Buckwheat - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BUCKWHEAT A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Buckwheat: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83851-8 1. Buckwheat-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on buckwheat. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BUCKWHEAT ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Buckwheat ..................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BUCKWHEAT ................................................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Finding Nutrition Studies on Buckwheat.................................................................................... 13 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 20 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BUCKWHEAT ............................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 25 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 29 General References ....................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BUCKWHEAT ............................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Dissertations on Buckwheat......................................................................................................... 33 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BUCKWHEAT.......................................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patents on Buckwheat .................................................................................................................. 35 Patent Applications on Buckwheat .............................................................................................. 51 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BUCKWHEAT ............................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 57 Chapters on Buckwheat................................................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BUCKWHEAT ............................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 59 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 61 Academic Periodicals covering Buckwheat .................................................................................. 61 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 65 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 67 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83

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Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 83 BUCKWHEAT DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 85 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 113

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with buckwheat is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about buckwheat, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to buckwheat, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on buckwheat. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to buckwheat, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on buckwheat. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BUCKWHEAT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on buckwheat.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and buckwheat, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Pasta Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 18(5): 89-102. September-October 2001. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article familiarizes readers with pasta, its culinary uses, history, and role in the diet of the person with diabetes. The author details the types of Italian style pasta, which tend to be made from wheat, and Asian noodles, with tend to be made from a variety of flours, including mung bean, buckwheat, rice flour, or potato flour. The author then discusses buying and storing pasta, pasta yields, and cooking guidelines. The bulk of the article consists of charts that summarize different types of dry pasta, fresh or refrigerated pasta, and Asian or Eastern pasta. The chart notes the brand name

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of the pasta, the serving size, calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrate, fiber, and protein. The author concludes that pasta is one of the most easiest foods to prepare and one of the most versatile.

Federally Funded Research on Buckwheat The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to buckwheat. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to buckwheat. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore buckwheat.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for buckwheat in the PubMed Central database: •

High Aluminum Resistance in Buckwheat I. Al-induced Specific Secretion of Oxalic Acid from Root Tips. by Zheng SJ, Ma JF, Matsumoto H.; 1998 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34929

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High Aluminum Resistance in Buckwheat II. Oxalic Acid Detoxifies Aluminum Internally. by Ma JF, Hiradate S, Matsumoto H.; 1998 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34930

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with buckwheat, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for buckwheat (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

Advances in the development of functional foods from buckwheat. Author(s): Li SQ, Zhang QH. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2001 September; 41(6): 451-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592684&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylaxis to buckwheat. Author(s): Schiffner R, Przybilla B, Burgdorff T, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: Allergy. 2001 October; 56(10): 1020-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576091&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-allergic action of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) grain extract. Author(s): Kim CD, Lee WK, No KO, Park SK, Lee MH, Lim SR, Roh SS. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 January; 3(1): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538043&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat allergy and reports on asthma and atopic disorders in Taiyuan City, Northern China. Author(s): Wieslander G, Norback D, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Mi Y, Lin R. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2000 September; 18(3): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270469&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat allergy. Author(s): Wieslander G, Norback D. Source: Allergy. 2001 August; 56(8): 703-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488663&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Buckwheat allergy: health food, an inhalation health risk. Author(s): Gohte CJ, Wieslander G, Ancker K, Forsbeck M. Source: Allergy. 1983 April; 38(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6846742&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat flour hypersensitivity: an occupational asthma in a noodle maker. Author(s): Park HS, Nahm DH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 April; 26(4): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8732239&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat honey increases serum antioxidant capacity in humans. Author(s): Gheldof N, Wang XH, Engeseth NJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 February 26; 51(5): 1500-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590505&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat pillow-induced asthma and allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Fritz SB, Gold BL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 March; 90(3): 355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669902&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat sensitivity in children. Author(s): Horesh AJ. Source: Ann Allergy. 1972 December; 30(12): 685-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4635243&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat-induced anaphylaxis: a case report. Author(s): Davidson AE, Passero MA, Settipane GA. Source: Ann Allergy. 1992 November; 69(5): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1456486&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat-induced anaphylaxis: a case report. Author(s): Davidson AE, Passero MA, Settipane GA. Source: Ann Allergy. 1992 August; 69(2): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1510289&dopt=Abstract

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Buckwheat-poisoning with report of a case in man (1909) Author(s): Smith HL. Source: Allergy Proc. 1990 July-August; 11(4): 193-6; Discussion 189-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2210371&dopt=Abstract

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Case problem: questions regarding the acceptability of buckwheat, amaranth, quinoa, and oats from a patient with celiac disease. Author(s): Thompson T. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 May; 101(5): 586-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374356&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical, nutritional and technological characteristics of buckwheat and nonprolamine buckwheat flours in comparison of wheat flour. Author(s): de Francischi ML, Salgado JM, Leitao RF. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1994 December; 46(4): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7716113&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-reactivity between buckwheat and latex. Author(s): De Maat-Bleeker F, Stapel SO. Source: Allergy. 1998 May; 53(5): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9636816&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatophagoides farinae, an important allergenic substance in buckwheat-husk pillows. Author(s): Hong CS, Park HS, Oh SH. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1987; 28(4): 274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3439196&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of processing on the flavonoid content in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) grain. Author(s): Dietrych-Szostak D, Oleszek W. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 October; 47(10): 4384-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552821&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of sieved buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) flour supplementation on lipid profile and glucose tolerance. Author(s): Bijlani RL, Sud S, Sahi A, Gandhi BM, Tandon BN. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1985 April-June; 29(2): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3005170&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of whole buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) flour supplementation on lipid profile & glucose tolerance. Author(s): Bijlani RL, Gandhi BM, Gupta MC, Manocha S, Tandon BN. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1985 February; 81: 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2989169&dopt=Abstract

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Electrophoretic and immunochemical characterization of allergenic proteins in buckwheat. Author(s): Yoshimasu MA, Zhang JW, Hayakawa S, Mine Y. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 October; 123(2): 130-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11060484&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal buckwheat dependent exercised-induced anaphylaxis. Author(s): Noma T, Yoshizawa I, Ogawa N, Ito M, Aoki K, Kawano Y. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001 December; 19(4): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009078&dopt=Abstract

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Identification and characterization of the major allergens of buckwheat. Author(s): Park JW, Kang DB, Kim CW, koh SH, Yum HY, Kim KE, Hong CS, Lee KY. Source: Allergy. 2000 November; 55(11): 1035-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097313&dopt=Abstract

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Identification and quantification of aroma-active components that contribute to the distinct malty flavor of buckwheat honey. Author(s): Zhou Q, Wintersteen CL, Cadwallader KR. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 27; 50(7): 2016-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902950&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate hypersensitive reactions to buckwheat ingestion and cross allergenicity between buckwheat and rice antigens in subjects with high levels of IgE antibodies to buckwheat. Author(s): Yamada K, Urisu A, Morita Y, Kondo Y, Wada E, Komada H, Yamada M, Inagaki Y, Torii S. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1995 July; 75(1): 56-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7621062&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological analysis of serum for buckwheat fed celiac patients. Author(s): de Francischi ML, Salgado JM, da Costa CP. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1994 October; 46(3): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7855091&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and chemical properties of a haptenic substance from buckwheat dialysate. Author(s): Yagi A, Yanagihara Y, Yamada H, Koda A, Shida T, Shioda H, Nishioka I. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1982; 4(6): 541-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7152762&dopt=Abstract

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Leg oedema protection from a buckwheat herb tea in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Ihme N, Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Hoffmann KH, Birk A, Muller A, Grutzner KI. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 50(6): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8858269&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional properties of starch in buckwheat products: studies in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Skrabanja V, Liljeberg Elmstahl HG, Kreft I, Bjorck IM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 January; 49(1): 490-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11170616&dopt=Abstract

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Oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of China. Author(s): He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Mo JP, Chen JY, Qian MC, Mo PS, He GQ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 February; 61(2): 366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7840076&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational asthma and contact urticaria caused by buckwheat flour. Author(s): Valdivieso R, Moneo I, Pola J, Munoz T, Zapata C, Hinojosa M, Losada E. Source: Ann Allergy. 1989 August; 63(2): 149-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2475041&dopt=Abstract

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Pepsin-resistant 16-kD buckwheat protein is associated with immediate hypersensitivity reaction in patients with buckwheat allergy. Author(s): Tanaka K, Matsumoto K, Akasawa A, Nakajima T, Nagasu T, Iikura Y, Saito H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 September; 129(1): 4956. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372998&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary hemosiderosis with hypersensitivity to buckwheat. Author(s): Agata H, Kondo N, Fukutomi O, Takemura M, Tashita H, Kobayashi Y, Shinoda S, Nishida T, Shinbara M, Orii T. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 February; 78(2): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9048535&dopt=Abstract

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Review on buckwheat allergy. Author(s): Wieslander G. Source: Allergy. 1996 October; 51(10): 661-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904992&dopt=Abstract

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Should millet, buckwheat, and quinoa be included in a gluten-free diet? Author(s): Inman-Felton AE, Rottmann LH. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 November; 99(11): 1361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570670&dopt=Abstract

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Should millet, buckwheat, and quinoa be included in a gluten-free diet? Author(s): Lee P. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 November; 99(11): 1361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570669&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the buckwheat allergose report 1: on the cases with the buckwheat allergose. Author(s): Nakamura S, Yamaguchi M, Oishi M, Hayama T. Source: Allerg Immunol (Leipz). 1974-75; 20-21(4): 449-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4283490&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the buckwheat allergose report 2: clinical investigation on 169 cases with the buckwheat allergose gathered from the whole country of Japan. Author(s): Nakamura S, Yamaguchi MY. Source: Allerg Immunol (Leipz). 1974-75; 20-21(4): 457-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4283491&dopt=Abstract

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Tartary buckwheat flavonoid activates caspase 3 and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Author(s): Ren W, Qiao Z, Wang H, Zhu L, Zhang L, Lu Y, Cui Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2001 October; 23(8): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838316&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of purified extract of Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat) on protein kinases involved in signal transduction pathways. Author(s): Samel D, Donnella-Deana A, de Witte P. Source: Planta Medica. 1996 April; 62(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8657738&dopt=Abstract

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The nutritional evaluation of underutilized cereals and buckwheat. Author(s): Gabrovska D, Fiedlerova V, Holasova M, Maskova E, Smrcinov H, Rysova J, Winterova R, Michalova A, Hutar M. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 September; 23(3 Suppl): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362805&dopt=Abstract

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Three cases of childhood nocturnal asthma due to buckwheat allergy. Author(s): Lee SY, Lee KS, Hong CH, Lee KY. Source: Allergy. 2001 August; 56(8): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488670&dopt=Abstract

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Wheatburger anaphylaxis due to hidden buckwheat. Author(s): Wuthrich B, Trojan A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 December; 25(12): 1263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8821309&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BUCKWHEAT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and buckwheat.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Buckwheat The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “buckwheat” (or a synonym): •

Consumption of a buckwheat [Fagopyrum sp.] protein extract retards 7,12dimethylbenz(alpha) anthracene-induced mammary carcinogensis in rats. Author(s): Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Matsumoto, Nagano (Japan) Source: Kayashita, J. Shimaoka, I. Nakajoh, M. Kishida, N. Kato, N. Bioscience,Biotechnology,-and-Biochemistry (Japan). (October 1999). volume 63(10) page 1837-1839.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

2S albumin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds. Source: Radovic, R.S. Maksimovic, R.V. Brkljacic, M.J. Varkonji Gasic, I.E. Savic, P.A. Jagric-food-chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. April 1999. volume 47 (4) page 1467-1470. 0021-8561

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A buckwheat protein product suppresses 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by reducing cell proliferation. Author(s): Department of Applied Biochemistry, Hiroshima University, HigashiHiroshima 739-8528, Japan. Source: Liu, Z Ishikawa, W Huang, X Tomotake, H Kayashita, J Watanabe, H Kato, N JNutr. 2001 June; 131(6): 1850-3 0022-3166

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Advances in the development of functional foods from buckwheat. Author(s): Food Science and Technology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA. [email protected] Source: Li, S Q Zhang, Q H Crit-Rev-Food-Sci-Nutr. 2001 September; 41(6): 451-64 10408398

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Anaphylaxis to buckwheat. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Munich, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany. Source: Schiffner, R Przybilla, B Burgdorff, T Landthaler, M Stolz, W Allergy. 2001 October; 56(10): 1020-1 0105-4538

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Antioxidant activities of buckwheat hull extract toward various oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Amino Up Chemical Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. [email protected] Source: Mukoda, T Sun, B Ishiguro, A Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2001 March; 24(3): 209-13 09186158

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Buckwheat allergy and reports on asthma and atopic disorders in Taiyuan City, Northern China. Author(s): Department of Medical Science, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Sweden. Source: Wieslander, G Norback, D Wang, Z Zhang, Z Mi, Y Lin, R Asian-Pac-J-AllergyImmunol. 2000 September; 18(3): 147-52 0125-877X

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Buckwheat allergy. Source: Wieslander, G Norback, D Allergy. 2001 August; 56(8): 703-4 0105-4538

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Buckwheat extract inhibits progression of renal failure. Author(s): Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. [email protected]

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Source: Yokozawa, Takako Kim, Hyun Young Nonaka, Gen Ichiro Kosuna, Kenichi JAgric-Food-Chem. 2002 May 22; 50(11): 3341-5 0021-8561 •

Buckwheat in human nutrition. Source: Feldheim, W. Wisker, E. Deutsche-Lebensmittel-Rundschau (Germany). (1997). volume 93(2) page 49-52. 0012-0413

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Buckwheat: pseudocereal and nutraceutical. Source: Edwardson, S. Progress in new crops / National Symposium NEW CROPS: New Opportunities, New Technologies. Alexandria, VA : ASHS Press, c1996. page 195207. ISBN: 0961502738

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Buckwheat-induced anaphylaxis: a case report. Author(s): Division of Allergy and Immunology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence. Source: Davidson, A E Passero, M A Settipane, G A Ann-Allergy. 1992 November; 69(5): 439-40 0003-4738

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Catechins as antioxidants from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) groats. Source: Watanabe, M. J-agric-food-chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. March 1998. volume 46 (3) page 839-845. 0021-8561

