BuSpar - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

U PAR A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P AR...

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U PAR A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960BuSpar: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83852-6 1. BuSpar-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on BuSpar. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BUSPAR ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on BuSpar .......................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BUSPAR ........................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Finding Nutrition Studies on BuSpar ......................................................................................... 21 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 24 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BUSPAR ..................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BUSPAR.................................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Recent Trials on BuSpar .............................................................................................................. 33 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BUSPAR .................................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patents on BuSpar ....................................................................................................................... 35 Patent Applications on BuSpar.................................................................................................... 36 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BUSPAR ..................................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 39 Chapters on BuSpar ..................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BUSPAR........................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 41 Academic Periodicals covering BuSpar........................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 47 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 48 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 51 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 53 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 57 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 61 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 61

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 67 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 67 BUSPAR DICTIONARY................................................................................................................. 69 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 93

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with BuSpar is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about BuSpar, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to BuSpar, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on BuSpar. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to BuSpar, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on BuSpar. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BUSPAR Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on BuSpar.

Federally Funded Research on BuSpar The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to BuSpar. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to BuSpar. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore BuSpar. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for BuSpar: •

Project Title: DOUBLE BLIND CROSSOVER TRIAL OF BUSPIRONE IN FRIEDREICH'S ATAXIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lou, Jau-Shin; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: If this pharmalogical study shows that patients with Friedreich's ataxia may becaused by different disease loci. The findings will then help to guide more genetic studies. If this study indicates buspirone is effective in treating Friedreich'a ataxia, it can be used to help patients with FA to increase their independence in the activities of daily living. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF BUSPIRONE IN WITHDRAWAL FROM OPIATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Buydens-Branchey, Laure B.; Acting Associate Chief of Staff; Narrows Institute for Biomedical Res Inc Biomedical Research, Inc. New York, Ny 11209 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to evaluate the efficacy of a non-opiate medication, buspirone, for the alleviation of withdrawal symptoms in heroin addicts who wish to discontinue heroin use. There is preclinical evidence that buspirone attenuates withdrawal symptomatology resulting from the interruption of morphine administration. In a double-blind, placebo controlled pilot study, we observed that buspirone given as a daily dose of 30 mg was more effective than placebo in alleviating objective and subjective withdrawal symptoms in heroin addicts in the course of detoxification. This project proposes to randomize 75 heroin addicts seeking inpatient detoxification to 5 groups over a 2-year period. The trial will start with a 5-day period of stabilization on methadone. On the last 2 stabilization days, the methadone dose will be 30 mg. Group I will then be given a placebo, group II methadone in tapering doses, group III clonidine and group IV and V buspirone (30 mg and 45 mg daily). On day 14, drugs and placebo will be discontinued and patients observed for 3 days. The trial will be double blind. Withdrawal signs, psychological changes, sleep patterns and heroin craving will be monitored throughout the trial. The agents most frequently used for heroin detoxification, clonidine and methadone have advantages as well as disadvantages. Clonidine does not suppress all withdrawal symptoms and a methadone taper can be used only in licensed clinics and can be lengthy. If buspirone proved effective in alleviating heroin withdrawal symptoms as could be anticipated in light of the pilot data presented in this application, it could be used to shorten the duration of the inpatient or outpatient detoxification of heroin addicts. Buspirone has additional advantages. It is not sedating, has no withdrawal symptoms, has no abuse potential, does not potentiate central nervous system depressants and does not induce psychomotor impairment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with BuSpar, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for BuSpar (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative multidose pharmacokinetic study of buspirone extended-release tablets with a reference immediate-release product. Author(s): Sakr A, Andheria M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 August; 41(8): 886-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504277&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind placebo-controlled study of buspirone-stimulated prolactin release in non-ulcer dyspepsia--are central serotoninergic responses enhanced? Author(s): Dinan TG, Mahmud N, Rathore O, Thakore J, Scott LV, Carr E, Naesdal J, O'Morain CA, Keeling PW. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 October; 15(10): 1613-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564001&dopt=Abstract

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A multicentre double-blind comparison of hydroxyzine, buspirone and placebo in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Lader M, Scotto JC. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1998 October; 139(4): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9809861&dopt=Abstract

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A preliminary study of buspirone stimulated prolactin release in generalised social phobia: evidence for enhanced serotonergic responsivity? Author(s): Condren RM, Dinan TG, Thakore JH. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 August; 12(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126875&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of buspirone in combination with an SSRI in patients with treatment-refractory depression. Author(s): Landen M, Bjorling G, Agren H, Fahlen T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 December; 59(12): 664-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921700&dopt=Abstract

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A risk-benefit assessment of buspirone in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Author(s): Pecknold JC. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 1997 February; 16(2): 118-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9067123&dopt=Abstract

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Acute participant-rated and behavioral effects of alprazolam and buspirone, alone and in combination with ethanol, in normal volunteers. Author(s): Rush CR, Griffiths RR. Source: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 February; 5(1): 28-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9234037&dopt=Abstract

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Alterations in pharmacodynamics of anxiolytics in abstinent alcoholic men: subjective responses, abuse liability, and electroencephalographic effects of alprazolam, diazepam, and buspirone. Author(s): Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Ciraulo AM, Sarid-Segal O, Knapp C, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 January; 37(1): 64-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9048275&dopt=Abstract

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Altered dopamine D2 receptor function in fibromyalgia patients: a neuroendocrine study with buspirone in women with fibromyalgia compared to female population based controls. Author(s): Malt EA, Olafsson S, Aakvaag A, Lund A, Ursin H. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 June; 75(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781354&dopt=Abstract

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An open study of buspirone augmentation of neuroleptics in patients with schizophrenia. Author(s): Sirota P, Epstein B, Benatov R, Sousnostzky M, Kindler S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 August; 21(4): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476132&dopt=Abstract

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An open study of buspirone augmentation of serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Phillips KA. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1996; 32(1): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8927669&dopt=Abstract

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An open trial of amantadine and buspirone for cerebellar ataxia: a disappointment. Author(s): Hassin-Baer S, Korczyn AD, Giladi N. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2000; 107(10): 1187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11129108&dopt=Abstract

