LUE EVUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Blue Nevus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00158-6 1. Blue Nevus-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on blue nevus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLUE NEVUS ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Blue Nevus.................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BLUE NEVUS ................................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Finding Nutrition Studies on Blue Nevus................................................................................... 29 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 30 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLUE NEVUS ............................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 General References ....................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BLUE NEVUS.............................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Chapters on Blue Nevus............................................................................................................... 35 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 39 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 41 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 45 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 49 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 49 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 55 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 55 BLUE NEVUS DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 57 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 71
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with blue nevus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about blue nevus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to blue nevus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on blue nevus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to blue nevus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on blue nevus. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLUE NEVUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on blue nevus.
Federally Funded Research on Blue Nevus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to blue nevus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to blue nevus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore blue nevus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for blue nevus: •
Project Title: MID-CAREER INVESTIGATOR IN PATIENT-ORIENTED RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, J Stuart.; Professor; Surgery; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposal is submitted by J. Stuart Nelson, M.D., Ph.D. for a K-24 Mid-Career Investigator Award in Patient Oriented Research. Dr.
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Nelson's M.D., Ph.D. training, academic affiliation, and involvement in the basic science and clinical applications of lasers make him uniquely qualified and experienced to pursue a career in patient oriented research. The requested protected time provided by this application will allow him the opportunity to maximize his time availability for the mentoring of young physicians interested in the emerging fields of photomedicine and biomedical optics. At least two fellows will be mentored at any given time. It is anticipated that 4-6 fellows will be mentored over the course of the proposed five years. The treatment success rate for the vast majority of port wine stain (PWS) patients is very low (< 10%) if the ultimate standard required is complete blanching of the lesion. The objective in the laser treatment of PWS is to maximize thermal damage to the targeted blood vessels while preventing injury to the normal overlying epidermis. Unfortunately, for many lesions, the threshold for epidermal damage is lower than that for permanent blanching of the PWS thereby precluding the use of higher and more effective laser light dosages. An important method to overcome the aforementioned problem is to cool selectively the most superficial layers of the skin. Although melanin absorption will result in heat production during laser exposure, cooling the epidermis can prevent its temperature from exceeding the threshold for thermal injury. Spatially selective cooling can be achieved by active cooling using cryogen spray cooling (CSQ. When a cryogen spurt is applied to the skin surface for an appropriately short period of time (tens of milliseconds), CSC promotes rapid and spatially selective epidermal cooling to low temperatures without affecting the targeted blood vessel temperature before the laser pulse is delivered. The successful development of CSC should. 1) improve therapeutic outcome; 2) reduce the number of treatment sessions; 3) shorten therapeutic protocols; and (4) improve safety. We intend to determine in comprehensive Phase 1, 11 and III clinical trials on PWS patients, the efficacy and safety of CSC in conjunction with laser treatment individualized for each patient; target enrollment is 225 subjects. We also propose to initiate several pilot studies on patients with pigmented dermatoses such as congenital hairy nevi, Becker's nevus, nevus spilus, blue nevus or nevi of Ota; target enrollment is 200 subjects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with blue nevus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “blue nevus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for blue nevus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): 3
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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"Compound blue nevus": a reappraisal of "superficial blue nevus with prominent intraepidermal dendritic melanocytes" with emphasis on dermoscopic and histopathologic features. Author(s): Ferrara G, Argenziano G, Zgavec B, Bartenjev I, Staibano S, De Rosa G, Soyer HP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 January; 46(1): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11756951
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A cellular and malignant blue nevus: a light and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Merkow LP, Burt RC, Hayeslip DW, Newton FJ, Slifkin M, Pardo M. Source: Cancer. 1969 November; 24(5): 888-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5353944
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A combination of speckled lentiginous nevus with patch-type blue nevus. Author(s): Misago N, Narisawa Y, Kohda H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 October; 20(10): 643-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8277042
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A painless nodule on the dorsum of the foot: hypopigmented blue nevus (HBN). Author(s): Braun-Falco M, Hein R, Ring J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 August; 138(8): 1091-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164753
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A pigmented scalp nodule: malignant blue nevus. Author(s): English JC 3rd, McCollough ML, Grabski WJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 July; 58(1): 40-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8823547
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A preliminary report of the treatment of blue nevus with dermal injection of riboflavin and exposure to near-ultraviolet/visible radiation (ribophototherapy). Author(s): Sato K, Sakakibara N, Hasegawa K, Minami H, Tsuji T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2000 May; 23(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10699761
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Agminate and plaque-type blue nevus combined with lentigo, associated with follicular cyst and eccrine changes: a variant of speckled lentiginous nevus. Author(s): Betti R, Inselvini E, Palvarini M, Crosti C. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(4): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9529564
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Agminate blue nevus combined with lentigo. A variant of speckled lentiginous nevus? Author(s): Marchesi L, Naldi L, Parma A, Locati F, Cainelli T. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1993 April; 15(2): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8494117
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Agminate-type combined nevus consisting of a common blue nevus with a junctional Spitz nevus. Author(s): van Leeuwen RL, Vink J, Bergman W, Herfst M, Bruijn JA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 August; 130(8): 1074-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8053711
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Amelanotic blue nevus: a variant of blue nevus. Author(s): Bhawan J, Cao SL. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1999 June; 21(3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10380042
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Amelanotic cellular blue nevus: a hypopigmented variant of the cellular blue nevus: clinicopathologic analysis of 20 cases. Author(s): Zembowicz A, Granter SR, McKee PH, Mihm MC. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2002 November; 26(11): 1493-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12409726
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Asymptomatic blue nevus-like macule. Diagnosis: localized argyria. Author(s): Espinal ML, Ferrando L, Jimenez Diaz F. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 April; 132(4): 461, 464. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8629853
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'Atypical' blue nevus--a benign variant of cellular blue nevus. Presentation of three cases. Author(s): Avidor I, Kessler E. Source: Dermatologica. 1977; 154(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=844640
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Balloon cell change in cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Perez MT, Suster S. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1999 April; 21(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10218682