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Characterization of thiamin-binding protein from buckwheat seeds. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan. Source: Watanabe, K Shimizu, M Adachi, T Yoshida, T Mitsunaga, T J-Nutr-SciVitaminol-(Tokyo). 1998 April; 44(2): 323-8 0301-4800

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Clinical effect of buckwheat herb, Ruscus extract and troxerutin on retinopathy and lipids in diabetic patients. Source: Archimowicz Cyrylowska, B. Adamek, B. Drozdzik, M. Samochowiec, L. Wojcicki, J. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. December 1996. volume 10 (8) page 659-662. 0951-418X

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Cold alkali can extract phenolic acids that are ether linked to cell wall components in dicotyledonous plants (buckwheat, soybean and flax). Source: Lozovaya, V.V. Gorshkova, T.A. Yablokova, E.V. Rumyantseva, N.I. Valieva, A. UlaNovember, A. Widholm, J.M. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. February 1999. volume 50 (3) page 395-400. 0031-9422

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Complete amino acid sequence of the protease inhibitor BWI-4a from buckwheat seeds. Author(s): Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia. [email protected] Source: Belozersky, M A Dunaevsky, Y E Musolyamov, A K Egorov, T A Biochemistry(Mosc). 2000 October; 65(10): 1140-4 0006-2979

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Effect of buckwheat extract on free radical generation in rabbits administered highfat diet. Source: Wojcicki, J. Samochowiec, L. Gonet, B. Juzwiak, S. Dabrowska Zamojcin, E. Katdonska, M. Tustanowski, S. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. August 1995. volume 9 (5) page 323-326. 0951-418X

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Effect of fiber from buckwheat on the in vitro enzymatic digestion of protein. Author(s): Department of Food Hygiene and Nutrition, University of Agriculture and Technology in Olsztyn, Poland. Source: Amarowicz, R Korczakowska, B Smoczynska, K Nahrung. 1988; 32(10): 1005-6 0027-769X

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Effect of processing on the flavonoid content in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) grain. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland. Source: Dietrych Szostak, D Oleszek, W J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1999 October; 47(10): 43847 0021-8561

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Effect of whole buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) flour supplementation on lipid profile & glucose tolerance. Source: Bijlani, R.L. Gandhi, B.M. Gupta, M.C. Manocha, S. Tandon, B.N. Indian-J-MedRes. New Delhi : Indian Council of Medical Research. February 1985. volume 81 page 162-168. ill., charts. 0019-5340

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Effects of antihypertensive diets mainly consisting of buckwheat, potato, and perilla seed on blood pressures and plasma lipids in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Korea Food Research Institute, Kyonggi (Korea Republic).Chung-Ang University, Ansung (Korea Republic). Department of Food and Nutrition Source: Han, C.K. Song, K.S. Lee, N.H. Yoon, C.S. Lee, B.H. The-Korean-Journal-ofNutrition. (December 1996). volume 29(10) page 1087-1095. 0367-6463

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Effects of buckwheat in a renal ischemia-reperfusion model. Author(s): Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yokozawa, T Fujii, H Kosuna, K Nonaka, G Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 2001 February; 65(2): 396-400 0916-8451

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Effects of dietary buckwheat vegetables on lipid metabolism in rats. Author(s): Kangwon National University, Chuncheon (Korea Republic). Department of Applied Biology and TechnologyKangwon National University, Chuncheon (Korea Republic). Department of Veterinary MedicineKangwon National University, Chuncheon (Korea Republic). Department of Food Science and Technology Source: Choi, Y.S. Sur, J.H. Kim, C.H. Kim, Y.M. Ham, S.S. Lee, S.Y. Journal-of-TheKorean-Society-of-Food-and-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (April 1994). volume 23(2) page 212-218. 0253-3154

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Effects of hydrothermal processing of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) groats on starch enzymatic availability in vitro and in vivo in rats. Author(s): Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, P.O. Box 2995, Sl-1001 Ljubljana (Slovenia) Source: Skrabanja, V. Laerke, H.N. Kreft, I. Journal-of-Cereal-Science (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 28(2) page 209-214. buckwheat amylose fagopyrum esculentum in vitro experimentation processing starch rats

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Effects of processing conditions on the physical and chemical properties of buckwheat grit cakes. Author(s): Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. Source: Im, J S Huff, H E Hsieh, F H J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2003 January 29; 51(3): 659-66 0021-8561

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Electrophoretic and immunochemical characterization of allergenic proteins in buckwheat. Author(s): Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ont., Canada. Source: Yoshimasu, M A Zhang, J W Hayakawa, S Mine, Y Int-Arch-Allergy-Immunol. 2000 October; 123(2): 130-6 1018-2438

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Expression, cloning, and immunological analysis of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seed storage proteins. Source: Fujino, K. Funatsuki, H. Inada, M. Shimono, Y. Kikuta, Y. J-agric-food-chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. April 2001. volume 49 (4) page 18251829. 0021-8561

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Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentumMoench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Source: Kreft, S Knapp, M Kreft, I J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1999 November; 47(11): 4649-52 0021-8561

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Fagopyritol B1, O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-D-chiro-inositol, a galactosyl cyclitol in maturing buckwheat seeds associated with desiccation tolerance. Source: Horbowicz, M. Brenac, P. Obendorf, R.L. Planta. Berlin; New York : SpringerVerlag, 1925-. May 1998. volume 205 (1) page 1-11. 0032-0935

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Fagopyritols, D-chiro-inositol, and other soluble carbohydrates in buckwheat seed milling fractions. Author(s): Seed Biology, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1901, USA. Source: Steadman, K J Burgoon, M S Schuster, R L Lewis, B A Edwardson, S E Obendorf, R L J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2000 July; 48(7): 2843-7 0021-8561

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Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. (buckwheat): in vitro culture and the production of rutin. Source: Bowen, I.H. Cubbin, I.J. Biotechnol-agricult-for. Berlin, W. Ger. : SpringerVerlag. 1993. (24) page 202-217. 0934-943X

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Fatal buckwheat dependent exercised-induced anaphylaxis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Source: Noma, T Yoshizawa, I Ogawa, N Ito, M Aoki, K Kawano, Y Asian-Pac-J-AllergyImmunol. 2001 December; 19(4): 283-6 0125-877X

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Feeding of buckwheat protein extract reduces hepatic triglyceride concentration, adipose tissue weight, and hepatic lipogenesis in rats. Source: Kayashita, J. Shimaoka, I. Nakajoh, M. Kato, N. J-nutr-biochem. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. October 1996. volume 7 (10) page 555-559. 0955-2863

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Flavonoids in fine buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flour and their free radical scavenging activities. Source: Qian, J. Y. Mayer, D. Kuhn, M. Deutsche-Lebensmittel-Rundschau (Germany). (1999). volume 95(9) page 343-349. 0012-0413

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Form of aluminium for uptake and translocation in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Author(s): Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Japan. [email protected] Source: Ma, J F Hiradate, S Planta. 2000 August; 211(3): 355-60 0032-0935

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Hypocholesterolemic effect of buckwheat protein extract in rats fed cholesterol enriched diets. Source: Kayashita, J. Shimaoka, I. Nakajyoh, M. Nutr-res. Tarrytown, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. May 1995. volume 15 (5) page 691-698. 0271-5317

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Immunological analysis of serum for buckwheat fed celiac patients. Source: Francischi, M.L.P. de Salgado, J.M. Costa, C.P. da. Plant-foods-hum-nutr. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. October 1994. volume 46 (3) page 207-211. 0921-9668

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Latent production of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from buckwheat protein. Author(s): Faculty of Agriculture, Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Li, C H Matsui, T Matsumoto, K Yamasaki, R Kawasaki, T J-Pept-Sci. 2002 June; 8(6): 267-74 1075-2617

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Leg oedema protection from a buckwheat herb tea in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Universitatsklinikum Charite, Medizinische Fakultat, Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany. Source: Ihme, N Kiesewetter, H Jung, F Hoffmann, K H Birk, A Muller, A Grutzner, K I Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1996; 50(6): 443-7 0031-6970

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Ligand-protein interaction in plant seed thiamine-binding proteins. Binding of various thiamine analogues to the sepharose-immobilized buckwheat-seed protein. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Source: Rapala Kozik, M Chernikevich, I P Kozik, A J-Protein-Chem. 1999 August; 18(6): 721-8 0277-8033

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Mechanism of ligand-protein interaction in plant seed thiamin-binding proteins. Probing the binding site of protein isolated from buckwheat seeds with a series of thiamin-related compounds. Author(s): Jagiellonian University, Department of Biochemistry, Krakow, Poland. Source: Rapala Kozik, M Kozik, A Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1992 September 23; 1159(2): 209-14 0006-3002

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Minerals, phytic acid, tannin and rutin in buckwheat seed milling fractions. Source: Steadman, K.J. Burgoon, M.S. Lewis, B.A. Edwardson, S.E. Obendorf, R.L. J-scifood-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. Sept 1, 2001. volume 81 (11) page 1094-1100. 0022-5142

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Muscle hypertrophy in rats fed on a buckwheat protein extract. Author(s): Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Matsumoto, Nagano (Japan) Source: Kayashita, J. Shimaoka, I. Nakajoh, M. Kondoh, M. Hayashi, K. Kato, N. Bioscience,-Biotechnology,-and-Biochemistry (Japan). (July 1999). volume 63(7) page 1242-1245. buckwheat proteins muscles hypertrophy rats 0916-8451

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Near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopic analysis of the amounts of moisture, protein, starch, amylose, and tannin in buckwheat flours. Author(s): Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Japan. Source: Hong, J H Ikeda, K Kref, I Yasumoto, K J-Nutr-Sci-Vitaminol-(Tokyo). 1996 August; 42(4): 359-66 0301-4800

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Nutritional properties of starch in buckwheat noodles. Author(s): Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Source: Kreft, I Skrabanja, V J-Nutr-Sci-Vitaminol-(Tokyo). 2002 February; 48(1): 47-50 0301-4800

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Oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of China. Author(s): Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205-2223. Source: He, J Klag, M J Whelton, P K Mo, J P Chen, J Y Qian, M C Mo, P S He, G Q Am-JClin-Nutr. 1995 February; 61(2): 366-72 0002-9165

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Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Source: Quettier Deleu, C. Gressier, B. Vasseur, J. Dine, T. Brunet, C. Luyckx, M. Cazin, M. Cazin, J.C. Bailleul, F. Trotin, F. J-ethnopharmacol. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 2000. volume 72 (1/2) page 35-42. 0378-8741

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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from illuminated buckwheat hypocotyls and production of monoclonal antibodies. Source: Belunis, C.J. Hrazdina, G. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1988. volume 27 (8) page 2485-2489. 0031-9422

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Physicochemical and functional properties of buckwheat protein product. Author(s): Iida Women's Junior College, Iida, 395-0812 Japan; Development, Health Care, Kissei Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Matsumoto, 399-8710 Japan. [email protected] Source: Tomotake, Hiroyuki Shimaoka, Iwao Kayashita, June Nakajoh, Misao Kato, Norihisa J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 March 27; 50(7): 2125-9 0021-8561

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Purification and characterization of the rutin-degrading enzymes in tartary buckwheat seeds. Source: Yasuda, T. Nakagawa, H. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1994. volume 37 (1) page 133-136. 0031-9422

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Purification and molecular structure of two digalactosyl D-chiro-inositols and two trigalactosyl D-chiro-inositols from buckwheat seeds. Author(s): Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Seed Biology, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901, USA. Source: Steadman, K J Fuller, D J Obendorf, R L Carbohydr-Res. 2001 March 9; 331(1): 19-25 0008-6215

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Resolution and synthesis of optically active alcohols with immobilized water-soluble proteins from green pea, soybean and buckwheat as new bio-catalysts. Author(s): The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Japan. Source: Nagaoka, H Kayahara, H Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 2000 April; 64(4): 781-4 0916-8451

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Review on buckwheat allergy. Author(s): Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Wieslander, G Allergy. 1996 October; 51(10): 661-5 0105-4538

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Rutin in buckwheat herbs grown at different UV-B radiation levels: comparison of two UV spectrophotometric and an HPLC method. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. [email protected] Source: Kreft, S Strukelj, B Gaberscik, A Kreft, I J-Exp-Bot. 2002 August; 53(375): 1801-4 0022-0957

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Stronger suppression of plasma cholesterol and enhancement of the fecal excretion of steroids by a buckwheat protein product than by a soy protein isolate in rats fed on a cholesterol-free diet. Author(s): Health Care Development, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Matsumoto, Japan. [email protected] Source: Tomotake, H Shimaoka, I Kayashita, J Yokoyama, F Nakajoh, M Kato, N BiosciBiotechnol-Biochem. 2001 June; 65(6): 1412-4 0916-8451

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Studies on antimutagenic and lipotropic action of flavonoids of buckwheats Desmutagenic activity of buckwheat leaf extracts. Author(s): Kangwon National University, Chuncheon (Korea Republic). Department of Food Science and TechnologyKangwon National University, Chuncheon (Korea Republic). Department of Applied Biology and Technology Source: Ham, S.S. Choi, K.P. Lee, S.Y. Choi, Y.S. Journal-of-The-Korean-Society-of-Foodand-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (August 1994). volume 23(4) page 698-703. 0253-3154

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Tartary buckwheat flavonoid activates caspase 3 and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Author(s): Department of Hematology, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China. Source: Ren, W Qiao, Z Wang, H Zhu, L Zhang, L Lu, Y Cui, Y Zhang, Z Wang, Z Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 2001 October; 23(8): 427-32 0379-0355

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The effect of purified extract of Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat) on protein kinases involved in signal transduction pathways. Author(s): Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Biologie, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Leuven, Belgium. Source: Samel, D Donnella Deana, A de Witte, P Planta-Med. 1996 April; 62(2): 106-10 0032-0943

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Three cases of childhood nocturnal asthma due to buckwheat allergy. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, WonChon Dong, Pal-Dal Ku, Suwon 442-749, South Korea. Source: Lee, S Y Lee, K S Hong, C H Lee, K Y Allergy. 2001 August; 56(8): 763-6 01054538

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Vitamin content in groats before and after their processing [Thiamine, riboflavin, naicin, buckwheat, husked millet, rice farina]. Source: Smirnova, L.V. Khachaturova, T.N. Nekrasova, L.Volume Grigor'eva, M.P. Vopr-Pitan. Moskva : “Meditsina”. Mar/April 1982. (2) page 62-63. 0042-8833

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to buckwheat; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Minerals Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Vanadium Alternative names: Vanadate, Vanadyl Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Food and Diet Amaranth Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,69,00.html Buckwheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Buckwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,71,00.html Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Corn-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gluten-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High-fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Low-allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html

Nutrition

Ramen Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rhubarb Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soba Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BUCKWHEAT Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to buckwheat. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to buckwheat and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to buckwheat: •

Advances in the development of functional foods from buckwheat. Author(s): Li SQ, Zhang QH. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2001 September; 41(6): 451-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592684&dopt=Abstract

•

Anti-allergic action of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) grain extract. Author(s): Kim CD, Lee WK, No KO, Park SK, Lee MH, Lim SR, Roh SS. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 January; 3(1): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538043&dopt=Abstract

•

Ascorbic acid and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Clemetson CA.

