from Tunisia. Author(s): Jerray M, Hayouni A, Benzarti M, Klabi N, Garrouche A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1992 March; 5(3): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1374039

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Blastomycosis in Africa: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Author(s): Baily GG, Robertson VJ, Neill P, Garrido P, Levy LF. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991 September-October; 13(5): 1005-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1962074

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Blastomycosis in Namibia--report of a case successfully treated with itraconazole. Author(s): Jordaan HF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 September; 14(5): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2612037

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Blastomycosis in otolaryngology: review of a large series. Author(s): Reder PA, Neel HB 3rd. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1993 January; 103(1 Pt 1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8421419

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Blastomycosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Pappas PG, Pottage JC, Powderly WG, Fraser VJ, Stratton CW, McKenzie S, Tapper ML, Chmel H, Bonebrake FC, Blum R, et al. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 May 15; 116(10): 847-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1567099

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Blastomycosis in transplant recipients: report of a case and review. Author(s): Serody JS, Mill MR, Detterbeck FC, Harris DT, Cohen MS. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 January; 16(1): 54-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8448319

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Blastomycosis in Washington Parish, Louisiana, 1976-1985. Author(s): Lowry PW, Kelso KY, McFarland LM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 July; 130(1): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2787106

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Blastomycosis of the eyelid and conjunctiva. Author(s): Slack JW, Hyndiuk RA, Harris GJ, Simons KB. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992; 8(2): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1520658

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Blastomycosis of the head and neck. Author(s): Mikaelian AJ, Varkey B, Grossman TW, Blatnik DS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1989 October; 101(4): 489-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2508029

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Blastomycosis of the knee and skull after arthroscopy. Author(s): Yocum J, Seligson D. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991 November-December; 19(6): 6702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1781511

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Blastomycosis of the lung: CT features. Author(s): Winer-Muram HT, Beals DH, Cole FH Jr. Source: Radiology. 1992 March; 182(3): 829-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1535903

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Blastomycosis presenting as a retropharyngeal abscess. Author(s): Hansen K, Maani C. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2004 May; 130(5): 635-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15138433

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Blastomycosis. Author(s): Nagalotimath SJ, Malur PR, Mastiholimath RD, Patil BM, Belagali AR. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1990 October; 33(4): 398. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2132515

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Blastomycosis. Author(s): Bradsher RW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 March; 14 Suppl 1: S82-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1314106

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Blastomycosis: a reminder of Kentucky's other fungus. Author(s): Byrd RP Jr, Fields CL, Dickerson JW, Skolnick JL, Roy TM. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1992 December; 90(12): 599-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1479260

Studies

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Blastomycosis: fungal infections of the lung update: 1989. Author(s): Bradsher RW. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1990 June; 5(2): 105-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2247705

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Blastomycosis-like pyoderma caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: report of a case responsive to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Trygg KJ, Madison KC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 October; 23(4 Pt 1): 7502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2229505

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Blastomycosis-like pyoderma in a case of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Author(s): Dutta TK, James J, Baruah MC, Ratnakar C. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 May; 68(799): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1630982

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Case report: treatment of blastomycosis with fluconazole. Author(s): Pearson GJ, Chin TW, Fong IW. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1992 May; 303(5): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1580320

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Cervical manifestation of blastomycosis. Author(s): Schweinfurth JM, Powitzky E. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 March-April; 22(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283835

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Chronic fibrosing mediastinitis and superior vena caval obstruction from blastomycosis. Author(s): Lagerstrom CF, Mitchell HG, Graham BS, Hammon JW Jr. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1992 October; 54(4): 764-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1417237

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Chronic paronychia, osteomyelitis, and paravertebral abscess in a child with blastomycosis. Author(s): Muniz AE, Evans T. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 October; 19(3): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11033269

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Chronic pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis): highresolution CT findings in 41 patients. Author(s): Funari M, Kavakama J, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Castro LG, Bernard G, Rocha MS, Cerri GG, Muller NL. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999 July; 173(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10397100

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Clinical features of blastomycosis. Author(s): Bradsher RW. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1997 September; 12(3): 229-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9313294

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Clinical Images: arthritis induced by South American blastomycosis. Author(s): Scheinberg MA, Cohen M. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 February; 44(2): 492. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229487

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Clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and diagnostic methods of pulmonary blastomycosis: a review of 100 consecutive cases. Author(s): Patel RG, Patel B, Petrini MF, Carter RR 3rd, Griffith J. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 March; 92(3): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10094269

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Cluster of pulmonary blastomycosis in a rural community: evidence for multiple high-risk environmental foci following a sustained period of diminished precipitation. Author(s): Proctor ME, Klein BS, Jones JM, Davis JP. Source: Mycopathologia. 2002; 153(3): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11998870

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Comparative Ga-67 citrate and bone scintigraphy in disseminated blastomycosis. Author(s): Shih WJ, Milan PP. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 July; 28(7): 596-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819420

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Comparison of seven Blastomyces dermatitidis antigens for the detection of antibodies in humans with occupationally acquired blastomycosis. Author(s): Roomiany PL, Axtell RC, Scalarone GM. Source: Mycoses. 2002 October; 45(8): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572716

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Concurrent infection with sporotrichosis and blastomycosis: an unusual case. Author(s): Hoy SE, Chuang TY. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1991 September; 48(3): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1935247

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Cutaneous blastomycosis in New Brunswick: case report. Author(s): Ross JJ, Keeling DN. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2000 November 14; 163(10): 1303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11107468

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Cutaneous blastomycosis presenting as non-healing ulcer and responding to oral ketoconazole. Author(s): Balasaraswathy P, Theerthanath. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 December; 9(5): 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996392

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Cutaneous blastomycosis without evidence of pulmonary involvement. Author(s): Clinton TS, Timko AL. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 August; 168(8): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12943042

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Cutaneous blastomycosis. Author(s): Mercurio MG, Elewski BE. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1992 December; 50(6): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1486793

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Cutaneous blastomycosis. Report of a case with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Desai AP, Pandit AA, Gupte PD. Source: Acta Cytol. 1997 July-August; 41(4 Suppl): 1317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9990265

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Cutaneous inoculation blastomycosis. Author(s): Gray NA, Baddour LM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 May 15; 34(10): E44-9. Epub 2002 April 17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981746

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Cutaneous lesions provide a clue to mysterious pulmonary process. Pulmonary and cutaneous North American blastomycosis infection. Author(s): Weil M, Mercurio MG, Brodell RT, Elewski BE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 July; 132(7): 822, 824-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8678579

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Cutaneous North American blastomycosis and black dots. Author(s): Leavell UW Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1965 August; 92(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11850916

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Delayed diagnosis of osseous blastomycosis in two patients following environmental exposure in nonendemic areas. Author(s): Veligandla SR, Hinrichs SH, Rupp ME, Lien EA, Neff JR, Iwen PC. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 October; 118(4): 536-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12375640

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Detection of specific antibodies in human blastomycosis by enzyme immunoassay. Author(s): Bradsher RW, Pappas PG. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 December; 88(12): 1256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7502120

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Development of specific immunity in patients with pulmonary or extrapulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Bradsher RW. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 March; 129(3): 430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6703501

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Diagnosis of blastomycosis. Author(s): Areno JP 4th, Campbell GD Jr, George RB. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1997 September; 12(3): 252-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9313297

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Diagnosis of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis by an antiglobulin hemagglutination test. Author(s): Khansari N, Segre D, Segre M. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1982 December; 43(12): 2279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6819794

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Diagnostic assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human and canine blastomycosis. Author(s): Turner S, Kaufman L, Jalbert M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 February; 23(2): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2422200

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Diagnostic case study: radiographic findings in pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Pondrom J, Lee P, Stark P. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 2000 December; 15(4): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11220416

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Disseminated atypical blastomycosis in two patients with AIDS. Author(s): Tan G, Kaufman L, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 January; 16(1): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8448284

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Disseminated blastomycosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report and ultrastructural study. Author(s): Guccion JG, Rohatgi PK, Saini NB, French A, Tavaloki S, Barr S. Source: Ultrastructural Pathology. 1996 September-October; 20(5): 429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8883326

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Disseminated blastomycosis in a pregnant woman: review of amphotericin B usage during pregnancy. Author(s): Ismail MA, Lerner SA. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 August; 126(2): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7103263

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Disseminated blastomycosis masquerading as tuberculosis. Author(s): Frean J, Blumberg L, Woolf M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1993 March; 26(2): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8473768

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Disseminated blastomycosis presenting as a neck mass. Author(s): Bergman KR, Sorensen P, Sinha C. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 February; 122(2): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10652405

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Disseminated blastomycosis with intrauterine transmission. Author(s): Tuthill SW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 December; 78(12): 1526-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4071192

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Disseminated blastomycosis. Author(s): Assaly RA, Hammersley JR, Olson DE, Farrouk A, Zaher A, Amurao GV, Shelley WB, Shelley ED, Amurao CV. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 January; 48(1): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522382

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Disseminated inoculation blastomycosis in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Butka BJ, Bennett SR, Johnson AC. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 December; 130(6): 1180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6391311

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Disseminated miliary blastomycosis leading to acute respiratory failure in an urban setting. Author(s): Renston JP, Morgan J, DiMarco AF. Source: Chest. 1992 May; 101(5): 1463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1582324

