CHLORINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chlorine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83865-8 1. Chlorine-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chlorine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHLORINE ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chlorine......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 37 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHLORINE ....................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chlorine ....................................................................................... 75 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 77 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHLORINE ................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 79 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 82 General References ....................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHLORINE ................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Dissertations on Chlorine ............................................................................................................ 85 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHLORINE ............................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Recent Trials on Chlorine ............................................................................................................ 89 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 89 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CHLORINE ............................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patents on Chlorine...................................................................................................................... 91 Patent Applications on Chlorine................................................................................................ 116 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 152 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CHLORINE ............................................................................................... 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 155 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 160 Chapters on Chlorine ................................................................................................................. 161 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CHLORINE .................................................................................... 163 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 163 Bibliography: Multimedia on Chlorine ...................................................................................... 163 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHLORINE ................................................................. 165 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 165 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 165 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 167 Academic Periodicals covering Chlorine.................................................................................... 167 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 171 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 171 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 171 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 173 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 175 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 177 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 177 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 177
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Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 180 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 183 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 183 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 183 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 183 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 183 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 189 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 191 CHLORINE DICTIONARY ......................................................................................................... 193 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 263
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chlorine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chlorine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chlorine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chlorine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chlorine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chlorine. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHLORINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chlorine.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chlorine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Water and Electrolyte Absorption and Secretion in the Small Intestine Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 7(2): 215-219. April 1991. Summary: This article provides a brief overview of recent studies dealing with small intestinal electrolyte and water transport. Topics covered include sodium, chlorine, and bicarbonate transport; the role of inflammatory mediators; the Nippostrongylosis model of malabsorption; calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transport; iron transport; the mechanisms of mineral transport and the influence of diet and membrane composition on mineral transport; and the role of intestinal transferrin receptors in iron absorption. 16 annotated references. (AA-M).
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Identifying and Managing Common Nail Problems: Longitudinal Ridging, Onychoschizia, Onycholysis, Green Nail Syndrome Source: Women's Health in Primary Care. 1(1):34-36. February 1998. Summary: This journal article for health professionals discusses the identification and management of common nail problems, including longitudinal ridging, onychoschizia, onycholysis, and green nail syndrome. Longitudinal ridging is very common in the elderly. Onychoschizia, which is split and brittle nails, is common in adults and may be treated with methods similar to those for dry skin. Onycholysis may have both external and internal causes. External causes include irritants, trauma, fungal infections, and drugs that act as phototoxic agents, and internal causes include psoriasis, inflammatory skin diseases, neoplasms, and subungual warts. It may be prevented and treated by keeping nails dry and short, using nail polish sparingly, and avoiding unnecessary manipulation of nails. Green nail syndrome is a consequence of onycholysis and involves a painless discoloration under the nail. It may be treated by soaking the affected nail twice daily in a mixture of either one part chlorine bleach and four parts water or of equal parts acetic acid and water. 4 photographs.
Federally Funded Research on Chlorine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chlorine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chlorine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chlorine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chlorine: •
Project Title: A CCD CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC X-RAY DETECTOR WITH LENS OPTICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Westbrook, Edwin M.; Director; Molecular Biology Consortium 835 S Wolcott (M/C 790) Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: We propose to study lens coupling between the phosphor and the CCD sensor in X-ray detectors for macromolecular crystallography. In this project we will develop three technologies: large aperture lenses; high gain phosphors; and backilluminated, large-format CCDs. We have developed a prototype big lens, and we are now characterizing it. We have developed a new phosphor (ZnSe:Cu,Ce,CI) with
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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significantly higher gain and less afterglow than conventional Gd2O2S:Tb. We propose to study and improve on this technology, specifically to find a phosphor that is even faster and brighter, and does not contain selenium. We have begun a program to thin a 61mm CCD for back illumination, thus increasing light conversion efficiency in these large CCDs. We propose to develop ever larger CCDs with faster readout and lower noise, that are back-illuminated. Lens-coupling optics eliminates zingers, dead spaces, and the inherent defects of fiberoptic coupling optics (chickenwire, shear distortion, nonuniform optical transmission). Lens coupling reduces spatial distortions and positional nonuniformities relative to fiberoptic coupling. The point response should be better. With improvements in CCD efficiency and phosphor gain that we expect to realize, and the optical transfer efficiency that these very large lens systems can achieve, the overall system gain (electrons stored in the CCD/incident X ray) should be comparable to or superior to fiberoptic coupling. The detective quantum efficiency (DQE) and dynamic range should also be equivalent or superior to modular mosaic CCD detectors. In production, this technology should be substantially cheaper than mosaic CCDs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AIRWAY RESPONSES FOLLOWING CHLORINE GAS EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Solomon, Colin; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Chlorine gas exposure occurs in occupational environments. Chlorine gas inhalation results in dose-dependent for acute and chronic pulmonary responses to chlorine exposure are unknown decrements in pulmonary function and respiratory tract irritation. The risk factors and controlling mechanisms. The specific aims of this study are to determine: (1) the effects of asthma with pre-existing airway hyper reactivity on the pulmonary function and airway reactivity and inflammation responses to chlorine; (2) the effects of chlorine concentration on the pulmonary function and airway reactivity and inflammation responses to chlorine concentration on the pulmonary function and airway reactivity and inflammation responses to chlorine; and (3) to assess the time dynamics of the pulmonary function and airway reactivity and inflammation responses to chlorine. It is hypothesized that both airway hyperactivity and higher chlorine concentration will result in larger changes in pulmonary function and airway reactivity and inflammation responses, and that these changes will have differential time courses following chlorine exposure. This study will use two controlled human exposure human exposure experiments, utilizing a single-blind, repeatedmeasures, and counter- balanced design. The two subject groups for both experiments will consist of 21 individuals with no airway hyperactivity, and 21 individuals with both asthma and airway hyperactivity. In Experiment One, subjects will be exposed for 15 min separately to each of: (1) chlorine at 0.4 ppm; (2) chlorine at 1.0 ppm; and (3) filtered air (Control). Pulmonary function and airway reactivity will be measured immediately pre-exposure and 1 and 20 h post-exposure. Airway inflammation, as determined by cellular and biochemical components from sputum-induction, will be measured 65h pre-exposure and 20 h post-exposure. In Experiments Two, subjects will be exposed for 15 min separately to each of: (1) chlorine (concentration determined from Experiment One); (2) filtered air (Control). Pulmonary function and airway reactivity will be measured immediately pre-exposure and at 3 and 72 h post-exposure. Sputuminduction will be performed 65h pre-exposure at 3 and 72 h post-exposure. The results of this study will provide information on a major irritant chemical relevant to
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occupational environments. Specially, the susceptibility of a large sub-population at increased risk, the dose-response effects, and the post-exposure time dynamics of the effects of chlorine gas will be determined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION BY MGCL2 IN TARGET ORGANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mansour, Mahmoud M.; Tuskegee University Tuskegee Institute, Al 36088 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1978; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mercury is a significant contaminant of the environment and poses a serious systemic toxicity risk to humans, animals, and the aquatic food web. Published data indicate that inorganic mercury accumulates and induces strong renal toxicity and adversely affects spermatogenesis and fertility in male rats. Such effects underscore the threat to human health because mercury is ubiquitously present in the environment and is widely used in the industry. Hence, the long-term goal of this project is to understand how environmental exposure to mercury induces toxicity. The specific aim of this application is to determine the effects of mercuric chloride on differential gene expression in the kidney and two male reproductive organs. We hypothesize that the toxicity of mercuric chloride largely results from the loss of control of differential gene expression. This hypothesis is formulated based on published reports which indicated that mercuric chloride induced apoptosis, and transcriptional activation and/or suppression of several genes in the kidney, and based on our initial studies, that mercuric chloride down-regulated estrogen receptor alpha mRNA expression in the efferent ductules, and induced apoptosis in the testis of adult male rats. To test this hypothesis, we will test the effects of oral administration of mercuric chloride on differential expression of genes (repressed versus induced) using differential display PCR and relevant toxicity endpoints. Using micro-array, we will determine the effects of mercuric chloride on unique genes related to phase I and II metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, DNA damage, cell transport, and oxidative stress in the kidney, efferent ductules, and the testis. Semi-quantitative PCR will be used to determine the effect on steroid hormone receptors (estrogen and androgen) in the efferent ductules and testis. The proposed experiments will identify pathways by which mercuric chloride causes toxicity, and identify molecular biomarkers for exposure to inorganic mercury. Such approach will be valuable in the identification of new drug targets for treatment of mercuric chloride. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ANALYSTS OF DBP DNA ADDUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Giese, Roger W.; Professor; Pharmaceutics; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: Comprehensive detection and some structural elucidation of disinfectant byproduct (DBP) DNA adducts formed in vivo will be undertaken in this project. The analysis will rely on a combination of fluorescence post- labeling, capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF), HPLC and mas spectroscopy (MS) techniques. CE-LIP detects nucleotide standards at the low amol level (same ultra-sensitivity as 32P- post-labeling). Tissue samples (furnished by NTP) from animals exposed to four DBP chemical (bromodichloromethane, sodium chlorate, 3- chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxyl-2 (5H)-furanone and dibromoacetic acid) will
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be tested. Because the dye for adduct labeling has significant mass, the resulting dyeDNA adduct conjugates can be detected with high sensitivity (low fmol level) by matrixassisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-MS. Both time-of-flight and Fourier transform MS instruments will be used, with the latter providing accurate mass and (MS)n measurements to enhance the partial structural elucidation of unknown DNA adducts to be discovered in this project. Comprehensive, definitive detection of DNA adducts in these exposed animals as proposed, with simultaneous monitoring of carcinogenicity, is a good, first step towards understanding the corresponding risk to humans from exposure to these chemicals. The ultra-sensitivity of CE-LIF makes it likely that the methodology will be useful, as needed, for the analysis of human samples in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANESTHETICS, GABA AND THE INJURED BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Warner, David S.; Professor; Anesthesiology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Perioperative stroke remains a major risk during surgery. Volatile anesthetics protect against experimental brain ischemia but the mechanism is not defined. We hypothesize that volatile anesthetics potentiate GABAergic neurotransmission and enhance CI- influx. This hyperpolarizes neurons delaying time to ischemic depolarization and Ca2++ influx. This hypothesis is derived from observations that volatile anesthetics potentiate GABAA receptors and bicuculline, a GABAA antagonist, reverses isoflurane protection in vitro. We also hypothesize that volatile anesthetic GABAergic properties are more important to protection than glutamate receptor antagonistic properties. We propose these Specific Aims: 1) Define a dose-response for isoflurane protection during rat forebrain ischemia/Compare with efficacy of muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist/Compare with time to onset of ischemic depolarization and pre-ischemic cerebral metabolic rate; 2) Determine if isoflurane neuroprotection against severe forebrain ischemia is permanent; 3) Compare the relative neuroprotective effect of selective NMDA/AMPA receptor antagonism to isoflurane, which also possesses GABAergic potentiation; 4) Determine the role of GABAA potentiation in isoflurane protection against severe forebrain ischemia. For Specific Aim #4, we will examine: a) if isoflurane protection against forebrain ischemia or striatal NMDA microinjections is reversed by GABAA antagonists (flurothyl, bicuculline, flumazenil), b) if isoflurane delays time to ischemia induced Ca2++ influx and if this is reversed by GABAA antagonists, c) if correction for this delay, by extending ischemia duration, equivalently reverses neuroprotection, d) effects of GABAA beta subunit-targeted deletion (knockout) or striatal antisense oligonucleotide microinjection on in vivo isoflurane protection, e) the extent to which isoflurane provides protection in organotypic hippocampal slices against NMDA excitotoxicity or oxygen/glucose deprivation and respective effects on CI- uptake, f) the extent to which this is reversed by antagonists of the GABAA, GABAB, and strychnine sensitive glycine receptors, and g) relationships between isoflurane and GABAA antagonists on CI- and Ca ++uptake in NMDA stimulated synaptoneurosomes. We believe that GABAAergic pharmacologic properties of volatile anesthetics known to be critical for anesthesia are the same properties that confer cerebral protection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOLOGICAL BACTERIA/CATALYST/ENVIRONMENT
DECHLORINATION--
Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Geoffrey B.; New Mexico State University Las Cruces Las Cruces, Nm 880038001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The subject of this proposal is the biological removal of chlorine groups from halogenated compounds that are of public health concern. Through complete dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic compounds, the toxicity of these compounds is eliminated. The work proposed here involves investigation of a dechlorination reaction identified in anaerobic bacteria from an aquifer contaminated with halogenated compounds. The isolation and characterization of the apparently novel dechlorinating bacterium is proposed, as well as the purification of the catalyst that is responsible for chlorine removal from dechlorinating bacterium is proposed for chlorine removal from trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). The hypothesized dechlorinating bacterium is present in a co-culture of two other aquifer bacteria and has resisted traditional isolation attempts because of its inability to grow on agar. We propose to isolate this bacterium by using a robotics microscope in which bacterial cells can be physically isolated through the use of laser tweezers. With the bacterium in pure culture, we propose to purify the dechlorination catalyst using medium pressure liquid chromatography. The hypothesis that the dechlorination catalyst is one of the enzymes of a novel sulfate reduction pathway will guide the purification steps. The goal of this part of the work is to identify and characterize a novel bacterium with a unique ability to simultaneously use two electron acceptors, one physiological, the other a synthetic contaminant (CFC11). It is also proposed to do dechlorination work at the microbial community level using samples from an aquifer and a wastewater digester. We have documented dechlorination activity in both these samples to propose to investigate the role which the dechlorination reaction plays within the microbial community present in these anaerobic samples. Short-term batch incubations and long-term column flow-through systems will be used to test the effect of pollutant exposure. Metabolic activities will be assayed by liquid and gas analyses for pollutant and metabolites, and pollutant effects on specific populations will be assayed using a combination of Most-Probable-Number techniques with molecular analyses. One molecular analysis will use 16S rRNA probes specific for methanogenic and sulfate-reducer populations. Another method will target these groups as well as other, less defined populations through the use of PCRamplification of bacterial and archaeal conserved 16S targets, followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DDGE) analysis of amplified populations. To resolve some of the microbial diversity present in these types of types of samples, extracted DNA will be fractionated using bis-benzamide gradients before PCR amplification. The goal of this environmental level work is to understand the role which dechlorination plays within the environment that is exposed to halogenated pollutants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOLOGICAL VANADIUM--MODELS OF STRUCTURE/FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Pecoraro, Vincent L.; Professor; Chemistry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1990; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) Vanadium was once considered an oddity in biology with ill defined structures and even more obscure functions. In the past two
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decades, scientists have realized that this element is found in marine enzymes that may be responsible for many useful natural products and ultimately may serve as a new therapeutic regiment for oral treatment of diabetes. During our previous three years of funding, we have focused on preparing functional models for the vanadium haloperoxidases. Early last year, we presented the most efficient haloperoxidase reactivity model compounds yet reported. Unlike previous models, our compounds are functional as mononuclear, monoperoxo species, exactly as proposed for VHPOs. About six months ago, we made a major breakthrough in that we can oxidize chloride at a measurable rate. We estimate that our reaction is at least 10 (and more likely 100 fold) faster than any previous vanadium based chloride oxidation catalyst. We also now have data that may address the functional role of amavadin which we have suggested may be a rudimentary bromo- or iodoperoxidase. The studies proposed for the next funding period build on these major advances. 1) Probe the mechanism of vanadium haloperoxidases by establishing the factors that lead to activation of our bromide and chloride oxidation catalysts. As necessary, we will develop and characterize new ligand sets that serve as more efficient agents in these reactions. 2) Expand our studies of the reaction of V(IV) species with hydrogen peroxide since these may be important interaction that define the reactivity of amavadin and the cellular metabolism of vanadium insulin mimics. 3) Through collaboration with several spectroscopists, develop new methodologies that will allow scientists to define to higher chemical resolution V=O binding sites in proteins. Since V=O substitutes for many divalent ions, this approach can be broadly applied to a variety of metalloproteins. We propose that high molecular weight acid phosphatases can convert to VHPOs in the presence of vanadate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CADMIUM, COBALT, NICKEL TRANSDUCTION IN SHARK RECTAL GLAND