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Buckwheat

Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1976 September-October; 2(5): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=967063&dopt=Abstract •

Buckwheat allergy: health food, an inhalation health risk. Author(s): Gohte CJ, Wieslander G, Ancker K, Forsbeck M. Source: Allergy. 1983 April; 38(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6846742&dopt=Abstract

•

Buckwheat extract inhibits progression of renal failure. Author(s): Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Nonaka G, Kosuna K. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 May 22; 50(11): 3341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010008&dopt=Abstract

•

Cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies to caddis fly with arthropoda and mollusca. Author(s): Koshte VL, Kagen SL, Aalberse RC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 August; 84(2): 174-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2547857&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of processing on the flavonoid content in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) grain. Author(s): Dietrych-Szostak D, Oleszek W. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 October; 47(10): 4384-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552821&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of sieved buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) flour supplementation on lipid profile and glucose tolerance. Author(s): Bijlani RL, Sud S, Sahi A, Gandhi BM, Tandon BN. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1985 April-June; 29(2): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3005170&dopt=Abstract

•

Fatal buckwheat dependent exercised-induced anaphylaxis. Author(s): Noma T, Yoshizawa I, Ogawa N, Ito M, Aoki K, Kawano Y. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001 December; 19(4): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009078&dopt=Abstract

•

From medical herbalism to phytotherapy in dermatology: back to the future. Author(s): Dattner AM. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003 June; 16(2): 106-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919112&dopt=Abstract

•

Identification and determination of flavonoids in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae) by high-performance liquid chromatography with

Alternative Medicine 27

electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and photodiode array ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Tian Q, Li D, Patil BS. Source: Phytochemical Analysis : Pca. 2002 September-October; 13(5): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918868&dopt=Abstract •

Immunoglobulin E antibodies that crossreact with vegetable foods, pollen, and Hymenoptera venom. Author(s): Aalberse RC, Koshte V, Clemens JG. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1981 November; 68(5): 356-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7298999&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibitors of pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin in seeds of plants consumed by humans and animals. I. Evaluation of pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin inhibitors activity in seeds of 26 plant species. Author(s): Bankowska A, Roszkowska-Jakimiec W, Worowski K. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1998; 43: 278-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9972064&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolation and properties of a metalloproteinase from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) seeds. Author(s): Belozersky MA, Dunaevsky YE, Voskoboynikova NE. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1990 December 15; 272(3): 677-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2268295&dopt=Abstract

•

Leg oedema protection from a buckwheat herb tea in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Ihme N, Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Hoffmann KH, Birk A, Muller A, Grutzner KI. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 50(6): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8858269&dopt=Abstract

•

Nutritional evaluation of dry-roasted navy bean flour and mixtures with cereal proteins. Author(s): Yadav NR, Liener IE. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1978; 105: 401-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=727021&dopt=Abstract

•

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Author(s): Quettier-Deleu C, Gressier B, Vasseur J, Dine T, Brunet C, Luyckx M, Cazin M, Cazin JC, Bailleul F, Trotin F.

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Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 September; 72(1-2): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10967451&dopt=Abstract •

Pinostrobin from honey and Thai ginger (Boesenbergia pandurata): a potent flavonoid inducer of mammalian phase 2 chemoprotective and antioxidant enzymes. Author(s): Fahey JW, Stephenson KK. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 December 4; 50(25): 7472-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452678&dopt=Abstract

•

Tartary buckwheat flavonoid activates caspase 3 and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Author(s): Ren W, Qiao Z, Wang H, Zhu L, Zhang L, Lu Y, Cui Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2001 October; 23(8): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838316&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of purified extract of Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat) on protein kinases involved in signal transduction pathways. Author(s): Samel D, Donnella-Deana A, de Witte P. Source: Planta Medica. 1996 April; 62(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8657738&dopt=Abstract

•

The immunostimulatory effect of bio-active peptide from pollen on murine and human lymphocytes. Author(s): Liu J, Wang S, Qi J, Wang X, Song Y. Source: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 1998 August 14; 104(2): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9792191&dopt=Abstract

•

The incorporation of the carboxyl carbon from acetyl coenzyme A into ring A of quercetin by cell-free extracts prepared from buckwheat seedlings. Author(s): Saito K. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1974 April 22; 343(2): 392-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4838322&dopt=Abstract

•

The structure of buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Author(s): McClement J, Jackson BP. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1971 August; 23(8): 612-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4397746&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 29

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to buckwheat; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Alternative Therapy Daniel's Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Prakasha Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Prakrtika Cikitsa Alternative names: naturopathy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html

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Buckwheat

•

Herbs and Supplements Andrographis Alternative names: Andrographis paniculata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phyllanthus Alternative names: Phyllanthus niruri Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Picrorhiza Alternative names: Picrorhiza kurroa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tylophora Alternative names: Tylophora indica, Tylophora asthmatica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadyl Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page

Alternative Medicine 31

dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BUCKWHEAT Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to buckwheat. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “buckwheat” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on buckwheat, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Buckwheat ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to buckwheat. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Effect of Root Growth and Rate of Phosphorus Absorption by Roots on the Utilization of Applied Phosphorus by Flax, Wheat, Rape and Buckwheat by Strong, Wayne M; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05563

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BUCKWHEAT Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “buckwheat” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on buckwheat, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Buckwheat By performing a patent search focusing on buckwheat, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Buckwheat

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on buckwheat: •

Adjustable body support with improved neck and head support filled with granular material Inventor(s): Horowitz; Lawrence Fraser (25 Godwin Ave., Fairlawn, NJ 07410) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,758,375 Date filed: April 11, 1997 Abstract: An improved body support or bed pillow. A pillow cover is provided which is formed by sewing together two pieces of material. On the interior face of each of the two pieces of material are sewn a plurality of loops of material. A drawstring is fed through the loops of material from one side of the pillow cover to the other in a zigzag pattern. The body support is filled with granular material such as natural buckwheat. By pulling the drawstrings taut, the pillow is segmented into two distinct sections; one section may be utilized to support the head and neck of the sleeper and the other to support the body. The drawstrings are held in their tightened positions by tying them together or by proving a common drawstring brake thereby defining a neck roll portion of the body support. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to body supports or pillows, and more particularly to a body support that includes means to distribute a granular filler contained therein thereby providing improved head and neck support. In order to survive and to perform their daily activities safely and efficiently, human beings need to sleep. Most people utilize some type of pillow or body support to sleep more comfortably and to cushion their back and head. For many sleepers, conventional pillows or body supports do not provide adequate protection for the head and neck. As a result, countless people do not rest adequately thereby impairing their day to day activities. Worse, improper support for the head or back may lead to pain or injury, thereby resulting in down time from work, inability to perform day to day activities, and sometimes leading to surgery or other medical intervention. Many prior attempts have been made to resolve some of the problems resulting from the lack of comfort provided by conventional pillows or body supports. Orthopedic pillows and pillow cases have been developed to provide support to a person's neck and/or lower back. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,757 entitled Body Support Having Hingedly Connected Semi-Cylindrical Cushions to O'Sullivan attempts to provide support to the head and neck of a user by utilizing two cushions. Each of O'Sullivan's cushions is semicylindrical in configuration and they are hingedly connected. O'Sullivan teaches placing one of the cushions underneath the head of the sleeper and the other underneath the neck, thereby separately supporting each body part. O'Sullivan's body support suffers from the disadvantage that the cushions are relatively fixed in configuration, i.e. there is no way to redistribute the contents or filling of the cushions. Furthermore, O'Sullivan discloses filling his body support with a resilient material, which may be less conformable to the contours of the sleeper than a natural granular material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05758375__

Patents 37

•

Axial-flow combine Inventor(s): Tkachev; Valentin N. (Taganrog, SU), Yarmashev; Jury N. (Taganrog, SU), Zapandi; Vladimir A. (Taganrog, SU) Assignee(s): Glavnoe Spetsializirovannoe Konstruktorskoe Bjuro po Mashinam Uborki (Taganrog, SU) Patent Number: 4,607,480 Date filed: April 16, 1985 Abstract: A combine for harvesting primarily spiked grains such as wheat, rye, barley, oats, and cereals such as buckwheat. The combine includes a rotating rotor arranged in a stationary casing along the direction of combine movement. An upper part of the casing is provided with helical guide fins mounted on the internal surface thereof. A lower part of the casing in a threshing zone is provided with a grate-type concave mounted under which is a conveyor to transport threshed product separated through the concave to a cleaning mechanism. The concave has openings of different open area and is made such that its portion having the openings of smaller size is located, with respect to the direction of combine movement, between a front edge of the concave and an imaginary extension of a helical line of the guide fins on the concave and enlarges in the direction of rotor rotation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to agricultural machinery industry, and more particularly to an axial-flow combine. Most advantageously the present invention can be used in harvesting spiked grains such as wheat, rye, barley, oat, and cereals such as buckwheat. At the present time more and more axial-flow combines are used which radically differ from grain combines having a tangential threshing mechanism. In the axial-flow combines the processes of threshing and separating are integrated and intensified so that it is not necessary to install special devices such as straw shakers and agitators to separate residual grain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04607480__

•

Buckwheat starch syrup, method for preparing the same, and foods containing the same Inventor(s): Iljima; Yoshio (Tokyo, JP), Yamada; Takao (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Sakuma Ebisu Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,083,539 Date filed: March 18, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to a buckwheat starch syrup prepared by liquefying, saccharisfying, and proteolyzing starch from buckwheat flour, a method for preparing the buckwheat starch syrup, and various foods containing the same. The buckwheat starch syrup of the present invention contains various amino acids and minerals, as well as rutin which is effective in preventing arteriosclerosis, and hence it is healthy and excellent in nutritive balance. Thus, the buckwheat starch syrup of the present invention can be suitably used in various foods. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a buckwheat starch syrup prepared by liquefying and saccharifying starch from buckwheat flour, a method for preparing the buckwheat starch syrup and foods containing the same. As raw materials for preparing starch syrups, various kinds of starch have been used, including corn, potato, sweet

38

Buckwheat

potato, tapioca, wrinkle-seeded pea, wheat, arrowroot, sago palm, rice, etc. Starch syrups are viscous, sweet materials prepared by decomposing and saccharifying the starch of these raw materials with saccharifying enzymes. They are widely used in candy products, such as caramels, drops and jellies; Japanese-style confections, such as bean jams and sweet jellies of beans; and other foods, such as jams, syrups and foods boiled down in soy sauce. Recently, with growing attention to health in society, maltoligosaccharides, branched oligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, etc., have attracted attention from the viewpoints of growing Lactobacillus bifidus in the intestines, lowering sweetness and the number of calories, preventing tooth decay, and so forth. In order to obtain a starch syrup which significantly contains these saccharides, various investigations have been made into the kinds and combinations of enzymes to be added at the time of saccharification. However, these investigations have intended only to improve the saccharide components in starch syrups. Among the starch syrups made from the above-mentioned raw materials, no syrup is known to contain any effective component having value added. In other words, they have no characteristics in those components other than saccharides. Furthermore, with respect to raw material starch, nothing has been reported except for the above-mentioned materials which have been conventionally used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06083539__ •

Carbohydrate cream substitute Inventor(s): Singer; Norman S. (Highland Park, IL) Assignee(s): The Nutrasweet Company (Deerfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,370,894 Date filed: October 5, 1992 Abstract: A fat substitute is disclosed which comprises water-dispersible macrocolloid particles composed of starch materials selected from the group consisting of taro, Saponaria vaccaria, Amaranthus retroflexus, Maranta arundinacea, Wheat B and buckwheat, which particles have a substantially spheroidal shape and a particle size distribution effective to impart the substantially smooth organoleptic character of an oiland-water emulsion. Excerpt(s): In accordance with the present invention, carbohydrate particles comprising starch granules selected from the group consisting of taro (from Colocasia esculenta), Saponaria vaccaria, Amaranthus retroflexus (Pigweed), Maranta arundinacea, Wheat B and buckwheat starches display fat-like mouthfeel characteristics when the hydrated particles have a substantially spheroidal shape and a mean particle size distribution ranging from about 0.1 microns to 4 microns, with less than about 2% of the total number of particles exceeding 5 microns in diameter. These starches are characterized by small granule sizes (i.e., taro (1.4-4.0 microns), Saponaria vaccaria (0.5-1.6 microns), Amaranthus retroflexus (0.75-1.25 microns); buckwheat (1.3-12 microns)) and are particularly suitable for crosslinking with phosphorous oxychloride and according to other methods to provide stable cream substitutes. The dispersion of macrocolloidal particles can replace all or a portion of the fat or cream in food products such as ice cream, yogurt, salad dressings, mayonnaise, cream, cream cheese, other cheeses, sour cream, sauces, icings, whipped toppings, frozen confections, milk, coffee white and spreads. In this example, small granule starches were stabilized by cross-linking with tannic acid to produce cream substitutes. Specifically an aqueous starch suspension (17 g starch/28 ml water) was heated in a water bath to 45.degree. C., with stirring, and the