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Disseminated mucocutaneous blastomycosis in a immunocompetent Indian patient. Author(s): Verma KK, Lakhanpal S, Sirka CS, D'souza P, Khaitan BB, Banerjee U. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 July; 14(4): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11204539

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Disseminated North American blastomycosis in an adolescent male: a delay in diagnosis. Author(s): Cummins RE, Romero RC, Mancini AJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 October; 102(4 Pt 1): 977-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9786775

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Disseminated North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Bushkell LL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 July; 119(7): 539-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6859898

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Dissemination of pulmonary blastomycosis after thoracotomy. Author(s): Arabi Y, Abbas M, Fairfax MR. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1996 September; 26(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8950527

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Endemic blastomycosis in Mississippi: epidemiological and clinical studies. Author(s): Chapman SW, Lin AC, Hendricks KA, Nolan RL, Currier MM, Morris KR, Turner HR. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1997 September; 12(3): 219-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9313293

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Endogenous activation in blastomycosis. Author(s): Laskey W, Sarosi GA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1978 January; 88(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619757

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Endogenous reactivation in blastomycosis. Author(s): Ehni W. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 June; 86(6 Pt 2): 831-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2729344

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Endometrial blastomycosis acquired by sexual contact. Author(s): Farber ER, Leahy MS, Meadows TR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1968 August; 32(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5757474

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Epidemic of pulmonary blastomycosis (Namekagon fever) in Wisconsin canoeists. Author(s): Cockerill FR 3rd, Roberts GD, Rosenblatt JE, Utz JP, Utz DC. Source: Chest. 1984 November; 86(5): 688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6488903

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Epidemiologic studies of blastomycosis in Arkansas. Author(s): Menges RW, Doto IL, Weeks RJ. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1969 June; 18(6): 956-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5814195

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Epidemiological and clinical features of pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Davies SF, Sarosi GA. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1997 September; 12(3): 206-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9313292

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Epidemiology and clinical spectrum of blastomycosis diagnosed at Manitoba hospitals. Author(s): Crampton TL, Light RB, Berg GM, Meyers MP, Schroeder GC, Hershfield ES, Embil JM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 May 15; 34(10): 1310-6. Epub 2002 April 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981725

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Epidemiology and epidemics of blastomycosis. Author(s): Schwarz J. Source: Mykosen. 1983 January; 26(1): 7-14. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6338380

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Epidemiology of 46 Wisconsin cases of North American blastomycosis, 1960-1964. Author(s): McDonough ES. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1967 March 15; 31(2): 163-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6034200

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Epidemiology of blastomycosis in a region of high endemicity in north central Wisconsin. Author(s): Baumgardner DJ, Buggy BP, Mattson BJ, Burdick JS, Ludwig D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 October; 15(4): 629-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1420675

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Epidemiology of blastomycosis in a region of high endemicity in north central Wisconsin. Author(s): Sullivan BJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 May; 16(5): 725. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8507766

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Epidemiology of human blastomycosis in Vilas County, Wisconsin. II: 1991-1996. Author(s): Baumgardner DJ, Brockman K. Source: Wmj. 1998 May; 97(5): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9617309

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Erythema nodosum and blastomycosis. Author(s): Miller DD, Davies SF, Sarosi GA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 October; 142(10): 1839. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7125769

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Evidence of subclinical blastomycosis in forestry workers in northern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin. Author(s): Vaaler AK, Bradsher RW, Davies SF. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1990 October; 89(4): 470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2220880

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Exfoliative cytology in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Sanders JS, Sarosi GA, Nollet DJ, Thompson JI. Source: Chest. 1977 August; 72(2): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=328234

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Exophytic mass of buccal mucosa. Blastomycosis. Author(s): Damm DD, Fantasia JE. Source: Gen Dent. 2002 November-December; 50(6): 561, 564. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572191

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Expanding epidemiology of blastomycosis: clinical features and investigation of 2 cases in Colorado. Author(s): De Groote MA, Bjerke R, Smith H, Rhodes III LV. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 March; 30(3): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10722448

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Extensive extraaxial blastomycosis granuloma at the skull base--case report. Author(s): Goel A, Bhayani R, Desai AP, Goel N. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1996 June; 36(6): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8700318

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Extra-axial clival blastomycosis granuloma: a case report. Author(s): Goel A, Deogaonkar M, Nagpal RD. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1996 February; 10(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8672268

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Failure of ketoconazole in an immunosuppressed patient with pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Greene NB, Baughman RP, Kim CK, Roselle GA. Source: Chest. 1985 October; 88(4): 640-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3899536

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Failure of ketoconazole in two patients with blastomycosis. Author(s): Thiele JS, Buechner HA, Cook EW Jr. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 October; 128(4): 763-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6312858

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False-positive Histoplasma antigen test in a patient with pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Garner JA, Kernodle D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 October; 21(4): 1054. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8645813

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Favourable outcome of blastomycosis of the brain stem with fluconazole and flucytosine treatment. Author(s): Taillan B, Ferrari E, Cosnefroy JY, Gari-Toussaint M, Michiels JF, Paquis P, Lefichoux Y, Dujardin P. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1992 February; 24(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1575964

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Female genital blastomycosis: case report and review. Author(s): Mouzin EL, Beilke MA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 April; 22(4): 718-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8729218

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First case of combined blastomycosis and tuberculosis in a patient from Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Al Jahdali H, Memish Z, Bannatyne RM, Bamefleh H. Source: J Chemother. 2001 April; 13 Suppl 1: 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434534

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First reported case of intrauterine transmission of blastomycosis. Author(s): Watts EA, Gard PD Jr, Tuthill SW. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983 July-August; 2(4): 308-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6889159

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Fulminant blastomycosis with blastomycotic infection of a cerebral glioma. Light microscopic and ultrastructural observations. Author(s): Jay V, Laperriere N, Perrin R. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1991; 82(5): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1767635

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Fulminating fatal pneumonia due to blastomycosis. Author(s): Arvanitakis C, Sen SK, Magnin GE. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972 May; 105(5): 827-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5020631

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Fungal infection of the lung. The big 3--histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Davies SF, Sarosi GA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 June; 73(6): 242-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6856531

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Gallium-67 imaging in the diagnosis of blastomycosis. Author(s): Giorgi MC, Camargo EE, Pinto WP, Del Negro G. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1987; 13(6): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665979

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Gallium-67-citrate and bone scintigraphy in disseminated North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Even-Sapir E, Martin RH, Marrie TJ. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1993 March; 34(3): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8441039

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Genital localization of South American blastomycosis. A new case. Author(s): Londero AT, Fabricio R. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1966 December 1; 30(3): 253-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5973608

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Giant forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis in the pulmonary lesions of blastomycosis. Potential confusion with Coccidioides immitis. Author(s): Watts JC, Chandler FW, Mihalov ML, Kammeyer PL, Armin AR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 April; 93(4): 575-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2321590

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Grand rounds: North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Scheld WM. Source: Va Med. 1983 April; 110(4): 240-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6306942

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Granulomatous pleuritis secondary to blastomycosis. Author(s): Nelson O, Light RW. Source: Chest. 1977 March; 71(3): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=837769

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Growth inhibition of Blastomyces dermatitidis in alveolar and peripheral macrophages from patients with blastomycosis. Author(s): Bradsher RW, Balk RA, Jacobs RF. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 February; 135(2): 412-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3813204

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Gunshot "inoculation" blastomycosis of the nervous system. Author(s): Gonyea EF. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1982 September; 75(9): 1151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7123347

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Histopathological evidence of North American blastomycosis in Italy: report of two cases. Author(s): Rivasi F, Nanetti A, Cesinaro AM, Mazzoni A. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2000 April; 108(4): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10843414

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Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. Author(s): Macher A. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1980 May; 64(3): 447-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6993810

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Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. Author(s): Bradsher RW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 May; 22 Suppl 2: S102-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722836

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How I treat blastomycosis, actinomycosis and coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Goldman L. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1967 July; 42(1): A65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6042972

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Human blastomycosis after a dog bite. Author(s): Gnann JW Jr, Bressler GS, Bodet CA 3rd, Avent CK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 January; 98(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6848043

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Hyperendemic urban blastomycosis. Author(s): Manetti AC. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1991 May; 81(5): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2014867

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Hyperinflammatory proliferative (blastomycosis-like) pyodermas: review, mechanisms, and therapy. Author(s): Stone OJ. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1986 March; 12(3): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3950179

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Image interpretation session: 1993. Pulmonary North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Campbell RE, Barone CA, Makris AN, Miller DA, Mohuchy T, Putnam SC 3rd, Schroeder KG, Standiford KN, Stewart DW. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1994 January; 14(1): 212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8128062

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Images in clinical medicine. Blastomycosis. Author(s): Wallen EB, Youngberg GA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 April 24; 336(17): 1223. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9110910

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Immunodiagnosis of blastomycosis. Author(s): Turner S, Kaufman L. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1986 March; 1(1): 22-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3317596

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Impaired delayed hypersensitivity in patients with South American blastomycosis. Author(s): Mendes E, Raphael A. Source: J Allergy. 1971 January; 47(1): 17-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5275473