EFFECT
ON
SIGNAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Forrest, John N.; Mount Desert Island Biological Lab Old Bar Harbor Road Salisbury Cove, Me 04672 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This application seeks support through the Center for Membrane Toxicology Studies (CMTS) at the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory for studies on the effects of three heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt and nickel) on signal transduction pathways of hormones regulating chloride secretion in the shark rectal gland. The shark rectal gland is a homogenous, single cell type, highly specialized epithelium that is a model system for hormone regulated chloride secretion. Our hypothesis is that the toxic effects of heavy metals results from interactions at different specific sites of stimulatory as opposed to inhibitory hormonal signal transduction pathways. We have determined that cadmium reversibly blocks receptor-mediated inhibition of chloride secretion and that a major component of this effect occurs by a novel and unexpected mechanism- and augmentation of the response to stimulatory hormones. We will determine the specific site(s) of this metal-protein interaction by distinguishing between effects of cadmium on (a) an extracellular receptor for Cd mediating activation of inositol triphosphates and release of intracellular calcium; (b) direct effects on specific isozyme of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases; and (c) a post-receptor/kinase mechanism- translocation of DFTRchloride channels from an intracellular site to the apical plasma membrane. In contrast to Cd, cobalt and nickel inhibit VIP and forskolin stimulated chloride secretion in the perfused rectal gland. In collaboration with others in the center we will determine the protein interactive site(s) of these metals and distinguish between toxic effects on the
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calcium messenger system and direct actions on apical DFTR channels. Studies will be carried out in the in vitro perfused rectal gland, in primary culture monolayers of rectal gland cells, and in Xenopus oocytes expressing the DFTR chloride channel. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHLORIDE TRANSPORT IN HUMAN CILIARY EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Crook, Richard B.; Ophthalmology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: Glaucoma is a blinding eye disease. A major treatment strategy for this disease is the reduction of aqueous humor secretion with B-adrenergic antagonists such as timolol and other drugs. Although such treatments are effective, their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. An understanding of ion transport mechanisms which underlie aqueous humor secretion and its regulation might lead to improved glaucoma treatment protocols. Considerable evidence suggests that timolol may function as a hypotensive agent by inhibiting diurnal adrenergic elevation of aqueous humor inflow. The PI has reported that Na+, K+, Cl cotransport in ciliary epithelium is stimulated by B adrenergic agents and inhibited by timolol. This is a promising lead in understanding diurnal adrenergic regulation of aqueous humor inflow in humans. The PI proposes to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying stimulation of Na+, K+, Cl cotransport by adrenergic agonists, including the roles of second messenger pathways and phosphorylation dephosphorylation pathways. He also proposes to test the hypothesis that other hormones known to either increase or decrease aqueous inflow might exert their effects through modulation of Na+, K+, Cl cotransport activity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CLC-2 IN MEDIATING EPITHELIAL CHLORIDE SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bear, Christine E.; Assistant Professor; Hospital for Sick Chldrn (Toronto) 555 University Ave Toronto, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is compelling evidence for variability in the severity of Cystic Fibrosis (CCF) disease amongst CF patients and differences in the nature of the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene mutation cannot account for all of this variation. Using a murine model of CF, our group has shown that secondary genes can ameliorate the severe intestinal phenotype, the major cause of mortality in this species. These modifier genes have not yet been identified. However, as our comparative studies of the intestinal mucosa of CF mice with mild disease and CF mice with severe disease show a correlation between disease amelioration and chloride ion secretion, we suggest that disease modification may occur through modulation of the chloride channel(s) on the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells is a fundamental to developing our understanding of how disease severity can be ameliorated in intestinal epithelial cells. So far, our findings suggest a correlation between ClC-2 expression and intestinal chloride secretion. Specifically, we found that chloride (Cl) secretion by intestinal mucosa obtained from CF mice with mild disease can be blocked by inhibitors of ClC-2 function and the ClC-2 protein is localized toward the apical pole of these epithelial cells. Hence, ClC-2 protein is appropriately localized to mediate chloride secretion. However, ClC-2 can only mediate secretion if it is activated in epithelial cells and so far, we have only a poor understanding of how ClC-2 channel activity is regulated. Our overall goals of this study are to understand how ClC-2 is
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regulated and to determine if this channel protein can mediate secretion in intestinal epithelial tissue. Specific Goals: 1) to study the regulation of ClC-2 channel function in vitro and in vivo. We have determined that purified, reconstituted ClC-2 protein can mediate Cl ion electrodiffusion. Our reconstitution system will permit detailed analysis of its permeation and gating properties. We also found that Clc-2 is endogenously localized at the apical surface of the Caco-2 cell line ane have developed tools to study its regulation in the model epithelial cell line. 2) to determine whether ClC-2 in Cl secretion in Caco-2 cells by modifying its expression through transfection. Furthermore, the role of ClC- 2 in secretion by native tissues will be investigated by generating transgenic mice over-expressing ClC-2. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMBUSTION PROCESSES--EMISSIONS, MONITORING, AND INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Koshland, Catherine P.; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Superfund sites have arisen in part because systems were developed for materials processing, energy production, manufacturing, and waste management without sufficient consideration of the health and environmental impacts of byproducts or waste from processes or product use and disposal. Combustion systems are used for the treatment and destruction of wastes, and dominate the production of energy and materials. In all these applications, they have the potential to produce air pollution and hazardous byproducts. Combustion processes are also the major source of ultrafine particles, especially those smaller than 1 micron. The long-range goals of this project are to improve high-temperature processes, particularly combustion processes, and to provide a means of on-line real time monitoring of air emissions. These efforts can contribute to the reduction of direct and indirect exposures to toxic combustion byproducts, especially to metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), and small particles. In the proposed research, we seek understanding of the processes and mechanisms that result in the evolution of particles and gas-phase seek understanding of the processes and mechanisms that result in the evolution of particles and gas-phase byproducts in high temperature environments. In addition, combustion may be regarded as a model system for applying environmental metrics during the design phase to improve performance and reduce environmental health impacts. One additional dimension of the project will be to extend the application of excimer laser fragmentation-fluorescence spectroscopy (ELFFS) to the measurement of toxic species in soils or solids; this work may provide additional resources to other program projects, which involve the fate and transport of toxic metals and CHCs in the ground. The specific aims for this project are: 1) Continue development of non- intrusive monitoring techniques (such as ELFFS and in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy) for application to metals and other hazardous species produced in flames or in the post-flame environment. 2) Study the behavior of metals and metal species in flames and in the post-flame environment with the goal of identifying conditions that produce specific metal compounds and particles. 3) Expand our studies of the chemistry and interactions of chlorinate hydrocarbons to mixtures where chlorine, metals, and oxygenates are present. 4) Use the information generated in aims #2 and #3 combined with toxicity metrics to explore possible design and control strategies to reduce the amount and toxicity of species emitted to the environment when high temperature systems are utilized. 5) Extend our laser diagnostic methods to the detection of metals and metal compounds in solids and soils.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--MASS SPECTROMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Deinzer, Max L.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The broad objective of this Mass Spectrometry Core is to provide high- end mass spectroscopy techniques to support the biomedical and non- biomedical projects in this Superfund Basic Research Program and to develop and apply a new, highly specific and sensitive mass spectroscopy technique to detect and quantify environmental compounds and their metabolites. These compounds will include tetrachloroethene, 1,1,2- trichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, vinyl chloride, chloroacetaldehyde and chloroform. The development of this new instrument will require the construction of a gas chromatograph electron monochromater-time-of flight-mass spectrometer (GC-EMTOF-MS) to analyze negative ions using the EM for the production of monoenergetic beams of ionizing electrons in combination with pulsed extraction. To support the other biomedical and non-biomedical projects in this application, we will develop and apply mass spectrometric methods to analyze adducts formed between proteins and hydrocarbon solvent metabolites. We will develop mass spectrometric methods for analyzing protein and peptides resulting from reaction with 2,5-hexanedione, and analogs, 3-methyl-2,5-hexanedione, 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione, 3-4- diethyl-2,5hexanedione, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7, decanedione and 1,2- diacetylbenzene. The effects of gamma-diketone hydrocarbon adducts on the thermal stability of neurofilament protein structures will be a assessed by hydrogen-deuterium exchange (H/D) exchange and equilibrium thermal denaturation studies in conjunction with electrospray mass spectroscopy. The effects of hydrocarbon adducts on the conformation of neurofilament protein subunits will be determined by kinetic H/D exchange experiments, together with electrospray mas spectrometry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS FOR MONITORING IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Alverez-Cohen, Lisa; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The overall objective of this study is to develop non-culture based tools for evaluating the progress of in-situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in the field. Two specific approaches will be used to achieve these objective, the first based upon stable isotopic analyses and the second based upon application of molecular biological tools. The hypothesis that we propose to test in the first approach is as follows: stable isotope ratios of chlorine and carbon components of reactants, products and microbial cells involved in the biological degradation of chlorinated solvents can be analyzed to determine the dominant metabolic pathways and redox conditions of the biodegradation reaction. The specific goal is to broaden our understanding of the fractioning of chlorine and carbon stable isotopes during the metabolic, co-metabolic, and abiotic degradation of chlorinated solvents such as perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and carbon tetrachloride (CT) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Although a number of studies have been performed to measure the fractionation of stable carbon isotopes during the aerobic and methanogenic
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degradation of organics, only a few studies have been performed to evaluate carbon fractioning during the degradation of chlorinated solvents under anaerobic conditions only, and chlorine isotope fractionation has not been evaluated under any biodegradation scenario. Also, there is no published information on either carbon or chlorine isotope fractionation during abiotic degradation of chlorinated solvents. The hypothesis that we propose to test in the second approach is as follows: tools based upon molecular biology and direct microscopy and direct microscopy can be developed for application to subsurface environments in order to quantify microbial community activity and structure during in situ bioremediation. The specific goal is to adapt tools such as fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) techniques for use in evaluating the relative contribution of different physiological groups of bacteria to the degradation of chlorinated solvents inc contaminated subsurface soils. FISH techniques using a series of rRNA- targeted oligonucleotides probes specific for chlorinated solvent- degrading microorganisms will be developed and applied. While several previous studies have used FISH techniques for characterizing subsurface soil community structure, they have not been used to evaluate microbial populations associated with degradations of chlorinated solvents in contaminated soils. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIELS ALDER REACTIONS IN ROOM TEMPERATURE MOLTEN SALTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Carlos W.; Tennessee State University 3500 Centennial Blvd Nashville, Tn 37203 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DISINFECTING DRINKING WATER VIA HYBRID OZONE SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bowser, John J.; Compact Membrane Systems, Inc. Wilmington, De 18904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: The ozonation of drinking water is attractive for small communities that employ local wells or surface water sources provided it can be done at a reasonable cost. Although chlorine is widely used and is cheaper to use that ozone, its use results in the formation of carcinogenic trihalomethanes. Also chlorine has been found to be ineffective in the treatment of Cryptosporidium and viruses. Under an SBIR Phase I grant from the NIH, Compact Membrane Systems (CMS) demonstrated at lab-scale that CMS' membrane technology could be used to effectively ozonate water contaminated with organics, Cryptosporidium, humic acidd, bacteria, and viruses. Recently, CMS identified an ozone hybrid process that is 50-400 times more effective than ozone alone in destroying organic contaminants (no data yet on biologicals). In Phase I, CMS will build and evaluate this hybrid system for removal of Cryptosporidium, nitrobenzene, and humic acid. Long term (7+ days) testing and economic evaluations combined with hybrid system performance will provide understanding of system potential for enhancing cost effective production of quality non-carcinogenic (trihalomethane) drinking water. Focus will be initially on smaller facilities (serving 50, 000 people or less). PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The proposed ozone hybrid system
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will provide clean drinking water free of organics, Cryptosporidium, humic acids, bacteria, and viruses in a cost effective way for small communities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF LOW DOSE PERCHLORATE ON THYROID FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Braverman, Lewis E.; Chief, Section of Endocrinology,; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of low doses of oral potassium perchlorate on thyroid function in euthyroid male volunteers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECTS OF CADMIUM AND COTRANSPORTER IN SHARK RECTAL GLAND
MERCURY
ON
NA-K-CL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kinne, Rolf; Mount Desert Island Biological Lab Old Bar Harbor Road Salisbury Cove, Me 04672 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Cadmium and mercury are extremely nephrotoxic and the understanding of their mechanism of action is one essential step in preventing or reversing their detrimental effect on the kidney. This study is designed to provide insights into the action of heavy metals on critically involved in the urinary concentrating process. Using as a model isolated plasma membranes of the rectal gland of the shark, which are an abundant source for this cotransporter, their mechanism of action will be first characterized kinetically with regard tot he ion transport and bumetanide binding sites. Then the amino acid side chains involved in this interaction between heavy metals and the specific reagents with that of the toxins. Finally, the amino acids carrying these heavy metal- sensitive side chains will be localized at the molecular level. These studies will contribute substantially to the understanding of the action of heavy metals at the transporter protein level and thereby provide important information on potential target sites, putative receptors and possible binding motifs of heavy metals and their chemical nature. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENTERIC PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Guerrant, Richard L.; Professor; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: Research Project V includes two Sub-Projects focused on key new aspects of the genomics, pathogenesis and vaccinology of the two leading Category B low-dose enteropathogens, and on their detection in clinical and environmental samples. These include the highly chlorine-resistant Cryptosporidium parvum, the most fearsome Shigella threat (S. dysenteriae 1) and the largely untreatable, Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic E. coli. These three pathogens all pose serious risks as low infectious dose agents of bioterrorism as well as major national and global health endemic and epidemic challenges. The team of investigators for this project has a very strong track record of working with these organisms. Led by experienced investigators with international reputations in enteric diseases, Richard L. Guerrant and James B. Kaper, this project builds upon highly productive expertise and upon longstanding and new
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cross-institutional synergies at UVa, UMd, VCU, VT, USUHS, UVt, and JHU. Our first Sub-Project V.1, on "Cryptosporidium genomics, pathogenesis and vaccinology" builds upon the near complete sequencing of the human (type 1) C. parvum genome by the VCU group, the published tissue culture, animal and field experience with Cryptosporidium by the UVa group, the plant-based production of mucosal vaccines at VT and on studies of the genetics of susceptibility at UVa, UVt, and JHU to identify and express type 1 (human) C. parvum candidate genes, define their roles in pathogenesis and immunity, express promising candidates and define genetic determinants of human susceptibility and thus optimal approaches to vaccine development. Sub-Project V.2 will engage UMd, USUHS and UVa colleagues to construct novel Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) vaccines and develop novel therapeutics for EHEC disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GABAERGIC INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Casida, John E.; Professor of Entomology; Environmntl Sci Policy & Mgmt; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The long-term objective is to define the fundamental basis for the selective toxicity of insecticides acting at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor of mammals and insects. This is the target of major neurotoxic insecticides acting as both blockers and activators of the GABA-gated chloride channel. More than 5,000,000,000 pounds of these channel blockers have been used for pest control in the past 50 years and they range in chlorine content from 52-73%. The major channel blockers used at present, representing 6% of the insecticide market, are endosulfan and lindane and this market share will increase with expanded use of the newly-commercialized polyhalogenated fipronil. The activators such as avermectin and moxidectin are also used in ever increasing quantities as insecticides and anthelmintics. More specifically, the goal is to provide toxicological profiles and maps for the insecticide blocker site and the insecticide activator site by designing and using high-affinity radioligands (the insecticide itself or a closely-related model compound) and photoaffinity probes to study binding site interactions and localization in the brain and chloride channel. Emphasis will be placed on the discovery of differences between the GABA receptors of mammals and insects that confer preferential sensitivity to insecticides and safety to mammals. The proposal is to prepare suitable radioligands and photoaffinity probes and use them to localize the binding sites as to brain region, receptor subunit and specific derivatized amino acid(s) in the chloride channel of mammals (bovine) and insects (Drosophila); the chemistry to achieve this end comes largely from discoveries in this laboratory. The research also involves rat cerebellar granule cells in primary culture to study radioligand binding and chloride flux in intact cells, localization of radioligand binding in mouse brain slices following in vitro and in vivo exposure to unlabeled toxicants, and receptors derived from Sf9 cells transfected with cDNs of human GABAa receptor subunits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INDIVIDUAL FACTORS IN NASAL IRRITANT SENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Shusterman, Dennis J.; Associate Clinical Professor; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): A variety of symptoms linked to indoor air pollution, including eye, nose, and throat irritation (as well as reflex nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and sinus headache) are either mediated (or triggered) by trigeminal chemoreception. The premise that humans exhibit significant inter-individual variation in nasal trigeminal irritant sensitivity is one that has been suggested on both clinical and epidemiologic grounds, but experimentally has been incompletely investigated. The purpose of this series of experiments is to systematically explore the influence of personal factors -including age, gender, and allergic rhinitis status- on nasal irritant sensitivity, using stratified samples of non-asthmatic subjects aged 18-69 years. Operationally, "nasal irritant sensitivity" will include both perceptual acuity (the ability of an individual to detect an irritant gas or vapor) and physiologic reactivity (the tendency of individuals to experience reflex-mediated physiologic changes when exposed to irritants). For perceptual acuity, two distinct experimental systems will be employed: detection thresholds using odorless irritant (CO2), and localization thresholds for an odorous volatile organic compound (VOC). Nasal physiologic reactivity will be studies by examining changes in nasal airway resistance (NAR) after both chemical irritant (low-level chlorine) and pharmacologic (aerosolized histamine) provocation. Finally, biochemical markers of mast cell degranulation (tryphase) and neuro-immune modulation (nerve growth factor) will be assayed in nasal lavage fluid pre- and post chemical provocation in a subset of subjects. Issues of test-retest stability and cross agent generalizability of sensory tests will be examined, as will the degree of correlation between individual perceptual acuity and physiologic reactivity. The overall goals include: 1) to better understand heterogeneity of upper airway symptom reporting in polluted environments; 2) to evaluate the relationship between functional subcomponents of "nasal irritant sensitivity"; 3) to further standardize psychophysical and provocation testing protocols for possible use in clinical and/or epidemiologic settings; and 4) to explore the pathophysiology of the nasal response to irritants, including selected interactions between the sensory and immune systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTESTINAL ADENOSINE A2B RECEPTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Sitaraman, Shanthi V.; Pathology and Lab Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (adapted from the application) The overall aim of this project is to better define the characteristics of intestinal epithelial cell-neutrophil interaction as it relates to fluid and electrolyte secretion. Many intestinal disorders, particularly the acute flare of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are characterized by migration of neutrophils across the intestinal epithelium into the lumen to form 'crypt abscess'. Crypt abscesses are pathognomic of active IBD and infectious colitis and correlate with severity of disease as well as clinical symptoms. We have previously shown that neutrophil migration into the intestinal lumen elicits electrogenic chloride secretion (secretory diarrhea) and the major effector of this chloride secretory response is the neutrophil-derived secretagogue, 5'AMP. Intestinal epithelia express an ectonucleotidase, which converts 5' AMP to adenosine which then interacts with intestinal epithelial adenosine 2b (A2b) receptor to elicit chloride secretion. Thus the A2b receptor plays a central role in orchestrating chloride secretion induced by neutrophils. An understanding of the regulation and signaling mechanism of A2b receptor may therefore lead to designing of novel treatments for this component of IBD. In this proposal, I intend to characterize the