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Ataxia from lithium toxicity successfully treated with high-dose buspirone: a singlecase experimental design. Author(s): Megna J, O'dell M. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 August; 82(8): 1145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494197&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone and lorazepam in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in outpatients. Author(s): Laakmann G, Schule C, Lorkowski G, Baghai T, Kuhn K, Ehrentraut S. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1998 April; 136(4): 357-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9600581&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone and meperidine synergistically reduce the shivering threshold. Author(s): Mokhtarani M, Mahgoub AN, Morioka N, Doufas AG, Dae M, Shaughnessy TE, Bjorksten AR, Sessler DI. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 November; 93(5): 1233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682404&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone as an antidote to SSRI-induced bruxism in 4 cases. Author(s): Bostwick JM, Jaffee MS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 December; 60(12): 857-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665633&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone as an antidote to venlafaxine-induced bruxism. Author(s): Jaffee MS, Bostwick JM. Source: Psychosomatics. 2000 November-December; 41(6): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110119&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone augmentation of antidepressant therapy. Author(s): Dimitriou EC, Dimitriou CE. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 December; 18(6): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9864079&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in social phobia. Author(s): Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Wilson C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 July 8; 39(2): 115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827420&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone decreases physiological reactivity to unconditioned and conditioned aversive stimuli. Author(s): Bond AJ, Wingrove J, Baylis M, Dalton J. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 January; 165(3): 291-5. Epub 2002 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420156&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone for the treatment of anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Author(s): Alderman CP, Frith PA, Ben-Tovim DI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 October; 16(5): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8889916&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone in ODD. Author(s): Dunne JE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 August; 38(8): 942. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10434482&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Malec E, Malec T, Gagne MA, Dongier M. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1996 April; 20(2): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8730222&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone is differentiated from diazepam in humans using a three-response drug discrimination procedure. Author(s): Frey JM, Mintzer MZ, Rush CR, Griffiths RR. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1998 July; 138(1): 16-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9694522&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone plasma concentrations. Author(s): Barbanoj MJ, Parra P, Jane F. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 September; 64(3): 347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9757159&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone treatment of alcoholism: age of onset, and cerebrospinal fluid 5hydroxyindolacetic acid and homovanillic acid concentrations, but not medication treatment, predict return to drinking. Author(s): George DT, Rawlings R, Eckardt MJ, Phillips MJ, Shoaf SE, Linnoila M. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1999 February; 23(2): 272-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10069556&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone use for smoking cessation. Author(s): Farid P, Abate MA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1998 December; 32(12): 1362-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876819&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone, a serotonergic 5-HT1A agonist, is active in cerebellar ataxia. A new fact in favor of the serotonergic theory of ataxia. Author(s): Trouillas P, Xie J, Adeleine P. Source: Prog Brain Res. 1997; 114: 589-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9193169&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone, a serotonin receptor agonist, increases CD4 T-cell counts and modulates the immune system in HIV-seropositive subjects. Author(s): Hofmann B, Afzelius P, Iversen J, Kronborg G, Aabech P, Benfield T, Dybkjaer E, Nielsen JO. Source: Aids (London, England). 1996 October; 10(12): 1339-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8902062&dopt=Abstract

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Buspirone: future directions. Author(s): Apter JT, Allen LA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 February; 19(1): 86-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9934947&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buspirone, an anxiolytic drug. Author(s): Mahmood I, Sahajwalla C. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1999 April; 36(4): 277-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10320950&dopt=Abstract

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Combined serotonin syndrome and hyponatraemia caused by a citalopram-buspirone interaction. Author(s): Spigset O, Adielsson G. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 January; 12(1): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179637&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of buspirone with diazepam and fluvoxamine on aversive classical conditioning in humans. Author(s): Hellewell JS, Guimaraes FS, Wang M, Deakin JF. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1999; 13(2): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475716&dopt=Abstract

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Compounds with affinity for serotonergic receptors in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria: a comparison of buspirone, nefazodone and placebo. Author(s): Landen M, Eriksson O, Sundblad C, Andersch B, Naessen T, Eriksson E. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 May; 155(3): 292-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432692&dopt=Abstract

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Contact leukoderma caused by buspirone patches. Author(s): Chapman MS, Perazd JE, Perry AE, Zug KA, Brown CI. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 March; 13(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911108&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of development to buspirone effects on REM sleep: a preliminary report. Author(s): Rao U, Lutchmansingh P, Poland RE. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 April; 22(4): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10700663&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of buspirone and 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (1-PP) in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography. Author(s): Kivisto KT, Laitila J, Martensson K, Neuvonen PJ. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1999 June; 21(3): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10365644&dopt=Abstract

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Different effects of the serotonergic agonists buspirone and sumatriptan on the posterior pituitary hormonal responses to hypoglycemia in humans. Author(s): Chiodera P, Volpi R, Capretti L, Caffarri G, Magotti MG, Coiro V. Source: Neuropeptides. 1996 April; 30(2): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8771561&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of L-trytophan and buspirone on biogenic amine contents and metabolism in Lurcher mice cerebellum. Author(s): Reader TA, Ase AR, Le Marec N, Lalonde R. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2000 February 25; 280(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10675788&dopt=Abstract

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Differing central amine receptor sensitivity in different migraine subtypes? A neuroendocrine study using buspirone. Author(s): Cassidy EM, Tomkins E, Sharifi N, Dinan T, Hardiman O, O'Keane V. Source: Pain. 2003 February; 101(3): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583871&dopt=Abstract

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Disappearance of psychosis after buspirone treatment. Author(s): Medrano J, Padierna JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 February; 153(2): 293. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561216&dopt=Abstract

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EEG effects of buspirone and pindolol: a method of examining 5-HT1A receptor function in humans. Author(s): McAllister-Williams RH, Massey AE. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 166(3): 284-93. Epub 2003 February 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589521&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of buspirone on sexual dysfunction in depressed patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Author(s): Landen M, Eriksson E, Agren H, Fahlen T. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 June; 19(3): 268-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350034&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the 5-HT(1A) partial agonist buspirone on regional brain electrical activity in man: a functional neuroimaging study using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Author(s): Anderer P, Saletu B, Pascual-Marqui RD. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 December 4; 100(2): 81-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114494&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the serotonin receptor agonist, buspirone, on immune function in HIVinfected individuals: a six-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Eugen-Olsen J, Benfield T, Axen TE, Parner J, Iversen J, Pedersen C, Nielsen JO. Source: Hiv Clinical Trials. 2000 July-August; 1(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590486&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of buspirone on plasma neurotransmitters in healthy subjects. Author(s): Lechin F, van der Dijs B, Jara H, Orozco B, Baez S, Benaim M, Lechin M, Lechin A. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1998; 105(6-7): 561-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826102&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of verapamil and diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buspirone. Author(s): Lamberg TS, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 June; 63(6): 640-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663178&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of buspirone in alcohol dependence: a review. Author(s): Malec TS, Malec EA, Dongier M. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1996 August; 20(5): 853-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865960&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of buspirone in generalized anxiety disorder with coexisting mild depressive symptoms. Author(s): Sramek JJ, Tansman M, Suri A, Hornig-Rohan M, Amsterdam JD, Stahl SM, Weisler RH, Cutler NR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 July; 57(7): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8666569&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of buspirone in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Schneider NG, Olmstead RE, Steinberg C, Sloan K, Daims RM, Brown HV. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996 November; 60(5): 568-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8941030&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of venlafaxine extended release and buspirone in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Davidson JR, DuPont RL, Hedges D, Haskins JT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 August; 60(8): 528-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10485635&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of buspirone-bovine serum albumin binding by affinity capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Markuszewski M, Frackowiak T, Kaliszan R. Source: Acta Pol Pharm. 2001 September-October; 58(5): 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876437&dopt=Abstract

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Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone. Author(s): Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, Lamberg TS, Neuvonen PJ. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 December; 64(6): 655-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9871430&dopt=Abstract