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Indications for the surgical management of central nervous system blastomycosis. Author(s): Ward BA, Parent AD, Raila F. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1995 April; 43(4): 379-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7792710

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Infection versus disease in South American blastomycosis. Author(s): Furtado T. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1975 March; 14(2): 117-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1091570

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Inoculation blastomycosis. Author(s): Bernstein S, Richardson S. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 June 12; 164(12): 1664-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11450206

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Intracerebellar blastomycosis abscess in an African man. Author(s): Raftopoulos C, Flament-Durand J, Coremans-Pelseneer J, Noterman J. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1986; 88(3): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3780110

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Intracranial blastomycosis presenting as a suprasellar mass: MR findings. Author(s): Mohazab HR, Langer BG, Ramsey RG. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1997 September-October; 21(5): 8457. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9294589

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Intraepithelial parasitism as an infection mechanism in human paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Author(s): de Brito T, Furtado JS, Castro RM, Manini M. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Pathol Anat. 1973 November 12; 361(2): 129-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4203384

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Intranasal blastomycosis. Author(s): Gerwin JM, Myer CM 3rd. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1981 August; 2(3): 267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7283067

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Intraocular blastomycosis: case report and review. Author(s): Lopez R, Mason JO, Parker JS, Pappas PG. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 May; 18(5): 805-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8075276

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Intraoral North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Mincer HH, Oglesby RJ Jr. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966 July; 22(1): 36-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4160724

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Invasive Trichophyton rubrum resembling blastomycosis infection in the immunocompromised host. Author(s): Squeo RF, Beer R, Silvers D, Weitzman I, Grossman M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 August; 39(2 Pt 2): 37980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9703159

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Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis in soil associated with a large outbreak of blastomycosis in Wisconsin. Author(s): Klein BS, Vergeront JM, Weeks RJ, Kumar UN, Mathai G, Varkey B, Kaufman L, Bradsher RW, Stoebig JF, Davis JP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 February 27; 314(9): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3945290

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Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Author(s): Dismukes WE, Bradsher RW Jr, Cloud GC, Kauffman CA, Chapman SW, George RB, Stevens DA, Girard WM, Saag MS, Bowles-Patton C. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 November; 93(5): 489-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1332471

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Jorge Lobo's disease (keloidal blastomycosis) and tinea imbricata in Indians from the Xingu National Park, Central Brazil. Author(s): Baruzzi RG, Marcopito LF, Vicente LS, Michalany NS. Source: Trop Doct. 1982 January; 12(1): 13-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7071925

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Keloidal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) in Panama. Author(s): Tapia A, Torres-Calcindo A, Arosemena R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1978 September; 17(7): 572-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=689802

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Keloidal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) with lymphatic involvement: a case report. Author(s): Azulay RD, Carneiro JA, Da Graca M, Cunha S, Reis LT. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1976 January-February; 15(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=942708

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Ketoconazole in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Experience in 30 cases in Bolivia. Author(s): Vargas J, Recacoechea M. Source: Mycoses. 1988 April; 31(4): 187-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3405248

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Ketoconazole therapy for endemic blastomycosis. Author(s): Bradsher RW, Rice DC, Abernathy RS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985 December; 103(6 ( Pt 1)): 872-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4062088

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Laboratory-acquired North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Denton JF, Di Salvo AF, Hirsch ML. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967 March 20; 199(12): 935-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6071564

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Laryngeal blastomycosis. Author(s): Bookout MW, Templeton JW, Moreno FG, Cullom SR. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1983 May; 76(5): 289-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6865396

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Laryngeal blastomycosis. Author(s): Fadell EJ, Uhde GI, Smith CC. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1969 January; 67(1): 53-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5762336

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Laryngeal blastomycosis: a commonly missed diagnosis. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Hanson JM, Spector G, El-Mofty SK. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2000 March; 109(3): 281-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10737312

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Laryngeal carcinoma--or is it laryngeal blastomycosis. Author(s): Payne J, Koopmann CF Jr. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1984 May; 94(5 Pt 1): 608-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6325837

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Laryngeal manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Author(s): Sant'Anna GD, Mauri M, Arrarte JL, Camargo H Jr. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1999 December; 125(12): 1375-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604418

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Laryngeal presentation of blastomycosis. Author(s): McCune MA, Rogers RS 3rd, Roberts GD. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1980 June; 19(5): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7390692

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Late dissemination of pulmonary blastomycosis during ketoconazole therapy. Author(s): Hebert CA, King JW, George RB. Source: Chest. 1989 January; 95(1): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2909344

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Late relapse of pulmonary blastomycosis after adequate treatment with amphotericin B. Case report. Author(s): Landis FB, Varkey B. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 January; 113(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1247220

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Latent disseminated blastomycosis with choroidal involvement. Author(s): Lewis H, Aaberg TM, Fary DR, Stevens TS. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1988 April; 106(4): 527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3355423

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Lobomycosis (keloidal blastomycosis): case reports and overview. Author(s): Fuchs J, Milbradt R, Pecher SA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1990 September; 46(3): 227-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2225930

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Lobo's blastomycosis: new experiments on culture, immunology and inoculation. Author(s): Azulay RD, De Azevedo Carneiro J, De Andrade LM. Source: Dermatol Int. 1969 January-March; 8(1): 33-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5343405

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Localized oral blastomycosis mimicking actinomycosis. Author(s): Rose HD, Gingrass DJ. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982 July; 54(1): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6956819

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Long-standing indolent blastomycosis at internal opening of tracheostomy. Author(s): Christie AJ, Binns PM, Kredo KR. Source: Chest. 1989 April; 95(4): 932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2924633

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Long-term observation of a case of cutaneous blastomycosis in Poland treated with fluconazole. Author(s): Chodorowska G, Lecewicz-Torun B. Source: Mycoses. 1996 July-August; 39(7-8): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9009646

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Lung function studies in pulmonary South American blastomycosis. Correlation with clinical and roentgenologic findings. Author(s): Lemle A, Vieira LO, Milward GA, Miranda JL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1970 April; 48(4): 434-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5444298

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Lymphocyte cultures and skin allograft survival in patients with South American blastomycosis. Author(s): Mendes NF, Musatti CC, Leao RC, Mendes E, Naspitz CK. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1971 July; 48(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4932975

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Lymphocyte function in relapsed pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Sohnle PG, Varkey B, Rose HD. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1980 May; 65(5): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6989877

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Lymphocyte subpopulations of blood and alveolar lavage in blastomycosis. Author(s): Jacobs RF, Marmer DJ, Balk RA, Bradsher RW. Source: Chest. 1985 October; 88(4): 579-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2931252

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Management of blastomycosis. Author(s): Sarosi GA. Source: Lancet. 1982 November 20; 2(8308): 1161. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6128478

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Medical Grand Rounds from Touro Infirmary. Blastomycosis. Author(s): Jacobs S. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1974 October; 126(10): 373-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4455749

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Miconazole treatment of relapsed pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Rose HD, Varkey B. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 August; 118(2): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=697188

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Miliary blastomycosis and HIV infection. Author(s): Herd AM, Greenfield SB, Thompson GW, Brunham RC. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1990 December 15; 143(12): 1329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2253140

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Miliary blastomycosis developing in an immunocompromised host with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Author(s): Isotalo PA, Ford JC, Veinot JP. Source: Pathology. 2002 June; 34(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12109796

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Miliary pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Stelling CB, Woodring JH, Rehm SR, Hopper DW, Noble RC. Source: Radiology. 1984 January; 150(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6689789

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Morbidity and mortality conference: acute pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Farber HW, Kerkering TM, Jasnosz KM. Source: Va Med. 1981 March; 108(3): 177-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7223000

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Morphological patterns of the liver in South American blastomycosis. Author(s): Teixeira F, Gayotto LC, De Brito T. Source: Histopathology. 1978 July; 2(4): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=700600

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Multiple verrucous skin lesions. North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Leet NA, Parker CM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 May; 127(5): 723, 726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2024995

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Murine models of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis. Author(s): Sorensen KN, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Source: Mycopathologia. 1999; 146(2): 53-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10822504

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Nasopharyngeal and temporal bone blastomycosis: CT and MR findings. Author(s): Angtuaco EE, Angtuaco EJ, Glasier CM, Benitez WI. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1991 July-August; 12(4): 725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1882753

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Neck mass resulting from local extension of pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Hoskere GV, Hubbs DT, Vasquez JE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1998 October; 91(10): 946-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9786290

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North American blastomycosis in Africans. Author(s): Emerson PA, Higgins E, Branfoot A. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1984 July; 78(3): 286-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743526

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North American blastomycosis in Central Canada. A review of 36 cases. Author(s): Kepron MW, Schoemperlen, Hershfield ES, Zylak CJ, Cherniack RM. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1972 February 5; 106(3): 243-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5057959

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North American blastomycosis in Florida. Report of three cases. Author(s): Reifsnyder DN. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1983 February; 70(2): 111-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6833986

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North American blastomycosis in Iowa: review of 34 cases. Author(s): Habte-Gabr E, Smith IM. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1973 September; 26(9): 585-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4759582

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North American blastomycosis in Rhodesia. Author(s): Davidson L, Gelfand M. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1972 July; 18(7): 129-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4666455

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North American blastomycosis in South Africa simulating tuberculosis. Author(s): Koen AF, Blumberg LH. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1999 April; 54(4): 260-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10210348