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biology of intestinal A2b receptor using two intestinal epithelial cell models: T84 cells and Caco-2 bbe cells transfected with the A2b receptor. A2b receptor is the only adenosine receptor in T84 cells while Caco-2 bbe cells lack A2b receptor. First, I will study the polarity of surface expression, distribution, kinetics of turnover, structural requirements for ligand binding, desensitization, and G-protein recognition. Second, I will analyze the existence of ectonucleotidase and A2b receptor in signaling membrane microdomain such as caveolae. These microdomains represent invagination of plasma membrane enriched in glycosphingolipid, which have been shown to contain signaling proteins. Third, I will study the role of adenosine receptor in the modulation and feedback regulation of neutrophil-epithelial interaction including transmigration and chemokine secretion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTESTINAL SECRETION & INFLAMMATION - IMPACT OF AMMONIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Matthews, Jeffrey B.; Christian R. Holmes Professor and Chairm; Surgery; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Numerous diseases affecting the GI tract, ranging from secretory diarrhea to cystic fibrosis, are characterized by dysregulation of epithelial C1- secretion. This project originally identified that ammonium ion (NH4+, normally present at high concentrations in the colonic lumen) may be a novel endogenous regulator of C1secretion via effects via effects on K+ channels and begins to define the interaction of NH4+ with the basolateral membrane K+ transporters also required for Cl-secretion. Based on work already accomplished, the current application considers how altered K+ channel regulation may influence various intestinal disease states. Preliminary data indicate that the ammonia-derived oxidant monochloramine (NH2Cl) may contribute to the diarrhea of colitis by potentiating Ca2+- dependent K+ channels. Experiments also suggest that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, a component of fish oil) can augment Ca+2dependent K+ channels, finding of particular interest as DHA begins clinical evaluation as therapy in CF. Preliminary findings suggest that the actin cytoskeleton an functionally alter Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, and conversely, that these K+ channels can modulate cell functions such as epithelial restitution that involve actin remodeling. Three sets of studies are proposed. First, the impact of ammonia on colonic epithelial transport will be further characterized in cultured epithelial ells and in human colonic mucosal preparations, with attention to the interaction of NH4+ with the basolateral Na+-k+-2Cl- co- transporter, Na+_K+ ATPase, and K+ channels. Second, potentiation of basolateral Ca+2-dependent K+ channels by cAMP and NH2Cl will be explored using cultured epithelial cells as model systems with the goal of defining a common mechanism for K+ channel potentiation by these seemingly diverse stimuli. The potential for therapeutic modulation of basolateral K + channels will be explored, specifically examining wheth4r docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can augment Ca2+dependent Cl- secretion in T84 cells and human colon, and, if so, to determine its mechanism of action. Finally, the studies will define the effect of chemical manipulation of F-actin on Ca2+-dependent K+ channel regulation and extend preliminary findings suggesting that K+ channel regulation affects the actin-regulated process of epithelial restitution. These studies highlight the importance of basolateral K+ channels in the regulation of secretion and other epithelial functions and reinforce their potential as targets for new drug design. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INVESTIGATING THE BASIS FOR COLLAGEN STABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Danielson, Mark A.; Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001 Summary: Collagen is the principle structural protein in vertebrates. Defects in collagen have been associated with a wide variety of diseases, and knowledge of the atomic basis for the structure and stability of collagen is an important step in developing treatments for these diseases. The structure of collagen is stabilized by hydroxylation of certain proline residues. The means by which the hydroxyl stabilizes the structure is not clearly understood. Preliminary evidence supports a hypothesis in which the inductive effect of the hydroxyl favors the trans conformation of the proline, which is necessary for proper folding of the collagen triple helix. The proposed research will test this hypothesis as follows. 1) Several halogenated collagen mimics will be synthesized containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine in place of the hydroxyl on the modified proline. 2) The 4(R)-hydroxyls of a collagen-like peptide will be modified with the electronwithdrawing acetyl, mesyl, or trifluoromethyl groups. 3) The thermodynamics and energetics of all of the synthesized or modified peptides will be measured and correlated to the thermodynamics and kinetics of cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bonds of related small molecules. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IRRITANT-INDUCED PATHOGENESIS
ASTHMA:
EPIDEMIOLOGY
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Malo, Jean-Luc; Hopital Du Sacre'-Coeur De Montreal De Montreal Montreal, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-DEC-2002 Summary: The general aim of this proposal is to explore the following questions related to irritant-induced asthma from both epidemiological and physiopathological approaches: 1) Do single irritant exposures (Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome-RADS- and multiple irritant exposure (Irritant-Induced-Asthma--IrIA--) exposures result in equivalent consequences for airway structure and function? 2) Are baseline characteristics (atopy, airway caliber and responsiveness) relevant to susceptibility of developing IrIA and RADS? RADS and IrIA represent up to 15 percent of all cases of occupational asthma. It is also a condition of general interest for asthma per se. It has been estimated that 60 000 inhalational accidents occurring at home and identified as RADS are reported in U.S. emergency rooms on a yearly basis. RADS was originally defined as the development of respiratory symptoms in the minutes or hours after a single accidental inhalation of high concentrations of gas, aerosol, or particles, after which subjects are left with asthma like symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness. Multiple exposures to high concentrations of products such as chlorine in pulp and paper mills can also cause IrIA, a more general term to describe an asthmatic syndrome that results from single or multiple exposures to irritant products. We will examine and follow new employees at risk of acute exposure to chlorine and serially assess their characteristics (atopy, airway caliber and responsiveness, smoking, nasal symptoms) and exposure events. In a subsample, we will also examine induced sputum. In a rat model, we will 1) examine the response to single and multiple exposures to chlorine vapor; 2) test the importance of background characteristics of the rat strain (atopy, airway muscle) to the response; 3) quantify the degree of airway remodelling in a susceptible and resistant rat strain; 4) assess the effects of neurokinin antagonists on the
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airway damage; 5) evaluate the role of airway epithelial chemokines such as RANTES and eotaxin in the inflammatory response. This work will identify, both in an epidemiological survey and in an animal model, the effect of single and multiple exposures to a respiratory irritant and the host predisposing factors. It will also further our understanding of the physiopathology of RADS and IrIA as well on the natural history and physiopathology of occupational asthma and of asthma induced by irritants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ISOTOPIC PROBES OF ENZYME REACTION MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Raushel, Frank M.; Professor; Chemistry; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1984; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad long-term objectives for the research described in this proposal are aimed at a determination of structure-function relationships in catalytically active proteins and enzymes. The primary focus of this proposal will be directed towards the enzyme phosphotriesterase and related members of the amidohydrolase superfamily. This group of proteins catalyzes the nucleophilic attack of an activated water molecule on a diverse set of substrates. Phosphotriesterase catalyzes the detoxification of organophosphorus nerve agents while other members of this superfamily catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of a carbonyl group attached to oxygen, nitrogen or chlorine. Since highly toxic organophosphate molecules are of rather recent environmental origin, the elucidation of the catalytic functions within phosphotriesterase, and the related proteins of the amidohydrolase superfamily, will provide unique insights into the mechanisms for the evolution and development of novel enzymatic activities. To define and articulate the factors that contribute to the determination of substrate specificity, random and site-directed variants of phosphotriesterase, and selected members of the amidohydrolase superfamily, will be constructed. The elucidation of the chemical reaction mechanism will be addressed by the construction of metal-substituted variants, site-directed mutants, and substrate analogs. The kinetic properties of the mechanistic probes will be utilized in the formulation of a self-consistent description of the catalytic events within the active sites. To more fully understand the factors that direct the evolution of new catalytic activities, the mechanisms of action and the three-dimensional structures of prominent members of the amidohydrolase superfamily will be determined. These studies will provide a historical window for how new catalytic activities can evolve from pre-existing enzymes. These investigations will complement concurrent efforts to direct the evolution of new and enhanced activities from present-day proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISM OF VISUAL EXCITATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ebrey, Thomas G.; Professor; Botany; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1985; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of this work is to elucidate the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms underlying visual excitation and adaptation. A deep understanding of the visual system itself is, of course, highly desirable in order to understand how it might be affected in abnormal states brought on by disease and genetic defects. In addition, the visual system is probably the most accessible of a very large family of signal transduction systems that are found in all
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vertebrates and invertebrates; these signal transduction systems are all based on cell surface receptors that are coupled to GTP binding proteins (G proteins). Visual pigments are examples of such G protein-coupled cell surface receptors. The findings will, therefore, have important ramifications to the understanding of odorant, hormone and neurotransmitter signaling. The approach is to use both the broad range of naturally-occurring visual systems, not only the rhodopsin/rod system, but long wavelength cone systems, mixed rod/cone systems like gecko, very short wavelength cone systems like human blue cone, and invertebrate systems such as octopus. The investigators seek to understand the similarities and differences between vision based on these distinct categories of pigments. They will focus on the events leading up to the formation of the active state of a visual pigment. They will utilize low temperature, flash-induced kinetics, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopies as well as lightinduced photocurrents to study the transformations that a visual pigment undergoes leading up to its active state. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF ANION TRANSPORT IN SALIVARY GLANDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Melvin, James E.; Interim Director; Oral Biology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-DEC-1990; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The quality of life for millions of Americans is adversely affected by salivary gland dysfunction. A variety of etiologies contribute to the existence of dry mouth, including the use of xenogenic medications, Sjogren's syndrome, radiation therapy, or systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The development of interventions to improve function for these individuals requires a thorough understanding of the molecular physiology of salivary glands. The current fluid secretion model predicts that saliva is produced as a two step process whereby acinar cells initially secrete an isotonic plasma-like fluid, which is subsequently modified by ductal cells to conserve NaCl. Chloride (Cl) channels and chloride/bicarbonate (Cl/HCO3) exchangers are key transport mechanisms involved in transepithelial Cl movement, the driving force for both the secretion of fluid and the resorption of NaCl. At least four distinct types of Cl channels and three different anion exchangers have been detected in salivary gland cells. Although the general biophysical properties of these different classes of proteins are known, major gaps exist in our knowledge of their regulation and the contribution each makes to the overall secretion process. Thus, to verify and refine our understanding of the function of these proteins in salivary gland cells, Aim 1 will examine the regulation of these proteins by secretagogues. It is hypothesized that those Cl channels and Cl/HCO3 exchangers necessary for secretion will be activated during stimulation. Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the localization and expression of each protein is consistent with its predicted function. The cell type in which each transcript is expressed and the distribution of each protein in the plasma membrane should reflect the role that the transporter plays in fluid secretion. Aim 3 will directly test hypotheses as to which Cl transport proteins are essential to the fluid secretion process through the study of animals lacking functional expression of a specific gene. This multidisciplinary approach will define the essential Cl transport mechanisms involved in the production of saliva, critical information in the development of treatments for salivary gland dysfunction. Furthermore, the results of these studies will provide a foundation for future studies to analyze the in vivo structure/function relationship of a given Cl transporter.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF COOPERATIVE PROTEIN/DNA INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brenowitz, Michael D.; Professor; Biochemistry; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 05-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from abstract): The formation of unique ensembles of protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions determine which of three RNA polymerases transcribe a gene in eukaryotic organisms. Quantitative studies ar proposed to describe the thermodynamic driving forces and kinetic pathways of these interactions. A focus is the central role of the TATA binding protein (TBP). Aim I seeks to correlate the energetics of DNA sequence-specific bindin by TBP with the atomic resolution 3D structures of TBPDNA complexes that differ in their affinity for TBP. An analysis of TBP binding to DNA molecules of altered conformation will assess the contribution of DNA conformation to binding. Aim II seeks to determine the kinetic mechanism describing formation of the TBP-DNA complexes using complementary stopped-flow fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and synchrotron x-ray hydroxyl radical footprinting techniques that monitor global and local changes in DNA conformation. The generality of the kinetic mechanism determined will be assessed by conducting selected kinetic studies using TBP from Homo sapiens an Arabidopsis thaliana. Aim III proposes to determine the contributions of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions and DNA conformation to the assembly of the minimal pre-initiation complexes specific for RNA polymerase I and III. Protein mutants that specifically affect the intrinsic and cooperativ interactions in the TBP-TFIIB-DNA ternary complex will be analyzed. The proteinprotein association reactions linked to the cooperative formation of ternary complexes will be quantitatively analyzed by a new method of protein footprinting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MERCURY IN CHLORIDE TRANSPORT IN SHARK RECTAL GLAND & RABBIT THICK ASCENDING LIMB Principal Investigator & Institution: Silva, Patricio; Mount Desert Island Biological Lab Old Bar Harbor Road Salisbury Cove, Me 04672 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The intent of this proposal is to study the mechanism of action of the toxic effect of mercury on transport by chloride transporting epithelia. Mercury inhibits chloride transport in both the shark rectal gland and the mammalian thick ascending limb but its mechanism of action mechanism of action is unknown. In the proposed set of experiments we will study the effect of organic and inorganic mercury on the transport of chloride by the shark rectal gland and compare it with that in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The mechanism of the inhibition of mercury, mercurial (both inorganic and organic) or of any compound on chloride transport by the rectal gland or the thick ascending limb can be evaluated with reference to our present understanding of transport by these cells. Inhibitory effects are possible at five different sites: 1) The site of entry of chloride into the cell, the Na-K-2CI carrier; 2) Inhibition of Na-K-ATPase with the resulting reduction in the driving force for entry of sodium, chloride and potassium via the cotransporter; 3) Inhibition of cellular metabolism resulting in insufficient ATP to power the pump; 4) Inhibition of the exit of chloride at the apical membrane by a reduction in the apical membrane conductance for chloride; 5) inhibition of potassium recycling through the potassium conductive pathway. These
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possibilities can be distinguished using specific transport inhibitors in combination with mercury. An additive effect of mercurial to inhibit chloride transport in the presence of specific inhibitors of these transport steps will suggest a site of action of distinct from that of the specific inhibitor. Because we have found unexpected and striking differences in the response of these two epithelia to inorganic and organic mercurial, we believe that the comparative approach will be particularly fruitful. We will examine the mechanism and the cellular site of action of mercury by determining its effect in the isolated perfused rectal gland, isolated rectal gland tubules, rectal gland membrane vesicles, rectal gland plasma membranes, thick ascending limb cells, thick ascending limb vesicles, thick ascending limb plasma membranes. Specifically we will examine the binding of mercury by plasma membranes and cytosolic proteins; the effect of mercury on the chloride cotransporter, the efflux of potassium, the chloride conductance, and its effect on transport related enzymes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MERCURY INTERACTION WITH THE TAURINE TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF RED BLOOD CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Preston, Robert L.; Mount Desert Island Biological Lab Old Bar Harbor Road Salisbury Cove, Me 04672 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The overall objective of the proposed research is to identify and characterize the molecular targets and mechanisms of interaction of mercury with membrane transport proteins. We will focus specifically on the interactions of mercury with the Nadependent taurine transport system in the hemoglobin containing coelomocytes (red cells, RBCs) of the marine polychaete, Glycera dibranchiata. This transport system is similar to taurine transport systems in mammalian tissues such as heart, kidney and brain. In Glycera RBCs, taurine is maintained at exceptional gradients (950:01; 190 mM intracellular taurine: 0.2 mM extracellular taurine). We have shown that this transport protein is very sensitive to inhibition by mercurial. A one minute exposure to 20 muM HgC12 inhibits taurine influx 50%. Studies using reduced sulfhydryl reagents of different molecular size indicated that the reactive sites on the transport protein appear to be partially occluded by the membrane since complete reversal is obtained only with small molecules. Since HgC12 in high chloride media is present predominantly as anionic complexes that are impermeant to membranes, we propose the operational hypothesis that the nonionic HgC12 complex is the form that reacts with taurine sulfhydryl groups lying in membrane spanning regions of the protein. We will test this hypothesis by addressing the following specific aims: (1) Physiologically characterize the form of HgC12 that interacts with the taurine transport system and identify the transport proteins involved in cell volume regulation that are sensitive to interaction with mercury. (2) Clone the Na-dependent taurine transporter from Glycera RBCs. (3) Characterize the interaction of mercurial with the taurine transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Flux measurements on intact RBCs and on oocytes expressing the taurine transport protein will be done using radioisotope methods. The molecular procedures will depend on reverse transcription and PCR of poly(A)+RNA with taurine transport activity identified by expression of taurine transport activity of the mRNA fractions microinjected into Xenopus oocytes. Physiological studies will measure solute contents and net fluxes with a variety of techniques including ion selective electrodes, atomic absorption spectroscopy, HPLC and radioisotopic methods. The results of this study will provide important basic information on the molecular mechanism of