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I have heard that buspirone regularly affects various blood tests. Is this so? Author(s): Shader RI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 April; 16(2): 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8690840&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine and buspirone in treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder who are discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy. Author(s): Rickels K, DeMartinis N, Garcia-Espana F, Greenblatt DJ, Mandos LA, Rynn M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 157(12): 1973-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097963&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of cortisol on buspirone stimulated prolactin release: a double-blind placebocontrolled study. Author(s): Dinan TG, Scott LV, Thakore J, Naesdal J, Keeling PW. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001 October; 26(7): 751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500255&dopt=Abstract

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Impulsivity and neuroendocrine response to buspirone in bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Waller DA, Sheinberg A, Gullion C, Moeller FG, Cannon DS, Petty F, Hardy BW, Orsulak P, Rush AJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 March 1; 39(5): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8704070&dopt=Abstract

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Increased prolactin response to buspirone in chronic fatigue syndrome. Author(s): Sharpe M, Clements A, Hawton K, Young AH, Sargent P, Cowen PJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 November 4; 41(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8938208&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of diazepam and buspirone on human heart rate and the evoked cardiac response under varying cognitive load. Author(s): Unrug A, Bener J, Barry RJ, van Luijtelaar EL, Coenen AM, Kaiser J. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 1997 February; 25(2): 177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9101342&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions of buspirone with itraconazole and rifampicin: effects on the pharmacokinetics of the active 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine metabolite of buspirone. Author(s): Kivisto KT, Lamberg TS, Neuvonen PJ. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1999 February; 84(2): 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10068153&dopt=Abstract

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Is imipramine or buspirone treatment effective in patients wishing to discontinue long-term benzodiazepine use? Author(s): Sontheimer DL, Ables AZ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 March; 50(3): 203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252203&dopt=Abstract

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Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder--an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Author(s): Boerner RJ, Sommer H, Berger W, Kuhn U, Schmidt U, Mannel M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 38-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807341&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of terfenadine on the pharmacokinetics of the CYP3A4 substrate buspirone. Author(s): Lamberg TS, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1999 April; 84(4): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10227067&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between buspirone and haloperidol in patients with schizophrenia. Author(s): Huang HF, Jann MW, Wei FC, Chang TP, Chen JS, Juang DJ, Lin SK, Lam YW, Chien CP, Chang WH. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 October; 36(10): 963-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8930784&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose in buspirone. Author(s): Pao M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 November; 38(11): 1327. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560214&dopt=Abstract

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Meta-analysis of the safety and tolerability of two dose regimens of buspirone in patients with persistent anxiety. Author(s): Sramek JJ, Hong WW, Hamid S, Nape B, Cutler NR. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1999; 9(3): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10356651&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of anxiolytics and hypnotics: benzodiazepines, buspirone, zoplicone, and zolpidem. Author(s): Chouinard G, Lefko-Singh K, Teboul E. Source: Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 1999 August; 19(4): 533-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10379424&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular dynamics of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A serotonin receptors with methylated buspirone analogues. Author(s): Bronowska A, Chilmonczyk Z, Les A, Edvardsen O, Ostensen R, Sylte I. Source: Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design. 2001 November; 15(11): 1005-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989622&dopt=Abstract

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Patient with progressive dementia and choreaothetoid movements treated with buspirone. Author(s): Hamner M, Huber M, Gardner VT 3rd. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 June; 16(3): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8784666&dopt=Abstract

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Patients with severe depression may benefit from buspirone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: results from a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, placebo wash-in study. Author(s): Appelberg BG, Syvalahti EK, Koskinen TE, Mehtonen OP, Muhonen TT, Naukkarinen HH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 June; 62(6): 448-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465522&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of buspirone during oral administration to children and adolescents with anxiety disorder and normal healthy adults. Author(s): Salazar DE, Frackiewicz EJ, Dockens R, Kollia G, Fulmor IE, Tigel PD, Uderman HD, Shiovitz TM, Sramek JJ, Cutler NR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 December; 41(12): 1351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762563&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of buspirone extended-release tablets: a single-dose study. Author(s): Sakr A, Andheria M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 July; 41(7): 783-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452712&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological treatments for alcoholism: revisiting lithium and considering buspirone. Author(s): Fawcett J, Kravitz HM, McGuire M, Easton M, Ross J, Pisani V, Fogg LF, Clark D, Whitney M, Kravitz G, Javaid J, Teas G. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2000 May; 24(5): 666-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832908&dopt=Abstract

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Possible serotonin syndrome after combination of buspirone and St John's Wort. Author(s): Dannawi M. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2002 December; 16(4): 401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503845&dopt=Abstract

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Possible serotonin syndrome associated with buspirone added to fluoxetine. Author(s): Manos GH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 July-August; 34(7-8): 871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928399&dopt=Abstract

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Priapism associated with buspar. Author(s): Coates NE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 August; 83(8): 983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2382162&dopt=Abstract

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Prior benzodiazepine use and buspirone response in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): DeMartinis N, Rynn M, Rickels K, Mandos L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 February; 61(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10732655&dopt=Abstract

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Prolactin response to buspirone was reduced in violent compared to nonviolent parolees. Author(s): Cherek DR, Moeller FG, Khan-Dawood F, Swann A, Lane SD. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 February; 142(2): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102766&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudo-Parkinson disease secondary to ritonavir-buspirone interaction. Author(s): Clay PG, Adams MM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 February; 37(2): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549947&dopt=Abstract

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Quantifying the 5-HT1A agonist action of buspirone in man. Author(s): Bridge MW, Marvin G, Thompson CE, Sharma A, Jones DA, Kendall MJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 November; 158(3): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713611&dopt=Abstract

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Seizures associated with buspirone overdose: case report and literature review. Author(s): Catalano G, Catalano MC, Hanley PF. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1998 November-December; 21(6): 347-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9844791&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin syndrome after sertraline, buspirone and loxapine? Author(s): Bonin B, Vandel P, Vandel S, Sechter D, Bizouard P. Source: Therapie. 1999 March-April; 54(2): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394270&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous quantitation of buspirone and its major metabolite 1-(2pyrimidinyl)piperazine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection. Author(s): Odontiadis J, Franklin M. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1996 January; 14(3): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8851759&dopt=Abstract

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SSRI discontinuation and buspirone. Author(s): Carrazana EJ, Rivas-Vazquez RA, Rey JA, Rey GJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 June; 158(6): 966-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384915&dopt=Abstract

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Structure activity relationships of a series of buspirone analogs at alpha-1 adrenoceptors: further evidence that rat aorta alpha-1 adrenoceptors are of the alpha1D-subtype. Author(s): Saussy DL Jr, Goetz AS, Queen KL, King HK, Lutz MW, Rimele TJ. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1996 July; 278(1): 136-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8764344&dopt=Abstract

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Study and course of the psychological profile in 77 patients expressing panic disorder with agoraphobia after cognitive behaviour therapy with or without buspirone. Author(s): Bouvard M, Mollard E, Guerin J, Cottraux J. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1997; 66(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996712&dopt=Abstract

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Switching from benzodiazepines to buspirone using a tapered overlap method in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Arato M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 August; 62(8): 657-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561943&dopt=Abstract