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North American blastomycosis in Zambia. Author(s): Bhagwandeen SB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1974 March; 23(2): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4817668

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North American blastomycosis of the vertebrae in an adolescent. Author(s): Challapalli M, Cunningham DG. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 October; 23(4): 853-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8909872

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North American blastomycosis presenting as an acute panniculitis and arthritis. Author(s): Maioriello RP, Merwin CF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1970 July; 102(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5497175

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North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Weingardt J, Li YP. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 April; 43(4): 1245-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2008812

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North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Sochocky S. Source: S D J Med. 1971 January; 24(1): 14 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5278112

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North American blastomycosis. A review. Author(s): Drake RG Jr. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1985 February; 83(2): 77-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3973475

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North American blastomycosis. Report of a case encountered in Lebanon and probably originating in Gambia. Author(s): Matta M, Farah FS. Source: Dermatologica. 1973; 146(6): 346-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4127045

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North American blastomycosis. The second reported occurrence in Maine. Author(s): Ohler RL. Source: J Maine Med Assoc. 1970 July; 61(7): 135-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5468348

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North American blastomycosis: a study of ten cases. Author(s): Vanek J, Schwarz J, Hakim S. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1970 September; 54(3): 384-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5507284

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North American blastomycosis: an unusual clinical manifestation. Author(s): Henchy FP 3rd, Daniel CR 3rd, Omura EF, Kheir SM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 April; 118(4): 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7065687

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North American blastomycosis: the importance of a differential diagnosis. Author(s): Shah B, Smith SP 3rd, Siegle RJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 December; 58(6): 402-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8970777

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Novel cases of blastomycosis acquired in Toronto, Ontario. Author(s): Lester RS, DeKoven JG, Kane J, Simor AE, Krajden S, Summerbell RC. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2000 November 14; 163(10): 1309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11107469

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Observations on the roentgen patterns in blastomycosis of bone. A review of cases from the Blastomycosis Cooperative Study of the Veterans Administration and Duke University Medical Center. Author(s): Gehweiler JA, Capp MP, Chick EW. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1970 March; 108(3): 497-510. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5415925

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Obstructive jaundice caused by blastomycosis of the lymph nodes around the common bile duct. Author(s): Chaib E, de Oliveira CM, Prado PS, Santana LL, Toloi Junior N, de Mello JB. Source: Arquivos De Gastroenterologia. 1988 October-December; 25(4): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3268076

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Occurrence of Lobo's blastomycosis among "Caiabi," Brazilian Indians. Author(s): Baruzzi RG, Castro RM, D'Andretta C Jr, Carvalhal S, Ramos OL, Pontes PL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1973 March-April; 12(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4697345

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Ocular changes in a cat with disseminated blastomycosis. Author(s): Nasisse MP, van Ee RT, Wright B. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985 September 15; 187(6): 629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4086373

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On the importance of South American blastomycosis. Author(s): Mackinnon JE. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1970; 41(1): 187-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5520712

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Oral manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Author(s): de Almeida OP, Jorge J, Scully C, Bozzo L. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991 October; 72(4): 430-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1923441

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Oral South American blastomycosis in the United States of America. Report of a case. Author(s): Joseph EA, Mare A, Irving WR Jr. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966 June; 21(6): 732-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5219662

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Orthopaedic manifestations of blastomycosis. Author(s): MacDonald PB, Black GB, MacKenzie R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1990 July; 72(6): 8604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2365718

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Osteomyelitis by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (South American blastomycosis): cytologic diagnosis on fine-needle aspiration biopsy smears: a case report. Author(s): Fulciniti F, Troncone G, Fazioli F, Vetrani A, Zeppa P, Manco A, Palombini L. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1996 December; 15(5): 442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8989552

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Otitis media due to blastomycosis: report of two cases. Author(s): Istorico LJ, Sanders M, Jacobs RF, Gilleon S, Glasier C, Bradsher RW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 January; 14(1): 355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1571452

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Overwhelming blastomycosis. Author(s): Stead WW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1968 December 26; 279(26): 1458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5722928

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Overwhelming pulmonary blastomycosis associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Author(s): Meyer KC, McManus EJ, Maki DG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 October 21; 329(17): 1231-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8413389

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Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) successfully treated with terbinafine: first case report. Author(s): Ollague JM, de Zurita AM, Calero G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 143(1): 188-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10886159

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Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis): a report of an imported case previously diagnosed as tuberculosis. Author(s): Benoldi D, Alinovi A, Pezzarossa E, Bassissi P, Polonelli L. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 June; 1(2): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3842361

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Pathology quiz case. Disseminated blastomycosis. Author(s): Adams JS, Godin MS, Tsogas N. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2002 July; 128(7): 853, 854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117351

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Perinatal blastomycosis: a review. Author(s): Maxson S, Miller SF, Tryka AF, Schutze GE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1992 September; 11(9): 760-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1448317

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Peritoneal blastomycosis. Author(s): Perez-Lasala G, Nolan RL, Chapman SW, Achord JL. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991 March; 86(3): 357-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1998318

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Photo quiz. Disseminated blastomycosis. Author(s): Bedimo R, Weinstein J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 November 15; 33(10): 1706, 1770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11724028

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Possible transmission of Blastomycosis dermatitidis via culture specimen. Author(s): Cote E, Barr SC, Allen C. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 February 15; 210(4): 479-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9040827

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Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Author(s): Chapman SW, Bradsher RW Jr, Campbell GD Jr, Pappas PG, Kauffman CA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 April; 30(4): 679-83. Epub 2000 April 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770729

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Primary cutaneous inoculation blastomycosis with some unusual features. Author(s): Sharma AK, Narang P. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1997 May; 38(2): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9159971

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Primary cutaneous north american blastomycosis in an immunosuppressed child. Author(s): Zampogna JC, Hoy MJ, Ramos-Caro FA. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 20(2): 128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657008

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Progressive vertebral blastomycosis mimicking tuberculosis. Author(s): Guler N, Palanduz A, Ones U, Ozturk A, Somer A, Salman N, Yalcin I. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 September; 14(9): 816-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8559640

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Pseudo-outbreak of blastomycosis associated with contaminated bronchoscopes. Author(s): Nicolle LE, McLeod J, Romance L, Parker S, Paraskevas M. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1992 June; 13(6): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1619267

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Public health response to 2 clinical cases of blastomycosis in colorado residents. Author(s): Hannah EL, Bailey AM, Hajjeh R, Gershman K, Lindsley M, Hoffman RE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 June 1; 32(11): E151-3. Epub 2001 May 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11340548

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Pulmonary blastomycosis with acute respiratory failure as predominant clinical feature. Author(s): Mukkamala R, Mehta JB, Myers JW, Cole CP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 August; 90(8): 847-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9258317

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Pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Winer-Muram HT, Rubin SA. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1992 September; 7(4): 23-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1404542

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Pulmonary blastomycosis: a great masquerader. Author(s): Wallace J. Source: Chest. 2002 March; 121(3): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888941

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Pulmonary blastomycosis: an appraisal of diagnostic techniques. Author(s): Martynowicz MA, Prakash UB. Source: Chest. 2002 March; 121(3): 768-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888958

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Pulmonary blastomycosis: findings on chest radiographs in 63 patients. Author(s): Sheflin JR, Campbell JA, Thompson GP. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1990 June; 154(6): 1177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2110723

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Pulmonary function following blastomycosis in childhood. Author(s): Alkrinawi S, Pianosi P. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 January; 39(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660815

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Pulmonary sequestration with primary blastomycosis. Failure of ketoconazole therapy after resection. Author(s): Serneels RA, Marshall GS, Wampler J, Miller D, Adams G. Source: Chest. 1993 April; 103(4): 1291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8131493

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Radioimmunoassay: a sensitive screening test for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. Author(s): George RB, Lambert RS, Bruce MJ, Pickering JW, Wolcott RM. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 October; 124(4): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7294503

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Radiologic appearance of pulmonary South American blastomycosis. Author(s): Mendez G Jr, Gonzalez G, Mendez G. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 November; 72(11): 1399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=505072

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Radiological aspects of South American blastomycosis in children. Author(s): Boechat MI, Gold RH, Gilsanz V, Ferreira CS. Source: Ann Radiol (Paris). 1984 February-March; 27(2-3): 247-52. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721432

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Radiological case of the month. Blastomycosis osteomyelitis with epidural and retropharyngeal abscess. Author(s): Nokes SR, Adametz J, Gardner G, Beaton JN. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1995 October; 92(5): 253-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8522503

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Radiological manifestations of small intestinal South American Blastomycosis. Author(s): Avritchir Y, Perroni AA. Source: Radiology. 1978 June; 127(3): 607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=663144

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Reactivation and dissemination of blastomycosis complicating Hodgkin's disease: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Winquist EW, Walmsley SL, Berinstein NL. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1993 June; 43(2): 129-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8342540

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Reactivation blastomycosis presenting as a tuboovarian abscess. Author(s): Murray JJ, Clark CA, Lands RH, Heim CR, Burnett LS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 December; 64(6): 828-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6504428

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Recovery of adrenal reserve following treatment of disseminated South American blastomycosis. Author(s): Osa SR, Peterson RE, Roberts RB. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1981 August; 71(2): 298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6266250