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interaction of mercury with the taurine transporter that has a hole in many animals tissues including human cardiac, nerve and kidney tissue. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MIBG ANALOGUE RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vaidyanathan, Ganesan; Associate Research Professor of Radiolog; Radiology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-SEP-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The radiopharmaceutical metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) has been used in the detection and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors, especially neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. Although it is a satisfactory agent for diagnostic applications, the outcome of MIBG therapy is inadequate. The goal of this proposal is to develop an agent which is metabolically more stable, clears faster from normal tissues, and yet is sequestered and retained in tumor. The initial objectives of this proposal are to develop synthetic methods for the preparation of various radioiodinated and [At-211]-labeled MIBG derivatives and to systematically evaluate them in vitro and in vivo. The structural alterations planned include introduction of chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitro and sulfonic acid moieties at the 4-position in the benzene ring of MIBG and replacement of the benzene ring itself with a pyridine ring. Solid-phase synthetic methods will be developed for promising agents. The uptake and retention kinetics in vitro and the effect of several pharmacological agents will be studied using a panel of neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma and medulloblastoma cell lines. Although not a neuroendocrine tumor, specific uptake of MIBG has been demonstrated in several human medulloblastoma cell lines, and this neoplasm is well suited for [At-211]-therapy. The therapeutic potential of these new [I131]- and [At-211]-labeled MIBG analogues will be evaluated using thymidine uptake and clonogenic assays in monolayer and spheroid models. Tissue distribution of these agents will be determined in normal mice and athymic mice hosting neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and medulloblastoma xenografts. Strategies to augment tumor-tonormal tissue ratios will be investigated. The outcome of this study should help improve the endoradiotherapy of neuroendocrine tumors and possibly of medulloblastoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MINIATURE SYSTEM FOR REMOVAL OF DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Jinseong; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The availability of safe drinking water is a significant health concern. The introduction of chlorination as a disinfection method caused a large drop in mortality from water borne diseases and was considered a major public health advance. Unfortunately, disinfection byproducts (DPBs) are formed when chlorine and other disinfectants are used in water treatment plants. Many disinfection byproducts can have serious health effects and are potential carcinogens. Current treatment options to minimize DPBs in drinking water are either inadequate or too costly to implement. A potential means to combat exposure to DPBs is through the widespread implementation of treatment methods near to the place where water is consumed (i.e., point-of-use treatment). In Phase I, we demonstrated a point-of-use water treatment device based on photocatalytic oxidation. The method has a high
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potential to degrade DPBs to benign end products and provide safe drinking water at a cost lower than current treatment options. Significant accomplishments of the Phase I study included demonstration of the device's potential for mass production as well as its multiple applications, including control of microbial contaminants. The Phase II will focus on optimization of the device's design and capabilities. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: There are many economic advantages to the point-ofuse water purification method described in this proposal. The proposed device can be used as a stand alone treatment method, or its commercial potential may be enhanced by integrating it with siilar water purification devices that are used by millions of consumers in the U.S. The market opportunity is substantial, given the large number of point-of-use devices that are used in health care facilities, homes, restaurants, food service establishments and hotels. The market is estimated to be worth over $1.5 billion annually in the U.S. Lynntech is well positioned to commercialize this technology, having secured intellectual property covering many aspects of the invention. Additionally, Lynntech's management team is experienced in commercializing new technology related to water treatment, healthcare and consumer products. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: There are many economic advantages to the point-ofuse water purification method described in this proposal Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NA CARDIOPLEGIA
TRANSPORT
INHIBITION
IN
NEWBORN
HEART
Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Steven E.; Human Physiology; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROTOXIC AND MUTAGENIC ACTIONS OF SUPERFUND CHEMICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kisby, Glen E.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Organochlorine solvents are a common contaminant of groundwater and drinking water and drinking water supplies and, therefore, pose a particularly important long-term health hazard to humans. Of the many organochlorine solvents, vinyl chloride poses the greatest threat to humans because it is highly prevalent, a common metabolite of many organochlorine solvents (e.g., TCE, DCE), and tentatively linked with long-term neurological dysfunction and brain cancer. The identification of biomarkers to determine the relative health risk associated with human exposure to vinyl chloride is a high priority of the EPA and a long-term objective of this proposal. The focus of the present study is to identify the neurotoxic and neuro-oncogenic mechanisms of vinyl chloride and to use these as tools or biomarkers for risk assessment. The major metabolite of vinyl chloride monomer (a Superfund chemical on the ATSDR priority list) is chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), a known human and rodent genotoxin with neurotoxic, mutagenic, and oncogenic properties. Because our previous work indicates that alkylating agents like CAA (e.g., methylazoxymethanol, MAM) are neurotoxic, damage DNA, perturb DNA repair, and are mutagenic, we propose that CAA induces its neurotoxic and mutagenic effects by a similar mechanism. Experiments
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are proposed to examine the relationship between the formation of etheno base DNA adducts and neurotoxicity or mutations. Neuronal and astrocyte cell cultures will be developed from different brain regions (e.g., cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, cerebellum) of DNA repair proficient and deficient mice (i.e.,k N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase Aag) and examined for acute and delayed CAA-induced neurotoxicity. Separate sets of astrocyte cell cultures will be developed from Aprt heterozygousdeficient mice and examined to determine the spectrum of CAA-induced mutations. Findings from these studies are expected to provide important information about the neurotoxic and mutagenic mechanisms of vinyl chloride. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROTOXIC PRODUCTS OF CHLOROALKENE AEORBIC COMETABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Semprini, Lewis; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Accidental spills, leaking underground storage tanks, improper disposal, and landfill leachates are often the sources of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) in groundwater. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is the most frequently found contaminant in sites of the National Priority List, and cis-1, 2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) are commonly present due to the transformation of higher chlorinated parent compounds. Aerobic co-metabolism is a potential biological process for treatment of CAHs both in situ and ex-situ. Here microorganisms stimulated on a primary electron donor fortuitously degrade the contaminant. The process involves relatively nonspecific oxygenase enzymes that subsequently oxygenase enzymes that subsequently result in a one-step transformation of the CAHs. These oxygenase enzymes typically have low half-velocity co-efficients, and, as a result, achieve in low contaminant concentrations upon remediation. Co-metabolic degradation of CAHs, however, is known to produce toxic intermediate compounds. This resulting toxicity is an important process in the selection of the co-metabolite process because of its effect on the degradation kinetics. In addition, these toxic intermediate compounds are of concern because of their potential health of ecological impacts if they remain in the treated aquifer. In the proposed research we will expand the understanding of these toxic metabolic intermediates in relation to their identify, their impact upon CAH degradation. Studies and the mechanisms by which toxicity is exhibited. We will focus on the co- metabolism of VC, 1,1-DE, and c-DCE since less we know less about transformation toxicity for these compounds, compared to TCE, will be performed with pure bacterial cultures grown on ammonia, toluene, and butane, to access how cometabolic transformation of the selected CAHs will be determined. The resulting toxicity will be assessed based on loss in growth substrate utilization activity. Also oxidized products, such as alcohols and organic acids, and oxygen consumption. The mechanism(s) of co-metabolic toxicity will be evaluated in Task 2 using 14C radiolabeled CAHs coupled with protein assay methods. Products of the co-metabolism will be tracked using 14C measurement methods. The distribution of the CAH intermediates will be determined by protein binding assays using the 14C-labeled CAHs. The effective of active substrate metabolism upon the degree of co-metabolic activity and the ability of cell to recovery from toxic effects will be evaluated in Task 3. In Task 4 the impact of o-metabolic toxicity on the composition of consortium in a mixed culture constructed of three different pure cultures, growing on a single substrate
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(touene and butane) will be evaluated. The changes in the community will be tracked using molecular methods and protein assay methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEW MEMBRANES FOR CARCINOGEN REMOVAL IN WATER TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Nemser, Stuart; President; Compact Membrane Systems, Inc. Wilmington, De 18904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-JAN-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The ozonation of drinking water is attractive for small communities that employ local wells or surface water sources, provided it can be done at a reasonable cost. Although chlorine is widely used and is cheaper to use than ozone, it's use results in the formation of carcinogenic trihalomethanes. Also, chlorine has been found to be ineffective in the treatment of cryptosporidium. Under a SBIR Phase I grant from the NIH, Compact Membrane Systems (CMS) demonstrated at lab-scale that CMS' membrane technology could be successfully used to achieve efficient ozone levels that would be commercially practical, while membrane lifetimes in excess of 1300 hours when exposed to ozone and water were also observed. In Phase II the investigator will a) scale-up device size for pilot-scale water treatment operations, b) employ CMS' membrane technology to enhance the device performance and longevity, c) demonstrate efficient ozonation of water streams spiked with Cryptosporidium with the aid of animal studies, d) undertake pilot-scale experiments at the local water treatment plant, and e) develop detailed economics with respect to system size and calculate cost trade-off for system size versus costs per 1000 gallons of water treated. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOD-H2H4 MICE AS A SENTINEL MODEL FOR AUTOIMMUNE THYROID Principal Investigator & Institution: Burek, C Lynne.; Associate Professor; Pathology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) Autoimmune thyroiditis is a multifactorial disease in which genetic predisposition combines with environmental factors to induce disease. In humans, the thyroid can be compromised by diet, drugs, and other synthetic chemicals. Excess iodine may be partially responsible for the increasing prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis. Other environmental chemicals may also be implicated, but there is little documented evidence as to which chemicals may be involved. Candidate pollutants include polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated biphenyls, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Infectious agents are also known to trigger autoimmunity. In this proposal the investigators will 1) develop standard reproducible conditions for obtaining a 50% incidence of iodine-exacerbated autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H2h4 mice and 2) use this mouse model to study the effects of environmental chemicals in food, industrial products, or infection on development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Methylcholanthrene (MCA) will be used as an example of a polyaromatic hydrocarbon, KBr will be used as an example of a polybrominated biphenyl, and theophylline will be used as an example of a drug which can increase iodine uptake. In Aim 3, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will be used as a surrogate for infection to determine
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the role of infectious agents in autoimmune thyroiditis. The genetic predisposition of the NOD.H2h4 mouse to autoimmune thyroiditis will be used to study the potential additive effects of the above compounds on autoimmune disease. The NOD.H2h4 animals are an ideal sentinel model to examine the potential interactions of genetics and environmental agents on autoimmune disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORT AND INTESTINAL CHLORIDE SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ward, Jeffrey L.; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 14-JUN-2002 Summary: Na+-independent nucleoside transport systems are facilitated-diffusion systems, and two distinct classes have been identified according to their sensitivity to the inhibitor, nitrovenzylthioinosine (NBMPR). Both NBMPR- sensitive [ENT1 designated the cloned transporter; ES designation refers to physiological studies (Equilibrative NBMPR-Insensitive) systems are of broad selectivity, transporting both ubiquitously expressed, whereas the EI system has been described only in intestine, leukemia cells and cardiovascular tissues/cells. Both isoforms appear to be involved in scavenging nucleosides, which is especially important in cells that are unable to synthesize nucleosides de novo, such as those of the intestinal epithelium. Adenosine, a substrate of both the ES and EI nucleoside transport systems, is released during ischemic episodes and stimulates chloride secretion. Activation of pro-secretory adenosine A2b receptors may occur when normal basolateral nucleoside uptake mechanisms (scavenging mechanisms) are overwhelmed and local concentrations of adenosine increase, a response that may contribute to the diarrheal response associated with mesenteric ischemia. In T84 cells, a model for intestinal chloride- secreting crypt cells, Na-independent nucleoside transporters on the basolateral membranes have been synthesized to help in maintaining extracellular concentrations of adenosine below the threshold of activation of the adenosine A2b with respect to nucleoside transport and protein kinase regulation in a transporter deficient cell line, PK-15NTD. In addition, structure/function studies re proposed to understand how the ENT1 transport functions at the molecular level, including the role of glycosylation, the role of cystein residues in regulating function, and whether the transporter functions as a monomer or an oligomer. To address the physiological roles of ENT1 and ENT2 in regulating intestinal adenosine-mediated chloride secretion, T84 cells will be mutated to obtain cells lines that express only ENT1, or cell lines deficient in both ENT1 and ENT2. In short-circuit current experiments, wild-type and mutant cell lines will then be studied to elucidate the contribution of both transporters to the regulation of chloride secretion. Our proposed studies should provide insights into the molecular mechanisms and regulation of Na+-independent nucleoside transporters, as well as their role in scavenging adenosine in inflammatory bowel disease and certain infectious causes of diarrhea. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORTHO SUBSTITUTED PCB ON CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN APLYSIA BAG CELL NEURONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Laessig, Susan A.; Marine Biological Laboratory 7 Mbl St Woods Hole, Ma 02543 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001
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Summary: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) are a family of persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants which originated from heavy industrial use. There are 209 separate compounds containing variable numbers of substituted chlorine molecules. Congeners without ortho-chlorine substitutions can assume a coplanar conformation and elicit toxicity similar to dioxin. Ortho-chlorine substituted PCB's are believed to be responsible for the neurotoxicity elicited by PCB mixtures. Neurotoxic effects of PCB's include developmental delays, cognitive deficits, altered motor function, and decreased brain neuro-transmitter levels, dopamine in particular. Recently, a potential mechanism by which ortho-substituted PCB's alter dopamine content in brain and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells has been proposed. They have been shown to elicit toxicity through calcium-selective channels, ryanodine receptors, which regulate the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Changes in intracellular calcium provide important signalling information to cells and calcium gradients across cell membranes play a key role in regulating cell-signalling in the nervous system. PCBinduced increases in calcium transport have been demonstrated to occur through direct interaction with ryanodine receptors in microsomes from mammalian brain, skeletal, and cardiac muscle, and cause increased intracellular calcium in cerebellar granule cells. The opistobranch mollusc, Aplysia, is a well-studied model of simple learning and has well-characterized neural circuits. The aim of this study was to determine if orthosubstituted PCB's can alter intracellular calcium levels in a manner similar to that observed in mammalian cells. Aplysia bag cell neurons used were in culture for 2 days and had adhered to the surface of poly-lysine coated coverslips and formed neural processes. The cells were filled with the calcium indicator dye Fura-2/AM by bath application for 1 hour followed by three 5 minute washes with artificial sea water (ASW). Cells were imaged on the Attofluor imaging system after calibration of the system with calcium standards. 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) (100mM) was applied to the dish during imaging and images were recorded for <1 hour to observe calcium changes. Sampling rate varied from 2-60 times/minute. Isolated cells (n=3) showed increased levels of intracellular calcium after treatment with ortho-substituted PCB. The elevated calcium levels persisted and stabilized after application of TCB. One experiment was performed using five cultured cells in network. TCB (200mM) and 10 mg/ml Arocol 1254 (a PCB mixture) was applied without affecting intracellular calcium, indicating possible differences between isolated cells and cells in networks. These preliminary findings indicate that molluscs could be a good model for studying mechanisms of PCB neurotoxicity at both the cellular and behavioral levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHWAYS FOR OXIDATION OF LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN BY MYELOPEROXIDASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Heinecke, Jay W.; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Many lines of evidence implicate oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease. The physiologically relevant mechanisms have not been identified, but phagocytic white cells may play an important role because macrophage-rich lesions characterize the disorder. This article reviews the enzyme's ability to generate a range of oxidants, including tyrosyl radical, reactive aldehydes, hypochlorous acid and molecular chlorine. These products have the potential to damage host molecules as well as