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Benign "metastatic" cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Bortolani A, Barisoni D, Scomazzoni G. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1994 October; 33(4): 426-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7810962
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Benign and malignant cellular blue nevus. A clinicopathological study of 30 cases. Author(s): Temple-Camp CR, Saxe N, King H. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1988 August; 10(4): 289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3414907
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Benign blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Majmudar B, Ross RJ, Gorelkin L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 July 1; 134(5): 600-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=453301
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Benign blue nevus of the vagina. Author(s): Tobon H, Murphy AI. Source: Cancer. 1977 December; 40(6): 3174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=589575
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Bizarre blue nevus: a case report with deoxyribonucleic acid content analysis. Author(s): Youngberg GA, Rasch EM, Douglas HL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 August; 15(2 Pt 2): 33641. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3734177
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Blue nevus and melanosis of prostate. Author(s): Langley JW, Weitzner S. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1974 September; 112(3): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4850804
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Blue nevus and melanosis of the prostate. Electron-microscopic and immunohistochemical studies. Author(s): Ro JY, Grignon DJ, Ayala AG, Hogan SF, Tetu B, Ordonez NG. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 November; 90(5): 530-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3177272
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Blue nevus and nevus of Ota associated with dural melanoma. Author(s): Hartmann LC, Oliver GF, Winkelmann RK, Colby TV, Sundt TM Jr, O'Neill BP. Source: Cancer. 1989 July 1; 64(1): 182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2731113
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Blue nevus of oral mucosa: report of case. Author(s): Lavine MH, Elguezabal A. Source: J Oral Surg. 1969 May; 27(5): 347-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5253516
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Blue nevus of oral mucous membrane. Author(s): Mack LM, Woodward HW. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968 June; 25(6): 929-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5243534
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Blue nevus of oral mucous membrane. Report of a case. Author(s): Mack LM, Woodward HW. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968 June; 25(6): 929-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5239748
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Blue nevus of the cervix. Author(s): Carinelli SG, Prat J, Robboy SJ. Source: Tumori. 1978 February 28; 64(1): 95-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=653834
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Blue nevus of the endocervix. A study of five cases. Author(s): Casadei GP, Grigolato P, Cabibbo E. Source: Tumori. 1987 February 28; 73(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3824535
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Blue nevus of the endocervix. Case report. Author(s): Walter A. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1982 December; 89(12): 1059-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7171517
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Blue nevus of the endocervix. Review of the literature. Author(s): Jiji V. Source: Arch Pathol. 1971 September; 92(3): 203-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4105271
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Blue nevus of the endocervix: report of two cases and ultrastructure. Author(s): Diaz De Molnar AM, Guralnick M, Ferenczy A. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1978 August; 6(4): 373-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=689487
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Blue nevus of the endometrium. Author(s): Shintaku M, Tsuta K, Matsumoto T. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2003 July; 22(3): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819399
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Blue nevus of the hard palate. Author(s): Weitzner S. Source: J Oral Surg. 1976 October; 34(10): 934-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1067393
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Blue nevus of the lymph node capsule. Author(s): Masci P, Ciardi A, Di Tondo U. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1984 August; 10(8): 596-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6747071
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Blue nevus of the lymph node capsule. Report of a case. Author(s): Mancini L, Gubinelli M, Fortunato C, Carella R. Source: Pathologica. 1992 July-August; 84(1092): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1491897
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Blue nevus of the lymph node capsule. Report of a new case with review of the literature. Author(s): Lamovec J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1984 March; 81(3): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6322570
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Blue nevus of the maxillary sinus. An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Aneiros J, O'Valle F, Garcia del Moral R, Gomez Morales M, Alvaro T. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1989; 43(2): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2603702
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Blue nevus of the oral cavity. Author(s): Mader CL, Konzelman JL. Source: Gen Dent. 1978 November-December; 26(6): 66-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=292616
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Blue nevus of the oral cavity. An electron microscopic study. Author(s): Kjaerheim A, Martinez MG, Montes LF. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970 May; 29(5): 718-28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5265881
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Blue nevus of the oral cavity. Review of the literature. Author(s): Mark HI, Kaplan SI. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1967 August; 24(2): 151-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5339703
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Blue nevus of the oral mucosa. Report of a case. Author(s): Goldberg JR, Beasley JD, Andrews JL. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1969 May; 27(5): 697-701. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5253550
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Blue nevus of the oral mucosa. Review of the literature and report of two cases. Author(s): Teles JC, Cardoso AS, Goncalves AR. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974 December; 38(6): 905-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4531619
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Blue nevus of the prostate gland. Author(s): Jao W, Fretzin DF, Christ ML, Prinz LM. Source: Arch Pathol. 1971 February; 91(2): 187-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5099887
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Blue nevus of the prostate: report of two new cases with immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic studies. Author(s): Martinez Martinez CJ, Garcia Gonzalez R, Castaneda Casanova AL. Source: European Urology. 1992; 22(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1490513
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Blue nevus of the prostate: ultrastructural study. Author(s): Kovi J, Jackson AG, Jackson MA. Source: Urology. 1977 May; 9(5): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=860353
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Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Patel DS, Bhagavan BS. Source: Human Pathology. 1985 January; 16(1): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3882546
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Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Qizilbash AH. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1977 September; 101(9): 504-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=578113
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Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Donofrio V, Terracciano LM, Boscaino A, De Rosa G, Buffa D. Source: Pathologica. 1992 July-August; 84(1092): 539-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1491896
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Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Rochanawutanon M. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1992 January; 75 Suppl 1: 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1402490
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Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Matsumoto T, Shiraishi T, Yatani R, Yoshikawa K. Source: Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 March; 15(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2735836
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Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Goldman RL, Friedman NB. Source: Cancer. 1967 February; 20(2): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6019362