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Recovery of Blastomyces dermatitidis from blood of a patient with disseminated blastomycosis. Author(s): Musial CE, Wilson WR, Sinkeldam IR, Roberts GD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1987 August; 25(8): 1421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3624440

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Recurrent blastomycosis of the central nervous system: case report and review. Author(s): Chowfin A, Tight R, Mitchell S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 June; 30(6): 969-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10880319

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Results of miconazole therapy in twenty-eight patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Author(s): Negroni R, Rubinstein P, Herrmann A, Gimenez A. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 1: 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122643

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Results of surgical and nonoperative treatment for pulmonary North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Larson RE, Bernatz PE, Geraci JE. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1966 May; 51(5): 714-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5931366

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Roentgenologic features of pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Brown LR, Swensen SJ, Van Scoy RE, Prakash UB, Coles DT, Colby TV. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1991 January; 66(1): 29-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1988756

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Role of cell surface molecules of Blastomyces dermatitidis in the pathogenesis and immunobiology of blastomycosis. Author(s): Klein BS. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1997 September; 12(3): 198-205. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9313291

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Scanning electron microscopy of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Study with and without pre-treatment with pooled sera from patients with 'South American blastomycosis'. Author(s): Viera e Silva CR, de Mattos MC, Fujimore K. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1974 November 10; 54(2): 235-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4437584

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Self-assessment mini-program. North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Osment L. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1973 September-October; 12(5): 279 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4747619

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Serodiagnosis of blastomycosis. Author(s): Kaufman L, Ajello L. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 October; 126(4): 741. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6812473

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Significance of false-positive serologic tests for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis in an endemic area. Author(s): Jordan MM, Chawla J, Owens MW, George RB. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 June; 141(6): 1487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2112351

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Simulation of cutaneous North American blastomycosis by infected keratinous cyst. Author(s): Kotrajaras R. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1982 June; 65(6): 340-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7130882

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South American blastomycosis of the maxilla: report of a case. Author(s): Lazow SK, Seldin RD, Solomon MP. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1990 January; 48(1): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2294213

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South American blastomycosis of the ureter. Author(s): Silveira E, Billis A, Trevisan MA, Vieira RJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1976 May; 25(3): 530-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=937638

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South American blastomycosis presenting as a posterior fossa tumor. Case report. Author(s): Araujo JC, Werneck L, Cravo MA. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1978 September; 49(3): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=682004

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South American blastomycosis: a treated case with control lung function studies. Author(s): Lemle A, de Lima Neto JA, Mandel MB, Gaensler EA. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1974 January; 31(1): 8596. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4810263

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South American blastomycosis: ophthalmic and oculomotor nerve lesions. Author(s): Dantas AM, Yamane R, Camara AG. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 October; 43(4): 386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2240366

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Specific immunodiffusion test for blastomycosis. Author(s): Kaufman L, McLaughlin DW, Clark MJ, Blumer S. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1973 September; 26(3): 244-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4201639

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Spinal blastomycosis--case report. Author(s): Krarup C, Davis CH, Symon L, Harding BN, Hay RJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1984 February; 47(2): 2178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6707665

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Splenic abscess due to blastomycosis: scintigraphic, sonographic, and CT evaluation. Author(s): Dubuisson RL, Jones TB. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1983 January; 140(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6600327

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Subcutaneous blastomycosis: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Mamikunian C, Gatti WM, Reyes CV. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1989 November; 101(5): 607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2512546

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Successful treatment of systemic blastomycosis with high-dose ketoconazole in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Hii JH, Legault L, DeVeber G, Vas SI. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1990 June; 15(6): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2368699

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Survival in adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by blastomycosis infection. Author(s): Skillrud DM, Douglas WW. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1985 April; 60(4): 266-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3982079

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Sweet's syndrome-like blastomycosis. Author(s): Wilkerson A, King R, Googe PB, Page RN, Fulk CS. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2003 April; 25(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652198

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Systemic blastomycosis in children. Author(s): Steele RW, Abernathy RS. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983 July-August; 2(4): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6688464

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Systemic blastomycosis treated with ketoconazole. Author(s): Hudson CP, Callen JP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 April; 120(4): 536-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6322704

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Systemic North American blastomycosis with orbital involvement. Author(s): Vida L, Moel SA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1974 February; 77(2): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4812094

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Testing your diagnostic skills #64. Case No 1. Squamous cell carcinoma. Histoplasmosis. Blastomycosis. Author(s): Baughman R, Jimenez F. Source: Todays Fda. 2002 October; 14(10): 16, 19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483913

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The association of adenocarcinoma of the lung and blastomycosis from an unusual geographical location. Author(s): Hasan FM, Jarrah T, Nassar V. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1978 July; 72(3): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=698055

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The black dot sign and North American cutaneous blastomycosis. Author(s): Bongiorno FJ, Leavell UW, Wirtschafter JD. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1974 July; 78(1): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4835066

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The correction of microstomia following South American blastomycosis: a case report. Author(s): Pereira JL, Silva AP. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1982 April; 35(2): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7082898

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The epidemiology and ecology of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. Author(s): Howard DH. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1984 July; 257(2): 219-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6385560

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The radiological appearance of pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Laskey W, Sarosi GA. Source: Radiology. 1978 February; 126(2): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=622481

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The role of cytology in the primary diagnosis of North American Blastomycosis. Author(s): Johnston WW, Amatulli J. Source: Acta Cytol. 1970 April; 14(4): 200-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5266595

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The spectrum and significance of pleural disease in blastomycosis. Author(s): Kinasewitz GT, Penn RL, George RB. Source: Chest. 1984 October; 86(4): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6478898

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The spectrum of primary blastomycotic meningitis: a review of central nervous system blastomycosis. Author(s): Gonyea EF. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1978 January; 3(1): 26-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=655652

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The treatment of blastomycosis with amphotericin B. Author(s): Turner DJ, Koenig MG. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1970 May; 17(2): 437-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5419120

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The treatment of North American blastomycosis with amphotericin B. Author(s): Superfon NP. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1968 August; 67(12): 1398-405. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5188227

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The treatment of North American blastomycosis. Ten years' experience. Author(s): Lockwood WR, Allison F Jr, Batson BE, Busey JF. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969 September; 100(3): 314-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5820331

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The use of ketoconazole in the treatment of blastomycosis. Author(s): McManus EJ, Jones JM. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 January; 133(1): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3942371

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The use of ketoconazole to treat systemic blastomycosis presenting as acute epididymitis. Author(s): Short KL, Harty JI, Amin M, Short LF. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1983 February; 129(2): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6300471

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Therapy of blastomycosis. Author(s): Bradsher RW. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1997 September; 12(3): 263-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9313298

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Thoracic blastomycosis and empyema. Author(s): Wiesman IM, Podbielski FJ, Hernan MJ, Sekosan M, Vigneswaran WT. Source: Jsls. 1999 January-March; 3(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323175

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Treatment of blastomycosis with higher doses of fluconazole. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Author(s): Pappas PG, Bradsher RW, Kauffman CA, Cloud GA, Thomas CJ, Campbell GD Jr, Chapman SW, Newman C, Dismukes WE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 August; 25(2): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9332510

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Treatment of severe pulmonary blastomycosis with oral itraconazole: case report. Author(s): Ralph ED, Plaxton WR, Sharpe MD. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 November; 29(5): 1336-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524993

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Treatment of South-American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis) with orally administered miconazole. Author(s): Lima NS, Teixeira GA, Miranda JL, do Valle AC. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1978 NovemberDecember; 20(6): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=751171

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Two cases of blastomycosis from a common source: use of DNA restriction analysis to identify strains. Author(s): Fraser VJ, Keath EJ, Powderly WG. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 June; 163(6): 1378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1674750

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Unusual presentation of North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Harwell WB. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1982 January; 75(1): 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7087453

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Update and review of blastomycosis. Author(s): Chao D, Steier KJ, Gomila R. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1997 September; 97(9): 525-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9313349

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Use of a urease-antibody conjugate in an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of blastomycosis. Author(s): Scalarone GM. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1987 August; 25(4): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3668759

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Utility of anti-WI-1 serological testing in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in Wisconsin residents. Author(s): Soufleris AJ, Klein BS, Courtney BT, Proctor ME, Jones JM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 July; 19(1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7948563

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Verrucous plaques on the face. North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Woofter MJ, Cripps DJ, Warner TF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 April; 136(4): 547, 550. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10768656

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Vertebral blastomycosis with paravertebral abscess: report of eight cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Saccente M, Abernathy RS, Pappas PG, Shah HR, Bradsher RW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 February; 26(2): 413-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9502464

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Vertebral North American blastomycosis. Author(s): Detrisac DA, Harding WG, Greiner AL, Dunn CR, Mayfield FH. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1980 April; 13(4): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6445602

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Water and blastomycosis: don't blame beaver. Author(s): Bradsher RW. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 December; 136(6): 1324-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688633

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WI-1, a novel 120-kilodalton surface protein on Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast cells, is a target antigen of cell-mediated immunity in human blastomycosis. Author(s): Klein BS, Sondel PM, Jones JM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1992 October; 60(10): 4291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1383148