Patents 39

pH was adjusted with 1 N NaOH (pH 8-11.4). After crosslinking was achieved (1-6 hours), the suspension was neutralized to pH=6.5 to 7.00, and twice centrifuged with 200 ml of water (5000 rpm for 10 min.), and either dried in a vacuum oven or freeze dried for storage. Amaranth starch treated as described above (2% w/w, pH=11.4, 2 hours) gave a slightly off-white powder. The taste of its aqueous suspensions was rated as being creamy by a sensory panel. The stabilized starch displayed higher thermal stability as demonstrated by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) endotherm (T.sub.g) at 70.94.degree. C. The cross-linked starch had an improved water holding capacity (up to 10.20 g). Cross-linking of a similar suspension at pH=8 for 1 hour gave a stabilized product with T.sub.g 69.7.degree. C. and average particle size of 1.66 microns. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05370894__ •

Composition for biocontrol of wild buckwheat Inventor(s): Watson; Alan K. (Pincourt, CA), Wymore; Lee A. (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, CA) Assignee(s): The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning (McGill University) (Montreal, CA) Patent Number: 5,082,489 Date filed: February 6, 1990 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with a novel bioherbicide and its use alone or in compositions, to control the growth of Polygonum convolvulus in agricultural crops such as cereals and other cultivated crops. The present invention is also concerned with a synergistic composition of the novel bioherbicide and a chemical herbicide. Specifically, the new fungus is Phoma sp. ATCC 20982. Excerpt(s): Wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) is an annual taprooted weed. It occurs in agricultural areas in all of the Canadian provinces but is reported to be more abundant in the west than in the east. It is native to Europe and was first collected in Canada in Manitoba in 1873. Wild buckwheat overwinters as achenes. It has a climbing growth habit which allows it to compete well in stands of cereals and other tall crops. This growth habit allows for rapid spread and coverage of bare ground or open spaces. The number of achenes produced by a single plant varies with soil type and seeding date, but under noncompetitive conditions a single plant can produce up to 30,000 achenes. Seed dispersal is normally accomplished by disturbance by farm machinery and long distance dispersal may take place through contaminated crop seed. Due to its growth habit and abundant seed production, wild buckwheat is a competitive weed that causes significant losses in grain crops. Herbicides registered for use on wild buckwheat include dicamba, bromoxynil, combinations of these chemicals with 2,4-D or MCPA and other herbicides alone, as formulated mixtures, or in various combinations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05082489__

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Continuous cell mattress overlay with flowable filler material of buckwheat hulls Inventor(s): Henry; Lloyd W. (6709 Camelot Farms Rd., Radford, VA 24141) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,058,536 Date filed: October 12, 1999 Abstract: A mattress overlay consisting of two pieces of fabric joined along the longitudinal, or head to foot, edges and then joined transversely, from side to side, at predetermined distances along the longitudinal axis forming lateral, closed interior cell spaces. In the preferred embodiment, the joining method along at least one of the longitudinal edges uses openable and recloseable cooperating hook and loop pressure strips to allow access to the individual cells after manufacture. To provide even support throughout the resting area, the interior cell spaces are partially filled with a flowable filler material of Buckwheat hulls or a mixture of Buckwheat hulls and any other compatible material. The preferred embodiment allows resting comfort to be customized by adding or removing flowable filler from individual cell spaces as needed. The preferred embodiment has half of an openable and recloseable fastening device joined along longitudinal edge to allow attachment of two or more mattress overlays. The mattress overlay, when Buckwheat hulls are used as a filler material, resists the slippage of the human resting form when a bed is canted for medical purposes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to mattress overlays, specifically to a mattress overlay with a more general application for providing even support over the entire resting human form. Throughout history, human beings have sought a comfortable resting surface. Inventors have created many variations on the straw and feather mattresses of earliest times. Primary surfaces, mattresses, and secondary surfaces, overlays and pads, have evolved from natural products to man made foams and polyurethane. Medical problems, such as bedsores, have been addressed. Thereafter, inventors created resting devices such as cell mattresses, Buckwheat pillows, and polyurethane overlays, to solve specific resting problems for a selected part of the population. Cell mattresses were originated primarily for the relief of bedsores for patients confined for long periods in bed--for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,297 to Neumark (1979) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,666 to Elesh and Martelli. These pillow mattresses included a longitudinal support for the mattress, making them both bulky and not easily adaptable for use on existing beds. They do not employ continuous cell construction that is cheap and easily manufactured. These are full sized, fixed mattresses filled with materials that do not allow for natural air circulation. These pillow mattresses are not designed for mass marketing and the sleeping comfort of the general public. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06058536__

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Depot for granular carbonaceous fuel and method employing the same to provide high efficiency fires for charbroiling and the like Inventor(s): Burkhart; William H. (Los Altos, CA) Assignee(s): Bar-B-Quik Corp. (Los Altos, CA) Patent Number: 4,719,899 Date filed: September 3, 1986

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Abstract: A depot for granular carbonaceous fuel is shown including a refractory matrix containing the granular fuel. The refractory matrix includes either one or more baskets of screen material or a refractory binder. Vertical flues are included in the matrix for upward flow of air therethrough during combustion of the granular fuel. A manifold below the matrix supplies air for the vertical flues. Granular fuel and ashes thereof are prevented by the refractory matrix from moving into the flues whereby the flues remain open during combustion of the granular fuel. The fuel may include a relatively large amount of anthracite to provide for a low cost fire. A granular fuel mixture that includes 60 wt % to 80 wt % Buckwheat anthracite and 40 wt % to 20 wt % of charcoal having a size of 35 to 85 mesh Tyler scale is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the art of charbroiling and the like, and more particularly to a depot for granular carbonaceous fuel which provides for a highly efficient fire for use in charbroiling, and the like. Common charcoal briquettes used for charbroiling are slow to ignite and, once ignited, come to full combustion temperatures very slowly. A one-ounce pillow-shaped charcoal briquette produces only about 25 watts per square inch of grate area covered by the briquette, which is far less than that required to char the surface of a steak if 5/8 to 3/4 inch thickness quickly enough to avoid overcooking and dehydrating the interior thereof. In an effort to increase the heat output, it is common practice to mound up the charcoal briquettes. On average, 20 to 30 briquettes may be consumed per fire, which can become quite expensive, particularly when the cost of briquettes is increased by hydrocarbon additives intended to promote ignition. Moreover, charcoal and such additives are subject to inadvertent and spontaneous combustion and produce undesirable fumes. An object of this invention is the provision of an improved fuel structure and method that overcome or substantially alleviate deficiencies and shortcomings of the prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04719899__ •

Evertable travel pillow Inventor(s): Day; Judy A. (343 Soquel Ave. #271, Santa Cruz, CA 95062) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,532,611 Date filed: January 25, 2002 Abstract: Geometric configuration transformable pillows are disclosed having two configurations: one, where the granular fill contents of the pillow are positioned in a first geometric configuration end, in one embodiment a collar end, of a pillowcase to form for example a horseshoe-shaped type of pillow enclosure similar to neck pillows known at this time. Alternately, an empty main body flap of the pillowcase may be released by a reversible fastening system and fill material allowed to move to a second geometric configuration end, in one embodiment a plain end, of the pillow so that two tubular end sections which formerly formed the collars of the neck pillow are now empty and can be at least partially everted and folded, rolled, or otherwise bunched up and captured by the now oppositely turned reversible fastening system within the pillowcase to form a rectangular-type pillow. It is expected that such a pillow would be used with organic granular-type fill materials, such as buckwheat husks (hulls). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pillows for the neck and upper spine, used for traveling and sleeping. In particular to a pillow that is reversible between a neck supporting horseshoe configuration and a rectangular outline common pillow where in

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each configuration a continuous outer surface of the pillowcase makes that configuration of the reversible pillow nearly indistinguishable from pillows of similar configurations which are not convertibly reversible. Travelers had been faced with the issue of whether they want to take along a pillow which is good for their neck and back and then have to carry it around and store it within their luggage until the next seated usage. Travelers were interested in having a pillow which they may use both for traveling and also in other instances, for example which could be used in a normal horizontal sleep configuration that provides them better neck support and a more consistent night's rest lying horizontally, and which also maintains the advantages of a travel-type neck pillow when they are traveling. Then in 2000 U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,577 issued, and is incorporated herein by reference, it discloses an invention of one of the inventors of the present application, a transformable pillow that utilizes a particular volumetric pillow case configuration and a selected amount of flowable fill material to provide two configurations, each configuration closed by a fastening a flap of unfilled pillow case material on or to a side surface of the filled portion of the pillow case. The present invention provides an improvement over the side flap arrangement of that earlier design in that the side flap of the earlier design was subject to the holding power of the fasteners used and their resistance to outside rubbing and normal usage forces to maintain the desired configurations. External buttons and snaps would become loose and could break, which created a nuisance to the user during the use and or transport of the transformable pillow. The present invention implements a solution which substantially eliminates the need for a variety of fasteners to maintain their holding power and eliminates the presence of fasteners on the side surface of the pillow where they are likely to come in contact with a pillow user's face which thereby provides an elegant solution which when implemented is almost indistinguishable from pillows in either of the two configurations (travel and rectangular; or between one preferred shape and another, such as a circular pillow and a square pillow) between which a configuration according to the invention is transformable. The relationship of the flowable or granular fill material within the pillowcase is such that when the granular fill material is positioned to substantially fill a collar end of the pillowcase, the two tubular collar sections of the pillowcase including a saddle section, are substantially full of granular material, while granular fill material is substantially absent from the plain end of the pillowcase, such that a plain end flap of the pillowcase can be at least partially everted and positioned within the collar end of the pillowcase and the two sides of a reversible fastening mechanism system joined to capture and hold the at least partially everted plain end flap of the pillowcase and the granular fill material in the collar end of the pillowcase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06532611__ •

Malt-infused cocoa and chocolate formulations Inventor(s): Miller; Van (P.O. Box 100, Norval Ontario, CA L0P 1A0) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,521,273 Date filed: July 26, 2002 Abstract: A malted-infused chocolate formulation comprises from 19% to 50% by weight of cocoa liquor and from 81% to 50% by weight of a non-fat, cereal based cocoa extender; or alternatively the formulation comprises from 11% to 29% by weight of cocoa butter, and from 89% to 71% by weight of non-fat, cereal-based cocoa extender.

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The non-fat, cereal based cocoa extender consists of finely ground toasted malted cereal chosen from the group consisting of barley, wheat, rye, buckwheat, rice and mixtures thereof. Methods of making the chocolate formulations include the steps of toasting the cereal to a desired color and flavor, grinding the toasted cereal, cooling, and adding the requisite amount of cocoa liquor or cocoa butter. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to malt-infused cocoa and chocolate formulations. In effect, the present invention relates to chocolate formulations having cereal-based cocoa extenders, where the cocoa extenders are derived from toasted malted cereals. The present discussion assumes a working knowledge by the reader and practitioner of this invention of the basics of chocolate formulations in general, and of the manner in which cereals, such as barley, are malted. Nonetheless, for purpose of understanding certain terminology used herein, a brief review of those technologies now follows. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06521273__ •

Method and apparatus for kneading powder, and kneaded material Inventor(s): Yokoyama; Ryosuke (12-22, Suehirocho, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,360,622 Date filed: October 17, 1990 Abstract: Disclosed are a powder kneading method and apparatus, in which a vermicelli-forming powder for the production of vermicelli or buckwheat vermicelli, a bread-forming powder or a soil powder for a soil paste for the production of a ceramic ware or the like is uniformly mixed with fine particulate ice, the ice in the powder/ice mixture is melted in an atmosphere maintained at a temperature higher than 0.degree. C. and a pressure is applied to the mixture to remove air contained in the interior of the mixture during or after the melting. Only by such simple operations, the powder can be uniformly kneaded with water, and a vermicelli or buckwheat vermicelli dough or a soil paste for a ceramic ware or a tile can be easily prepared in a very short time. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a powder kneading method and apparatus for kneading either wheat flour as the staring material for wheat vermicelli or bread or buckwheat flour with water for forming a dough or for kneading powdery soil with water for forming a soil paste for a ceramic ware or tile, in which such a dough or soil paste can be easily prepared in a short time, and also to a kneaded material. A dough of vermicelli, buckwheat vermicelli or bread is prepared by kneading a starting powder such as wheat flour or buckwheat flour sufficiently with predetermined amounts of water and additives. As the conventional method for kneading such a powder with water, there is generally adopted a method in which predetermined amounts of the starting powder, water and additives are changed in a kneading vessel and the mixture is then kneaded manually or by using a machine. In this conventional kneading method, kneading should be conducted for a long time in order to obtain a good dough having a softness resembling that of the earlobe, and especially in case of the manual operation, a considerably long time is required for kneading and the quality of the formed dough differs according to the manner of applying the force even if the kneading operation is conducted for the amount of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05360622__

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Method for making a puffed food starch product Inventor(s): Malfait; Jacque L. (Cobourg, CA) Assignee(s): The Quaker Oats Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 6,632,465 Date filed: September 19, 2000 Abstract: The present invention includes puffed-food starch material snack, in particular starch material from grains, having an improved crispy texture and a more aesthetic appearance and methods for preparing them. In general terms, the products are snack chips, cakes, crackers or the like, made from food starch material. Preferably, the starch material is provided primarily in the form of individual kernels or pellets of a cereal grain, such as rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, barley, buckwheat, or mixtures thereof. According to a method of making the puffed food starch material product of the present invention, a puffing chamber is provided having inner surfaces and a chamber volume. A bulk amount of the food starch material is placed into the puffing chamber. The bulk amount of food starch material is caused to volumetrically expand. The expanding food starch material is constrained in its expansion in at least a first dimension, while permitting expansion of the bulk amount in at least a second dimension. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to improved puffed-food starch products made from cereal grains or other food starches, into various shapes, and the methods for their manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to puffed-rice snacks with improved crispiness, and appealing visual and physical texture, and processes of preparing such snacks. Snacks have long been a household staple around the world and range from treats to dietary supplements. However, not too long ago a nutrition trend found chocolates, candies, ice cream, and other naturally and artificially sweetened confections, as well as potato chips, pretzels, corn chips, and the like, being replaced by more healthy products. The terms "low fat", "no-fat", and "light" have become the watch words of the health conscious in the '90's. The trend has seen the popularity of puffed, or sometimes referred to as popped grain snacks, especially those made of corn and rice, steadily climb. Very successful products have been made in the form of cakes generally made of puffed corn or rice. While these products had a here-to-fore acceptable amount of crispiness, they suffered from an unpleasant texture, usually nearest the core of the cake, resulting in the product sticking in teeth. The products are hockey puck-shaped (uniform in all three dimensions) and lack the appealing visual texture of conventional snack foods. The size of these snack cakes is also relatively large in size (approximately a three to four-inch disk-shaped cake). This size, as a single portion, can lead to a substantial amount of waste for some consumers, especially children. To address the problem of waste, a "mini-cake," or smaller version of the original cake (about a one to two-inch disk-shaped cake or cracker) was introduced. The problems of texture and appearance, however, remained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632465__