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Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. An ultrastructural study of two cases. Author(s): Kudo M, Nagayama T, Miura M, Fukunaga N. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1983 February; 107(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6687426
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Blue nevus of the uterine cervix: report of a case. Author(s): Qizilbash AH. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973 June; 59(6): 803-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4709079
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Blue nevus with satellitosis mimicking malignant melanoma. Author(s): del Rio E, Vazquez Veiga HA, Suarez Penaranda JM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 May; 65(5): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10826091
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Blue nevus. Author(s): Valentine BC 2nd, Day FN 3rd, Naples JJ. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1995 November; 85(11): 716-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537908
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Blue nevus. Author(s): Underwood LJ, Green WS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1972 July; 106(1): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5039099
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Blue nevus: classical types and new related entities. A differential diagnostic review. Author(s): Gonzalez-Campora R, Galera-Davidson H, Vazquez-Ramirez FJ, Diaz-Cano S. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1994 June; 190(6): 627-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7984522
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Cellular and malignant blue nevus complicating oculodermal melanosis (nevus of Ota syndrome). Author(s): Speakman JS, Phillips MJ. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1973 October; 8(4): 539-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4751900
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Cellular blue nevus ("melanocytoma") of the spinal meninges: electron microscopic and immunohistochemical features. Author(s): Lach B, Russell N, Benoit B, Atack D. Source: Neurosurgery. 1988 April; 22(4): 773-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3374792
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Cellular blue nevus in association with phototherapy. Author(s): Gasior-Chrzan B. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 202(2): 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11306838
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Cellular blue nevus of the conjunctiva. Author(s): Blicker JA, Rootman J, White VA. Source: Ophthalmology. 1992 November; 99(11): 1714-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1454347
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Cellular blue nevus of the scalp associated with intracranial involvement. Author(s): Nakano S, Kinoshita K, Morita Y, Inoue S, Kawana N. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1987 June; 27(6): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3576431
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Cellular blue nevus of the scalp infiltrating the underlying bone: case report and review. Author(s): Micali G, Innocenzi D, Nasca MR. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1997 May-June; 14(3): 199-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9192412
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Cellular blue nevus of the sclera. Author(s): Smith TR, Brockhurst RJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1976 April; 94(4): 618-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1267642
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Cellular blue nevus simulating metastatic melanoma: report of an unusually large lesion associated with nevus-cell aggregates in regional lymph nodes. Author(s): Sterchi JM, Muss HB, Weidner N. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1987 September; 36(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3626565
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Cellular blue nevus with atypia (atypical cellular blue nevus): a clinicopathologic study of nine cases. Author(s): Tran TA, Carlson JA, Basaca PC, Mihm MC. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1998 May; 25(5): 252-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696290
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Cellular blue nevus with massive regional lymph node metastases. Author(s): Gonzalez-Campora R, Diaz-Cano S, Vazquez-Ramirez F, Ruiz HG, Moreno JC, Camacho F. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 January; 22(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8556263
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Cellular blue nevus with nevus cells in regional lymph nodes: a lesion that mimics melanoma. Author(s): Bansal RK, Bhaduri AS, Pancholi YJ, Balar DB. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1989 September; 26(3): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2630427
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Cellular blue nevus. An ultrastructural study. Author(s): Bhawan J, Chang WH, Edelstein LM. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1980 April; 7(2): 109-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7372878
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Cellular blue nevus. Clinicopathologic study of forty-five cases. Author(s): Rodriguez HA, Ackerman LV. Source: Cancer. 1968 March; 21(3): 393-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5637949
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Cellular blue nevus. Melanogenic activity and malignant transformation. Author(s): Mishima Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1970 January; 101(1): 104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4984650
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Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses and malignant blue nevus arising in prepubescent children. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Scott GA, Trepeta R. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1993 April; 15(2): 139-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8494114
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Coexistence of plaque-type blue nevus and congenital melanocytic nevi. Author(s): Aroni K, Georgala S, Papachatzaki E, Liossi A, Davaris P. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 May; 23(5): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8675822
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Compound blue nevus: a variant of blue nevus with an additional junctional dendritic component. A clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical study of six cases. Author(s): Kamino H, Tam ST. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 October; 126(10): 1330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2221938
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Congenital common blue nevus. Author(s): Radentz WH, Vogel P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 January; 126(1): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2297249
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Congenital giant cellular blue nevus resulting in dystocia. Author(s): Iemoto Y, Kondo Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 June; 120(6): 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721550
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Congenital giant common blue nevus. Author(s): Kawasaki T, Tsuboi R, Ueki R, Fujioka N, Ikeya T, Ogawa H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 April; 28(4): 653-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8463473
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Congenital giant melanocytic nevus with pigmented epithelioid cells: a variant of epithelioid blue nevus. Author(s): Martinez-Barba E, Polo-Garcia LA, Ferri-Niguez B, Ruiz-Macia JA, Kutzner H, Requena L. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2002 February; 24(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11803278
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Conjunctival blue nevus associated with pyogenic granuloma. Author(s): Tucker SM, Linberg JV, Doshi HM. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1994 April; 29(2): 95-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8069764
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Correlation between the histopathology and the epiluminescence microscopy features of malignant blue nevus. Author(s): Stanganelli I, Rafanelli S, Crisanti E, Lanzanova G, Silva O, Bucchi L. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 October; 22(10): 846-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9246166
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Differential diagnosis in uropathology. III. Melanotic lesions of prostate: blue nevus and prostatic epithelial melanosis. Author(s): Tannenbaum M. Source: Urology. 1974 November; 4(5): 617-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4428566
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Disseminated blue nevus: abnormal nevoblast migration or proliferation? Author(s): Balloy BC, Mallet V, Bassile G, Dubertret L, Aractingi S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 February; 134(2): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9487225
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Electron microscopic and cytochemical observations of mast cells containing melanosomes in blue nevus. Author(s): Sato S, Kukita A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1974; 54(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4133015
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Electron microscopic study of melanin-phagocytosis by cutaneous vessels in cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Sato S, Kukita A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1969 June; 52(6): 528-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5787823