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The addition of buspirone to SSRI in the treatment of adolescent obsessivecompulsive disorder. A study of six cases. Author(s): Thomsen PH, Mikkelsen HU. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 June; 8(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435463&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of buspirone on challenging behaviour in mentally retarded patients: an open prospective multiple-case study. Author(s): Verhoeven WM, Tuinier S. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 1996 December; 40 ( Pt 6): 502-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004110&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of chronic fluvoxamine on hormonal and psychological responses to buspirone in normal volunteers. Author(s): Anderson IM, Deakin JF, Miller HE. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1996 November; 128(1): 74-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8944409&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buspirone. Author(s): Lamberg TS, Kivisto KT, Laitila J, Martensson K, Neuvonen PJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 November-December; 54(910): 761-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923581&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of alprazolam and buspirone in light and moderate female social drinkers. Author(s): Evans SM, Levin FR. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2002 September; 13(5-6): 427-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394419&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of the novel anxiolytic drug lesopitron, a full and selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, on pupil diameter and oral temperature in man: comparison with buspirone. Author(s): Phillips MA, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1999 December; 13(4): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10667616&dopt=Abstract

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The prolactin response to buspirone in poststroke depression: a preliminary report. Author(s): Sevincok L, Erol A. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 August; 59(2): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10837886&dopt=Abstract

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The serotonin analogue buspirone increases the function of PBMC from HIV-infected individuals in vitro. Author(s): Afzelius P, Nielsen SD, Hofmann B, Nielsen JO. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 29(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9181645&dopt=Abstract

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The use of buspirone in primary care. Author(s): Khouzam HR, Emes R. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2002 July; 40(7): 3441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136514&dopt=Abstract

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Theoretical models of interactions between buspirone analogues and 5-HT1A and 5HT2A serotonin receptor subtypes. Author(s): Bronowska A, Sylte I, Edvardsen O, Ostensen R, Les A, Chilmonczyk Z. Source: Acta Pol Pharm. 2000 November; 57 Suppl: 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293260&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of cerebellar ataxia with buspirone: a double-blind study. Author(s): Trouillas P, Xie J, Adeleine P. Source: Lancet. 1996 September 14; 348(9029): 759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8806320&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of generalised anxiety disorder with a short course of psychological therapy, combined with buspirone or placebo. Author(s): Bond AJ, Wingrove J, Valerie Curran H, Lader MH. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 December; 72(3): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450644&dopt=Abstract

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Weak antidepressant response after buspirone augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory severe depression. Author(s): Fischer P, Tauscher J, Kufferle B, Kasper S. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 March; 13(2): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669189&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BUSPAR Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and BuSpar.

Finding Nutrition Studies on BuSpar The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “BuSpar” (or a synonym): •

A study of buspirone coprescribed with bronchodilators in 82 anxious ambulatory patients. Author(s): Social Psychiatry Research Institute, New York, NY 10021. Source: Kiev, A Domantay, A G J-Asthma. 1988; 25(5): 281-4 0277-0903

•

Anxiogenic behavior in rats during acute and protracted ethanol withdrawal: reversal by buspirone. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ft. Worth 76107. Source: Lal, H Prather, P L Rezazadeh, S M Alcohol. 1991 Nov-December; 8(6): 467-71 0741-8329

•

Anxiolytic-like activity of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP a comparison with diazepam and buspirone. Author(s): Merck Research Laboratories, MRLSD-B1, 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. [email protected] Source: Brodkin, J Busse, C Sukoff, S J Varney, M A Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 2002 September; 73(2): 359-66 0091-3057

•

Buspirone, a serotonergic 5-HT1A agonist, is active in cerebellar ataxia. A new fact in favor of the serotonergic theory of ataxia. Author(s): Ataxia Research Center, Hopital Neurologique, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France. Source: Trouillas, P Xie, J Adeleine, P Prog-Brain-Res. 1997; 114589-99 0079-6123

•

Comparison of buspirone with diazepam and fluvoxamine on aversive classical conditioning in humans. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Trafford General Hospital, Davyhulme, Manchester, UK. Source: Hellewell, J S Guimaraes, F S Wang, M Deakin, J F J-Psychopharmacol. 1999; 13(2): 122-7 0269-8811

•

Differential effects of L-trytophan and buspirone on biogenic amine contents and metabolism in Lurcher mice cerebellum. Author(s): Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada. [email protected] Source: Reader, T A Ase, A R Le Marec, N Lalonde, R Neurosci-Lett. 2000 February 25; 280(3): 171-4 0304-3940

•

Discriminative stimulus properties of buspirone in the pigeon. Source: Mansbach, R S Barrett, J E J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1987 February; 240(2): 364-9 0022-3565

•

Effect of flibanserin (BIMT 17), fluoxetine, 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone on serotonin synthesis in rat brain. Author(s): Department of Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim Italia, Milan, Italy. [email protected] Source: Brambilla, A Baschirotto, A Grippa, N Borsini, F Eur-Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999 December; 10(1): 63-7 0924-977X

•

Effects of acute and chronic administration of the serotonin1A agonist buspirone on serotonin synthesis in the rat brain. Author(s): Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.

Nutrition

23

Source: Okazawa, H Yamane, F Blier, P Diksic, M J-Neurochem. 1999 May; 72(5): 202231 0022-3042 •

Effects of buspirone and its metabolite, 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine, on brain monoamines and their metabolites in rats. Author(s): Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana. Source: Fuller, R W Perry, K W J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1989 January; 248(1): 50-6 00223565

•

Effects of chlordiazepoxide, buspirone and cocaine on behavior suppressed by timeout presentation. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA. Source: van Haaren, F Anderson, K G Behav-Pharmacol. 1997 June; 8(2-3): 174-82 09558810

•

Effects of propranolol, buspirone, pCPA, reserpine, and chlordiazepoxide on openfield behavior. Author(s): School of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ulster at Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK. Source: Angrini, M Leslie, J C Shephard, R A Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 1998 February; 59(2): 387-97 0091-3057

•

Effects of the serotonin-1A agonists buspirone and ipsapirone on field potentials in the hippocampus slice: comparison with carbamzepine and verapamil. Author(s): Psychiatrische Klinik, Universitat Freiburg, Germany. Source: Walden, J von Wegerer, J Roed, I Berger, M Eur-Neuropsychopharmacol. 1995 March; 5(1): 57-61 0924-977X

•

Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland. Source: Lilja, J J Kivisto, K T Backman, J T Lamberg, T S Neuvonen, P J Clin-PharmacolTher. 1998 December; 64(6): 655-60 0009-9236

•

Pharmacokinetics and CNS pharmacodynamics of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone in humans following acute L-tryptophan depletion challenge. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. Source: Jagannathan, V Venitz, J Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 1997 June; 19(5): 351-62 0379-0355

•

Selective increase in carbohydrate intake by rats treated with 8-hydroxy-2-(di-npropylamino)-tetraline or buspirone. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Luo, S Q Ransom, T Li, E T Life-Sci. 1990; 46(23): 1643-8 0024-3205