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Method for the production of extrudates from regenerable raw materials Inventor(s): Kropp; Detlef (Potsdam, DE), Volk; Juergen (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Institut fuer Getreideverarbeitung GmbH (Berholz-Rehbruecke, DE) Patent Number: 5,498,384 Date filed: June 14, 1994 Abstract: A method for the production of extrudates from regenerable raw materials, using biopolymeric and mineral raw materials. The object of the invention is based on providing a method of the generic species, with which it is possible to improve the properties of the biopolymeric carriers, particularly, to prevent their solubility due to the addition of components and to provide bodies, which are resistant to the effects of water and high temperatures, with prerequisites suitable for use in the industries, which process such bodies further. Pursuant to the invention, this objective is accomplished owing to the fact that the biopolymeric raw materials, in the form of grains such as wheat, rye, corn, triticale, rice, barley and buckwheat, oil seed extraction grist, such as rape, cotton seed, soybean, sunflower and linseed extraction grist, animal wool, such as sheep's wool, plant fibers, such as cotton, flax and linen, wood flour, ground quinine, straw and dried grass and mineral additives, such as finely ground limestone, calcium hydroxide, Portland cement, marl, finely ground fire clays, perlite, kieselguhr, glass and gypsum are mixed with a separately added hydrophobizing agent and processed in an extruder. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for the production of extrudates from regenerable raw materials using biopolymeric and mineral raw materials. The use of pure biopolymers as building materials and fillers is known. Because of the negative properties of these building materials and fillers, particularly their inadequate mechanical and chemical load-carrying capabilities, and because of their high processing costs, their use is very limited. The use of biopolymers, produced by agriculture and forestry, and the utilization of regenerable natural resources, are an economic requirement and the basis for extensive investigations in research and industry. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05498384__

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Method of making binder from naturally occurring agricultural products Inventor(s): Ayorinde; Ayodeji (Lincoln, NE), Egger; Harold E. (Hickman, NE), Timm; Delmar C. (Lincoln, NE) Assignee(s): The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska (Lincoln, NE) Patent Number: 5,344,871 Date filed: September 29, 1992 Abstract: To form a binder from naturally occurring products without extraction or purification steps, the binder utilizes proteins from the germ or endosperm of cereal grasses or from the seed of buckwheat, oil seed plants, Amaranthus or leguminous plants or from leaves. The protein has a thermoplastic microstructure with linear polymers of moleculer weight of at least 2,000 linked with peptide linkages of at least 50 in number. The naturally occurring product is ground or milled without further processing and thus includes carbohydrates, particularly as cellulose, and possibly fats, yeast or materials yielding ash upon burning, with the carbohydrates being at least 5

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percent of the proteins by weight. The binder may include some initiators or catalysts to polymerize fats or other initiators or catalysts to polymerize proteins. Structures formed using the binder may be made from naturally occurring agricultural products with the protein already in them, or in the alternative, the binder may be mixed with filler material and water from other sources. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to binders and structures made using binders. In one class of binder, naturally occurring agricultural products are processed to remove materials usable as binders for either naturally occurring products or synthetic products. In one class of structure formed using binders, naturally occurring agricultural products are included as filler such as the case of composition board and other structures. In a prior art type of binder of this class, the carbohydrates or lignin materials from the stalks or foliage of plants are removed from the plant and processed to form a binder. For example, in G.E. Hartford, "Production of Insulating Board from Cornstalks" Industrial and Engineering Chemistry v. 22, number 12, pp. 1280-1289, December 1930, it is suggested that pentosan sugars be removed from cornstalk pulp and used as adhesive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05344871__ •

Multi-adjustment cervical pillow Inventor(s): Lang; Gary E. (Garden Grove, CA) Assignee(s): Makura Corporation (Garden Grove, CA) Patent Number: 5,363,524 Date filed: August 26, 1993 Abstract: A pillow adjustable to maximize comfortable support of the cervical area of the neck and head includes a cover comprising upper and lower fabric cover panels forming therebetween an interior space filled with a flowable filler material such as buckwheat hulls. Internally protruding snap fasteners in vertically aligned locations on inner facing sides of the upper and lower cover panels are fastenable and unfastenable by application of external pressing or pulling forces applied to the cover panels, thereby forming or unforming subdivisions of the interior space of the pillow into which filler material may be externally manipulated into or out of. In the preferred embodiment, a rectangular array of fasteners offset to one long side of a rectangular pillow allows narrow or wide tubular neck support sections to be formed by subdivisions within the pillow. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pads and pillows for comfortably supporting parts of the human body. More particularly, the invention relates to an adjustable cervical pillow for supporting the head and neck at adjustable relative positions. A variety of pillows and pads for supporting the head, neck and other parts of the body are known. For example, pillows having a soft fabric cover and filled with a soft, yielding material such as feathers or down have long been in use. More recently, synthetic filler materials such as polyester fibers have been used as an alternative to down or feathers. Usually, it is preferable that a pillow provide more support in the neck area than in the head area. Thus, health core professionals have found that a higher degree of neck support relative to head support helps to relieve pain and improve the rate of healing of certain injuries, owing to a reduction in mechanical stress on the muscles, tendons, nerve roots and other soft tissue structures in and around the spinal column. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05363524__

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Nasally administrable compositions Inventor(s): Yanagawa; Akira (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): DOTT Research Laboratory (Yokohama, JP) Patent Number: 6,589,559 Date filed: October 17, 2000 Abstract: A nasally administrable composition of a physiologically active substance, wherein an effective amount of said physiologically active substance is dispersed homogeneously in and adsorbed homogeneously onto a fine powdery form of a cereal, thereby enhancing the absorption of the physiologically active substance into a body via the nasal route. Examples of the cereal are rice, wheat, soybean, corn, foxtail, millet, buckwheat and the like, especially rice, and the physiologically active substance is a physiologically active peptide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nasally administrable composition and more particularly, a nasally administrable composition that provides excellent absorption of a physiologically active substance into human bodies through nasal administration. Various physiologically active substances, including calcitonin, insulin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), human grows hormone (HGH), interferon, and the like and their derivatives, are macromolecular compound used for various medical purposes in clinical practice owing to their unique physiological activities. These physiologically active substances, however, can little be absorbed intact from the mucous membrane of the intestine because they are likely to be decomposed with proteases existing in the digestive tract or are high in molecular weight and polarity. Hence, they are hard to administer orally and their administration route is limited to injection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589559__

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Process for producing quick-cooking noodles Inventor(s): Aoki; Takao (Tokyo, JP), Hatanaka; Yoshio (Akikawa, JP), Kudo; Kesayoshi (Tokyo, JP), Yoshida; Kiyotaka (Tokorozawa, JP) Assignee(s): Myojo Foods Company, Limited (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,230,735 Date filed: March 27, 1978 Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an improved process for producing a quick-cooking noodle without frying treatment. The process is especially suitable for producing a quick-cooking snack noodle. Noodle formulations containing starch flour and edible fat and/or oil in addition to wheat flour and/or buckwheat flour, egg powder, salt, water and a noodle dough conditioner are mixed, rolled into a continuous noodle sheet, which is then slit into noodle strands, followed by steaming. Thereafter, the steamed noodle strands are cooled to within 30.degree.60.degree. C. by blowing cold air, dried and then packaged together with flavoring agents and additives, preferably in a suitable insulating container. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improvement in a process for producing quick-cooking noodles. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improvement in a process for producing quick-cooking snack noodles by which only steaming, without frying treatment, is used to convert the starch in the noodles to.alpha. type. The conventional quick-cooking noodles have been produced by adding water,

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egg powder, salt and noodle dough conditioner to wheat flour and/or buckwheat flour, mixing them homogeneously, rolling the mixture to make a continuous noodle sheet, subsequently slitting the sheet into noodle strands, steaming the strands and cutting them into a predetermined length followed by frying them to accomplish at the same time the conversion of the starch in the noodles into.alpha. type and dehydration, and finally packaging them after cooling. However, with such conventional noodles there is a problem of deterioration arising from the oil absorbed in or adsorbed onto the noodle strands after frying. In other words, after a long lapse of time, proxides are sometimes produced by the deterioration of the oil used for the frying treatment of the strands, and the peroxides produced by the deterioration of the oil are harmful to human health. Furthermore, the quality of the product is often ruined by the rancid taste or odor due to the deteriorated product. Therefore, the recent trend has been to convert the starch in the noodles into.alpha. type by only steaming, without frying, and subsequently dry them in a mold or bucket using hot air, micro waves, high-frequency waves, or the like., thus avoiding the above-mentioned disadvantages inherent in the ordinary fried noodles. However, although conventional quick-cooking noodle formulations, i.e., a mixture comprising wheat flour and/or buckwheat flour, egg powder, water, salt and noodle dough conditioners, may be made edible by boiling in a pan over an open flame, they have proven unsuitable for use in the quick-cooking snack noodles that are packaged in disposable insulating bowls or cups made of, for example, foamed polystyrol and which are made edible by pouring boiling water in the containers and allowing to stand for three or four minutes. The reason is that the noodles which are produced from noodle formulations comprising wheat flour and/or buckwheat flour, egg powder, water, salt and noodle dough conditioners by only steaming without frying to convert the starch in the noodles into.alpha. type can hardly be made edible simply by pouring boiling water and allowing to stand for a few minutes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04230735__ •

Processes for products from potatoes and other roots, seeds, and fruit Inventor(s): Slimak; K. M. (P.O. Box 2444, Springfield, VA 22152) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,234,706 Date filed: May 6, 1991 Abstract: A variety of different food products, prepared from edible roots, seeds, and starchy fruits including potatoes, arrowroot, water chestnut, jicama, buckwheat, legumes, millet, milo, barley, oats, corn, teff, rice, cotton seed meal, bread fruit, pumpkin, winter squash, white squash, plantain, banana, and jack fruit are substitutes for wheat and other grains, milk, eggs, and a partial substitute for nuts. A variety of starches, soluble fibers, and insoluble fibers may be combined to provide products that are substitutes for wheat and other grains, milk, eggs, and a partial substitute for nuts. Excerpt(s): In my previous applications listed above, I disclosed whole flours prepared from sweet potatoes, cassava, malanga and other edible aroids, amaranth, quinoa, yams, lotus, and arrowhead, as well as products prepared from them as well as manufacturing processes, as well as edible products. The present application discloses alternate processes for manufacturing these and other flours as well as the obtaining of products from flours where the sources of raw materials for the flours are obtained from any of a variety of sources of starch, soluble fibers, and insoluble fibers. These flours and products can be manufactured and used in a manner similar to those described

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previously for sweet potatoes, cassava, malanga and other edible aroids, amaranth, quinoa, yams, lotus, arrowhead, and others, with modification as needed to allow for differences in consistency, moisture retention, and baking properties and the like. Unless otherwise indicated, all proportions, methods of preparation and so forth are as those described in the parent applications. The present invention is concerned with the utilization of starch insoluble fiber, and soluble fiber to form flours suitable for obtaining baked products of risen structure, and also products with colloidal properties, and other properties as described for sweet potatoes in the above referenced patent application No. 522.820 filed on May 14, 1990, and as described for sweet potatoes, cassava, malanga, yam, lotus, amaranth, quinoa, and arrowheat and others in the above referenced patent application No. 294,690 filed on Aug. 1, 1988. The present invention is also concerned with the utilization of other root vegetables, seeds, or starchy fruits such as potatoes, arrowroot, water chestnut, jicama, buckwheat, legumes, millet, milo, barley, oats, corn, teff, rice, cotton seed meal, bread fruit, pumpkin, winter squash, white squash, plantain, banana, and jack fruit, with the purpose of producing various flours from the tubers, seeds, or starchy fruits, baked products of risen structure, and other valuable edible products and industrial products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05234706__ •

Transformable travel pillow Inventor(s): Day; Judy A. (343 Soquel Ave., Santa Cruz, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,009,577 Date filed: June 5, 1998 Abstract: A transformable travel (neck) pillow is disclosed having two configurations: one, where the granular fill contents of the pillow are positioned in a collar end of a pillowcase to form a horseshoe-shaped type of pillow enclosure similar to neck pillows known at this time. Alternately, a flap of the pillowcase may be released and fill material allowed to move to a plain end of the pillow so that two tubular end sections which formerly formed the collars of the neck pillow are now empty and can be folded over the side of the pillowcase to form a rectangular-type pillow. It is expected that such a pillow would be used with organic granular-type fill materials, such as buckwheat husks (hulls). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pillows for the neck and upper spine, used for traveling and sleeping. Travelers are therefore faced with the issue of whether they want to take along a pillow which is good for their neck and back and then have to carry it around and store it within their luggage until the next seated usage. Travelers are interested in having a pillow which they may use both for traveling and also in other instances. For example, travelers are searching for pillows which may be used in a normal horizontal sleep configuration that provides them better neck support and a more consistent night's rest lying horizontally, and which also maintains the advantages of a travel-type neck pillow when they are traveling. Alternately, when the fill material is positioned to substantially fill the plain end of the pillowcase, the plain end of the pillowcase and the middle portion of the pillowcase are substantially full of fill material, while fill material is substantially absent from the two tubular collar sections at the collar end of the pillowcase. In such a configuration, the two tubular collar sections of the pillowcase can be folded over a side of the pillowcase to capture and hold the granular fill material in a relatively compact density in the plain end of the pillowcase.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06009577__ •