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Epithelioid blue nevus and psammomatous melanotic schwannoma: the unusual pigmented skin tumors of the Carney complex. Author(s): Carney JA, Stratakis CA. Source: Semin Diagn Pathol. 1998 August; 15(3): 216-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9711672
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Epithelioid blue nevus occurring in children with no evidence of Carney complex. Author(s): O'Grady TC, Barr RJ, Billman G, Cunningham BB. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1999 October; 21(5): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10535581
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Epithelioid blue nevus of the oral mucosa: a rare histologic variant. Author(s): Pinto A, Raghavendra S, Lee R, Derossi S, Alawi F. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 October; 96(4): 429-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561967
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Epithelioid blue nevus: a rare variant of blue nevus not always associated with the Carney complex. Author(s): Moreno C, Requena L, Kutzner H, de la Cruz A, Jaqueti G, Yus ES. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2000 May; 27(5): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10847545
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Epithelioid blue nevus: neoplasm Sui generis or variation on a theme? Author(s): Groben PA, Harvell JD, White WL. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2000 December; 22(6): 473-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11190438
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Esophageal blue nevus: an isolated endoscopic finding. Author(s): Lam KY, Law S, Chan GS. Source: Head & Neck. 2001 June; 23(6): 506-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360315
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Facial plaque-type blue nevus and its reconstruction. Author(s): Hsiao CW, Tung TC, Hsiao GH. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995 September; 35(3): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7503532
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Fibroblast-dependent induction of a murine skin lesion with similarity to human common blue nevus. Author(s): Prouty SM, Lawrence L, Stenn KS. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1996 June; 148(6): 1871-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8669473
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Giant blue nevus of the scalp. Author(s): Varela P, Sanches M, Mota F, Canelhas A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 September; 13(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10568499
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Giant cellular blue nevus of the anterior chest wall mimicking metastatic melanoma to the breast: a case report. Author(s): Hoos A, Berho M, Blumencranz PW, Brady MS. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2000 August; 74(4): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10962460
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Giant congenital cellular blue nevus of the scalp of a newborn with an underlying skull defect and invasion of the dura mater. Author(s): Marano SR, Brooks RA, Spetzler RF, Rekate HL. Source: Neurosurgery. 1986 January; 18(1): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3945382
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Golgi apparatus and melanogenesis. Ultrastructural study of a human cellular blue nevus (melanocytoma). Author(s): Allergra SR. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1974 September; 31(3): 258-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4413591
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Guess what! Malignant transformation in a cellular blue nevus of long duration. Author(s): Sonmez Ergun S, Buyukbabany N, Kurul S, Ulay M, Balsever Kural Y. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2001 May-June; 11(3): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358741
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Hypopigmented common blue nevus. Author(s): Carr S, See J, Wilkinson B, Kossard S. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1997 September; 24(8): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9331895
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Inguinal intranodal blue nevus: a case report. Author(s): Rheaume T, Robertson DI, Urbanski SJ, Stuart GC. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 July; 29(4): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730973
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Intraoral blue nevus. Report of a case. Author(s): Brener MD, Harrison BD. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1969 September; 28(3): 326-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5257174
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Intraoral blue nevus. Review of the literature and a case report. Author(s): Papanicolaou SJ, Pierrakou ED, Patsakas AJ. Source: J Oral Med. 1985 January-March; 40(1): 32-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3855984
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Intraoral blue nevus: review of the literature and report of case. Author(s): Rask KR, Topp CW, Tilson HB. Source: J Oral Surg. 1972 March; 30(3): 212-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4551116
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Intraoral blue nevus--a review. Author(s): Mader CL, Konzelman JL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1979 August; 24(2): 165-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=383411
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Invasion of the brain by a cellular blue nevus of the scalp. A case report with light and electron microscopic studies. Author(s): Silverberg GD, Kadin ME, Dorfman RF, Hanbery JW, Prolo DJ. Source: Cancer. 1971 February; 27(2): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5100398
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Large plaque-type blue nevus with subcutaneous cellular nodules. Author(s): Busam KJ, Woodruff JM, Erlandson RA, Brady MS. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2000 January; 24(1): 92-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10632492
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Letter: Banded structure in cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Bhawan J, Edelstein LM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 August; 112(8): 1177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=952546
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Letter: Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Hernandez FJ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1976 June; 100(6): 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=946764
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Letter: Malignant blue nevus. Author(s): Okun MR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 November; 108(5): 726-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4750219
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Locally invasive cellular blue nevus of the scalp. Author(s): Wetherington GM, Norins AL, Sadove AM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1987 January; 79(1): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3797506
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Lymphatic transport and phagocytosis of melanosomes in blue nevus. Author(s): Sato S, Nishijima A, Hiraga K. Source: Arch Dermatol Forsch. 1975 July 18; 252(4): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1164037
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Magnetic resonance imaging of a malignant transformation of an intracranial cellular blue nevus. A case report. Author(s): Ochiai H, Nakano S, Miyahara S, Goya T, Wakisaka S, Kinoshita K. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1992 May; 37(5): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1631763
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Malignant blue nevus of the vulva with late ovarian metastasis. Author(s): Spatz A, Zimmermann U, Bachollet B, Pautier P, Michel G, Duvillard P. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1998 August; 20(4): 408-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9700383
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Malignant blue nevus with metastases to the lung. Author(s): Kuhn A, Groth W, Gartmann H, Steigleder GK. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1988 October; 10(5): 436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3228191
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Malignant blue nevus with neurosarcoma-like lymph node metastases. Author(s): Biernat W, Kordek R, Arkuszewska C, Omulecki A, Wozniak L. Source: Pol J Pathol. 1995; 46(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7780699
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Malignant blue nevus. Author(s): Connelly J, Smith JL Jr. Source: Cancer. 1991 May 15; 67(10): 2653-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2015566
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Malignant blue nevus. Author(s): Ginzburg A, Hodak E, Sandbank M. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1986 December; 12(12): 1252, 1328. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3782596
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Malignant blue nevus. Author(s): Rubinstein N, Kopolovic J, Wexler MR, Peled IJ. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1985 September; 11(9): 921-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4044991
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Malignant blue nevus. A light and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Hernandez FJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 May; 107(5): 741-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4702710