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Widespread papules and nodules in a Ugandan man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. African blastomycosis. Author(s): Cohen LM, Golitz LE, Wilson ML. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 July; 132(7): 821-2, 824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8678577

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BLASTOMYCOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and blastomycosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Blastomycosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Blastomycosis

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “blastomycosis” (or a synonym): •

Calcinosis cutis associated with systemic blastomycosis in three dogs. Source: Gortel, K. McKieman, B.C. Johnson, J.K. Campbell, K.L. J-Am-Anim-HospAssoc. Lakewood, Colo. : The American Animal Hospital Association. Sept/October 1999. volume 35 (5) page 368-374. 0587-2871

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Use of an amphotericin B lipid complex for treatment of blastomycosis in dogs. Source: Krawiec, D.R. McKiernan, B.C. Twardock, A.R. Swenson, C.E. Itkin, R.J. Johnson, L.R. Kurowsky, L.K. Marks, C.A. J-Am-Vet-Med-Assoc. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. December 15, 1996. volume 209 (12) page 2073-2075. 0003-1488

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON BLASTOMYCOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to blastomycosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on blastomycosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on blastomycosis: •

Oral and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hematogenously Disseminated Systemic Infections: A Monograph Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo, Inc. 1993. 79 p. Contact: Available from Glaxo-Wellcome Education Resource Center. 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. (800) 824-2896. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number GVL251. Summary: This monograph describes oral and dermatologic manifestations resulting from systemic infections. Written as a continuing education tool for physicians, the monograph features 26 sections, each of which includes a description of dermatologic manifestations, other clinical features, laboratory findings, and epidemiologic factors. Diseases covered include AIDS, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcoses, erythema infectiousum (Fifth disease), gonococcemia, gram-negative bacterial sepsis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, infective

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endocarditis, Kawasaki syndrome, leprosy, lyme disease, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, roseola, rubella (German measles), rubeola (measles), scarlet fever, secondary (disseminated) syphilis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, typhoid fever, varicella (chickenpox), and Vibrio vulnificus infection. Each section is illustrated with full-color photographs depicting patients with manifestations of the disease under consideration. The monograph includes a glossary of illustrations to help with diagnosis and classification. The monograph concludes with a self-test and instructions for receiving continuing medical education credits. A subject index is also included. 12 references.

Chapters on Blastomycosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to blastomycosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and blastomycosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on blastomycosis: •

Fungal Arthritis Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 599-607. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals presents an overview of fungal arthritis. The epidemiology and clinical features of fungal arthritis are discussed. Some of the drugs used to treat fungal infections are identified. The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of various fungal infections are highlighted. These include Candida spp. infections, blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. Miscellaneous fungi that have been implicated in joint infections are also identified. 91 references, 5 figures, and 2 tables.

•

Socioeconomic, Ethnic and Geographical Health Issues Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 529-547. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: This chapter on socioeconomic, ethnic, and geographical health issues is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. The authors discuss mainly the relevant imported diseases, problems related to social deprivation, and those which religious or ethnic groups may present during oral health care. Topics include infections, including typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, nonvenereal treponematoses, yaws (framboesia), granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), lymphogranuloma vereneum, blood-borne viruses, arboviruses, arenaviruses, rhabdoviruses (Ebola, rabies), systemic mycoses, Aspergillosis,

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blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, rhinosporidiosis, sporotrichosis, systemic candidosis, parasitic infestations, scabies, lice, fleas, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, trichinosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, myiasis, larva migrans, filariasis, trichuriasis, gnathostomiasis, and oral submucous fibrosis. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 9 tables. 45 references. •

Chapter 12-D: Infectious Disorders: Mycobacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Arthritis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 274-279. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This section of a chapter on infectious disorders provides health professionals with information on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of mycobacterial, fungal, and parasitic arthritis. Mycobacteria cause mycobacterium tuberculosis. The most common form of osteoarticular infection with M. tuberculosis is tuberculosis spondylitis (Pott's disease). Symptoms include pain and tenderness. Diagnosis is based on examination of biopsy specimens obtained by open or computed tomography guided biopsy. Treatment options include combination chemotherapy or surgery. Tuberculosis arthritis, also caused by mycobacteria, presents with joint pain and swelling. Diagnosis is based on histologic and microbiologic examination of synovium. This form of arthritis usually responds to combination chemotherapy, but surgery may be needed. Musculoskeletal symptoms may also be caused by Mycobacterium bovis as a component of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, atypical mycobacteria, and mycobacterium leprae. Fungal musculoskeletal infections include candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis. Most fungal musculoskeletal infections have an insidious onset and indolent course. Diagnosis of these infections is made by culture of synovial fluid or tissue. Antifungal agents are used to treat these infections. Parasitic organisms (protozoa, helminths, and arthropods) can induce immune responses that cause tissue injury and musculoskeletal manifestations. Protozoa associated with arthralgias and arthritis include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomona vaginalis, and Toxoplasma gondii. Helminths associated with joint symptoms include Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia saginata, and Echinococcus granulosus. 1 figure, 1 table, and 20 references.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2292 33 12 13 2 2352

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on blastomycosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to blastomycosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to blastomycosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “blastomycosis”:

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AIDS and Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aidsandinfections.html Bites and Stings http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bitesandstings.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Teen Violence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenviolence.html Toe Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on blastomycosis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Fungal Infections Contact: AIDS Treatment Data Network, 611 Broadway Ste 613, New York, NY, 10027, (212) 260-8868, http://www.atdn.org. Summary: This information sheet presents information on fungal infections for human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV)-positive persons. It describes the conditions, symptoms, and treatments of the following infections: thrush, oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to blastomycosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is

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not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on blastomycosis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to blastomycosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with blastomycosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about blastomycosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.

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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “blastomycosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “blastomycosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “blastomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “blastomycosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on blastomycosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Blastomycosis Bacterial pneumonia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000145.htm Blastomycosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000102.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Blastomycosis Arthralgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm

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Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hemoptysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Joint stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Muscular stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Myalgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Nodules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003230.htm Pustules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003234.htm Pyrexia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Skin lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm

Online Glossaries 79

Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Blastomycosis Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Complement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003456.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Sputum culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003723.htm Wet prep Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003916.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

•

Background Topics for Blastomycosis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Subcutaneous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002297.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BLASTOMYCOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actinomycosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH]

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Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU]

Dictionary 83

Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH]

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Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomyces: A genus of onygenacetous mitosporic fungi whose perfect state is Ajellomyces. The species Blastomyces dermatitidis (perfect state Ajellomyces dermatitidis) causes blastomycosis. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachiocephalic Veins: Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU]

Dictionary 85

Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cat-Scratch Disease: A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by Afipia felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by Bartonella henselae. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the

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body. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray

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machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Consolidation therapy: Chemotherapy treatments given after induction chemotherapy to further reduce the number of cancer cells. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and the small intestine. [NIH] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

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aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Echinococcosis: An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH]

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Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genitourinary system: The parts of the body that play a role in reproduction, getting rid of waste products in the form of urine, or both. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method

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of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH]

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Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Induction therapy: Treatment designed to be used as a first step toward shrinking the cancer and in evaluating response to drugs and other agents. Induction therapy is followed by additional therapy to eliminate whatever cancer remains. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH]

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Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase

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of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loading dose: A quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug [EU] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lyme Disease: An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B

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(with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH]

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Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Mycobacterium leprae: A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes leprosy in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side. [NIH] Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces tuberculosis in man, other primates, dogs, and some animals which have contact with man. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Myiasis: The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH]

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Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders

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of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paecilomyces: A mitosporic fungal genus occasionally causing human diseases such as pulmonary infections, mycotic keratitis, endocarditis, and opportunistic infections. Its teleomorph is Byssochlamys. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Paracoccidioidomycosis: A mycosis affecting the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. It is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is also called paracoccidioidal granuloma. Superficial resemblance of P. brasiliensis to Blastomyces brasiliensis (blastomyces) may cause misdiagnosis. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitism: A) The mode of life of a parasite; b) The relationship between an organism (parasite) that derives benefits from, and at the expense of, another organism (host). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Paronychia: Inflammation involving the folds of tissue surrounding the nail. Called also perionychia. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillium: A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. Several species (but especially Penicillium chrysogenum) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Piedra: Either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. Black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by Piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, moustache and genital areas and is caused by Trichosporon beigelii. [NIH]

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Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]

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Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudallescheria: Ascomycetous fungi, family Microascaceae, order Microascales, commonly found in the soil. They are causative agents of mycetoma, maduromycosis, and other infections in humans. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH]

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Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Rhinoscleroma: A granulomatous disease affecting the nose and nasopharynx, usually ascribed to Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. It occurs in Egypt, eastern Europe, and Central and South America. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as

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the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: A disease of infants due to group 2 phage type 17 staphylococci that produce an epidermolytic exotoxin. Superficial fine vesicles and bullae form and rupture easily, resulting in loss of large sheets of epidermis. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]

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Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superior vena cava: Vein which returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and thorax. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thylakoids: Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a

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bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Trichosporon: A mitosporic fungal genus causing opportunistic infections, endocarditis, fungemia, and white piedra (T. beigelii). [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH]