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microbes, suggesting a mechanism that may contribute to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PERSISTANT ORGANOCHLORINES IN THE HUDSON RIVER WATERSHED Principal Investigator & Institution: Bopp, Richard; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Manufacture and use of PCBs, DDT and other persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons have ceased in the United States. However, large quantities of these toxic compounds remain dispersed in the environment where their distribution and fate are imperfectly characterized. Moreover, additional PCBs and other organochlorines continue to be added to the environment, particularly to natural waters where they contaminate the sediments and can be taken up by fish and then by humans. To investigate the sources and fate of organochlorine contaminants in the natural waters of the Hudson watershed, analyses of dated sediment core sections will be performed. Results from our initial funding period, have defined several areas of particular focus. A major source of chlordane to western NY/NJ harbor will be traced into the Hackensack and Passaic River watersheds. Chlordane is a significant contaminant of fish from this area and its residues have been found at elevated levels in local anglers (project 5). DDTderived compounds will be measured in soils from urban parks. Our data from Central Park Lake sediments will be investigated using stable chlorine isotope rations. To our knowledge, this will be the first application of this powerful technique to the study of PCBs. This project will also involve interpretation of fish contaminant level data from the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) that will produce a strong tie to a project , the urban anglers' study. Extracts of representative sediments will be supplied for use in biomedical projects 2 and 3. Our study of dioxin sources will link us closely to the EPA Superfund investigation of 80 Lister Avenue on the lower Passaic River. The closest collaboration will be with a project 6 which will provide the trace metal component of our multi-contaminant approach to persistent pollution in the Hudson watershed. As in the past, sediment sample collections will done jointly with scientists from project 6 and from the NYSDEC and all samples will be shared. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PH REGULATION IN MELANOMA CELLS ADAPTED TO GROWTH AT LOW PH Principal Investigator & Institution: Owen, Charles S.; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The long term goal of this project is to design combinations of metabolic and proton extrusion inhibitory drugs to selectively and specifically lower the intracellular pH (pHi) in cells in an environment acidic relative to normal tissues. Cells adapted to growth at low pHe develop an increased capacity for extrusion of metabolic protons so that they maintain a higher pHi than acutely acidified unadapted cells. Proton extrusion mechanisms in adapted cells behave differently from those in cells growing at pHe 7.3. The threshold to active proton extrusion requires greater intracellular acidification in adapted than in non- adapted cells, although inhibition of the lactate:H+ symport by CNCn eliminates that difference. Adapted cells do not require the Cl-/HCO3-
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exchanger as do acutely acidified non-adapted cells. Single inhibitors of proton extrusion are more effective inducing intracellular acidification in acutely acidified nonadapted cells so that both populations will exhibit the same degree of intracellular acidification. Furthermore, cells adapted to growth at low pH when subjected to the same acute extracellular acidification as cells growing at pH 7.3 will exhibit a greater response to combinations of inhibitors, in particular DIDS, cinnamic acid and mIBG. The hypotheses will be tested in human melanoma cells, adapted or non- adapted to growth at low pHe, by determining: 1) The effect of acute extracellular acidification on intracellular acidification down to pHe=6.1; 2) The effect of 42 degrees-hyperthermia on the kinetics of intracellular realkalinization after acute acidification to pHe 6.5 or 6.3; 3) The effect of inhibitors of proton "demand" (extrusion) and proton "supply" (metabolism) on pHi during acute extracellular acidification; 4) The effect of the inhibitors on the specific rate of proton extrusion using the ammonium chloride technique; and 5) The intracellular acidification and the rate of realkalinization in melanoma xenograft microfragments after extracellular acidification. This laboratory's unique fluorescence system allows pHi to be monitored during the actual heating of cells in the presence or absence of inhibitors while adherent to a growth substrate, in normal medium with HCO3-/CO2 buffering and under euoxic versus hypoxic conditions. The findings will provide critical insight into the nature of proton extrusion mechanisms in human melanoma as a function of physiologic state. Furthermore, the results will allow the other three projects to draw conclusions related to mechanisms of intracellular acidification and sensitization to hyperthermia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REACTION KINETICS OF ALKYL PEROXY RADICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nickolaisen, Scott L.; California State University Los Angeles 5151 State University Dr Los Angeles, Ca 90032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Ozone is the most damaging component of smog and results in a variety of physiological effects that may significantly impact public health in polluted urban areas. The mechanism by which ozone is formed in photochemical smog involves an alkyl peroxy radical intermediate that couples the chemistry of NO to odd oxygen formation. The goal of this project is to measure the rate coefficients for reactions of alkyl peroxy radicals with a number of trace atmospheric constituents. The project has three distinct components. First, the mid-IR spectra of alkyl peroxy radicals will be determined using a long path length absorption FTIR apparatus. Alkyl peroxy radicals will be generated by reaction of atomic chlorine with the parent alkane followed by association with molecular oxygen. Second, the IR spectra will be verified using both experimental and theoretical techniques. Experimentally, disappearance of the observed bands will be monitored followed titration of the alkyl peroxy radical with an excess of either chlorine or nitric oxide. IF frequencies and intensities will also be determined using ab initio computations. The geometry and energetics of the radical will be calculated using 2nd order Moeller-Plesset perturbation theory with a 6-31G* basis set. Frequencies and intensities are calculated from the optimized geometry of the radical. Third, the rate coefficients will be measured for reactions of alkyl radical with nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Kinetic measurements will be performed on a flash photolysis/pulsed CO2 laser thermal lens spectrometry apparatus in which peroxy radicals are generated by photolysis of a gas mixture including Cl2, the parent alkane, and oxygen, and the concentration of the peroxy radical is monitored using thermal lens spectroscopy. Kinetic information is acquired by
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varying the time delay between firing of the xeno flashlamp and Co2 laser. The rate coefficients determined in this study will ultimately be used in chemical models of urban air chemistry to determine the impact of individual hydrocarbon species on the production of ozone in smog. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REDUCTIVE DEGRADATION OF CHLORINATED AROMATICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ladapo, Jonathan A.; North Carolina Central University 160 Alexander-Dunn Bidg. Durham, Nc 27707 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1977; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: The goal of this project is to develop a benchscale study of the reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated aromatics by polluted local sediments in the presence of co-metabolic substrates. The hypothesis to be tested in this study is that co-metabolic carbon substrates will enhance the anaerobic Biodegradation of chlorinated phenols (CP) and chloroanisoles (CA) in a consortium of mixed organisms. In anaerobic environments biodegradation of chlorophenols occurs by reductive dehalogenation whereby the chlorine atom in the ring is exchanged for a hydrogen. This activity is accomplished through the action of several organisms referred to as a consortium. Sediment samples will be collected from locally contaminated sites in Shiloh City and RTP, NC. Shiloh City is a small minority community in North Carolina with a high incidence of cancer from dichlorophenol (DCP) contamination of ground water. This study is significant because a successful development of consortiu of microorganisms that can degrade this toxic site can lead to a successful clean-up of these sites and reduction in incidence of cancers in this small minority community. Samples will be amended to degraded 2, 4- dichlorophenol and dichloroanisole. Analytical methods of gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography will be used to monitor the rate of degradation of chlorinated aromatics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF PHOTORECEPTOR NEUROTRANSMISSION. Principal Investigator & Institution: Thoreson, Wallace B.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to understand the mechanisms that control neurotransmission from rods and cones. Release of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate from photoreceptors is regulated by the activity of L-type Ca2+ channels. In the physiological voltage range, there appears to be a linear relationship between the influx of Ca2+ through these channels and the release of glutamate at the photoreceptor synapse. This linearity differs from the non-linear relationship found at most other synapses. One aim of this application is to use electrophysiological (capacitance monitoring and whole cell patch clamp recording) techniques, photolysis of caged Ca2+, and Ca2+ imaging techniques to examine the Ca2+ dependence of release from larval tiger salamander photoreceptors. One way in which a linear relationship between Ca2+ influx and release might arise is if vesicular exocytosis is initiated by the binding of only a single Ca2+ ion. If the binding of multiple Ca2+ ions is required to initiate release, then linearity between ICa and release is likely to reflect the linear summation, accompanying activation of an increasing number of Ca2+ channels, of sparsely distributed release sites with non-overlapping Ca2+ microdomains. These two possibilities will be investigated. The existence of a large
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number of modulators that can alter the voltage dependence or amplitude of photoreceptor ICa appear to present a challenge for photoreceptors to maintain the stable level of ICa activation necessary for stable synaptic output. The second major aim of this application is to use whole cell patch clamp recording as well as Ca2+ and Climaging techniques to test the relative contribution of three specific intrinsic modulatory mechanisms to stabilizing ICa activation in rod and cone photoreceptors: (1) Cadependent inactivation of ICa, (2) depletion of synaptic cleft Ca2+, and (3) activation of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. In addition to their importance in normal vision, regulation of photoreceptor ICa, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and glutamate release are also important in pathophysiology of the retina. For example, increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in rods and cones may contribute to photoreceptor degeneration, and increased glutamate release arising from enhanced activation of ICa can have excitotoxic consequences on post-synaptic neurons. Thus, understanding the intrinsic mechanisms in rods and cones that regulate ICa, intracellular Ca2+ levels, and synaptic transmission is important for understanding the physiology of both diseased and normal retina. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF ABUSED INHALANTS IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bowen, Scott E.; Psychology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although the abuse of inhalants continues to be a significant public health problem throughout the U.S. and the world, there has been very little systematic examination of the reinforcing properties of these compounds. Therefore, the aim of this research proposal is to investigate and develop a method of inhalant self-administration that can be used long-term in mice to simulate the full array of human behaviors associated with solvent abuse including acquisition, maintenance, extinction and reinstatement of both inhalant-seeking and inhalant-taking behavior. This research will focus on the current hypothesis that a majority of the abused inhalants produce a profile of neurobehavioral effects that are analogous to those produced by abused depressant drugs (e.g. barbiturates, alcohol, benzodiazepines) [Evans and Balster, 1991]. A key objective of this research proposal is the design and implementation of a preclinical model of inhalant self-administration with a primary focus on the abused inhalants toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. We are proposing two series of studies for this grant. In the first series, we propose to characterize the subjective and psychomotor effects of toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane and to compare them to other abused inhalants. The information collected from the first series of tests will then be used as a guide for our next series of studies. In the second series of studies, we propose to design and build an apparatus (i.e., a dynamic solvent delivery system interfaced with an operant monitoring system), which will reliably deliver a "dose" of inhalant on an intermittent basis. Once completed, we will use the system to develop and validate this method of solvent inhalation by training mice to press a lever for inhalant delivery and by varying both the "dose" of inhalant and the response requirements necessary for obtaining it. Finally, the research described in the present application will extend the knowledge base of psychomotor and subjective effects of abused inhalants. In addition, this research will have important implications for understanding basic mechanisms underlying and controlling inhalant abuse, for the development of treatment medications and behavioral techniques for modifying the abuse of inhalants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SICKLING MECHANISMS AND RED CELL MEMBRANES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bookchin, Robert M.; Professor; Medicine; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1981; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The main long-term goal is a thorough understanding of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of sickle cell (SS) disease. We now focus on the mechanisms by which Hb S interacts with the RBC membranes to alter cell functions, leading clinically to widespread microvascular occlusion and hemolytic anemia. Our immediate aims are: I. To characterize the functional properties and possible molecular nature of the sicklinginduced ion permeability pathway(s), "P-sickle", generated by interaction of deoxy-Hb S polymers with the cytosolic membrane surface of SS cells. P-sickle -mediated Ca2+ influx is a critical step in SS cell dehydration. We address several fundamental questions about P-sickle: is there a single poorly selective permeability pathway or different pathways for the different cations? How does the extent of P-sickle vary among SS cells? How does it vary with pO2 and [Ca2+]0? Is the single pathway conductance high or low, constant or variable? Does a mean P-sickle value reflect tens or thousands of polymer-membrane contacts? Is the stochastic event the number of P-sickle units per cell or their unit conductance? Identifying agents that stimulate or inhibit P-sickle may point to membrane components involved and clues to its molecular nature. II. To investigate the mechanism(s) of generation of the high-Na+, low-K+, low-density, cation-leaky SS and normal RBCs we discovered, and test the hypotheses (i) that many of these cells are derived from dense irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs); (ii) that they comprise the very rapid-turnover K pool we found among low density SS cells; and (iii) that they represent a major final pathway of cell death for sickle cells, and perhaps for normal RBCs. III. To pursue our hypothesis that the marked heterogeneity of volume and density (or cell Hb concentration) among circulating SS and variant RBCs results from heterogeneity of transport systems in the reticulocytes, with the direct and indirect effects of Hbmembrane interactions. These studies employ our newly available flow cytometric technology (modified H*3) in an experimental design in which the transporter distribution among cells is expressed in their rates of volume change. Our integrated RBC and reticulocyte models will be used to test alternative mechanisms of reticulocyte volume control (and decontrol in SS cells). We aim to characterize in detail the transport heterogeneity of SS and normal retics/RBCs, with particular emphasis on the contribution of retics to cell dehydration. IV. To characterize the Hb-polymerization properties and RBC ion-transport functions of a variety of transgenic sickle mouse models to identify those most suitable to test various pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic maneuvers in sickle cell disease. Once characterized, these will serve investigations within the above three aims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SMOOTH TO RUGOSE PHASE VARIATION IN VIBRIO CHOLERAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Yildiz, Havva F.; None; University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High St Santa Cruz, Ca 95064 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cholera is a global disease; endemic to Bangladesh, regions of South America, Africa and Australia, and also the Gulf Coast of the United States with the potential for epidemics in all aquatic environments. It is estimated that 120,000 people worldwide die from cholera annually. V. cholerae causes periodic, seasonal outbreaks in regions where it is an established member of the indigenous
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aquatic flora and this capacity is linked to its survival under diverse environmental conditions. V. cholerae switches its colonial morphology from smooth and translucent type to wrinkled and opaque type termed rugose variant when exposed to environmental stresses. We hypothesize that the phase variation mediated changes in population composition of V. cholerae can increase aquatic survival chances of the organism. The long term goal of this project is to understand how V. cholerae survives between epidemics by focusing on the molecular mechanism of smooth to rugose phase variation, its physiological consequences and its effect on the aquatic survival of the organism. Towards this goal, we will focus on the following specific aims: 1) determine and characterize the molecular basis of the smooth to rugose phase variation, 2) characterize the transcriptional network governing rugose specific gene expression and characterize the physiological and behavioral changes in the organism resulting from phase variation 3) elucidate the effects of diverse environmental parameters on the aquatic survival properties of the smooth and rugose variants and on the frequency of phase variation. Understanding how the smooth to rugose phase variation is contributing to persistence and survival of V. cholerae O1 El Tor in environmental aquatic habitats, and elucidation of the genes and processes regulating the phase variation will further our understanding of the aquatic life cycle of an important human pathogen. Results obtained from this study should lead to the development of molecular tools that can be used to identify transcripts or proteins that are predicted to provide better environmental fitness to the organism in natural aquatic habitats. This information will prove useful in the prediction and/or control of cholera epidemics. Smooth to rugose phase variation presents another challenge in public heath since this process renders the organism resistant to oxidative stress and chlorine-mediated killing. Chlorination is used as a first line of defense against V. cholerae and many other waterborne pathogens. Understanding the mechanism and regulation of phase variation may aid in designing methods/inhibitors for modulating the frequency of phase variation and thus biocide resistance in V. cholerae and other aquatic pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUPERFUND TOXIC SUBSTANCES--EXPOSURE AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Monson, Richard R.; Professor of Epidemiology; Environmental Health; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Our theme is the understanding and assessment of risk to human health from exposure to hazardous substances. We approach this theme from the perspective of an interdisciplinary team that integrates exposure assessment, biologic pathogenesis, and epidemiologic studies. Our biomedical studies revolve around three classes of illness: reproductive health, cardio-respiratory health, and cancer. Our non-biomedical studies relate to health of the ecosystem and to factors that affect aquatic organisms. These studies encompass specific exposures to metals and to organo-chlorine compounds. Reproductive health is being evaluated in relation to environmental exposure to lead, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and related compounds; cardio-respiratory health is being evaluated in relation to occupational exposure to fuel oil ash, which contains a high level of vanadium and other metals; the occurrence of cancer and its precursors are being evaluated in relation to arsenic in drinking water supplies; the health of the ecosystem, specifically of aquatic organisms, is being evaluated in relation to the presence of metals, PCBs, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Our general goal is to evaluate the relation between chemicals in the environment and their relation
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to human ill health. Our objectives include the following: - to assess the use of calcium supplements to minimize the adverse effects of lead on the fetus - to assess uncertainties in development effects in children related to multiple environmental exposure to metals and organic compounds - to evaluate the effects of in utero exposure to ambient levels of PCBs on growth and development of the child and on female reproductive health. - to evaluate the cardiac and respiratory effects of fuel-ash oil on the human lung and to determine the mechanism through which vanadium and other metallic components of fuel-ash adversely effect the heart and the lung - to evaluate the nature of the association between arsenic and skin and skin bladder cancers and their precursors and to assess the epigenetic mechanisms through which arsenic may affect human health - to evaluate the effects of these and related chemicals on the aquatic ecosystem so that a comprehensive approach can be developed to assess the health of the ecosystem - to develop an approach for exposure assessment and health evaluation in the community that will enable enlightened interaction between scientists and the community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TCE REDUCTIVE DEHALOGENATION COMMUNITY
BY A
MICROBIAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Romine, Margaret; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are common groundwater contaminants. Under anaerobic conditions these solvents are are transformed by biological reductive dechlorination to dichloroethene isomers (DCEs), vinyl chloride (VC) and sometimes ethene. The original contaminants and their intermediate metabolites are all CERCLA listed hazardous chemicals that are neurotoxic or carcinogenic. Determining the extent of dechlorination under different conditions would be helpful for evaluating the human health risk at individual sites. Ideally, the conditions which promote complete dechlorination to ethene should be ascertained. These conditions are currently unclear and it is this gap in scientific knowledge which this project is designed to address. This project will utilize an enrichment culture developed by Jim Gossett and Steve Zinder at Cornell University, which is known to completely dechlorinate high concentrations of PCE (0.55 mM) and other chlorinated ethenes to ethene. A specific aim of this project is to develop molecular probes that target 16S rRNA genes and reductive dehalogenase genes present in the culture. These probes will be useful for study of the dynamics of the bacterial community and the expression of the dehalogenases in the culture, as electron donors/acceptors and other nutrients are varied. The goal is to find the optimum conditions for dechlorination of PCE, TCE, DCE and especially VC, which accumulates due to its slow rate of dechlorination. The members of the community will be phylogenetically characterized by 16S rRNA typing. Syntrophic relationships between the dechlorinator, Dehalococcoides ethenogenes, and other species will be established by experimentally combining defined members of the community. Presumably, the syntrophic organisms supply electron donor (hydrogen) and nutrients to D. ethenogenes, so these studies will help further define the conditions which produce optimal dechlorination. The presence of other dechlorinators in the Cornell enrichment culture and the anaerobic enrichment culture from Corvalis, Oregon will be assessed by restriction fragment analysis of amplified 16S rRNA, sequencing of selected clones and searching for homology with known dechlorinators. This may lead to the discovery of organisms which dechlorinate