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Malignant blue nevus. Case report and literature review. Author(s): Goldenhersh MA, Savin RC, Barnhill RL, Stenn KS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 October; 19(4): 712-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3053804
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Malignant blue nevus. Case report of a Negro woman. Author(s): Kwittken J, Negri L. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1966 July; 94(1): 64-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5938226
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Malignant blue nevus. Occurrence with aggressive behavior. Author(s): Reiss RF, Gray GF Jr. Source: N Y State J Med. 1975 September; 75(10): 1749-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1059898
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Malignant blue nevus. Report of four new cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Boi S, Barbareschi M, Vigl E, Cristofolini M. Source: Histology and Histopathology. 1991 July; 6(3): 427-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1810541
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Malignant blue nevus: a case report and molecular analysis. Author(s): Ariyanayagam-Baksh SM, Baksh FK, Finkelstein SD, Swalsky PA, Abernethy J, Barnes EL. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2003 February; 25(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544095
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Malignant blue nevus: a report of eight cases. Author(s): Mehregan DA, Gibson LE, Mehregan AH. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1992 November; 4(3): 185-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1286070
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Malignant blue nevus: three new cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Duteille F, Duport G, Larregue M, Neau A, Duriez P, Herve MC. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1998 December; 41(6): 674-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9869145
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Malignant cellular blue nevus with true nodal metastases. Author(s): Boi S, Barbareschi M, Cristofolini M. Source: Pathologica. 1989 May-June; 81(1073): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2641548
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Malignant cellular blue nevus: a clinicopathological study of 6 cases. Author(s): Aloi F, Pich A, Pippione M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8832950
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Malignant cellular blue nevus: unusual case of a rare tumor. Author(s): Shallman RW, Hoehn JL, Lawton BR, Dickson KB. Source: Wis Med J. 1988 January; 87(1): 16-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3278489
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Malignant melanoma arising from unusual conjunctival blue nevus. Author(s): Demirci H, Shields CL, Shields JA, Eagle RC Jr. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000 November; 118(11): 1581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074819
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Malignant melanoma arising in a blue nevus with features of pilar neurocristic hamartoma. Author(s): Pathy AL, Helm TN, Elston D, Bergfeld WF, Tuthill RJ. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1993 October; 20(5): 459-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8300932
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Melanoma associated with blue nevus and melanoma mimicking cellular blue nevus: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases on the spectrum of so-called 'malignant blue nevus'. Author(s): Granter SR, McKee PH, Calonje E, Mihm MC Jr, Busam K. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2001 March; 25(3): 316-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224601
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Metastatic malignant blue nevus: a case report. Author(s): Ozgur F, Akyurek M, Kayikcioglu A, Barista I, Gokoz A. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 October; 39(4): 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9339284
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Metastatic malignant melanoma arising from a common blue nevus in a patient with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Modly C, Wood C, Horn T. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 178(3): 171-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2656327
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Metastatic melanoma to the skin simulating blue nevus. Author(s): Busam KJ. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1999 March; 23(3): 276-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078917
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MR of cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Nakano S, Kinoshita K. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1988 July-August; 9(4): 807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3135731
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Multiple layers of basement membrane around myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Bhawan J, DeGirolami U, Edelstein LM. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1977 June 15; 38(3): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=899727
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Nonmelanized macromelanosomes in a cellular blue nevus. Light and electron microscopic observations. Author(s): Tschen JA, Cartwright J, Font RL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 June; 125(6): 809-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2730102
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Ocular combined nevus. Report of a case of scleral blue nevus associated with a choroidal nevus. Author(s): Johnson BL. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1970 May; 83(5): 594-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5442150
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Palatal blue nevus in a child. Author(s): Flaitz CM, McCandless G. Source: Pediatr Dent. 2001 July-August; 23(4): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11572498
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Pathology quiz case 2. Blue nevus (Jadassohn-Tieche). Author(s): Buntin DM, Marley WM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 April; 119(4): 354-5, 357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6838240
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Pedunculated atypical cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Ryou JH, Lim TW, Lee MH, Haw CR. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138540
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Periorbital cellular blue nevus leading to orbitopalpebral and intracranial melanoma. Author(s): Gunduz K, Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle RC Jr. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 November; 105(11): 2046-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818603
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Persistent blue nevus simulating melanoma. Author(s): Munoz C, Quintero A, Sanchez JL, Ruiz-Santiago H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2004 May; 50(5 Suppl): S11820. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15097945
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Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma: a low-grade melanocytic tumor with metastatic potential indistinguishable from animal-type melanoma and epithelioid blue nevus. Author(s): Zembowicz A, Carney JA, Mihm MC. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2004 January; 28(1): 31-40. Erratum In: Am J Surg Pathol. 2004 May; 28(5): Following Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707861
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Pilar neurocristic hamartoma: its relationship to blue nevus and equine melanotic disease. Author(s): Tuthill RJ, Clark WH Jr, Levene A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 August; 118(8): 592-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7103529
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Plaque-type blue nevus combined with lentigo (nevus spilus). Author(s): Ishibashi A, Kimura K, Kukita A. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1990 August; 17(4): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2394866
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Plaque-type blue nevus combined with nevus spilus and smooth muscle hyperplasia. Author(s): Park YM, Kang H, Cho BK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 October; 38(10): 775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10561052
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Plaque-type blue nevus on the face: a variant of Ota's nevus? Author(s): Hsiao GH, Hsiao CW. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 May; 30(5 Pt 2): 849-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8169259
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Plaque-type blue nevus. Author(s): Pittman JL, Fisher BK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 August; 112(8): 1127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=952532
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Plaque-type blue nevus. Review and an unusual Case. Author(s): Wen SY. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 November; 77(6): 458-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9394982
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Proliferative activity in the malignant cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Pich A, Chiusa L, Margaria E, Aloi F. Source: Human Pathology. 1993 December; 24(12): 1323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7903955
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Re: Facial plaque-type blue nevus and its reconstruction. Author(s): al-Qattan MM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1996 May; 36(5): 559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8743671