Treatment of comminuted proteinaceous material under the influence of an electric field Inventor(s): Oughton; Richard W. (Odessa, CA) Assignee(s): Du Pont of Canada, Limited (Montreal, CA) Patent Number: 4,208,260 Date filed: May 3, 1979 Abstract: A process for the separation of comminuted proteinaceous material from an admixture thereof with solvent is disclosed. An admixture of the material and the solvent is subjected to a high voltage electric field between an anode and a cathode, thereby depositing at least part of the material on at least the anode. The solvent is an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms or a normally liquid chlorofluorocarbon containing 1 or 2 carbon atoms. The proteinaceous material may be wheat, rye, barley, triticale, rice, peas, beans, soya beans, sesame seeds, peanuts, sunflower seeds, whey powder, corn, rapeseed, sorghum, flax and buckwheat. In an embodiment the fraction is in the form of a dispersion, e.g. fines, in the solvent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the treatment of comminuted proteinaceous material and especially to a process for the treatment of comminuted proteinaceous material under the influence of an electric field. In particular the invention relates to the treatment of admixtures of comminuted proteinaceous material and a solvent, especially a hydrocarbon solvent, for oil in the proteinaceous material, such admixtures being treated under the influence of an electric field. As used herein proteinaceous material consists of wheat, rye, barley, triticale, rice, peas, beans, soya beans, sesame seeds, peanuts, sunflower seeds, whey powder, corn, rapeseed, sorghum, flax and buckwheat. The outer coat of the cereal grains viz wheat, rye, barley and triticale is also known as bran, such bran may have endosperm attached thereto, whereas the outer coat of peas, beans and buckwheat is also known as the seed coat. The endosperm of peas and beans is also known as the cotyledon. For the cereal grains and buckwheat the endosperm may include the germ. The expression "gum" used herein refers in particular to water-soluble gums, if present in the particular proteinaceous material. The proteinaceous materials are a potential source of a wide variety of useful products. Examples of such products are flour, starch, protein-enriched and protein-depleted products, bran, gum and oil, depending on the particular proteinaceous material. Traditional techniques used in the food processing industry, if available, for the treatment of proteinaceous material so as to effect the separation of the proteinaceous material into fractions of differing composition are capable of improvement, for example with respect to energy requirements, potential pollution problems and the taste and/or colour of products. In other instances techniques may not be available for the conversion of the proteinaceous material into commercially viable products for example products of increased protein content. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04208260__

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Patent Applications on Buckwheat As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to buckwheat: •

Composition for the treatment of symptoms and conditions associated with aging Inventor(s): Kosuna, Ken-ichi; (Sapporo-shi, JP) Correspondence: Mason & Associates, PA; 17757 US Hwy 19 N.; Suite 500; Clearwater; FL; 33764; US Patent Application Number: 20030054057 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: A composition including an extract of buckwheat seed and a fractionation product of the extract of buckwheat seed useful for the prevention and therapy of aging is disclosed. The composition prevents, treats and improves aging phenomena such as the symptoms of Alzheimer's syndrome and pathological lesions of the brain. Further, the composition activates and improves the function of a brain including the ability to learn, memorize, and think, as well as providing other physiological benefits. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/591,243, filed Jun. 9, 2000, now abandoned, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, which is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 09/366,082, filed Aug. 3, 1999, now abandoned. application Ser. No. 09/366,082 claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 from JP 10-221689 filed Aug. 5, 1998. The present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and/or therapy of aging comprising one or more buckwheat seed components as active ingredients. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and/or therapy of aging comprising an extract from buckwheat seeds, and a fraction obtained by fractionating the buckwheat seed extract. The composition for the prevention and/or therapy of aging according to the present invention prevents and/or improves the aging phenomena, which appears in the form of various symptoms. In particular, the present invention prevents or improves brain function aging phenomena, that is: (1) prevents, treats or improves pathological lesions in the brain caused by dementia and Alzheimer's syndrome; (2) activates and improves the function of the brain's activity, including the ability to learn, the ability to memorize/think, and the ability to recognize/discern language/time and space/abstract matters, etc. In addition, the present invention inhibits in viva generation of lipid peroxides, improves hyperlipemia and diabetes, and decreases neutral fats and cholesterols, as well as performing other functions. Accordingly, the present invention is useful as a composition for the prevention and/or therapy of aging. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

High molecular weight extracts of Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) and Polygonum Convolvulus (wild buckwheat) Inventor(s): Meng, Xiaolong; (Wichita, KS), Riordan, Hugh D.; (Wichita, KS), Riordan, Neil H.; (Chandler, AZ) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 620 Newport Center Drive; Sixteenth Floor; Newport Beach; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020127284 Date filed: January 25, 2002 Abstract: A bindweed and buckwheat extract is used to inhibit the growth of tumor cells, inhibit the growth of blood vessels, and enhance immune function. The bindweed and buckwheat extract requires minimal purification and produces a low toxicity antitumor and immuno-stimulating extract. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to obtaining purified bindweed and buckwheat extracts by collecting components of a homogenized aqueous solution of bindweed material. High molecular weight extracts of bindweed were previously shown to inhibit the growth of two different types of virulent tumors in mice. The extracts possessed immunopotentiating effects as evidenced by tumor infiltration by white blood cells in the tumors of treated animals, and induction of lymphocyte proliferation. They further possessed antiangiogenic properties as demonstrated in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. The method of extraction of the present bindweed and buckwheat extracts is very simple and requires a minimum of purification. The present bindweed and buckwheat extracts have utility as low-toxicity, anti-cancer drugs for human and animal use. Recently the concept of using biological response modifiers (BRMs) has been considered for the treatment of cancer. Some BRMs are not directly cytotoxic to tumor cells, but possess qualities which change the environment of the organism. Immune stimulation and inhibition of new blood vessel growth are two biological response modification strategies with potential in the treatment of cancer. Examples of immune stimulators with known anti-tumor activity are Polysaccharide K, beta 1,3, glucan, and the Maruyama vaccine. All of which contain high-molecular weight polysaccharides and/or protein. Examples of angiogenesis inhibiting molecules include TMP-470, and angiostatin, which have demonstrated anti-tumor activity. While investigating extracts of field bindweed for anti-tumor activity, we initially tried to isolate low-molecular weight alkaloids, which are known to be toxic, and which we suspected of having traditional chemotherapeutic, or tumor-cytotoxic activity. It was found that the lowmolecular weight extracts, containing the toxic alkaloids, exhibited little anti-tumor activity, while high molecular weight extracts, which excluded the toxic alkaloids contained significant anti-tumor activity by acting as biological response modifiers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Preparation of fagopyritols and uses therefor Inventor(s): Horbowicz, Marcin; (Prusa, PL), Obendorf, Ralph L.; (Ithaca, NY) Correspondence: Michael L. Goldman; Nixon Peabody Llp; Clinton Square; P.O. Box 31051; Rochester; NY; 14603-1051; US Patent Application Number: 20030130208 Date filed: July 10, 2002

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Abstract: The present invention describes isolated Fagopyritol A1, isolated Fagopyritol A3, and isolated Fagopyritol B3. Compositions which include two or more of Fagopyritol A1, Fagopyritol A2, Fagopyritol A3, Fagopyritol B1, Fagopyritol B2, Fagopyritol B3, and D-chiro-inositol, at least one of which is an isolated Fagopyritol A1, isolated Fagopyritol A3, or isolated Fagopyritol B3, are also disclosed. Methods for preparing substantially pure Fagopyritol A1, Fagopyritol A3, Fagopyritol B3, or mixtures thereof from buckwheat are also described. The fagopyritols can be used to prepare pharmaceutical compositions, the administration of which can be used to treat diabetes. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/578,590, filed May 25, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/073,467, filed May 6, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,795, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/045,927, filed May 7, 1997, which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to fagopyritols and to methods for using fagopyritols. Diabetes mellitus is a major global health problem which is recognized by the World Health Organization to be reaching epidemic proportions. It is now the fourth leading cause of death in most developed countries and a disease that is increasing rapidly in countries undergoing industrialization. Estimates of worldwide diabetes prevalence have increased from 30 million in 1985 to more than 100 million in 1994. Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by defective carbohydrate metabolism and characterized by abnormally large amounts of glucose in the blood and urine. Diabetes mellitus can eventually damage the eyes, kidneys, heart, and limbs, and can endanger pregnancy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Processed board-type products made of non-wooden fibers Inventor(s): Sagawa, Naganori; (Kyoto, JP) Correspondence: Jordan And Hamburg Llp; 122 East 42nd Street; Suite 4000; New York; NY; 10168; US Patent Application Number: 20030157312 Date filed: April 14, 2003 Abstract: To provide a typically plate-shaped or sheet-shaped inexpensive web product that is prepared on a large scale and using cheaper raw materials that have not been used, with the web being tenacious and non-toxic when used as construction parts of houses, and capable of being discarded under the ground so as to be readily decomposed by bacteria and enzymes, and further capable of being burnt at lower temperatures preventing generation of toxic substances.The web is made from a nonwoody fiber pulp that is any one of fibers originating from gramineous, palmaceous and polygonaceous plants, or any mmixture of them. The graimineous plants are of a selfreproducing nature and the polygonaceous plants are any buckwheat. The web of this composition is rendered sheet-shaped before hot-pressed or dried to give concrete formwork articles, wallpapers or the coverings for Japanese sliding doors. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to building materials and papery covering sheets that are produced by papering a composite material whose principal ingredients are nonwoody fibers. Papers have been the most typical examples of plate-shaped or sheet-shaped products made from woody fibers. Among them, Japan papers have been made by collecting the bast fibers of shrubs such as Broussonetia kajinoki (viz., "kohzo"

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in Japanese) and Edgeworthia papyriferas (viz., "mitsumata" in Japanese) and adding them a proper amount of binder (viz. a sizing agent). Other papers for use in offices or as the packaging materials are provided inexpensively by mass-production. In this general case, needle-leaf trees and/or broadleaf trees are ground at first into chips and then alkaline-digested to give a pulp. The pulp will be disintegrated in water into constituent fibers, before they are blended with amounts of the sizing agent (i.e., binder) and some additives during the papermaking process. Thinner papers thus produced will be used as wallpapers or as other interior finish materials like fusuma (viz., Japanese sliding doors), with thicker and more rigid papers being sometimes pressed together with auxiliary materials or otherwise processed to give certain types of fiber boards or the like. Japan papers made from the raw materials noted above may be advantageous when used to make buildings, because longer fibers afford them a higher tenacity. However, it is considerably difficult to obtain a large lot of raw fibrous materials for such Japan papers, thus disabling inexpensive mass-production of them and delimiting their utility. In contrast, other modern papers made of wood pulps are adapted to mass production, although an enormous number of woods have to be felled and great quantities of chemical reagents are required. These conditions are undesirable to the earth from environmental and ecological points of view. Further, such modern papers are weaker in mechanical strength as compared with Japan papers, thereby rendering impossible their usage as constructive parts of the concrete depositing formworks. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

PUFFED FOOD STARCH PRODUCT AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAMEN Inventor(s): MALFAIT, JACQUE L.; (COBOURG, CA) Correspondence: James D. Ryndak; Ryndak & Suri; 30 N. Lasalle Street; Suite 2630; Chicago; IL; 60602; US Patent Application Number: 20020071892 Date filed: August 26, 1999 Abstract: The present invention includes puffed-food starch material snack, in particular starch material from grains, having an improved crispy texture and a more aesthetic appearance and methods for preparing them. In general terms, the products are snack chips, cakes, crackers or the like, made from food starch material. Preferably, the starch material is provided primarily in the form of individual kernels or pellets of a cereal grain, such as rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, barley, buckwheat, or mixtures thereof. Quantities of other food starch material es may also be employed as a co-mixed constituent, or the primary source of bulk starch material, for example potato starch material. A quantity of the grain is puffed (expanded) in a manner which forms a snack product of considerable crispiness, lightness, and unique texture to both the mouth and eye.According to a method of making the puffed food starch material product of the present invention, a puffing chamber is provided having inner surfaces and a chamber volume. A bulk amount of the food starch material is placed into the puffing chamber. The bulk amount of food starch material is caused to volumetrically expand. The expanding food starch material is constrained in its expansion in at least a first dimension, while permitting expansion of the bulk amount in at least a second dimension. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to improved puffed-food starch products made from cereal grains or other food starches, into various shapes, and the methods for

Patents 55

their manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to puffed-rice snacks with improved crispiness, and appealing visual and physical texture, and processes of preparing such snacks. Snacks have long been a household staple around the world and range from treats to dietary supplements. However, not too long ago a nutrition trend found chocolates, candies, ice cream, and other naturally and artificially sweetened confections, as well as potato chips, pretzels, corn chips, and the like, being replaced by more healthy products. The terms "low fat", "no-fat", and "light" have become the watch words of the health conscious in the '90's. The trend has seen the popularity of puffed, or sometimes referred to as popped grain snacks, especially those made of corn and rice, steadily climb. Very successful products have been made in the form of cakes generally made of puffed corn or rice. While these products had a here-to-fore acceptable amount of crispiness, they suffered from an unpleasant texture, usually nearest the core of the cake, resulting in the product sticking in teeth. The products are hockey puck-shaped (uniform in all three dimensions) and lack the appealing visual texture of conventional snack foods. The size of these snack cakes is also relatively large in size (approximately a three to four-inch disk-shaped cake). This size, as a single portion, can lead to a substantial amount of waste for some consumers, especially children. To address the problem of waste, a "mini-cake," or smaller version of the original cake (about a one to two-inch disk-shaped cake or cracker) was introduced. The problems of texture and appearance, however, remained. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with buckwheat, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on buckwheat. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning buckwheat. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BUCKWHEAT Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to buckwheat. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on buckwheat include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “buckwheat” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “buckwheat” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “buckwheat” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Buckwheat, Millet, Canary Seed, and Grain Sorghum (2000); ISBN: 0741828650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741828650/icongroupinterna

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Buckwheat (1994); ISBN: 9290432217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9290432217/icongroupinterna

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Buckwheat Cakes & Cornmeal Mush by Shirley Ensrud (2002); ISBN: 0966873408; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966873408/icongroupinterna