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VC at a faster rate, or dechlorinate other substrates under different conditions than are optimal for D. ethenogenes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VIBRIO CHOLERAE 01 EPS--STRUCTURE, REGULATION & FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Schoolnik, Gary K.; Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Epidemiological observations suggest that V. cholerae O1, that cause Asiatic cholera, exists as an indigenous member of the aquatic flora between outbreaks of human disease. Recently investigators in the Schoolnik lab have isolated a novel extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) from the rugose colonial variant of V. cholerae O1 El Tor. Chemical characterization of EPS shows that it is distinct from the O1 LPS and the O139 capsular polysaccharide and morphological studies suggest that it mediates biofilm formation by serving as an interbacterial matrix that causes bacteria to aggregate and attach to inanimate surfaces. Purified EPS also protects the smooth colonial variant of the same strain from the bactericidal effects of chlorine. Insertion mutagenesis of the rugose variant led to the identification of a heretofore unknown cluster of genes, designated vps, with sequences that share homology with polysaccharide biosynthetic genes from other species. Another class of mutants sustained insertions in genes homologous to two-component regulatory systems. These preliminary data have led to the hypothesis that EPS expression confers a survival advantage in environmental aquatic habitats. To test this hypothesis Dr. Schoolnik proposes to complete the structural characterization of EPS; characterize the vps gene cluster; prepare knockout mutants of selected vps genes and test these mutants for their capacity to survive in experimental microcosms that simulate natural aquatic habitats. Dr. Schoolnik's group will also identify physiologic factors that control EPS expression and study how these signals activate vps gene transcription. Finally, in collaborative studies conducted in Bangladesh, they will attempt to learn if V. cholerae O1 expresses EPS in naturally infected water sources. Taken together, these studies should shed some light on why this species continues to cause epidemics as a "reemerging" infectious agent. The grant proposal is divided into three specific aims:(1) Continue to examine the structure and biosynthesis of EPS by completing the physical/chemical structural characterization, and by identifying the genes of the vps gene cluster by mutational analysis and complementation on clones. (2) Study the regulation of vps gene expression using vps gene fusions to ascertain vps gene expression under different growth conditions, including biofilm formation, murine intestinal growth, and algal co-culture. Identify regulatory genes that mediate this regulation by the isolation of mutants with altered regulation. (3) Study the function of EPS by determining the effects of vps mutants on survival under various conditions, and ascertaining the relative abundance of EPS and O1 LPS present on V. cholerae found in biofilm layers in Bangladesh. Determine if there is a direct correlation between the rugose morphotype and EPS production. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VISCOELASTICITY AND DETACHMENT IN BIOFILMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoodley, Paul; Adjunct Assistant Research Professor; None; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: The objective of the proposal is to investigate the important processes of biofilm detachment As a specific case, within the human body biofilms detach from the surfaces of host tissues and indwelling devices to spread infection. More generally, biofilms grow on a range of environmental and industrial surfaces. Some harbor pathogens from contaminated food, water, or aerosols: detachment causes the transfer of pathogens within the environment and into contact with people. The investigation will cover how to assess and measure the propensity for detachment and reattachment. The products of this research are vital to the general area of risk assessment and disease control. The proposal involves an international collaboration between two leaders of biofilm research (Dr. J. William Costerton at Montana State University and Dr. Hilary Lappin-Scott at University of Exeter, U.K.) Both are international experts in biofilm research. To give examples, they were the organizers of the ASM Special Topics conference on Biofilms (Snowbird, Utah, 1996), and have jointly edited a textbook on the subject. In addition to having active individual research interests, Drs. Costerton and Lappin-Scott have a successful long- term partnership that has produced many significant studies. This relationship has led to the development of a unique and complementary research strength. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for chlorine in the PubMed Central database: •
A Spore Counting Method and Cell Culture Model for Chlorine Disinfection Studies of Encephalitozoon syn. Septata intestinalis. by Wolk DM, Johnson CH, Rice EW, Marshall MM, Grahn KF, Plummer CB, Sterling CR.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91979
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Bacterial glutathione: a sacrificial defense against chlorine compounds. by Chesney JA, Eaton JW, Mahoney JR Jr.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177915
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Chlorine Dioxide Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Bacterial Spore Indicators. by Chauret CP, Radziminski CZ, Lepuil M, Creason R, Andrews RC.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92971
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Chlorine Disinfection of Atypical Mycobacteria Isolated from a Water Distribution System. by Le Dantec C, Duguet JP, Montiel A, Dumoutier N, Dubrou S, Vincent V.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123737
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Chlorine Inactivation of Sphingomonas Cells Attached to Goethite Particles in Drinking Water. by Gauthier V, Redercher S, Block JC.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91032
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Chlorine Inactivation of Spores of Encephalitozoon spp. by Johnson CH, Marshall MM, DeMaria LA, Moffet JM, Korich DG.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=143581
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Chlorine, Chloramine, Chlorine Dioxide, and Ozone Susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium. by Taylor RH, Falkinham JO III, Norton CD, LeChevallier MW.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92045
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Chlorine-Susceptible and Chlorine-Resistant Type 021N Bacteria Occurring in Bulking Activated Sludges. by Seka MA, Kalogo Y, Hammes F, Kielemoes J, Verstraete W.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93304
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Decolorization and Detoxification of Extraction-Stage Effluent from Chlorine Bleaching of Kraft Pulp by Rhizopus oryzae. by Nagarathnamma R, Bajpai P.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91147
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Effect of Oxidizing Disinfectants (Chlorine, Monochloramine, and Ozone) on Helicobacter pylori. by Baker KH, Hegarty JP, Redmond B, Reed NA, Herson DS.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126689
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Effects of Starvation on Physiological Activity and Chlorine Disinfection Resistance in Escherichia coli O157:H7. by Lisle JT, Broadaway SC, Prescott AM, Pyle BH, Fricker C, McFeters GA.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90905
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Efficacy of chlorine and heat treatment in killing Salmonella stanley inoculated onto alfalfa seeds and growth and survival of the pathogen during sprouting and storage. by Jaquette CB, Beuchat LR, Mahon BE.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168001
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Escherichia coli Resistance to Chlorine and Glutathione Synthesis in Response to Oxygenation and Starvation. by Saby S, Leroy P, Block JC.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91765
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Establishment of a Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Dechlorinating Microbial Consortium, Specific for Doubly Flanked Chlorines, in a Defined, Sediment-Free Medium. by Wu Q, Sowers KR, May HD.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91784
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Fate of Salmonella montevideo on and in raw tomatoes as affected by temperature and treatment with chlorine. by Zhuang RY, Beuchat LR, Angulo FJ.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167485
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Identification of a Bacterium That Specifically Catalyzes the Reductive Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls with Doubly Flanked Chlorines. by Wu Q, Watts JE, Sowers KR, May HD.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126686
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Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Clostridium perfringens spores by a mixed-oxidant disinfectant and by free chlorine. by Venczel LV, Arrowood M, Hurd M, Sobsey MD.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168452
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Influence of Chlorine Substituents on Rates of Oxidation of Chlorinated Biphenyls by the Biphenyl Dioxygenase of Burkholderia sp. Strain LB400. by Arnett CM, Parales JV, Haddock JD.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92093
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Mechanisms of Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Chlorine. by Li JW, Xin ZT, Wang XW, Zheng JL, Chao FH.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126388
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Phenotypic and genetic diversity of chlorine-resistant Methylobacterium strains isolated from various environments. by Hiraishi A, Furuhata K, Matsumoto A, Koike KA, Fukuyama M, Tabuchi K.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167482
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Survival and Heat Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes after Exposure to Alkali and Chlorine. by Taormina PJ, Beuchat LR.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92907
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Use of Integrated Cell Culture-PCR To Evaluate the Effectiveness of Poliovirus Inactivation by Chlorine. by Blackmer F, Reynolds KA, Gerba CP, Pepper IL.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101488
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Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor: Identification of a gene cluster required for the rugose colony type, exopolysaccharide production, chlorine resistance, and biofilm formation. by Yildiz FH, Schoolnik GK.; 1999 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22414
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. 6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chlorine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chlorine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A consideration of salt intake from foods based on the simultaneous measurement of sodium and chlorine by neutron activation analysis. Author(s): Teramoto K, Horiguchi S, Wakitani F, Yamamoto T, Ninomiya K, Horiuchi S, Honda Y. Source: Osaka City Med J. 1990 November; 36(2): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2074974&dopt=Abstract
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A luciferase-based method for assessing chlorine-susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium. Author(s): Cowan HE, Falkinham JO 3rd. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2001 September; 46(3): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438185&dopt=Abstract
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A neutron activation analysis facility for in vivo measurement of nitrogen and chlorine in children. Author(s): Borovnicar DJ, Stroud DB, Wahlqvist ML, Strauss BJ. Source: Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 1996 December; 19(4): 252-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9060212&dopt=Abstract
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A portable data-logging system for industrial hygiene personal chlorine monitoring. Author(s): Langhorst ML, Illes SP Jr. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1986 February; 47(2): 78-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3754085&dopt=Abstract
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A prompt gamma neutron activation analysis facility for in-vivo determination of total body nitrogen and chlorine. Author(s): Sutcliffe JF, Whitaker M, Smith MA. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1993; 60: 337-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110143&dopt=Abstract
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A spectrophotometric assay for chlorine-containing compounds. Author(s): Chesney JA, Mahoney JR Jr, Eaton JW. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1991 August 1; 196(2): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1663708&dopt=Abstract
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A spore counting method and cell culture model for chlorine disinfection studies of Encephalitozoon syn. Septata intestinalis. Author(s): Wolk DM, Johnson CH, Rice EW, Marshall MM, Grahn KF, Plummer CB, Sterling CR. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 April; 66(4): 1266-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742198&dopt=Abstract
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Absolute measurements of total-body calcium using prompt gamma neutron analysis and internal chlorine standardization: results in renal patients. Author(s): Evans CJ, Thomas DW, Ryde SJ, Williams AJ. Source: Physiological Measurement. 1994 February; 15(1): 67-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8161962&dopt=Abstract
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Acanthamoeba and contact lens disinfection: should chlorine be discontinued? Author(s): Seal DV, Hay J, Devonshire P, Kirkness CM. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 February; 77(2): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8435417&dopt=Abstract
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Acute accidental exposure to chlorine fumes--a study of 82 cases. Author(s): Moulick ND, Banavali S, Abhyankar AD, Borkar S, Aiyengar J, Kapadia NM, Khokhani RC. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 1992 April-June; 34(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1459667&dopt=Abstract
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Acute accidental exposure to chlorine gas in the Southeast of Turkey: a study of 106 cases. Author(s): Guloglu C, Kara IH, Erten PG. Source: Environmental Research. 2002 February; 88(2): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908933&dopt=Abstract
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Acute chlorine gas exposure. Author(s): Hedges JR, Morrissey WL. Source: Jacep. 1979 February; 8(2): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=439544&dopt=Abstract
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Acute chlorine poisoning from a high school experiment. Author(s): Edwards IR, Temple WA, Dobbinson TL. Source: N Z Med J. 1983 September 28; 96(740): 720-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6577350&dopt=Abstract
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Acute chlorine poisoning. A study of 84 cases. Author(s): Ramachandran KA, Chawla IS, Khokhar P. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 July; 38(7): 489-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2292556&dopt=Abstract
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Alfalfa sprouts and Salmonella Kottbus infection: a multistate outbreak following inadequate seed disinfection with heat and chlorine. Author(s): Winthrop KL, Palumbo MS, Farrar JA, Mohle-Boetani JC, Abbott S, Beatty ME, Inami G, Werner SB. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 January; 66(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540175&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic potency of recombinant Fel d 1 is reduced by low concentrations of chlorine bleach. Author(s): Matsui E, Kagey-Sobotka A, Chichester K, Eggleston PA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 396-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589362&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of the use of chlorine dioxide (Tristel One-Shot) in an automated washer/disinfector (Medivator) fitted with a chlorine dioxide generator for decontamination of flexible endoscopes. Author(s): Coates D. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 May; 48(1): 55-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358471&dopt=Abstract
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An in-vitro evaluation of the activity of chlorine against environmental and nosocomial isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila. Author(s): Chamorey E, Forel M, Drancourt M. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1999 January; 41(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949964&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of muscle biopsies for sodium, chlorine, potassium and phosphorus by neutron activation. Author(s): Batra GJ, Bewley DK, Edwards RH, Jones DA. Source: Int J Appl Radiat Isot. 1976 May-June; 27(5-6): 267-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=955727&dopt=Abstract
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Aquatic and clinical staphylococcal characterization and associated antibiotic, heavy metal, and chlorine sensitivities. Author(s): Brown NE, Seyfried PL, Chan BH, Hum NS, Desjardins RM. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1984 January-February; 75(1): 32-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6704868&dopt=Abstract
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Are organochlorine compounds created in the human body? Author(s): Winterton N. Source: Mutation Research. 1997 February 3; 373(2): 293-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9042413&dopt=Abstract
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Aseptics and aesthetics of chlorine bleach: can its use in laundering be safely abandoned? Author(s): Belkin NL. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1998 April; 26(2): 149-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9584811&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of chlorine exposure in swimmers during training. Author(s): Drobnic F, Freixa A, Casan P, Sanchis J, Guardino X. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1996 February; 28(2): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775165&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of in vivo revival, growth, and pathogenicity of Escherichia coli strains after copper- and chlorine-induced injury. Author(s): Singh A, Yeager R, McFeters GA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1986 October; 52(4): 832-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3535675&dopt=Abstract
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Attachment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to lettuce leaf surface and bacterial viability in response to chlorine treatment as demonstrated by using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Author(s): Seo KH, Frank JF. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 January; 62(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921820&dopt=Abstract
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Bactericidal effect of chlorine on motile Aeromonas spp. in drinking water supplies and influence of temperature on disinfection efficacy. Author(s): Sisti M, Albano A, Brandi G. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1998 May; 26(5): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674163&dopt=Abstract
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Body elemental composition, with particular reference to total and exchangeable sodium and potassium and total chlorine, in untreated and treated primary hyperaldosteronism. Author(s): Williams ED, Boddy K, Brown JJ, Cumming AM, Davies DL, Harvey IR, Haywood JK, Lever AF, Robertson JI. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1984 April; 2(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6533185&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchial hyperresponsiveness can improve while spirometry plateaus two to three years after repeated exposure to chlorine causing respiratory symptoms. Author(s): Malo JL, Cartier A, Boulet LP, L'Archeveque J, Saint-Denis F, Bherer L, Courteau JP. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994 October; 150(4): 1142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921449&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer incidence among pulp and paper workers exposed to organic chlorinated compounds formed during chlorine pulp bleaching. Author(s): Jappinen P, Pukkala E. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1991 October; 17(5): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1947921&dopt=Abstract
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Case report and literature review of chlorine gas toxicity. Author(s): Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2002 August; 44(4): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136975&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in airway function and bronchial responsiveness after acute occupational exposure to chlorine leading to treatment in a first aid unit. Author(s): Leroyer C, Malo JL, Infante-Rivard C, Dufour JG, Gautrin D. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 May; 55(5): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764114&dopt=Abstract