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Recurrent postauricular blue nevus with lymph node involvement. Author(s): Shih L, Hawkins DB. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1987 November; 97(5): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3120127
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Stromal melanocytic foci ("blue nevus") in step sections of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Uehara T, Izumo T, Kishi K, Takayama S, Kasuga T. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1991 October; 41(10): 751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1812690
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Stump the experts. Cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Schleicher SM, Milstein HJ, Cola CD. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991 May; 17(5): 408, 476. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2030201
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Subungual blue nevus. Author(s): Causeret AS, Skowron F, Viallard AM, Balme B, Thomas L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2): 310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894085
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Systematized progradient multiple combined melanocytic and blue nevus. Author(s): Pock L, Trnka J, Vosmik F, Zaruba F. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1991 June; 13(3): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1867359
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Target blue nevus. Author(s): Bondi EE, Elder D, Guerry D 4th, Clark WH Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 November; 119(11): 919-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6639113
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The epithelioid blue nevus. A multicentric familial tumor with important associations, including cardiac myxoma and psammomatous melanotic schwannoma. Author(s): Carney JA, Ferreiro JA. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1996 March; 20(3): 259-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8772778
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The nature of "blue nevus" in cystic teratomas of the ovary. An ultrastructural evidence for Schwann cell origin. Author(s): Kudo M. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1985 May; 35(3): 693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4036603
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The oral blue nevus in children: a case report. Author(s): Percinoto C, Cunha RF, Delbem AC, Melhado RM, Gumerato ME. Source: Quintessence Int. 1993 August; 24(8): 567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8272495
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The oral blue nevus: histogenetic implications of its ultrastructural features. Author(s): Lovas GL, Wysocki GP, Daley TD. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1983 February; 55(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6572866
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The relationship between melanocytes and peripheral nerve sheath cells (Part I): melanocytic nevus (excluding so-called "blue nevus") with peripheral nerve sheath differentiation. Author(s): Misago N. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2000 June; 22(3): 217-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10871064
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The relationship between melanocytes and peripheral nerve sheath cells (Part II): blue nevus with peripheral nerve sheath differentiation. Author(s): Misago N. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2000 June; 22(3): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10871065
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Trichoepithelioma associated with cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Al-Ghamdi AM, Trotter MJ. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 October; 3(6): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10575163
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Trunk tumor resembling a congenital nevus. Cellular blue nevus. Author(s): Draelos ZK, Hansen RC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1986 September; 122(9): 1067, 1070. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3740890
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Two pigmented lesions of the female genital system. Blue nevus of the uterine endocervix and melanin pigmentation of the vagina. Author(s): Toncini C, Innocenti S. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1984; 5(1): 76-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6698058
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BLUE NEVUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and blue nevus.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Blue Nevus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “blue nevus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “blue nevus” (or a synonym): •
Malignant blue nevus of the scalp. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, M. Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy. Source: Calista, D Schianchi, S Landi, C Int-J-Dermatol. 1998 February; 37(2): 126-7 00119059
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
Nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLUE NEVUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to blue nevus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to blue nevus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “blue nevus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to blue nevus: •
Blue macules of localized argyria caused by implanted acupuncture needles. Electron microscopy and roentgenographic microanalysis of deposited metal. Author(s): Tanita Y, Kato T, Hanada K, Tagami H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 December; 121(12): 1550-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4062338
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Malignant blue nevus of the scalp. Author(s): Calista D, Schianchi S, Landi C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 37(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9542669
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Massive pelvic hemangioma in a patient with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Author(s): Atten MJ, Ahmed S, Attar BM, Richter H 3rd, Mehta B.
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Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2000 November; 93(11): 1122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095569 •
Statistical survey from 1982 to 1991 of 49 patients with malignant melanocytic tumors. Author(s): Ueda E, Kishimoto S, Yasuno H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1995 July; 22(7): 467-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7560435
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BLUE NEVUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to blue nevus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on blue nevus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Chapters on Blue Nevus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to blue nevus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and blue nevus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “blue nevus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on blue nevus: •
Pigmented Lesions of Mucosa and Skin Source: in Marx, R.E.; Stern, D. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: A Rationale for Diagnosis and Treatment. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2003. p.705-737. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $ 399.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153903. Summary: Pathologies with abnormal coloration related to the presence of pigment occur most commonly in skin and less commonly in the oral mucosa. This chapter on pigmented lesions of mucosa and skin is from a clinically oriented guide for oral and maxillofacial surgeons and other advanced dental and medical specialists who deal with pathologies in the oral cavity, midface, and neck. A nevus is a pigmented congenital skin blemish that is usually benign but may become cancerous. Topics include amalgam tattoo, melanotic macule, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, smokers' melanosis, melanotic
36
Blue Nevus
neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, melanocytic nevi, blue nevus, nevus of Ota, nevus of Ito, spitz nevus, halo nevus, dysplastic nevus (nevus with architectural disorder), cutaneous melanoma, mucosal melanoma, and congenital nevi. For each condition, the authors discuss clinical presentation and pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, diagnostic work-up, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter. 50 figures. 4 tables. •
Benign Tumors Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 293-320. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses benign tumors. Topics include epulis, pyogenic granuloma, epulis gravidarum, peripheral fibromas, peripheral giant cell granuloma, congenital gingival granular cell tumor (congenital epulis), traumatic fibroma, oral squamous papilloa, oral papillomatosis, atypical fibrous histiocytoma, keloid and hypertrophic scar, fibromatosis, lipomas, juvenile xanthogranuloma, verruciform xanthoma, myxomas, chondromas and osteomas, hemangiomas, glomus tumor, other vascular tumors, lymphangiomas, myomas (leiomyoma and rhabdomyoma), neural tumors, granular cell tumor, pigmented lesions (labial and oral melanotic macules, melanocystic nevi or moles, Spitz nevus, blue nevus, combined nevus, nevus of Ota, melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy), keratoacanthoma, epidermal nevus, malanoacanthoma, warty dyskeratoma, benign adnexal tumors, chondroid syringoma, sebaceous adenoma, and salivary gland neoplasms. For each topic, the authors describe the clinical features and present brief therapeutic recommendations. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for most sections. 52 figures. 73 references.