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Days along the Buckwheat & Dandelion : the Unadilla Valley Railway /by Fred Pugh by Fred Pugh; ISBN: 0914821040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914821040/icongroupinterna

•

MAGIC OF GREEN BUCKWHEAT- SPEC; ISBN: 072252174X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072252174X/icongroupinterna

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•

The 2000 Import and Export Market for Buckwheat, Millet, Canary Seed, and Grain Sorghum in Zimbabwe (World Trade Report) ISBN: 0757608892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757608892/icongroupinterna

•

The 2003 World Forecasts of Buckwheat, Millet, Canary Seed, and Grain Sorghum Export Supplies [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000YSTTU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000YSTTU/icongroupinterna

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The Original Buckwheat by Reg E. Gaines; ISBN: 0965473813; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965473813/icongroupinterna

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True Grist: Buckwheat flour and Cornmeal Recipes (Third Edition) by Patricia B. Mitchell (1992); ISBN: 0925117536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0925117536/icongroupinterna

•

White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands: The Story of the Fasola Folk, Their Songs, Singings, and 'Buckwheat Notes.' by George Pullen, Jackson; ISBN: 0486214257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486214257/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Buckwheat In order to find chapters that specifically relate to buckwheat, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and buckwheat using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on buckwheat: •

Gluten-Free Cooking Source: in Case, S. Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Resource Guide. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Case Nutrition Consulting. 2002. p. 48-82. Contact: Available from Case Nutrition Consulting. 1940 Angley Court, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4V 2V2 Canada. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. (306)7511000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.glutenfreediet.ca. ISBN: 1894022793. Summary: This chapter, from a comprehensive resource guide on the gluten-free diet, offers an introduction to gluten-free cooking, specifically baking. The author cautions that while the gluten in wheat flour provides the structure for baked goods, tasty and satisfying baked goods can be created without gluten. Gluten-free products tend to be more compact and drier than wheat products. Baking with different GF flours can result in a wide variety of tastes and textures. For the beginner, muffins, pancakes, and cookies are the easiest to prepare. The author reviews how to choose an adaptable recipe, the different types of gluten-free flours, substitutions, general baking hints, and gluten-free alternatives, including amaranth, buckwheat, flax, quinoa, sorghum, teff, and wild rice. The chapter includes some gluten-free recipes, including a gluten-free flour mix, a basic pizza dough recipe, and many others.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BUCKWHEAT Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover buckwheat.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on buckwheat is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to buckwheat. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “buckwheat” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for buckwheat: •

Buckwheat holds promise for diabetes: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 25, 2003

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Popular buckwheat pillows may trigger allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 18, 2002

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Use of buckwheat husk pillows linked to childhood nocturnal asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 28, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “buckwheat” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to buckwheat, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “buckwheat” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on buckwheat: •

Basics on Buckwheat Source: Gluten-Free Living. p. 1-2. September-October 1998. Contact: Available from Gluten-Free Living. P.O. Box 105, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Gluten, a grain protein, is found primarily in wheat, but also in rye, barley, spelt, kamut, triticale, and possibly oats. People who are genetically predisposed to gluten sensitivity have trouble eating foods that contain gluten. Their small intestine reacts as if the food were poison. The reaction damages the small intestine, causing malabsorption of vital nutrients, including iron, calcium, folic acid, and fat soluble vitamins. This article reprint describes buckwheat and its role in the gluten free diet. The dehulled, unroasted buckwheat seed, or groat, is used in breakfast cereals and milled into grits. When roasted, the buckwheat seed is called kasha. Buckwheat has a variety of healthful properties: it is easy to grow, easy to digest, contains all eight essential amino acids, and is high in fiber and B vitamins. As buckwheat itself is gluten free, the most significant concern that people with celiac disease may have about buckwheat is its contamination with other gluten-containing flours. The author explains the growing, milling, and processing phases of buckwheat production, noting that readers can be assured that they can comfortably add nutritious buckwheat to their gluten free diet, as long as they research the product first. Research should include finding out whether the milling plant is a dedicated facility (only processing nongluten containing plants). The author writes a brief summary of the five United States companies that deal with buckwheat; four of these sell retail buckwheat products. One chart summarizes the author's findings. The article includes a brief glossary of related terms. 1 table.

Academic Periodicals covering Buckwheat Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to buckwheat. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering buckwheat that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical

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periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 292 2 0 0 0 294

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “buckwheat” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on buckwheat can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to buckwheat. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to buckwheat. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “buckwheat”:

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•

Other guides Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Diabetic Eye Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticeyeproblems.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on buckwheat. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Basic Guide to the Gluten-Free Diet: Your Prescription for Health Source: Hastings-on-Hudson, NY: Gluten-Free Living. 2000. 7 p. Contact: Available from Gluten-Free Living. P.O. Box 105, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706. (914) 969-2018. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $2.95 plus shipping and handling. Summary: For people diagnosed with celiac disease, the need to follow a gluten free diet may seem like an overwhelming challenge. This booklet discusses strategies to begin and maintain a healthy, nutritious, enjoyable gluten free diet. Readers are encouraged to give themselves time to adjust, to connect with a support group, and to learn about the disease. The booklet reviews basic unsafe foods (those made from a grain that is harmful to celiacs), safe grains and grain like ingredients, contamination concerns, and how to handle conflicting information. Unsafe foods include wheat in all of its forms (semolina, farina, bulgar, couscous, wheat germ, etc.), spelt and kamut, triticale, rye and barley (including malt), and oats. Safe grains and grain like ingredients include rice, corn, sorghum, millet, wild rice, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, tef, soybeans, tapioca, potato flour, garbanzo bean flour, and arrowroot. Contamination can be avoided by preparing some separate food storage and preparation areas in the home kitchen, by careful

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reading of food labels, by talking with or asking questions of the chef at a restaurant, and by gathering information from food processors (contact the company). The booklet lists a few resources and the contact information for three national support groups for people with celiac disease. The booklet also includes a form with which readers can subscribe to the newsletter Gluten Free Living. •

FAN Flashbacks: Wheat Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 1996. 7 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030. (800) 929-4040 or (703) 691-3179. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.foodallergy.org/. Price: $2.00 each. Summary: This brochure reprints relevant information on specific topics from previous issues of Food Allergy News, the newsletter of the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. This brochure focuses on wheat allergies, particularly in children. Articles are reprinted on topics including altering a child's diet to accommodate a wheat allergy; the differences between celiac disease and wheat allergy; reading food labels; cooking tips for people following a wheat-free diet; the different types of grains and pseudo-grains, including durum and semolina, hard red winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, soft red winter wheat, white wheats, spelt, kamut, triticale, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, groats, hominy, and grits; finding substitutions for ice cream and desserts; and resources for wheat-free cooking. The brochure includes the address, telephone numbers, and email addresses for the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network, a national nonprofit organization established to help families living with food allergies and to increase public awareness about food allergies and anaphylaxis. (AA-M).

•

Grains and Flours Source: Omaha, NE: Celiac Sprue Association/United States of America, Inc. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Celiac Sprue Association-United States of America, Inc. P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131. (402) 558-0600. Website: www.csaceliacs.org. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This fact sheet offers a list of grains and flours as a reference for patients who are concerned with problems of malabsorption and sensitivities for the conditions of celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. The alphabetical list includes items underlined and capitalized which are allowed on a gluten free diet, and items in lower case, which are to be avoided. Cautionary notes are added to some allowed items. Allowed items include acorn, almond, arrowroot, artichoke, cassava, chestnut, corn, cornmeal, cornstarch, cottonseed, fava bean, flax, garbanzo, grits, hominy, maize, manioc, milo, peas (beans, mung beans, lentils), peanut, potato, rice, sago, sesame, sorghum, soy, starch, sunflower, sweet potato, sweet rice flour, tapioca, and wild rice. Disallowed items include amaranth, barley, buckwheat, bulgur, couscous, groats, kamut, kasha, mir, oats, quinoa, rye, rye buckwheat, semolina, spelt, tef, triticale, wheat, and wheat starch. The fact sheet includes the contact information for the Celiac Sprue Association (CSA USA, Inc.).

•

Gluten and Gluten-Free At A Glance Source: Flourtown, PA: Greater Philadelphia Celiac-Sprue Support Group. 1994. 1 p.

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Contact: Available from Greater Philadelphia Area Celiac-Sprue Support Group. 6318 Farmar Lane, Flourtown, PA 19031-1308. (215) 836-7518. PRICE: $20.00 for full information packet. Summary: This one-page fact sheet lists food items in two columns: those items containing gluten and those that are gluten-free. The protein portion of gluten, called gliadin, causes damage to the small intestinal lining. It is found in wheat, rye, oats, barley and probably millet. Special notes are included for monosodium glutamate (MSG), starch, amaranth, quinoa, buckwheat, processed cheese, and vegetable proteins. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to buckwheat. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to buckwheat. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with buckwheat.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about buckwheat. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “buckwheat” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “buckwheat”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “buckwheat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “buckwheat” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BUCKWHEAT DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH]

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Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amylose: An unbranched glucan in starch. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood

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thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the

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biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopolymers: Polymers, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, or polysaccharides formed by any living organism. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU]

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Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]

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Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioallantoic membrane: The membrane in hen's eggs that helps chicken embryos get enough oxygen and calcium for development. The calcium comes from the egg shell. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of

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the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements,

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megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH]

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Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said

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especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gliadin: Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU]

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Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemosiderin: Molecule which can bind large numbers of iron atoms. [NIH] Hemosiderosis: Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the reticuloendothelial system, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires

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and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and -

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gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lightness: The attribute of visual sensation in accordance with which a body seems to transmit or reflect diffusely a greater or smaller fraction of the incident light. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipid Peroxides: Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH]

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Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells

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of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mollusca: A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Aplacophora, Scaphopoda, Polyplacophora, and Monoplacophora. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier

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nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU]

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Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a

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hypocalcemic agent. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH]

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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH]

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Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU]

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Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the

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extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of

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meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]

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Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at

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the ankle. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

113

INDEX 1 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, 14, 85 A Adipose Tissue, 17, 85 Adjustment, 46, 85 Adverse Effect, 85, 107 Aerosol, 85, 108 Affinity, 85, 107 Albumin, 14, 85, 104 Algorithms, 85, 88 Alkaline, 54, 85, 86, 89, 103, 109 Alkaloid, 85, 106 Allergen, 22, 85 Allergic Rhinitis, 6, 85 Alpha Particles, 85, 106 Alternative medicine, 60, 86 Amino Acid Sequence, 15, 86 Amino Acids, 37, 61, 86, 90, 93, 103, 104, 105, 107 Ammonia, 19, 86 Amylose, 16, 18, 86 Anaesthesia, 86, 98 Analgesic, 86, 106 Analogous, 86, 104, 109 Anaphylaxis, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 26, 73, 86 Anatomical, 86, 98, 99, 107 Anemia, 86, 95 Angiogenesis, 52, 86 Anions, 85, 86, 99 Ankle, 86, 111 Anode, 50, 86 Antiangiogenic, 52, 86 Antibodies, 8, 26, 27, 86, 88, 100, 101, 104 Antibody, 85, 86, 87, 91, 98, 101, 106 Anticoagulant, 86, 105 Antigen, 85, 86, 87, 91, 97, 98 Antihypertensive, 16, 87 Antineoplastic, 87 Antineoplastic Agents, 87 Antioxidant, 6, 14, 19, 27, 28, 87, 102 Antipyretic, 87, 106 Apoptosis, 10, 20, 28, 87, 89 Aqueous, 38, 52, 87, 88, 92, 94, 99 Arginine, 87, 110 Aromatic, 87, 90 Arterial, 87, 97, 105 Arteries, 87, 88, 92, 100

Arterioles, 87, 88, 89 Arteriolosclerosis, 87 Arteriosclerosis, 37, 87 Ascites, 87, 102 Assay, 52, 87 Atopic, 5, 14, 88 Autoantibodies, 88, 93 B Babesiosis, 88, 106 Bacteria, 53, 87, 88, 100, 109, 110 Bacteriophage, 88, 109, 111 Base, 88, 93, 99, 103 Bilirubin, 85, 88 Biological response modifier, 52, 88, 98 Biopolymers, 45, 88 Biotechnology, 4, 5, 14, 18, 60, 67, 88 Bladder, 88, 110 Blood Coagulation, 88, 89, 109 Blood pressure, 16, 87, 88, 89, 97, 102, 108 Blood vessel, 52, 86, 88, 89, 90, 99, 108, 110 Body Fluids, 88, 108 Bowel, 88, 99 Branch, 81, 88, 103, 108, 109 Breakdown, 88, 93, 96 Bullous, 88, 93 C Calcification, 87, 89 Calcium, 45, 61, 89, 90, 91, 103, 107, 109 Calcium Hydroxide, 45, 89 Capillary, 17, 89, 107, 111 Capillary Fragility, 89, 107 Capsules, 89, 95 Carbohydrate, 4, 38, 53, 89, 96, 104 Carcinogen, 85, 89 Carcinogenesis, 14, 89 Cardiovascular, 9, 19, 89 Cardiovascular disease, 9, 19, 89 Case report, 6, 15, 89, 91 Caspase, 10, 20, 28, 89 Cathode, 50, 86, 89, 94 Cause of Death, 53, 89 Celiac Disease, 7, 61, 72, 73, 89, 96 Cell Death, 87, 90, 101 Cell Differentiation, 90, 107 Cell Division, 88, 90, 100, 104 Cell proliferation, 14, 87, 90, 107 Cellobiose, 90 Cellulose, 45, 90, 95, 104