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Chloride ion binding to human plasma albumin from chlorine-35 quadrupole relaxation. Author(s): Halle B, Lindman B. Source: Biochemistry. 1978 September 5; 17(18): 3774-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=29662&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorination of pyridinium compounds. Possible role of hypochlorite, Nchloramines, and chlorine in the oxidation of pyridinoline cross-links of articular cartilage collagen type II during acute inflammation. Author(s): Daumer KM, Khan AU, Steinbeck MJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 November 3; 275(44): 34681-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940296&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine and organochlorine compounds. Author(s): Abelson PH. Source: Science. 1994 August 26; 265(5176): 1155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802780&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine and sodium perfusion and electrolyte balance in human tissue and tumours before and during neutron and photon radiotherapy. Author(s): Koester L, Knopf K, Auberger T. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1997 August; 42(8): 1587-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279908&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine and the eustachian tube. Author(s): Spencer MG. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1988 January; 102(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3343564&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine bleach ingestion in children: a review of 80 cases. Author(s): Tanyel FC, Buyukpamukcu N, Hicsonmez A. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1988 April-June; 30(2): 105-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3071883&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine controversy. Author(s): Sattler B. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2002 August; 102(8): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455111&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine controversy. Author(s): Condon M. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2002 August; 102(8): 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455110&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine dioxide and hemodialysis. Author(s): Smith RP, Willhite CC. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1990 February; 11(1): 42-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2184465&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine dioxide as a post-disinfectant for Dutch drinking water. Author(s): Wondergem E, van Dijk-Looijaard AM. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1991 February; 102: 101-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2038663&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine dioxide gas sterilization of oxygenators in an industrial scale sterilizer: a successful model. Author(s): Jeng DK, Woodworth AG. Source: Artificial Organs. 1990 October; 14(5): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2122876&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine dioxide water disinfection: a prospective epidemiology study. Author(s): Michael GE, Miday RK, Bercz JP, Miller RG, Greathouse DG, Kraemer DF, Lucas JB. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1981 January-February; 36(1): 20-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7469487&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine dioxide: a new agent for dialysis monitor disinfection in a pediatric center. Author(s): Palo TD, Atti M, Bellantuono R, Giordano M, Caringella DA. Source: Blood Purification. 1997; 15(3): 188-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9262845&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine exposure and the upper respiratory tract. Author(s): Shusterman D, Solomon C, Balmes J, Blanc P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 February; 19(2): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866020&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine exposure: a challenge to the physician. Author(s): Lawson JJ. Source: American Family Physician. 1981 January; 23(1): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7457311&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine gas exposure and the lung: a review. Author(s): Das R, Blanc PD. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 1993 May-June; 9(3): 439-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8367885&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine inactivation of adenovirus type 40 and feline calicivirus. Author(s): Thurston-Enriquez JA, Haas CN, Jacangelo J, Gerba CP. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 July; 69(7): 3979-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839771&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine inactivation of Sphingomonas cells attached to goethite particles in drinking water. Author(s): Gauthier V, Redercher S, Block JC. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999 January; 65(1): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872809&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine inactivation of spores of Encephalitozoon spp. Author(s): Johnson CH, Marshall MM, DeMaria LA, Moffet JM, Korich DG. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 February; 69(2): 1325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571067&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine industry says EPA rules ignore good science. Author(s): Reichhardt T. Source: Nature. 1999 June 24; 399(6738): 718. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10391226&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine inhalation in a pediatric patient. Author(s): Myers SJ. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1997 December; 23(6): 583-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9460396&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine inhalation produces nasal congestion in allergic rhinitics without mast cell degranulation. Author(s): Shusterman D, Balmes J, Avila PC, Murphy MA, Matovinovic E. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 April; 21(4): 652-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762352&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine inhalation toxicity from vapors generated by swimming pool chlorinator tablets. Author(s): Wood BR, Colombo JL, Benson BE. Source: Pediatrics. 1987 March; 79(3): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3822645&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine inhalation: the big picture. Author(s): Sexton JD, Pronchik DJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(1-2): 87-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541051&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine injury and the enumeration of waterborne coliform bacteria. Author(s): Camper AK, McFeters GA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1979 March; 37(3): 633-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=378130&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine poisoning at the swimming pool revisited: anatomy of two minidisasters. Author(s): Decker WJ. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988 December; 30(6): 584-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3245129&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine poisoning at the swimming pool: an overlooked hazard. Author(s): Decker WJ, Koch HF. Source: Clin Toxicol. 1978; 13(3): 377-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=743867&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine poisoning. Author(s): Barret L, Faure J. Source: Lancet. 1984 March 10; 1(8376): 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6142270&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium. Author(s): Taylor RH, Falkinham JO 3rd, Norton CD, LeChevallier MW. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 April; 66(4): 1702-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742264&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine, heat: popular ways to beat Legionella. Author(s): Wireman JW, Schmidt A, Hutchins DT. Source: Health Facilities Management. 1992 May; 5(5): 28, 30, 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10118020&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine, is there a better alternative? Author(s): Robeck GG. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1981 April; 18: 235-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7233163&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine, pH, and control of Legionella in hospital plumbing systems. Author(s): States SJ, Conley CF, Kuchta JM, Wolford RS, Wadowsky RM, Yee RB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 April 7; 261(13): 1882-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2926924&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine/chloramine. Author(s): Krenzelok E, Mrvos R. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1995; 33(4): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7629903&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine-induced anosmia. A case presentation. Author(s): Benjamin E, Pickles J. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 November; 111(11): 1075-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472582&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorine-induced damage documented by neurophysiological, neuropsychological, and pulmonary testing. Author(s): Kilburn KH. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2000 January-February; 55(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735517&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic reactive airway disease following acute chlorine gas exposure in an asymptomatic atopic patient. Author(s): Moore BB, Sherman M. Source: Chest. 1991 September; 100(3): 855-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1889286&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic rhinitis in workers at risk of reactive airways dysfunction syndrome due to exposure to chlorine. Author(s): Leroyer C, Malo JL, Girard D, Dufour JG, Gautrin D. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 May; 56(5): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10472308&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative disinfection of secondary-treated sewage with chlorine dioxide and bromine chloride. Author(s): Zanetti F, Stampi S, De Luca G, Varoli O, Tonelli E. Source: Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1996 July; 198(6): 567-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9353543&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of chlorine and chlorine dioxide disinfection for control of Legionella in a hospital potable water supply. Author(s): Hamilton E, Seal DV, Hay J. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1996 February; 32(2): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8666767&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of total body chlorine, potassium, and water measurements in children with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Borovnicar DJ, Stroud DB, Bines JE, Haslam RH, Strauss BJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 January; 71(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617944&dopt=Abstract
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Controlled clinical evaluations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate in man. Author(s): Lubbers JR, Chauan S, Bianchine JR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1982 December; 46: 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6961033&dopt=Abstract
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Controlled clinical evaluations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate in man. Author(s): Lubbers JR, Chauhan S, Bianchine JR. Source: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1981 July-August; 1(4): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7185581&dopt=Abstract
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Cooling towers, Legionella pneumophila and chlorine--an alternative systems treatment. Author(s): Nicholson DC. Source: Hosp Eng. 1986 April; 40(4): 9-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10276210&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal epithelial alterations resulting from use of chlorine-disinfected contact tonometer after myopic photorefractive keratectomy. Author(s): Maldonado MJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 105(8): 1546-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709772&dopt=Abstract
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Cross-sectional assessment of workers with repeated exposure to chlorine over a three year period. Author(s): Gautrin D, Leroyer C, L'Archeveque J, Dufour JG, Girard D, Malo JL. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 December; 8(12): 2046-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8666099&dopt=Abstract
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Cysticidal effect of chlorine dioxide on Giardia intestinalis cysts. Author(s): Winiecka-Krusnell J, Linder E. Source: Acta Tropica. 1998 July 30; 70(3): 369-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777721&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxic action of conjugates of alpha-fetoprotein and epidermal growth factor with photoheme, chlorines, and phthalocyanines. Author(s): Savitsky AA, Gukasova NV, Gumanov SG, Feldman NB, Luk'yanets EA, Mironov AF, Yakubovskaya RI, Lutsenko SV, Severin SE. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 2000 June; 65(6): 732-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887296&dopt=Abstract
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Death from pool chlorine--an unusual case. Author(s): Rao VJ, Hearn WL. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1988 May; 33(3): 812-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3385386&dopt=Abstract
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Decrements in spirometry values associated with chlorine gassing events and pulp mill work. Author(s): Henneberger PK, Lax MB, Ferris BG Jr. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 January; 153(1): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8542120&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of the cerebral lesions of chlorine intoxication by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Levy JM, Hessel SJ, Nykamp PW, Stegman CJ, Crowe JK, Spiegel RM, Horsley WW, Cook GC. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1986; 4(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3951338&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of organic-bound chlorine and bromine in human body fluids by neutron activation analysis. Author(s): McKinney JD, Abusamra A, Reed JH. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 1983 January; 55(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6829905&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of sodium, potassium and chlorine in small samples of healthy and burnt human skin by neutron activation. Author(s): Demichelis F, Russo A. Source: Int J Appl Radiat Isot. 1978 March; 29(3): 133-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=680994&dopt=Abstract
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Detoxifying chlorine rich gas streams using solid supported nickel catalysts. Author(s): Shin EJ, Keane MA. Source: Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1999 May 14; 66(3): 265-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334825&dopt=Abstract
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Development of a total body chlorine analyser using a bismuth germanate detector system and a 252Cf neutron source. Author(s): Blagojevic N, Allen BJ, Rose A. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1990; 55: 401-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2088300&dopt=Abstract
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Disinfection of human enteric viruses in water by copper and silver in combination with low levels of chlorine. Author(s): Abad FX, Pinto RM, Diez JM, Bosch A. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1994 July; 60(7): 2377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8074518&dopt=Abstract
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Disinfection of spills of body fluids: how effective is a level of 10,000 ppm available chlorine? Author(s): Coates D. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1991 August; 18(4): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1682371&dopt=Abstract
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Do 'chlorine covers' exert a sustained bactericidal effect on the bacterial hand flora? Author(s): Koller W, Rotter ML, Gottardi W. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1995 November; 31(3): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8586785&dopt=Abstract
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Domestic chlorine poisoning. Author(s): Philipp R, Shepherd C, Fawthrop F, Poulsom B. Source: Lancet. 1985 August 31; 2(8453): 495. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2863507&dopt=Abstract
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Don't dismiss chlorine; it could help us to avoid the fate of the Romans. Author(s): Engelbeen F. Source: Nature. 2000 September 28; 407(6803): 445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028975&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of chlorine dioxide water disinfection on hematologic and serum parameters of renal dialysis patients. Author(s): Ames RG, Stratton JW. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1987 September-October; 42(5): 280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3452295&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of chlorine gas leak on the pulmonary functions of school children. Author(s): Pherwani AV, Khanna SA, Patel RB. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1989 January-February; 56(1): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2583758&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of disinfection of drinking water with ozone or chlorine dioxide on survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Author(s): Peeters JE, Mazas EA, Masschelein WJ, Villacorta Martiez de Maturana I, Debacker E. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1989 June; 55(6): 1519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2764564&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in disinfection on two soft denture liners. Author(s): Furukawa KK, Niagro FD, Runyan DA, Cameron SM. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1998 December; 80(6): 723-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9830079&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of morphine in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to chlorine gas inhalation. Author(s): Pino F, Puerta H, D'Apollo R, Ferrer M, Arias I, Irastorza IM, Ramirez MS. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1993 February; 35(1): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8434449&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of accidental chlorine inhalation on pulmonary function. Author(s): Charan NB, Lakshminarayan S, Myers GC, Smith DD. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1985 September; 143(3): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4049853&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of chlorine and fluorine on vitamin E, the human body and the environment. Author(s): Bertrand F. Source: Probe (Lond). 1989 August; 31(8): 8, 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2631104&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of chlorine-containing disinfecting compounds on shade guides made of acrylic resin. Author(s): Cernavin I. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1996 May; 75(5): 574. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8709027&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of low concentrations of chlorine on pulmonary function in humans. Author(s): Rotman HH, Fliegelman MJ, Moore T, Smith RG, Anglen DM, Kowalski CJ, Weg JG. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1983 April; 54(4): 1120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6853288&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of the acute rising dose administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorate and chlorite to normal healthy adult male volunteers. Author(s): Lubbers JR, Bianchine JR. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 1984 July; 5(4-5): 215-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6520727&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and stability of two chlorine-containing antiseptics. Author(s): Pappalardo G, Tanner F, Roussianos D, Pannatier A. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1986; 12(11): 905-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3816507&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-containing mouthrinse in oral malodor. Author(s): Frascella J, Gilbert RD, Fernandez P, Hendler J. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000 March; 21(3): 241-4, 246, 248 Passim; Quiz 256. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11199703&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of chlorine and heat treatment in killing Salmonella stanley inoculated onto alfalfa seeds and growth and survival of the pathogen during sprouting and storage. Author(s): Jaquette CB, Beuchat LR, Mahon BE. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1996 July; 62(7): 2212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8779558&dopt=Abstract
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Elements in autopsy liver tissue samples from Greenlandic Inuit and Danes. I. Sulphur, chlorine, potassium and bromine measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Author(s): Laursen J, Milman N, Petersen HS, Mulvad G, Jul E, Saaby H, Hansen JC. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 1998 July; 12(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9760420&dopt=Abstract
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Elements in normal and cirrhotic human liver tissue. II. Potassium, sulphur, chlorine and bromine measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Author(s): Milman N, Laursen J, Asnaes S, Podenphant J. Source: Liver. 1987 August; 7(4): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3683092&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced sensitivity in the analysis of trace organochlorine compounds by negativeion mass spectrometry with ammonia as reagent gas. Author(s): Chaler R, Vilanova R, Santiago-Silva M, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1998 October 9; 823(1-2): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818394&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of ultrasonic scaling unit waterline contamination after use of chlorine dioxide mouthrinse lavage. Author(s): Wirthlin MR, Marshall GW JR. Source: J Periodontol. 2001 March; 72(3): 401-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11327069&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for the microbicidal activity of a chlorine dioxide-containing oral rinse formulation in vivo. Author(s): Grootveld M, Silwood C, Gill D, Lynch E. Source: J Clin Dent. 2001; 12(3): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505963&dopt=Abstract
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Exaggerated responses to chlorine inhalation among persons with nonspecific airway hyperreactivity. Author(s): D'Alessandro A, Kuschner W, Wong H, Boushey HA, Blanc PD. Source: Chest. 1996 February; 109(2): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8620701&dopt=Abstract
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Exhaled nitric oxide among pulpmill workers reporting gassing incidents involving ozone and chlorine dioxide. Author(s): Olin AC, Ljungkvist G, Bake B, Hagberg S, Henriksson L, Toren K. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 October; 14(4): 828-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573229&dopt=Abstract
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Explosion risk from swimming pool chlorinators and review of chlorine toxicity. Author(s): Martinez TT, Long C. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1995; 33(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7629902&dopt=Abstract