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Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abscess, 14, 15, 28, 41, 44, 49, 81 Acanthocephala, 81, 91 Accommodation, 81, 97 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 12, 13, 19, 49, 81 Actinomycosis, 4, 26, 31, 81 Adenocarcinoma, 46, 81 Adipose Tissue, 81, 98 Adverse Effect, 81, 102 Aerobic, 5, 81, 96 Agar, 81, 92 Agarose, 81, 92 Albumin, 81, 103 Algorithms, 81, 84 Allium, 25, 81 Allograft, 32, 82 Allylamine, 82 Alternative medicine, 82 Amine, 5, 82 Amino Acid Sequence, 82 Ammonia, 82, 104 Anaerobic, 5, 82 Anaesthesia, 82, 92 Analog, 82, 90 Analogous, 5, 82, 104 Anemia, 82, 95 Antibacterial, 82, 102 Antibiotic, 3, 82, 84, 90, 97, 98, 102 Antibodies, 16, 18, 82, 99 Antibody, 48, 82, 83, 89, 91, 92 Anticoagulant, 82, 99 Antifungal, 3, 4, 8, 57, 82, 83, 89, 90, 93, 95, 97 Antifungal Agents, 4, 83 Antigen, 6, 24, 49, 82, 83, 89, 91, 92 Antimicrobial, 4, 83, 86 Antimycotic, 83, 86 Arthroscopy, 14, 83 Aspergillosis, 3, 4, 56, 68, 83, 93 Aspiration, 17, 83 Assay, 83, 91 Asymptomatic, 12, 83, 89 Atypical, 4, 12, 19, 57, 83, 92 Autopsy, 12, 83 B Bacteria, 81, 82, 83, 90, 91, 96, 101, 102 Bacteriostatic, 81, 83

Bacterium, 83, 85, 104 Base, 83, 87, 93, 103 Benign, 83, 90, 97, 101 Beta Rays, 83, 88 Bewilderment, 83, 87 Bile, 83, 87, 93, 94 Bile Pigments, 83, 93 Biliary, 83, 86 Biogenesis, 5, 84 Biopsy, 37, 57, 79, 84 Biopsy specimen, 57, 84 Biosynthesis, 84, 86 Biotechnology, 7, 8, 63, 84 Bladder, 84, 104 Blastomyces, 6, 9, 16, 25, 26, 29, 42, 49, 84, 98 Blood vessel, 84, 94, 95, 105 Bone Marrow, 84, 94 Brachiocephalic Veins, 84, 103 Brain Stem, 24, 84 Broad-spectrum, 8, 84 Buccal, 23, 84 Buccal mucosa, 23, 84 C Candidiasis, 3, 4, 55, 57, 68, 84, 89 Candidosis, 57, 84, 85 Capsules, 5, 85 Carbon Dioxide, 85, 90, 104 Carcinoma, 30, 45, 85 Cardiac, 82, 85, 88 Case report, 7, 10, 15, 17, 19, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 46, 48, 85, 89 Cathode, 83, 85, 88 Cat-Scratch Disease, 4, 85 Caudal, 85, 99 Cell, 42, 45, 49, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105 Cell membrane, 85, 86 Cell Respiration, 85, 96 Central Nervous System, 12, 27, 42, 47, 85, 90, 99, 101 Cerebral, 24, 84, 85, 95, 102 Cerebral hemispheres, 84, 85 Cerebrum, 85 Cervical, 15, 85, 101 Chemotherapy, 57, 85, 87 Chest wall, 85, 103 Chickenpox, 56, 85

108

Blastomycosis

Chlorophyll, 86, 90 Chloroplasts, 5, 86 Cholera, 56, 86, 105 Chronic, 15, 16, 33, 34, 79, 84, 86, 92, 93, 102, 104 Chronic Disease, 86, 93 Ciliary, 86, 97 Ciprofloxacin, 15, 86 Clinical Medicine, 27, 86, 99 Clinical trial, 4, 63, 86, 100 Cloning, 84, 86 Clotrimazole, 3, 86 Coccidioidomycosis, 4, 25, 26, 34, 46, 55, 56, 57, 68, 86 Cofactor, 5, 86, 99, 103 Combination chemotherapy, 57, 86 Common Bile Duct, 36, 86, 87 Computational Biology, 63, 86 Computed tomography, 57, 86, 87 Computerized axial tomography, 86, 87 Computerized tomography, 86, 87 Confusion, 25, 87, 88 Congestion, 87, 89 Conjunctiva, 13, 87 Connective Tissue, 84, 87, 89, 90, 94, 98 Consolidation, 5, 87 Consolidation therapy, 5, 87 Constriction, 87, 97 Contraindications, ii, 87 Cortex, 87, 97 Cranial, 87, 97, 98 Crossing-over, 87, 100 Cryptococcosis, 3, 4, 56, 57, 87 Cutaneous, 7, 11, 17, 18, 31, 32, 36, 39, 43, 46, 55, 84, 87, 93, 94, 101, 102 Cyst, 43, 87 Cystic Duct, 86, 87 Cytosine, 87, 90 D Dehydration, 86, 87 Dementia, 81, 87 Deprivation, 56, 87 Dermatosis, 87, 89 Diagnostic procedure, 87, 101 Diaphragm, 87, 99 Diffusion, 88, 92 Digestion, 83, 88, 94 Direct, iii, 86, 88, 100 Disorientation, 87, 88 Dorsal, 88, 99 Duct, 86, 88 Dura mater, 88, 95, 98

E Echinococcosis, 57, 88 Electrons, 5, 83, 85, 88, 93, 100 Elementary Particles, 88 Emaciation, 81, 88 Embryo, 88, 92 Empyema, 47, 88 Endemic, 6, 21, 30, 43, 86, 88, 95 Endocarditis, 56, 84, 88, 98, 104 Endocardium, 88 Environmental Exposure, 18, 88 Environmental Health, 21, 62, 64, 88 Enzyme, 5, 9, 18, 19, 48, 86, 89, 91, 103, 104, 105 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 19, 89 Epidemic, 9, 12, 21, 89 Epidemiologic Factors, 55, 89 Epidemiological, 21, 89 Epidermis, 89, 102 Epidural, 41, 89 Epithelial, 81, 89 Erythema, 22, 55, 89 Ethnic Groups, 56, 89 Exhaustion, 89, 95 Exotoxin, 89, 102 F Family Planning, 63, 89 Fat, 81, 84, 89, 94, 103 Fatal Outcome, 89, 100 Fibrosis, 57, 82, 89 Filariasis, 57, 89 Fine-needle aspiration, 37, 44, 89, 97 Fleas, 57, 89 Fluconazole, 3, 15, 24, 32, 48, 89 Flucytosine, 24, 90 Forestry, 23, 90 Fossa, 44, 90 Fungemia, 90, 104 Fungicides, Industrial, 83, 90 Fungus, 6, 14, 84, 86, 87, 90, 96 G Ganglia, 90, 97 Ganglion, 90, 97 Gas, 82, 85, 88, 90, 91, 97, 101 Gas exchange, 90, 101 Gastrointestinal, 86, 90, 95, 101, 105 Gene, 7, 84, 90, 101 Genital, 24, 25, 86, 90, 98, 104 Genitourinary, 4, 90, 104 Genitourinary system, 4, 90 Genotype, 7, 90, 98

109

Gland, 90, 94 Glioma, 24, 90 Governing Board, 90, 99 Gram-negative, 55, 85, 90, 105 Gram-positive, 90, 96, 102 Granuloma, 23, 56, 91, 95, 98 Granuloma Inguinale, 56, 91, 95 H Habitat, 91, 96 Helminths, 57, 91, 92, 97 Hepatic, 81, 86, 91 Hepatitis, 91, 92 Heredity, 90, 91 Horseradish Peroxidase, 89, 91 Hydrogen, 82, 83, 91, 96 Hyperbilirubinemia, 91, 93 Hypersensitivity, 27, 91 I Imidazole, 86, 91, 95 Immune response, 57, 83, 91, 92, 102, 105 Immune system, 91, 92, 105 Immunity, 6, 18, 49, 81, 91 Immunoassay, 9, 18, 48, 89, 91 Immunocompromised, 29, 33, 91 Immunocompromised Host, 29, 33, 91 Immunodeficiency, 10, 68, 81, 91, 92 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 10, 68, 92 Immunodiffusion, 44, 81, 92 Immunologic, 91, 92 Immunology, 31, 32, 91, 92 Immunosuppression, 92, 97 Immunosuppressive, 4, 91, 92 Incision, 92, 93, 103 Indolent, 32, 57, 92 Induction, 5, 87, 92 Induction therapy, 5, 92 Infectious Mononucleosis, 55, 92 Infestation, 88, 92, 105 Inflammation, 81, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105 Infusion, 92, 95 Inhalation, 86, 92, 102 Initiation, 92, 94 Insight, 5, 93 Intestinal, 41, 93 Intestines, 90, 93 Intracellular, 91, 92, 93 Intravenous, 90, 92, 93, 95 Invasive, 29, 91, 93 Ionizing, 88, 93 Itraconazole, 3, 5, 11, 13, 29, 48, 93