37
APPENDICES
39
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
5
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
40
Blue Nevus
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
41
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
6
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Blue Nevus
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “blue nevus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 548 3 661 0 7 1219
HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “blue nevus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
8
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
9
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
13 Adapted 14
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
45
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on blue nevus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to blue nevus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to blue nevus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “blue nevus”:
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Blue Nevus
Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Melanoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/melanoma.html Skin Pigmentation Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinpigmentationdisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to blue nevus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources
47
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to blue nevus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with blue nevus. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about blue nevus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “blue nevus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “blue nevus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “blue nevus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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Blue Nevus
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “blue nevus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
49
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
16
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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Blue Nevus
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
17
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
51
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Blue Nevus
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
53
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
55
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
57
BLUE NEVUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Argyria: A condition induced by the prolonged use of salts of silver. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH]
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Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: An elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the
Dictionary 59
high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH]
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Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysplastic nevus: An atypical mole; a mole whose appearance is different from that of a common mole. A dysplastic nevus is generally larger than an ordinary mole and has irregular and indistinct borders. Its color frequently is not uniform and ranges from pink to dark brown; it is usually flat, but parts may be raised above the skin surface. [NIH] Dystocia: Difficult childbirth or labor. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum
Dictionary 61
for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelioid Cells: Characteristic cells of granulomatous hypersensitivity. They appear as large, flattened cells with increased endoplasmic reticulum. They are believed to be activated macrophages that have differentiated as a result of prolonged antigenic stimulation. Further differentiation or fusion of epithelioid cells is thought to produce multinucleated giant cells. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Follicular Cyst: Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Granular Cell Tumor: Unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often
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encountered in the head and neck. Considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. It affects women more often than men. When it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Hamartoma: A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. [NIH] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA
Dictionary 63
fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Keratoacanthoma: A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Lentigo: Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round
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or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanophores: Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (melanosomes). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as melanocytes. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species,
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geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroectodermal tumor: A tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nevus, Blue: Usually a benign tumor, that commonly presents as a solitary blue nodule with spindled melanocytes covered by smooth skin. Several variants have been identified, one variant being malignant. The blue color is caused by large, densely packed melanocytes deep in the dermis of the nevus. In children, they usually occur on the buttocks and lumbar area. Malignant blue nevi are more commonly found on the scalp. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]
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Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH]
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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH]
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Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the salivary glands. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU]
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Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syringoma: Adenoma of the sweat glands. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH]