•

Similar pharmacological properties of 8-OH-DPAT and alnespirone (S 20499) at dopamine receptors: comparison with buspirone. Author(s): Laboratoire de Physiologie (VACOMED), U.F.R. de Medecine-Pharmacie de Rouen, Saint Etienne Rouvray, France. [email protected] Source: Protais, P Lesourd, M Comoy, E Eur-J-Pharmacol. 1998 July 10; 352(2-3): 179-87 0014-2999

•

Startle responses to electric shocks: measurement of shock sensitivity and effects of morphine, buspirone and brain lesions. Author(s): Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, ROC. Source: Chen, D Y Ho, S H Liang, K C Chin-J-Physiol. 2000 March 31; 43(1): 35-47 03044920

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•

Subchronic buspirone, mesulergine, and ICS 205-930 lack effects on D1 and D2 dopamine binding in the rat striatum during chronic haloperidol treatment. Author(s): Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Texas A&M College of Medicine. Source: Young, K A Zavodny, R Hicks, P B J-Neural-Transm-Gen-Sect. 1991; 86(3): 223-8 0300-9564

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

•

25

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to BuSpar; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Buspirone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

27

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BUSPAR Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to BuSpar. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to BuSpar and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to BuSpar: •

5-Hydroxytryptamine 1a receptor agonists block prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex. Author(s): Rigdon GC, Weatherspoon JK. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1992 November; 263(2): 486-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1432685&dopt=Abstract

•

A quantitative method for assessing of the affective component of the pain: conditioned response associated with CO2 laser-induced nocifensive reaction. Author(s): Shyu BC, Chai SC, Kung JC, Fan RJ. Source: Brain Research. Brain Research Protocols. 2003 August; 12(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928039&dopt=Abstract

•

Acoustic startle, conditioned startle potentiation and the effects of 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone in rats selectively bred for differences in 8-OH-DPAT-induced

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hypothermia. Author(s): McQueen DA, Overstreet DH, Ardayfio PA, Commissaris RL. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2001 November; 12(6-7): 509-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742145&dopt=Abstract •

Animal behavior case of the month. Periodic aggression toward the owner. Author(s): Overall KL. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995 March 1; 206(5): 629-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7744681&dopt=Abstract

•

Anxiogenic effects of high illumination levels assessed with the acoustic startle response in rats. Author(s): Walker DL, Davis M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 September 15; 42(6): 461-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285082&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparative effects of diazepam and buspirone on subjective feelings, psychological tests and the EEG. Author(s): Bond AJ, Lader MH. Source: Int Pharmacopsychiatry. 1981; 16(4): 212-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6121766&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of buspirone with diazepam and fluvoxamine on aversive classical conditioning in humans. Author(s): Hellewell JS, Guimaraes FS, Wang M, Deakin JF. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1999; 13(2): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475716&dopt=Abstract

•

Daidzin and daidzein suppress free-choice ethanol intake by Syrian golden hamsters. Author(s): Keung WM, Vallee BL. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993 November 1; 90(21): 10008-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8234248&dopt=Abstract

•

Dopamine and antianxiety activity. Author(s): Taylor DP, Riblet LA, Stanton HC, Eison AS, Eison MS, Temple DL Jr. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1982; 17 Suppl 1: 25-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6135225&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of amygdaloid lesions, hippocampal lesions, and buspirone on black-white exploration and food carrying in rats. Author(s): Dringenberg HC, Kornelsen RA, Pacelli R, Petersen K, Vanderwolf CH.

Alternative Medicine 29

Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1998 November; 96(1-2): 161-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9821552&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of anxiety drugs on the modification of the acoustic startle reflex by noise gaps. Author(s): Hijzen TH, Rijnders HJ, Slangen JL. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1991 April; 38(4): 769-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1678524&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of buspirone on the immunosuppressive response to stress in mice. Author(s): Freire-Garabal M, Belmonte A, Suarez-Quintanilla J. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1991 November-December; 314: 160-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1668602&dopt=Abstract

•

Generalized anxiety disorder: new concepts and psychopharmacologic therapies. Author(s): Dubovsky SL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 January; 51 Suppl: 3-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1967248&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypomania induced by herbal and pharmaceutical psychotropic medicines following mild traumatic brain injury. Author(s): Spinella M, Eaton LA. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2002 April; 16(4): 359-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953006&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of diazepam and buspirone on human heart rate and the evoked cardiac response under varying cognitive load. Author(s): Unrug A, Bener J, Barry RJ, van Luijtelaar EL, Coenen AM, Kaiser J. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 1997 February; 25(2): 177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9101342&dopt=Abstract

•

Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder--an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Author(s): Boerner RJ, Sommer H, Berger W, Kuhn U, Schmidt U, Mannel M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 38-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807341&dopt=Abstract

•

Other forms of treatment for anxiety. Author(s): Pretorius HW.

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Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1985 October 26; Suppl: 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2865824&dopt=Abstract •

Pharmacological analysis of fear-potentiated startle. Author(s): Davis M. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1993 March; 26(3): 235-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257926&dopt=Abstract

•

Possible serotonin syndrome after combination of buspirone and St John's Wort. Author(s): Dannawi M. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2002 December; 16(4): 401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503845&dopt=Abstract

•

Prenatal stress and postnatal development of neonatal rats--sex-dependent effects on emotional behavior and learning ability of neonatal rats. Author(s): Nishio H, Kasuga S, Ushijima M, Harada Y. Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience. 2001 February; 19(1): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226753&dopt=Abstract

•

Serotonin does not mediate anxiolytic effects of buspirone in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm: comparison with 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone. Author(s): Davis M, Cassella JV, Kehne JH. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1988; 94(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2894698&dopt=Abstract

•

The psychological effects of buspirone. Author(s): Bond A. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1985 May; 38: 83-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2862908&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gorman JM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 17-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044104&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 31

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to BuSpar; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anxiety and Panic Attacks Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Kava Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

33

CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BUSPAR Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning BuSpar.

Recent Trials on BuSpar The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to BuSpar.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Buspirone in Reducing Shortness of Breath in Patients With Cancer Condition(s): Pulmonary Complications; unspecified adult solid tumor, protocol specific Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Rochester; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Buspirone may be effective in reducing shortness of breath in patients with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy. PURPOSE: Randomized clinical trial to study the effectiveness of buspirone in reducing shortness of breath in patients who are undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00053846

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.