J Jaundice, 36, 91, 93 K Kb, 62, 93 Keratitis, 93, 98 Ketoconazole, 3, 12, 17, 23, 24, 30, 31, 40, 45, 47, 93 L Larva, 57, 93 Larva Migrans, 57, 93 Laryngeal, 30, 31, 93 Larynx, 93, 104 Leishmaniasis, 57, 93 Leprosy, 56, 93, 96 Lesion, 84, 91, 93, 94, 104 Leucocyte, 93, 94 Leukaemia, 15, 33, 93 Lice, 57, 94 Life cycle, 93, 94 Lipid, 11, 52, 94 Lipopolysaccharide, 90, 94 Lipoprotein, 90, 94 Liver, 33, 81, 83, 88, 91, 94, 104 Loading dose, 5, 94 Localization, 25, 94 Localized, 3, 31, 81, 92, 94, 97, 99, 104 Lyme Disease, 56, 94 Lymph, 36, 85, 92, 94, 95, 98, 101 Lymph node, 36, 85, 94, 95, 98, 101 Lymphadenopathy, 92, 94 Lymphatic, 29, 92, 94, 101, 102, 103 Lymphatic system, 94, 101, 102, 103 Lymphocyte Count, 81, 94 Lymphocytes, 81, 83, 92, 93, 94, 95, 102, 103, 105 Lymphocytic, 33, 95 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 91, 95 Lymphoid, 82, 93, 94, 95 Lytic, 95, 101 M Malaria, 57, 95 Malaria, Falciparum, 95 Malaria, Vivax, 95 Malignant, 81, 95, 97 Mannans, 90, 95 Meat, 95, 104 Mediastinitis, 15, 95 Mediastinum, 95 Mediate, 6, 95 Medicament, 81, 95 MEDLINE, 63, 95

110

Blastomycosis

Membrane, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 95, 96, 99, 103 Meninges, 85, 88, 95 Meningitis, 47, 68, 89, 93, 95 Mental, iv, 4, 62, 64, 87, 88, 95 Miconazole, 3, 33, 42, 48, 95 Microbiological, 5, 96 Microbiology, 12, 19, 21, 42, 83, 96 Microorganism, 86, 96, 98 Microscopy, 43, 91, 96 Mitochondria, 5, 96 Molecular, 5, 6, 63, 65, 82, 84, 86, 96 Molecule, 83, 96, 100 Mononuclear, 91, 92, 96 Morphogenesis, 6, 96 Morphological, 7, 33, 88, 90, 96 Motor nerve, 96, 97 Mucocutaneous, 20, 93, 96 Mucosa, 96, 103 Mutagenesis, 5, 96 Mutagens, 96 Mycobacterium, 57, 93, 96, 104 Mycobacterium leprae, 57, 93, 96 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 57, 96 Mycosis, 6, 96, 98 Mycotic, 96, 98 Myiasis, 57, 96 N Nasopharynx, 96, 101 Natural selection, 84, 96 Necrosis, 89, 97 Needle biopsy, 89, 97 Nematoda, 91, 97 Neoplasms, 81, 97 Nervous System, 26, 85, 94, 97, 100 Niacin, 97, 104 Nitrogen, 81, 82, 97, 104 Nuclear, 16, 25, 88, 90, 97 Nuclei, 88, 97, 101 Nystatin, 3, 97 O Oculomotor, 44, 97 Oculomotor Nerve, 44, 97 Ophthalmic, 13, 44, 97 Opportunistic Infections, 12, 81, 97, 98, 104 Oral Health, 56, 97 Orbit, 97 Orbital, 45, 97 Osteomyelitis, 15, 37, 41, 97 Otolaryngology, 4, 13, 14, 15, 19, 28, 31, 38, 44, 97

P Pachymeningitis, 95, 98 Paecilomyces, 4, 98 Panniculitis, 35, 98 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 6, 16, 28, 30, 31, 37, 38, 42, 48, 56, 98 Parasite, 98 Parasitic, 57, 81, 89, 91, 92, 94, 98 Parasitism, 28, 98 Parietal, 98, 99 Paronychia, 15, 98 Pathogen, 6, 98 Pathologic, 84, 85, 91, 98 Patient Education, 68, 72, 74, 80, 98 Penicillin, 98 Penicillium, 4, 98 Peripheral Nerves, 93, 98 Pharmacologic, 98, 104 Pharyngitis, 98, 101 Phenotypes, 7, 98 Piedra, 98, 104 Pigment, 86, 99 Plants, 85, 86, 99, 102, 103, 104 Plasma, 81, 82, 85, 99 Plasma cells, 82, 99 Platyhelminths, 91, 99 Pleura, 99 Pleural, 46, 95, 99 Pneumonia, 25, 77, 87, 99 Polysaccharide, 81, 83, 99 Pons, 84, 99 Posterior, 44, 88, 99, 101 Practice Guidelines, 64, 99 Precipitation, 16, 99 Precursor, 99, 104 Probe, 5, 99 Progression, 12, 99 Progressive, 6, 39, 87, 97, 99 Protein C, 5, 81, 82, 94, 99, 104 Protein S, 84, 99 Proteins, 82, 83, 85, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 104 Protozoa, 57, 93, 96, 100, 102 Protozoan, 95, 100 Pruritic, 100, 101 Pseudallescheria, 4, 100 Public Policy, 63, 100 Publishing, 7, 69, 100 Purulent, 100, 105 Pyoderma, 15, 100 Pyogenic, 97, 100 R Rabies, 56, 100

111

Radiation, 88, 91, 92, 93, 100, 105 Radiological, 27, 41, 46, 100 Radiology, 14, 33, 35, 41, 46, 100 Randomized, 5, 100 Reactivation, 21, 41, 100 Receptor, 83, 100, 101 Recombination, 6, 100 Refer, 1, 84, 94, 100 Refraction, 100, 102 Regional lymph node, 85, 101 Relapse, 31, 101 Resection, 40, 101 Respiratory distress syndrome, 10, 38, 45, 101 Respiratory failure, 20, 40, 101 Rhinoscleroma, 4, 101 Rubella, 56, 101 S Scabies, 57, 101 Scarlet Fever, 56, 101 Sclera, 87, 101 Screening, 41, 86, 101 Segregation, 100, 101 Sepsis, 55, 90, 101 Serologic, 43, 91, 101 Serologic Tests, 43, 101 Serotonin, 101, 104 Serum, 81, 101 Shock, 56, 101 Side effect, 5, 81, 101, 104 Signs and Symptoms, 101, 102 Skeleton, 102 Skin test, 12, 102 Skull, 14, 23, 97, 102, 103 Skull Base, 23, 102 Specialist, 69, 102 Species, 6, 84, 87, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105 Spectrum, 22, 46, 47, 86, 93, 102 Spinal cord, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 95, 97, 98, 102 Spirochete, 94, 102, 103 Spleen, 94, 102 Splenomegaly, 92, 102 Spondylitis, 57, 102 Spores, 86, 102 Sporotrichosis, 4, 17, 56, 57, 102 Sputum, 12, 79, 102 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, 56, 102 Streptococci, 101, 102 Subacute, 92, 95, 102

Subclinical, 23, 92, 103 Subcutaneous, 44, 79, 98, 102, 103 Submucous, 57, 103 Subspecies, 102, 103, 105 Substrate, 5, 89, 103 Superior vena cava, 15, 84, 103 Suppression, 6, 103 Symptomatic, 103 Synovial, 57, 103 Synovial Fluid, 57, 103 Synovial Membrane, 103 Syphilis, 4, 56, 103 Systemic, 45, 47, 52, 55, 56, 84, 92, 103, 105 T Temporal, 34, 103 Thoracotomy, 21, 103 Thrombin, 99, 103 Thrombomodulin, 99, 103 Thrush, 68, 84, 103 Thylakoids, 86, 103 Thymus, 94, 103 Ticks, 92, 94, 103 Tissue, 57, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103 Tomography, 28, 103 Tonsillitis, 101, 103 Toxic, iv, 56, 88, 89, 91, 104 Toxicology, 64, 104 Toxins, 83, 92, 104 Toxoplasmosis, 57, 104 Trachea, 93, 95, 104 Tracheostomy, 32, 104 Transfection, 84, 104 Trichinosis, 57, 104 Trichosporon, 4, 98, 104 Tryptophan, 5, 101, 104 Tuberculosis, 19, 24, 35, 38, 39, 57, 96, 104 Typhoid fever, 56, 104 U Ulcer, 17, 104 Urea, 104 Urease, 48, 104 Urethra, 104 Urinary, 86, 90, 104 Urine, 34, 84, 90, 104 Urogenital, 90, 104 V Vagina, 84, 104, 105 Vaginal, 68, 104 Vaginitis, 84, 105 Varicella, 56, 105 Vascular, 5, 82, 92, 105

112

Blastomycosis

Vena, 105 Venereal, 103, 105 Ventral, 97, 99, 105 Vertebrae, 35, 102, 105 Vertebral, 39, 49, 105 Veterinary Medicine, 63, 105 Vibrio, 56, 86, 105 Vibrio cholerae, 86, 105 Viral, 100, 105 Virulence, 6, 105 Virus, 81, 85, 92, 101, 105 Viscera, 93, 105

Visceral, 93, 105 Visceral Larva Migrans, 93, 105 W White blood cell, 82, 92, 94, 95, 99, 105 X X-ray, 5, 79, 85, 86, 87, 97, 100, 105 Y Yaws, 56, 105 Yeasts, 85, 90, 105 Z Zoonoses, 100, 105 Zymogen, 99, 105

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