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Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Xanthoma: A tumour composed of lipid-laden foam cells, which are histiocytes containing cytoplasmic lipid material. Called also xanthelasma. [EU]
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INDEX A Acrylonitrile, 57, 67 Adenoma, 36, 57, 69 Agar, 57, 66 Algorithms, 57, 58 Alpha Particles, 57, 67 Alternative medicine, 57 Ampulla, 57, 61 Anaesthesia, 57, 62 Antibacterial, 57, 68 Antibiotic, 57, 68 Argyria, 6, 33, 57 Arteries, 57, 58, 60, 64 Arterioles, 57, 58 Artery, 57, 60, 64, 67, 70 Atypical, 6, 13, 23, 36, 57, 60 B Bacteria, 57, 64, 68 Bacteriophage, 57, 66 Basement Membrane, 23, 58, 63 Benign, 6, 7, 35, 36, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68 Benign tumor, 36, 58, 61, 63, 65 Biotechnology, 4, 41, 58 Bladder, 58, 66, 70 Blood vessel, 4, 58, 63, 68, 70 Buccal, 58, 63 C Cardiac, 26, 58, 65 Case report, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 58 Cell, 6, 13, 14, 26, 36, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65 Cervix, 7, 8, 10, 11, 19, 25, 58, 67 Chest wall, 17, 58 Chronic, 58, 62, 69 Cicatrix, 58, 63 Cicatrix, Hypertrophic, 58, 63 Clinical trial, 3, 4, 41, 58, 67 Cloning, 58 Collagen, 58, 63 Complement, 59 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 34, 59 Complementary medicine, 33, 59 Computational Biology, 41, 59 Conjunctiva, 12, 59 Connective Tissue, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 68 Contraindications, ii, 59 Cornea, 59, 68
Corneum, 60, 61 Coronary, 60, 64 Coronary Thrombosis, 60, 64 Cutaneous, 5, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24, 27, 36, 60, 63 D Dendrites, 60 Dendritic, 5, 14, 60, 64 Deoxyribonucleic, 7, 60 Deoxyribonucleotides, 60 Dermal, 5, 60 Dermis, 60, 63, 65, 69 Diagnostic procedure, 60 Direct, iii, 60, 67 Dorsum, 5, 60 Duct, 57, 60, 61, 68, 69 Duodenum, 60 Dura mater, 17, 60 Dysplastic nevus, 36, 60 Dystocia, 14, 60 E Efficacy, 4, 60 Electrons, 60, 67 Embryo, 60, 62 Endometrium, 9, 60 Endoscope, 60 Endoscopic, 16, 60 Environmental Health, 40, 42, 61 Epidermal, 4, 36, 61, 64 Epidermis, 4, 60, 61, 62 Epithelial, 15, 57, 61, 63 Epithelioid Cells, 15, 61 Epithelium, 58, 61 F Family Planning, 41, 61 Fibroid, 61, 63 Fibroma, 36, 61 Foam Cells, 61, 70 Follicular Cyst, 5, 61 G Gastrointestinal, 61, 63 Gastrointestinal tract, 61, 63 Gene, 58, 61 Genital, 27, 61, 70 Germ Cells, 61, 65 Giant Cells, 61 Gland, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69 Governing Board, 61, 66
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Grade, 24, 61 Granular Cell Tumor, 36, 61 Granuloma, 15, 36, 62 H Hamartoma, 22, 24, 62 Hormones, 61, 62, 65 Hyperplasia, 24, 62 Hypersensitivity, 61, 62 Hypertrophy, 62 I Incision, 62 Induction, 17, 62 Infancy, 36, 62 Infarction, 60, 62, 64 Infection, 62, 63 Inflammation, 62, 66, 67 Intrinsic, 58, 62 Invasive, 19, 62 K Kb, 40, 62 Keloid, 36, 58, 63 Keratoacanthoma, 36, 63 L Laminin, 58, 63 Leiomyoma, 36, 61, 63 Lentigo, 5, 6, 24, 63 Lesion, 4, 13, 17, 62, 63 Ligament, 63, 66 Lipid, 61, 63, 70 Liquor, 63, 67 Liver, 63, 67 Localized, 6, 33, 62, 63, 66 Lumbar, 63, 65 Lupus, 22, 63 Lymph, 9, 20, 25, 63, 67 Lymph node, 9, 20, 25, 63, 67 Lymphatic, 19, 62, 63 Lymphatic system, 63 Lymphocytes, 63 M Malformation, 62, 64 Malignant, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 30, 33, 34, 64, 65, 68 Maxillary, 9, 64 Maxillary Sinus, 9, 64 Meatus, 64 MEDLINE, 41, 64 Melanin, 4, 16, 27, 64 Melanocytes, 5, 26, 64, 65 Melanoma, 7, 11, 13, 17, 22, 23, 24, 36, 46, 64 Melanophores, 64
Melanosis, 7, 12, 15, 35, 64 Melanosomes, 15, 19, 64 Membrane, 8, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67 Meninges, 12, 60, 64 Metastasis, 19, 64 Metastatic, 7, 13, 17, 22, 24, 64, 68 MI, 55, 64 Microbiology, 57, 64 Migration, 15, 64 Molecular, 21, 41, 43, 58, 59, 65, 67 Mononuclear, 62, 65 Morphological, 60, 64, 65 Mucosa, 8, 10, 16, 35, 36, 63, 65 Myocardium, 64, 65 N Necrosis, 62, 64, 65 Neoplasm, 16, 62, 65, 68, 70 Neoplastic, 63, 65 Nerve, 26, 60, 65, 68, 69 Nervous System, 65, 66 Neural, 36, 65 Neuroectodermal tumor, 36, 65 Neutrons, 57, 65, 67 Nevus, Blue, 36, 65 O Oncology, 8, 13, 17, 65, 67 Optic Nerve, 65, 67, 68 Organelles, 64, 65 Ovary, 26, 65 P Palate, 9, 66 Patch, 5, 66 Pathogenesis, 36, 66 Pathologies, 35, 66 Pelvic, 33, 66 Pelvis, 63, 66, 70 Peripheral Nervous System, 65, 66, 68 Phagocytosis, 16, 19, 66 Pharmacologic, 66, 69 Phototherapy, 12, 66 Pigment, 35, 64, 66 Pigmentation, 27, 46, 64, 66 Plaque, 5, 14, 17, 19, 24, 25, 66 Pneumonia, 59, 66 Port, 4, 66 Port-a-cath, 66 Posterior, 60, 66, 68 Practice Guidelines, 42, 66 Prostate, 7, 10, 15, 66, 67 Prostate gland, 10, 66 Protein S, 58, 67 Proteoglycans, 58, 67
73
Protons, 57, 67 Public Policy, 41, 67 Pulse, 4, 67 Pyogenic, 15, 36, 67 R Race, 65, 67 Radiation, 5, 67 Randomized, 60, 67 Rectum, 66, 67 Refer, 1, 58, 59, 65, 67 Refraction, 67, 68 Regimen, 60, 67 Regional lymph node, 13, 67 Reproductive system, 66, 67 Retina, 65, 67 Riboflavin, 5, 67 Rubber, 33, 57, 67 S Saliva, 68 Salivary, 36, 68 Salivary Gland Neoplasms, 36, 68 Salivary glands, 68 Sarcoma, 14, 68 Schwannoma, 16, 26, 68 Sclera, 13, 59, 68 Screening, 58, 68 Sebaceous, 36, 60, 68 Sebum, 68 Secondary tumor, 64, 68 Sella Turcica, 60, 68 Semen, 66, 68 Senile, 63, 68 Skeleton, 68 Skull, 17, 68 Smooth muscle, 24, 61, 63, 68 Specialist, 47, 68 Species, 64, 67, 68, 70 Spectrum, 22, 68 Spinal cord, 60, 64, 65, 66, 69 Spinous, 61, 69 Squamous, 36, 62, 63, 69
Squamous cell carcinoma, 62, 63, 69 Squamous cells, 62, 69 Stimulus, 69 Stress, 67, 69 Styrene, 67, 69 Subacute, 22, 62, 69 Subcutaneous, 19, 63, 69 Sweat, 60, 69 Sweat Glands, 60, 69 Symphysis, 66, 69 Symptomatic, 6, 69 Syringoma, 36, 69 T Thermal, 4, 65, 69 Threshold, 4, 69 Tissue, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70 Toxic, iv, 69 Toxicology, 42, 69 Transfection, 58, 69 Trees, 67, 69 Tuberculosis, 63, 70 Tumour, 70 Tunica, 65, 70 U Urethra, 66, 70 Urine, 58, 67, 70 Uterus, 58, 60, 61, 63, 67, 70 V Vagina, 7, 27, 58, 67, 70 Vaginal, 70 Vascular, 36, 60, 62, 70 Veins, 58, 64, 70 Ventricle, 67, 70 Venules, 58, 70 Veterinary Medicine, 41, 70 Virus, 57, 61, 66, 70 Vulva, 19, 70 X Xanthoma, 36, 70
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