5

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “BuSpar” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

35

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BUSPAR Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “BuSpar” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on BuSpar, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on BuSpar By performing a patent search focusing on BuSpar, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

6Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on BuSpar:

Patent Applications on BuSpar As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.7 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to BuSpar: •

R-6-hydroxy-buspirone Inventor(s): Li, Jianqing; (Guilford, CT), Mayol, Robert F.; (Burns, TN), Yevich, Joseph P.; (Southington, CT), Yocca, Frank; (Killingworth, CT) Correspondence: Stephen B. Davis; Bristol-myers Squibb Company; Patent Department; P O Box 4000; Princeton; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20030055063 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: The R-stereoisomer of 6-hydroxy-buspirone is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, and other psychogenic disorders. The R-isomer exhibits greater receptor specificity than the S-isomer and should have reduced potential for the adverse effects associated with the racemic mixture and with buspirone. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional application claims priority from provisional application U.S. S No. 60/307,431 filed Jul. 24, 2001. The present invention relates to methods of treating anxiety and depression using R-6-hydroxy-buspirone and pharmaceutical compositions containing R-6-hydroxy-buspirone. Buspirone, chemically: 8-[4-[4-(2pyrimidinyl)1-piperazinyl]butyl-8- -azaspiro(4,5)-decane-7,9-dione, is approved for the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression by the United States Food and Drug Administration. It is available under the trade name BUSPAR.RTM. from Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with BuSpar, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on BuSpar.

7

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 37

You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning BuSpar. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

39

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BUSPAR Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to BuSpar. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on BuSpar include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Buspirone: a new introduction to the treatment of anxiety Author: Lader, Malcolm Harold.; Year: 1991; London; New York: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1988; ISBN: 0905958683

•

Buspirone: a review of the literature Author: Sussman, Norman.; Year: 1997; Princeton: Excerpta Medica, c1995; ISBN: 0444019073

•

Buspirone: mechanisms and clinical aspects Author: Tunnicliff, Godfrey.; Year: 1990; San Diego: Academic Press, c1991; ISBN: 012703675X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012703675X/icongroupinterna

8

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

40

BuSpar

Chapters on BuSpar In order to find chapters that specifically relate to BuSpar, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and BuSpar using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

41

CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BUSPAR Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover BuSpar.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on BuSpar is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to BuSpar. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “BuSpar” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for BuSpar: •

FTC, Bristol-Myers reach anti-trust settlement in BuSpar case Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 07, 2003

42

BuSpar

•

Biovail to drop development of generic BuSpar, says once-daily Cardizem better in study than rival Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 05, 2003

•

Mylan reaches deal with Bristol-Myers on buspirone Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 20, 2003

•

Mylan earnings fall as generic BuSpar sales wane Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 30, 2003

•

Bristol-Myers reaches BuSpar, Taxol settlement Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 07, 2003

•

Mylan posts higher fiscal Q4, FY2002 profits on strong generic BuSpar sales Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 08, 2002

•

KV, Ivax get approval for generic buspirone Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 01, 2002

•

Teva, Par get FDA approval for generic buspirone tablets Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 28, 2002

•

Bristol-Myers may not force generic BuSpar off shelves despite legal victory Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 15, 2001

•

Mylan earns FDA approval for second formulation of generic BuSpar Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 29, 2001

•

Consumer groups file suit against Bristol-Myers over BuSpar Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 09, 2001

•

Watson wins final FDA approval for 5 mg, 10 mg generic BuSpar Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 29, 2001

•

Mylan wins final approval for generic BuSpar Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 28, 2001

•

Watson charges Bristol-Myers Squibb with illegally blocking BuSpar generics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 14, 2001

•

Mylan wins suit against Bristol-Myers; final approval of generic BuSpar expected Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 13, 2001

•

Patient group petitions FDA to delist BuSpar patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 09, 2001

Periodicals and News

•

Court rules for FDA in BuSpar patent listing dispute Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 19, 2001

•

Watson, Mylan file suits against FDA regarding BuSpar patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 30, 2000

•

KV earnings to suffer from delays in buspirone launch Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 24, 2000

•

Watson issues earnings warning based on generic BuSpar delay Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 22, 2000

•

Bristol-Myers Squibb receives patent for new mechanism for BuSpar Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 21, 2000

•

FDA approves four generic versions of Bristol-Myers Squibb's BuSpar Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 26, 2000

•

Bristol-Myers' BuSpar exclusivity extended Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 23, 2000

•

FDA gives tentative approval to BuSpar generic Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 20, 2000

•

Sano Needs Only One Efficacy Study For Buspirone Patch Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 25, 1997

•

Buspirone Patch "Well Liked" For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 09, 1997

•

[] - Bristol-Myers Squibb And Sano Will Market Buspirone Patch By 1998 Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 30, 1996

•

[] - Bristol-Meyers Squibb And Sano Will Develop Transdermal BuSpar Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 21, 1996

43

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

44

BuSpar

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “BuSpar” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to BuSpar, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “BuSpar” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering BuSpar Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to BuSpar. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering BuSpar that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical

Periodicals and News

45

periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

47

CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for BuSpar. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with BuSpar. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

48

BuSpar

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to BuSpar: Buspirone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BuSpar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202100.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

49

APPENDICES

51

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

52

BuSpar

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

53

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

54

BuSpar

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1338 6 485 1 0 1830

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “BuSpar” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

55

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

57

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on BuSpar can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to BuSpar. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to BuSpar. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “BuSpar”:

58

BuSpar

•

Other guides Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html Schizophrenia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/schizophrenia.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to BuSpar. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to BuSpar. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with BuSpar. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about BuSpar. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “BuSpar” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “BuSpar”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “BuSpar” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “BuSpar” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BUSPAR DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.

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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant.

Dictionary 71

[EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury

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to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH]

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Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Depressants: A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to

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reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents). [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawl. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation

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occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the

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internal substance. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH]

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Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH]

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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypnotics and Sedatives: Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals;

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in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH]

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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into

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immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multidose: Occurring in, or using multiple doses. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a

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widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social

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functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU]

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Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychological Tests: Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU]

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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Syndrome: An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]

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Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]

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Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug is used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH]

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Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconditioned: An inborn reflex common to all members of a species. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU]

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INDEX A Acoustic, 27, 28, 29, 69 Activities of Daily Living, 4, 69 Adrenal Cortex, 69, 76, 86 Adrenergic, 69, 71, 77, 78, 86, 89 Adverse Effect, 36, 69, 87, 88 Affinity, 10, 12, 69 Age of Onset, 8, 69 Agonist, 9, 11, 16, 18, 22, 23, 69, 73, 77, 89 Agoraphobia, 17, 69, 80, 84, 85 Airways, 8, 69 Algorithms, 69, 72 Alkaloid, 69, 74, 82, 87 Allergic Rhinitis, 69, 74, 90 Allylamine, 69, 70 Alpha-1, 17, 69 Alternative medicine, 44, 69 Amantadine, 6, 70 Amine, 10, 22, 70, 79 Ammonia, 70 Amnestic, 70, 78 Amphetamines, 70, 74 Analgesic, 70, 82, 84 Anatomical, 70, 80 Anesthetics, 70, 74, 78 Angina, 70, 86 Angina Pectoris, 70, 86 Anions, 70, 88 Antagonism, 70, 76 Antibody, 69, 70, 71, 74, 79, 80, 81, 89 Anticonvulsant, 70, 74, 81 Antidepressant, 7, 19, 70, 74, 78, 80, 91 Antidote, 7, 70 Antiemetic, 70, 71, 79 Antifungal, 71, 80 Antigen, 69, 70, 71, 75, 80, 81 Antihypertensive, 71, 87 Antipsychotic, 71, 81, 87, 90 Antiviral, 70, 71 Anxiety, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 29, 30, 31, 36, 39, 71, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 90 Anxiety Disorders, 6, 36, 71, 84 Anxiolytic, 9, 18, 22, 30, 71, 73, 74 Aorta, 17, 71, 91 Aperture, 71, 87 Aptitude, 71, 86 Arrhythmia, 71, 91