114 Buckwheat

Cerebrovascular, 89, 90 Cervical, 46, 90 Cervix, 90 Character, 38, 90, 92, 96 Chemoprotective, 28, 90 Chlorophyll, 90, 95 Cholesterol, 4, 17, 20, 90, 92, 107 Chorioallantoic membrane, 52, 90 Chromatin, 87, 90 Chromosome, 90, 97, 99 Chronic, 9, 18, 27, 90, 93, 98 Chymotrypsin, 27, 90 Cinchona, 90, 106 Claviceps, 90, 107 Clear cell carcinoma, 90, 93 Clinical study, 91, 92 Clinical trial, 4, 67, 91 Cloning, 17, 88, 91 Cod Liver Oil, 91, 94 Coenzyme, 28, 91 Collapse, 86, 88, 91 Colloidal, 49, 85, 91, 94, 95, 103, 108 Complement, 91, 96, 104 Complementary and alternative medicine, 25, 31, 91 Complementary medicine, 25, 91 Computational Biology, 67, 92 Congenita, 92, 106 Consciousness, 86, 92, 93 Constriction, 92, 99 Consumption, 14, 92, 93 Contamination, 61, 72, 92 Contraindications, ii, 92 Controlled clinical trial, 9, 18, 27, 92 Coronary, 89, 92, 100 Coronary heart disease, 89, 92 Coronary Thrombosis, 92, 100 Cortisol, 85, 92 Curative, 92, 109 Cytoplasm, 87, 92, 97 Cytotoxic, 52, 92, 107 D Dairy Products, 92, 107 Databases, Bibliographic, 67, 92 Degenerative, 92, 106 Dehydration, 48, 92 Deletion, 87, 93 Dementia, 51, 93 Density, 49, 93, 102 Depolarization, 93, 107 Dermatitis, 73, 93 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 73, 93

Dermatology, 14, 26, 93 DES, 93 Desiccation, 17, 93 Developed Countries, 53, 93 Diabetes Mellitus, 25, 93, 96 Diagnostic procedure, 35, 60, 93 Dialysate, 8, 93 Dicamba, 39, 93 Dietary Proteins, 93, 110 Diffusion, 93, 98 Digestion, 15, 88, 93, 99, 108 Digestive tract, 47, 93, 107 Dihydroxy, 93, 107 Diploid, 93, 104 Direct, iii, 93, 106 Dorsal, 94, 101 Drug Interactions, 94 Drug Tolerance, 94, 109 Duodenum, 90, 94, 102, 108 E Edema, 94, 102, 110 Elasticity, 87, 94 Electrode, 86, 89, 94 Electrolyte, 94, 108 Electrons, 87, 88, 89, 94, 99, 102, 106 Electrophoresis, 17, 94 Embryo, 90, 94, 98, 104 Emulsion, 38, 94 Enteropeptidase, 94, 110 Environmental Health, 66, 68, 94 Enzymatic, 15, 16, 89, 91, 94 Enzyme, 18, 89, 91, 94, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111 Enzyme Inhibitors, 18, 94, 104 Epidemic, 53, 94 Ergot, 95, 107 Erythema, 95, 110 Esophagus, 93, 95, 108 Ether, 15, 95 Extender, 42, 95 Extracellular, 95, 108, 109 Extraction, 17, 45, 52, 95 F Family Planning, 67, 95 Fat, 4, 15, 38, 42, 44, 47, 55, 61, 85, 92, 95, 99, 107, 108, 110 Fatty acids, 85, 95, 99 Filler, 36, 40, 46, 95 Flavoring Agents, 47, 95 Folate, 95 Folic Acid, 61, 95 Forearm, 88, 95

Index 115

Forestry, 45, 95 Fractionation, 51, 95 Fungi, 90, 95, 97, 100, 111 Fungus, 39, 95, 107 G Gas, 86, 93, 96, 97, 108 Gastrin, 96, 97 Gene, 88, 96 Genetic Engineering, 88, 91, 96 Ginger, 28, 96 Gland, 96, 100, 102, 103, 109 Gliadin, 74, 96 Glomerular, 96, 106 Glucose, 7, 16, 26, 53, 90, 93, 96, 98 Glucose Intolerance, 93, 96 Glucose tolerance, 7, 16, 26, 96 Glucose Tolerance Test, 96 Glutamate, 74, 96 Glutamic Acid, 95, 96 Gluten, 10, 22, 58, 61, 72, 73, 74, 89, 96 Glycosidic, 90, 96, 102 Governing Board, 96, 105 Granule, 38, 96 Granulocytes, 97, 107, 111 Grasses, 45, 90, 95, 97 Growth, 33, 39, 52, 86, 87, 90, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 109, 111 H Habitual, 90, 97 Haploid, 97, 104 Heart attack, 89, 97 Heart failure, 97, 102 Hemodialysis, 93, 97 Hemosiderin, 97 Hemosiderosis, 9, 97 Hepatic, 17, 85, 96, 97 Herbicide, 39, 93, 97 Hormone, 47, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 107, 109 Host, 88, 97, 107, 111 Hybrid, 97, 107 Hydrogen, 88, 89, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105 Hydrolysis, 90, 97, 103, 104, 110 Hypersensitivity, 6, 9, 85, 86, 97 Hypertension, 87, 89, 97 Hypertrophy, 18, 97 I Ice Cream, 38, 44, 55, 73, 97 Id, 21, 29, 74, 80, 82, 97 Immune function, 52, 98 Immune system, 98, 100, 110, 111 Immunoglobulin, 27, 86, 98, 101 Impairment, 98, 110

In vitro, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 98 In vivo, 9, 14, 16, 98, 99 Indicative, 57, 98, 103, 110 Induction, 52, 98 Infarction, 92, 98, 100, 106 Infection, 88, 98, 100, 110, 111 Infiltration, 52, 98 Inflammation, 85, 93, 98, 106, 108 Ingestion, 8, 96, 98, 104, 109 Inhalation, 6, 26, 85, 98, 104 Inositol, 17, 53, 98 Insulin, 47, 96, 98 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 98 Interferon, 47, 98, 99 Interferon-alpha, 98, 99 Interstitial, 99, 106 Intestinal, 74, 89, 94, 96, 99, 100 Intestine, 47, 61, 88, 99 Intracellular, 98, 99, 107 Ions, 88, 94, 97, 99, 101, 103 Ischemia, 16, 99, 106 K Kb, 66, 99 L Large Intestine, 93, 99, 106, 107 Library Services, 80, 99 Lightness, 54, 99 Linkages, 45, 99 Lipid, 7, 16, 26, 51, 87, 98, 99, 102, 110 Lipid Peroxidation, 99, 102 Lipid Peroxides, 51, 99 Liquor, 42, 99 Liver, 85, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 106 Localized, 98, 99, 102, 104, 110 Locomotion, 99, 104 Loop, 40, 100 Lymph, 90, 100 Lymph node, 90, 100 Lymphatic, 98, 100, 102, 108 Lymphocyte, 52, 87, 100 Lymphoid, 86, 100 Lysine, 100, 110 Lytic, 100, 111 M Malabsorption, 61, 73, 89, 100 Malignant, 87, 100, 101 Malnutrition, 85, 100 Mammary, 14, 100 Mannans, 95, 100 Meat, 100, 107 Medial, 87, 100 Medicament, 100

116 Buckwheat

MEDLINE, 67, 100 Megaloblastic, 95, 100 Membrane, 47, 85, 90, 91, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107 Memory, 93, 100 MI, 83, 100 Microbe, 100, 109 Mineralization, 89, 100 Mitosis, 87, 100 Modification, 49, 52, 96, 101 Molecular, 18, 19, 47, 52, 67, 69, 88, 92, 95, 99, 101 Molecular Structure, 19, 101 Molecule, 87, 88, 91, 96, 97, 101, 102, 106, 107 Mollusca, 26, 101 Monoclonal, 19, 101, 106 Monoclonal antibodies, 19, 101 Morphological, 94, 95, 101 Mucosa, 89, 101 Mung bean, 3, 73, 101 Myocardium, 100, 101 Myotonia, 101, 106 N Necrosis, 87, 98, 100, 101, 106 Need, 3, 36, 42, 58, 61, 72, 75, 101, 109 Neoplasms, 87, 101 Nerve, 46, 101, 104, 106, 107 Nervous System, 96, 101 Neutrons, 85, 101, 106 Normotensive, 16, 102 Nucleus, 87, 90, 92, 101, 102, 105 O Oedema, 9, 18, 27, 102 Oligosaccharides, 38, 102 Opacity, 93, 102 Organoleptic, 38, 102 Osmotic, 85, 102 Ovary, 102, 104 Oxidation, 87, 99, 102 Oxidative Stress, 14, 102 P Palliative, 102, 109 Pancreas, 90, 98, 102, 110 Pancreatic, 90, 102 Pancreatic Juice, 90, 102 Parathyroid, 47, 102, 103, 109 Parathyroid Glands, 102, 103 Parathyroid hormone, 47, 103 Particle, 38, 103, 109 Pathologic, 87, 92, 97, 103 Pathologic Processes, 87, 103

Patient Education, 72, 78, 80, 83, 103 Pepsin, 9, 27, 103 Peptide, 28, 45, 47, 94, 103, 104, 105 Perennial, 103, 110 Peritoneal, 87, 93, 102, 103 Peritoneal Cavity, 87, 102, 103 Peritoneal Dialysis, 93, 103 Petrolatum, 94, 103 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 90, 103 Pharmacologic, 103, 109 Phenolphthalein, 94, 103 Phospholipases, 103, 107 Phospholipids, 95, 98, 103 Phosphorous, 38, 103 Phosphorus, 33, 89, 103 Phosphorylated, 91, 103 Phytic Acid, 18, 103 Plant Proteins, 104, 110 Plants, 15, 27, 45, 46, 53, 61, 85, 96, 97, 104, 107, 109, 110 Plasma, 16, 20, 85, 86, 95, 96, 104 Plasma cells, 86, 104 Plasma protein, 85, 104 Platelet Activation, 104, 107 Platinum, 100, 104 Pleural, 102, 104 Pleural cavity, 102, 104 Poisoning, 6, 95, 104 Pollen, 27, 28, 104, 105 Polymers, 45, 88, 104, 105 Polypeptide, 86, 104, 105, 111 Polysaccharide, 52, 87, 90, 104 Postsynaptic, 104, 107 Potentiation, 104, 107 Practice Guidelines, 68, 105 Precursor, 94, 105 Prevalence, 53, 105 Progression, 14, 26, 105 Progressive, 87, 90, 93, 94, 97, 101, 104, 105, 106 Protease, 15, 105 Protein C, 50, 85, 86, 88, 105 Protein Conformation, 86, 105 Protein Kinases, 10, 20, 28, 105 Protein S, 88, 105 Proteins, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 27, 45, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110 Protons, 85, 97, 105, 106 Pruritic, 93, 105 Public Policy, 67, 105 Publishing, 3, 4, 105

Index 117

Pulmonary, 9, 88, 92, 105 Pulmonary Artery, 88, 105 Q Quercetin, 28, 105 Quinine, 45, 90, 106 R Radiation, 19, 95, 106 Radiation therapy, 95, 106 Radioactive, 97, 101, 106 Rape, 33, 45, 106 Receptor, 87, 106, 107 Rectum, 93, 96, 99, 106 Refer, 1, 91, 95, 99, 101, 106 Refractory, 41, 106 Renal failure, 14, 26, 106 Reperfusion, 16, 106 Reperfusion Injury, 106 Retina, 106 Retinopathy, 15, 106 Riboflavin, 20, 106 Rigidity, 104, 106 Risk factor, 9, 19, 107 Rutin, 17, 18, 19, 37, 105, 107 Rye, 37, 43, 44, 45, 50, 54, 61, 72, 73, 74, 90, 95, 96, 107 S Saturated fat, 4, 107 Sclerosis, 87, 107 Screening, 91, 107 Serine, 90, 107, 110 Serum, 6, 8, 18, 85, 91, 107 Shock, 86, 107 Side effect, 85, 107, 109 Signal Transduction, 10, 20, 28, 98, 107 Small intestine, 61, 94, 97, 99, 107, 110 Sodium, 4, 106, 107 Soft tissue, 46, 108 Solid tumor, 86, 108 Solvent, 50, 102, 108 Specialist, 75, 108 Species, 27, 45, 97, 101, 108, 111 Sperm, 90, 104, 108 Spinal cord, 90, 101, 108 Stasis, 108, 110 Sterile, 102, 108 Steroids, 20, 108 Stomach, 93, 95, 96, 97, 103, 107, 108 Stress, 46, 89, 92, 102, 108, 110 Stroke, 66, 89, 108 Subcutaneous, 94, 102, 108 Subspecies, 108 Substrate, 94, 108

Supplementation, 7, 16, 26, 108 Support group, 72, 108 Suppression, 20, 108 Suspensions, 39, 108 Synaptic, 107, 108 Synergistic, 39, 109 Systemic, 86, 88, 98, 102, 106, 109 T Tetany, 102, 109 Therapeutics, 109 Thermal, 39, 101, 109 Thiamine, 18, 20, 109 Thrombin, 105, 109 Thrombomodulin, 105, 109 Thyroid, 102, 103, 109 Thyroid Gland, 102, 103, 109 Thyroxine, 85, 109 Tolerance, 17, 96, 109 Toxic, iv, 52, 53, 90, 96, 97, 99, 107, 109 Toxicity, 52, 94, 109 Toxicology, 68, 109 Toxins, 87, 98, 101, 109 Transduction, 107, 109 Transfection, 88, 109 Transfusion, 95, 110 Translocation, 17, 110 Trees, 54, 90, 104, 110 Triglyceride, 17, 110 Trypsin, 27, 90, 94, 110, 111 Tungsten, 89, 110 U Unconscious, 97, 110 Uremia, 106, 110 Urethra, 110 Urine, 53, 88, 106, 110 Urticaria, 9, 86, 110 Uterus, 90, 110 V Vaccine, 52, 110 Vagina, 90, 93, 110 Valves, 110 Vascular, 86, 98, 102, 109, 110 Vegetable Proteins, 74, 104, 110 Veins, 88, 110, 111 Venom, 27, 110 Venous, 9, 18, 27, 102, 105, 110 Venous Insufficiency, 9, 18, 27, 110 Ventral, 101, 111 Venules, 88, 89, 111 Vesicular, 93, 111 Veterinary Medicine, 16, 67, 111 Villous, 89, 111

118 Buckwheat

Virulence, 109, 111 Virulent, 52, 111 Virus, 88, 96, 99, 109, 111 Visceral, 101, 111 Vitamin A, 98, 111 Vitro, 111 Vivo, 111

W White blood cell, 52, 86, 100, 104, 111 Y Yeasts, 95, 111 Z Zymogen, 90, 105, 111

Index 119

120 Buckwheat