Arterial, 69, 71, 79, 86 Arteries, 71, 72, 75, 82 Arterioles, 71, 72, 73 Aspergillosis, 71, 80 Ataxia, 4, 6, 7, 9, 19, 22, 71, 90 Autonomic, 71, 72, 84, 88 B Bactericidal, 72, 78 Basal Ganglia, 71, 72 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 71, 72 Base, 72, 81, 90 Benzene, 72 Benzodiazepines, 14, 17, 72, 73 Biochemical, 72, 84, 88 Biotechnology, 4, 39, 44, 53, 72 Blastomycosis, 72, 80 Blood Platelets, 72, 88 Blood vessel, 72, 73, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91 Bone Marrow, 72, 81, 88 Bowel, 72, 76 Bowel Movement, 72, 76 Brain Stem, 73, 74 Branch, 65, 73, 81, 88, 89, 90 Breakdown, 73, 76, 78 Bruxism, 7, 73 Bulimia, 13, 73 C Calcium, 73, 75, 76, 91 Calcium channel blocker, 73, 91 Capillary, 10, 12, 73, 91 Carbohydrate, 23, 73 Cardiac, 13, 29, 69, 73, 78, 83, 89 Cardioselective, 73, 86 Cardiovascular, 73, 88 Case report, 16, 73 Catecholamine, 73, 77 Caudal, 73, 85 Cell, 9, 69, 72, 73, 75, 77, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90 Cell Count, 9, 73 Central Nervous System, 4, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82, 88, 90 Central Nervous System Depressants, 4, 73 Cerebellar, 6, 9, 19, 22, 71, 74, 87 Cerebellum, 10, 22, 74, 87 Cerebral, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 86 Cerebrospinal, 8, 74

94

BuSpar

Cerebrospinal fluid, 8, 74 Cetirizine, 74, 79 Chemotherapy, 33, 74 Chlordiazepoxide, 23, 74 Chronic, 8, 13, 18, 22, 24, 72, 74, 79, 80, 90 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 13, 74 Citalopram, 9, 74 Clinical trial, 3, 14, 29, 33, 34, 53, 74, 75, 86, 87 Cloning, 72, 74 Coca, 74 Cocaine, 23, 74 Cofactor, 74, 86 Colloidal, 74, 77, 88 Complement, 74, 75, 85 Complementary and alternative medicine, 27, 32, 75 Complementary medicine, 27, 75 Computational Biology, 53, 75 Conjunctivitis, 75, 90 Consciousness, 70, 75, 76, 77 Contraindications, ii, 75 Controlled study, 5, 13, 75 Coordination, 74, 75 Coronary, 70, 75, 82 Coronary Thrombosis, 75, 82 Cortex, 71, 75, 78, 87 Cortisol, 13, 76 Cranial, 74, 76 Curative, 76, 83, 90 D Databases, Bibliographic, 53, 76 Delusions, 76, 86 Dementia, 15, 71, 76 Dentate Gyrus, 76, 79 Depersonalization, 76, 84, 87 Depressive Disorder, 76, 81 Derealization, 76, 84 Dermatitis, 10, 76, 79 Detoxification, 4, 76 Diagnostic procedure, 35, 44, 76 Digestion, 72, 76, 77, 81, 89 Digestive system, 34, 76 Diltiazem, 11, 76 Direct, iii, 47, 76, 77, 87, 89 Discrimination, 8, 77 Disinfectant, 77, 78 Dissociation, 69, 77 Dizziness, 77, 84 Dopamine, 6, 23, 24, 28, 70, 71, 74, 77, 82 Dorsal, 77, 85 Drug Interactions, 48, 77

Dyskinesia, 71, 74, 77 Dyspepsia, 5, 77 Dysphoria, 10, 77 Dyspnea, 77, 84 E Effector, 74, 77, 83 Effector cell, 77, 83 Efficacy, 4, 12, 43, 73, 77 Electric shock, 23, 77 Electrophoresis, 12, 77 Endocrine System, 77, 83 Entorhinal Cortex, 78, 79 Environmental Health, 52, 54, 78 Enzyme, 77, 78, 82, 85, 86, 89, 91 Epinephrine, 69, 77, 78, 83, 91 Esophagus, 76, 78, 89 Estrogen, 78, 86 Ethanol, 6, 22, 28, 74, 78 Evoke, 78, 89 Extrapyramidal, 70, 71, 77, 78 F Family Planning, 53, 78 Fatigue, 74, 78 Flatus, 78 Fluoxetine, 15, 22, 78 Fluvoxamine, 9, 18, 22, 28, 78 Fossa, 74, 78 G Gallbladder, 76, 78 Gas, 10, 70, 78, 79, 83 Gastrointestinal, 78, 88, 89 Gastrointestinal tract, 78, 88 Gene, 39, 72, 78 Gland, 69, 78, 79, 84, 89 Governing Board, 79, 85 Growth, 70, 71, 79, 85, 88, 90 H Haloperidol, 14, 24, 79 Haptens, 69, 79 Hemorrhage, 79, 89 Hemostasis, 79, 88 Heredity, 78, 79 Heterogeneity, 69, 79 Hippocampus, 23, 76, 79, 89 Histamine, 71, 74, 79, 90 Hormonal, 10, 18, 79 Hormone, 76, 78, 79, 86, 88 Hydrogen, 70, 72, 73, 79, 82 Hydroxyzine, 5, 79 Hypertension, 79, 86 Hyperthyroidism, 79, 86 Hypnotic, 79, 81

Index 95

Hypnotics and Sedatives, 74, 79 Hypoglycemia, 10, 79 Hypothermia, 28, 79 I Id, 24, 31, 58, 64, 66, 80 Idiopathic, 80, 90 Imipramine, 13, 80 Immune function, 11, 80 Immune system, 9, 77, 80, 91 Immunology, 69, 80 Immunosuppressive, 29, 80 Impairment, 4, 71, 77, 80, 82, 86 In vitro, 18, 80 In vivo, 80 Induction, 71, 80, 86 Infarction, 80 Infection, 72, 80, 81, 91 Inotropic, 77, 80 Intoxication, 80, 91 Intrinsic, 69, 80 Involuntary, 72, 80, 83, 87, 88 Ion Channels, 80, 83 Iris, 80, 87 Itraconazole, 13, 80 K Kb, 52, 81 L Lactation, 81, 86 Large Intestine, 76, 81, 87 Lesion, 72, 81, 90, 91 Leucocyte, 69, 81 Library Services, 64, 81 Lithium, 7, 15, 71, 81 Liver, 76, 78, 81, 82 Localized, 80, 81, 82, 85, 91 Lorazepam, 7, 81 Loxapine, 16, 81 Lutein Cells, 81, 86 Lymphatic, 80, 81, 88 Lymphatic system, 81, 88 M Malaise, 77, 81 Manic, 71, 81, 86 Manic-depressive psychosis, 81, 86 Mediate, 30, 77, 81 Mediator, 81, 88 MEDLINE, 53, 81 Membrane, 69, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 89 Memory, 76, 81 Meninges, 73, 82 Meningitis, 80, 82 Menopause, 82, 86

Menstruation, 82, 85 Mental Disorders, 34, 82, 86 Meperidine, 7, 82 Metabolite, 13, 17, 23, 79, 82 MI, 67, 82 Microbe, 82, 90 Modification, 29, 82 Molecular, 14, 53, 55, 72, 75, 76, 82, 86, 87, 90 Molecule, 71, 72, 75, 77, 82, 87 Monoamine, 82, 88 Monoamine Oxidase, 82, 88 Morphine, 4, 23, 82, 83, 84 Motility, 82, 88 Mucosa, 82, 86 Multidose, 5, 82 Myocardial infarction, 75, 82, 86 Myocardium, 70, 82, 83 N Narcotic, 82, 83 Nausea, 70, 71, 83, 84 NCI, 1, 33, 34, 51, 83 Necrosis, 80, 82, 83 Need, 40, 59, 83 Neonatal, 30, 83 Nerve, 69, 71, 81, 82, 83, 89, 90 Nervous System, 73, 74, 81, 83, 89 Neuroendocrine, 6, 10, 13, 83 Neuromuscular, 83, 88 Neuronal, 74, 83 Neurons, 74, 76, 83, 89 Neurosis, 83, 85 Neurotransmitters, 11, 83 Niacin, 83, 90 Nitrogen, 69, 70, 83, 90 Norepinephrine, 69, 77, 83, 87 O Opium, 82, 84 Osmotic, 84, 88 Outpatient, 4, 84 Overdose, 16, 84 Ovum, 84, 86 P Palliative, 84, 90 Pancreas, 76, 84 Panic, 17, 31, 78, 80, 84 Panic Disorder, 17, 78, 80, 84 Paresthesias, 84 Parturition, 84, 86 Pharmacodynamics, 6, 9, 11, 18, 23, 84 Pharmacokinetic, 5, 14, 84 Pharmacologic, 84, 90

96

BuSpar

Phenyl, 82, 84 Phobia, 5, 7, 84 Phobic Disorders, 85 Physiologic, 69, 82, 85, 87, 88 Pilot study, 4, 85 Plants, 69, 74, 84, 85 Plasma, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 23, 79, 85, 88 Plasma protein, 85, 88 Polypeptide, 85, 86 Posterior, 10, 71, 74, 77, 80, 84, 85 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 70, 85 Postnatal, 30, 85 Postoperative, 82, 85 Potentiate, 4, 85 Potentiation, 27, 85 Practice Guidelines, 54, 85 Preclinical, 4, 85 Precursor, 77, 83, 85, 90, 91 Premenstrual, 10, 85 Progesterone, 86, 89 Progressive, 15, 76, 79, 83, 86 Prolactin, 5, 13, 16, 18, 86 Propranolol, 23, 86 Protease, 86, 87 Protein S, 39, 72, 86 Proteins, 71, 74, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88 Proteolytic, 69, 75, 86 Protocol, 33, 86 Pruritus, 79, 86 Psychic, 83, 86 Psychogenic, 36, 86 Psychological Tests, 28, 86 Psychomotor, 4, 86 Psychosis, 11, 71, 86 Psychotropic, 29, 86 Public Policy, 53, 87 Pupil, 18, 87 R Race, 36, 87 Randomized, 5, 11, 14, 15, 29, 33, 77, 87 Reality Testing, 86, 87 Receptor, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 27, 36, 71, 73, 77, 79, 87, 88, 90 Receptors, Serotonin, 87, 88 Rectum, 72, 76, 78, 81, 87 Red Nucleus, 72, 87 Refer, 1, 74, 77, 86, 87 Reflex, 27, 29, 87, 91 Refractory, 5, 19, 87 Regimen, 77, 87 Reserpine, 23, 87 Ritonavir, 16, 87

S Salivary, 76, 87 Salivary glands, 76, 87 Schizoid, 87, 91 Schizophrenia, 6, 14, 58, 81, 87, 91 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 76, 87, 91 Screening, 74, 88 Second Messenger Systems, 83, 88 Sedative, 74, 79, 80, 81, 88 Self Care, 69, 88 Serotonin, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 30, 71, 73, 74, 78, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90 Serotonin Syndrome, 9, 15, 30, 88 Sertraline, 16, 88 Serum, 12, 74, 88 Serum Albumin, 12, 88 Shivering, 7, 88 Shock, 23, 88 Side effect, 47, 69, 71, 74, 81, 88, 90 Smooth muscle, 69, 70, 79, 82, 88, 89 Solid tumor, 33, 88 Solvent, 72, 78, 84, 88 Specialist, 59, 88 Species, 78, 87, 88, 91 Specificity, 36, 69, 89 Spinal cord, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89 Stabilization, 4, 89 Steroid, 76, 89 Stimulus, 22, 77, 80, 84, 87, 89, 90 Stomach, 76, 78, 79, 83, 89 Stress, 29, 30, 73, 76, 83, 89, 91 Striatum, 24, 89 Stroke, 34, 52, 89 Subiculum, 79, 89 Substance P, 82, 89 Substrate, 14, 89 Sumatriptan, 10, 89 Sympathomimetic, 77, 78, 84, 89 Symptomatic, 70, 74, 89 Symptomatic treatment, 70, 74, 89 Symptomatology, 4, 89 Synapses, 83, 89 Synergistic, 86, 89 Systemic, 48, 71, 78, 80, 89 T Tardive, 71, 74, 90 Temporal, 79, 90 Teratogenic, 76, 90 Terfenadine, 14, 90 Thalamic, 71, 90 Thalamic Diseases, 71, 90

Index 97

Therapeutics, 5, 8, 11, 12, 17, 27, 48, 82, 90 Threshold, 7, 79, 90 Thrombosis, 86, 89, 90 Tissue, 71, 72, 73, 81, 83, 88, 90 Tomography, 11, 90 Topical, 78, 90 Toxic, iv, 72, 90 Toxicity, 7, 77, 90 Toxicology, 6, 13, 14, 24, 54, 90 Tranquilizing Agents, 74, 90 Transfection, 72, 90 Transmitter, 77, 80, 81, 84, 89, 90 Tricyclic, 74, 80, 90 Tryptophan, 23, 88, 90 Tyrosine, 77, 91 U Ulcer, 5, 91

Unconditioned, 8, 91 Unconscious, 70, 80, 91 Urticaria, 74, 79, 90, 91 V Vaccine, 86, 91 Vasodilator, 77, 79, 91 Venlafaxine, 7, 12, 91 Venous, 86, 91 Ventricle, 79, 91 Venules, 72, 73, 91 Verapamil, 11, 23, 91 Veterinary Medicine, 53, 91 Virulence, 90, 91 Vitro, 91 W Withdrawal, 4, 22, 82, 91

98

BuSpar

Index 99

100 BuSpar

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