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Factors contributing to the reduced invasiveness of chlorine-injured Yersinia enterocolitica. Author(s): LeChevallier MW, Schiemann DA, McFeters GA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1987 June; 53(6): 1358-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2440382&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal pulmonary arterial thrombosis associated with chlorine gas poisoning. Author(s): Suzuki S, Sakamoto S, Maniwa K, Saitoh A, Hirayama Y, Kobayashi H, Matsuo T. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2001 October; 7(4): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697724&dopt=Abstract
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First-aid reports of acute chlorine gassing among pulpmill workers as predictors of lung health consequences. Author(s): Salisbury DA, Enarson DA, Chan-Yeung M, Kennedy SM. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1991; 20(1): 71-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1867219&dopt=Abstract
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Formation of natural biofilms during chlorine dioxide and u.v. disinfection in a public drinking water distribution system. Author(s): Schwartz T, Hoffmann S, Obst U. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 95(3): 591-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12911708&dopt=Abstract
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Free residual chlorine in bathing water reduces the water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum in atopic skin. Author(s): Seki T, Morimatsu S, Nagahori H, Morohashi M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 30(3): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692355&dopt=Abstract
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Generation of nitrogen-chlorine oxidants by human phagocytes. Author(s): Test ST, Lampert MB, Ossanna PJ, Thoene JG, Weiss SJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1984 October; 74(4): 1341-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6090501&dopt=Abstract
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Genotoxic properties of haloacetonitriles: drinking water by-products of chlorine disinfection. Author(s): Daniel FB, Schenck KM, Mattox JK, Lin EL, Haas DL, Pereira MA. Source: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1986 April; 6(3): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3699330&dopt=Abstract
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Groups at potentially high risk from chlorine dioxide treated water. Author(s): Moore GS, Calabrese EJ, Ho SC. Source: J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 1980 September; 4(2-3): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7462914&dopt=Abstract
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Handwashing, Semmelweis, and chlorine. Author(s): Beck WC. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1988 August; 9(8): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3049781&dopt=Abstract
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Hazards of chlorine to asthmatic patients. Author(s): Rothery SP. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1991 January; 41(342): 39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2003961&dopt=Abstract
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Heavy metals, chlorine and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from ambulatory patients. Author(s): Aguiar JM, Guzman E, Martinez JL. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1990 August; 2(4): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2230906&dopt=Abstract
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Home exposures to chlorine/chloramine gas: review of 216 cases. Author(s): Mrvos R, Dean BS, Krenzelok EP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 June; 86(6): 654-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506487&dopt=Abstract
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Hospital use of chlorine disinfectants in a hepatitis B endemic area--a prevalence survey in twenty hospitals. Author(s): Ching TY, Seto WH. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1989 July; 14(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2570101&dopt=Abstract
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Human milk as a bioindicator for body burden of PCDDs, PCDFs, organochlorine pesticides, and PCBs. Author(s): Furst P, Furst C, Wilmers K. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1994 January; 102 Suppl 1: 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187707&dopt=Abstract
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Human neutrophils employ chlorine gas as an oxidant during phagocytosis. Author(s): Hazen SL, Hsu FF, Mueller DM, Crowley JR, Heinecke JW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1996 September 15; 98(6): 1283-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823292&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis after chlorine inhalation. Author(s): Szerlip HM, Singer I. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1984 September; 77(3): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6433707&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo measurement of total body chlorine using the 8.57 MeV prompt de-excitation following thermal neutron capture. Author(s): Mitra S, Plank LD, Knight GS, Hill GL. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1993 January; 38(1): 161-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8426867&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo measurements of total body calcium by chlorine internal standardization. Author(s): Thomas DW, Ryde SJ, Williams AJ, Dutton J, Evans CJ. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1993; 60: 341-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110145&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo neutron activation analysis of sodium and chlorine in tumor tissue after fast neutron therapy. Author(s): Auberger T, Koester L, Knopf K, Weissfloch L. Source: Bulletin Du Cancer. Radiotherapie : Journal De La Societe Francaise Du Cancer : Organe De La Societe Francaise De Radiotherapie Oncologique. 1996; 83 Suppl: 37S-42S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8949749&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of Brazilian wild type and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by chlorine. Author(s): Penna TC, Schaffner D, Abe LE, Machoshvili IA. Source: J Ind Microbiol. 1996 January; 16(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8820020&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of human and simian rotaviruses by chlorine dioxide. Author(s): Chen YS, Vaughn JM. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1990 May; 56(5): 1363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2160222&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of human and simian rotaviruses by chlorine. Author(s): Vaughn JM, Chen YS, Thomas MZ. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1986 February; 51(2): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3006589&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by a medical waste disposal process using chlorine dioxide. Author(s): Farr RW, Walton C. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1993 September; 14(9): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228160&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of Norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine. Author(s): Keswick BH, Satterwhite TK, Johnson PC, DuPont HL, Secor SL, Bitsura JA, Gary GW, Hoff JC. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1985 August; 50(2): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2996421&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of free residual chlorine on cultured human epidermal keratinocytes from normal skin and hypertrophic scars. Author(s): Matsumoto Y, Mori H, Hayakawa A, Ohashi M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1995 July; 10(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7577833&dopt=Abstract
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Inhalation injury after exposure to chlorine gas leak. Author(s): Prater JF. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1990 July-August; 16(4): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2385054&dopt=Abstract
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Inhalation of chlorine gas. Author(s): Williams JG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 November; 73(865): 697-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519180&dopt=Abstract
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Initiation of rapid, P53-dependent growth arrest in cultured human skin fibroblasts by reactive chlorine species. Author(s): Vile GF, Rothwell LA, Kettle AJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000 May 1; 377(1): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775450&dopt=Abstract
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Intoxication of 76 children by chlorine gas. Author(s): Fleta J, Calvo C, Zuniga J, Castellano M, Bueno M. Source: Hum Toxicol. 1986 March; 5(2): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3957357&dopt=Abstract
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Iodination of nutrients in the presence of chlorine based disinfectants used in drinking water treatment. Author(s): Bercz JP, Bawa R. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1986 December; 34(2-3): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3798474&dopt=Abstract
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KCl potentiated inactivation of poliovirus 1 by free chlorine at pH 4.5. Author(s): Berg G, Sanjaghsaz H. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1995 May; 53(1): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7635920&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of effect of drinking water chlorine on lipid and thyroid metabolism in healthy humans. Author(s): Wones RG, Deck CC, Stadler B, Roark S, Hogg E, Frohman LA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 March; 99: 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8319654&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal assessment of airway caliber and responsiveness in workers exposed to chlorine. Author(s): Gautrin D, Leroyer C, Infante-Rivard C, Ghezzo H, Dufour JG, Girard D, Malo JL. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 October; 160(4): 1232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10508812&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal distribution of chlorine absorption in human airways: a comparison to ozone absorption. Author(s): Nodelman V, Ultman JS. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999 December; 87(6): 2073-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10601152&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal distribution of chlorine absorption in human airways: comparison of nasal and oral quiet breathing. Author(s): Nodelman V, Ultman JS. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999 June; 86(6): 1984-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368365&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal distribution of ozone and chlorine in the human respiratory tract: simulation of nasal and oral breathing with the single-path diffusion model. Author(s): Bush ML, Zhang W, Ben-Jebria A, Ultman JS. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2001 June 15; 173(3): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437635&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term lung sequelae following accidental chlorine gas exposure. Author(s): Schonhofer B, Voshaar T, Kohler D. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1996; 63(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8739485&dopt=Abstract
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Lung function after acute chlorine exposure. Author(s): Jones RN, Hughes JM, Glindmeyer H, Weill H. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 December; 134(6): 1190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3789518&dopt=Abstract
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Lung health consequences of reported accidental chlorine gas exposures among pulpmill workers. Author(s): Kennedy SM, Enarson DA, Janssen RG, Chan-Yeung M. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 January; 143(1): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1986687&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal body burden of organochlorine pesticides and dioxins. Author(s): Nakagawa R, Hirakawa H, Iida T, Matsueda T, Nagayama J. Source: J Aoac Int. 1999 May-June; 82(3): 716-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367390&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of total body chlorine by prompt gamma in vivo neutron activation analysis. Author(s): Beddoe AH, Streat SJ, Hill GL. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1987 February; 32(2): 191-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3562533&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus by chlorine dioxide and iodine. Author(s): Alvarez ME, O'Brien RT. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1982 November; 44(5): 1064-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6295277&dopt=Abstract
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Medical planning for toxic releases into the community: the example of chlorine gas. Author(s): Jackson JR. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1989 October; 46(10): 752. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2818967&dopt=Abstract
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Medical planning for toxic releases into the community: the example of chlorine gas. Author(s): Baxter PJ, Davies PC, Murray V. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1989 April; 46(4): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2713283&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolism and pathophysiology of sodium and chlorine in tissue after neutron irradiation. Author(s): Koester L, Knopf K, Auberger T. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1994 January; 39(1): 75-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7652001&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular chlorine generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system of phagocytes converts low density lipoprotein cholesterol into a family of chlorinated sterols. Author(s): Hazen SL, Hsu FF, Duffin K, Heinecke JW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1996 September 20; 271(38): 23080-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8798498&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular chlorine generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system of phagocytes produces 5-chlorocytosine in bacterial RNA. Author(s): Henderson JP, Byun J, Heinecke JW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 November 19; 274(47): 33440-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10559226&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular chlorine: health and environmental effects. Author(s): Vetrano KM. Source: Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2001; 170: 75-140. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11370383&dopt=Abstract
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Multicomponent spectroscopic investigations of salivary antioxidant consumption by an oral rinse preparation containing the stable free radical species chlorine dioxide (ClO2.). Author(s): Lynch E, Sheerin A, Claxson AW, Atherton MD, Rhodes CJ, Silwood CJ, Naughton DP, Grootveld M. Source: Free Radical Research. 1997 March; 26(3): 209-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9161844&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenic activity associated with by-products of drinking water disinfection by chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone and UV-irradiation. Author(s): Zoeteman BC, Hrubec J, de Greef E, Kool HJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1982 December; 46: 197-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7151762&dopt=Abstract
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Myasthenia gravis presenting as laryngeal stridor after exposure to chlorine gas. Author(s): Foulks CJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1981 November; 74(11): 1423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7302649&dopt=Abstract
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Myobacterium chelonae and Acremonium species isolated from endoscope autodisinfector rinse water despite daily treatment with chlorine dioxide. Author(s): Parnell P, Wilcox MH. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 June; 48(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428884&dopt=Abstract
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Nasal inflammatory and respiratory parameters in human volunteers during and after repeated exposure to chlorine. Author(s): Schins RP, Emmen H, Hoogendijk L, Borm PJ. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 October; 16(4): 626-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106203&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulized sodium bicarbonate in acute chlorine inhalation. Author(s): Douidar SM. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1997 December; 13(6): 406-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9435003&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulized sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of chlorine gas inhalation. Author(s): Bosse GM. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(3): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8007031&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroleptics related to butaclamol. An investigation of the effects of chlorine substituents on the aromatic rings. Author(s): Humber LG, Sideridis N, Asselin AA, Bruderlein FT, Voith K. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1978 December; 21(12): 1225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=31480&dopt=Abstract
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Normal levels of total body sodium and chlorine by neutron activation analysis. Author(s): Kennedy NS, Eastell R, Smith MA, Tothill P. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1983 March; 28(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6844400&dopt=Abstract
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Odor reduction potential of a chlorine dioxide mouthrinse. Author(s): Frascella J, Gilbert R, Fernandez P. Source: J Clin Dent. 1998; 9(2): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10518851&dopt=Abstract
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Organo chlorine pesticides in human placenta and accompanying fluid. Author(s): Saxena MC, Seth TD, Mahajan PL. Source: Int J Environ Anal Chem. 1980; 7(3): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7419325&dopt=Abstract
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Organochlorine chemicals in seafood: occurrence and health concerns. Author(s): Smith AG, Gangolli SD. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 June; 40(6): 767-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983271&dopt=Abstract
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Organochlorines and breast cancer: the uses of scientific evidence in claimsmaking. Author(s): Driedger SM, Eyles J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2001 May; 52(10): 1589-605. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314854&dopt=Abstract
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Out of the blue and into the pink. A new litmus test for chlorine gas exposure. Author(s): Green TC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 December 1-15; 167(11-12): 651, 654. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9418819&dopt=Abstract
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Oxygen and nitrogen are pro-carcinogens. Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen, chlorine and nitrogen species: measurement, mechanism and the effects of nutrition. Author(s): Halliwell B. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 July 15; 443(1-2): 37-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10415430&dopt=Abstract
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Pathways for oxidation of low density lipoprotein by myeloperoxidase: tyrosyl radical, reactive aldehydes, hypochlorous acid and molecular chlorine. Author(s): Heinecke JW. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1997; 6(2): 145-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259996&dopt=Abstract
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Performance of the bismuth germanate total body chlorine analyzer. Author(s): Blagojevic N, Allen BJ, Russell J. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1993; 60: 351-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110149&dopt=Abstract
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Photosensitization by drugs: photolysis of some chlorine-containing drugs. Author(s): Moore DE, Tamat SR. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1980 March; 32(3): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6103931&dopt=Abstract
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Pneumomediastinum. A complication of chlorine exposure from mixing household cleaning agents. Author(s): Gapany-Gapanavicius M, Yellin A, Almog S, Tirosh M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 July 16; 248(3): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7087130&dopt=Abstract
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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non-ortho, mono-ortho chlorine substituted biphenyls in Japanese human liver and adipose tissue. Author(s): Takenaka S, Todaka T, Nakamura M, Hori T, Iida T, Yamada T, Hata J. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 October; 49(2): 161-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375863&dopt=Abstract
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Poor efficacy of residual chlorine disinfectant in drinking water to inactivate waterborne pathogens in distribution systems. Author(s): Payment P. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1999 August; 45(8): 709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528403&dopt=Abstract
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Potential health effects of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water supplies. Author(s): Moore GS, Calabrese EJ, DiNardi SR, Tuthill RW. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1978 September-October; 4(5): 481-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=753950&dopt=Abstract
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Potentially hazardous residues of non-ortho chlorine substituted coplanar PCBs in human adipose tissue. Author(s): Kannan N, Tanabe S, Tatsukawa R. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1988 January-February; 43(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2833182&dopt=Abstract
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Potentiation of the virucidal effectiveness of free chlorine by substances in drinking water. Author(s): Berg G, Sanjaghsaz H, Wangwongwatana S. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1989 February; 55(2): 390-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2541661&dopt=Abstract
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Powders, composed of chlorine-releasing agent acrylic resin mixtures or based on peroxygen compounds, for spills of body fluids. Author(s): Coates D, Wilson M. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1992 August; 21(4): 241-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1355780&dopt=Abstract
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Prompt gamma measurements of nitrogen and chlorine in normal volunteers. Author(s): Ryde SJ, Morgan WD, Thomas DW, Birks JL, Evans CJ, Ali PA, Jenkins H. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1990; 55: 347-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2088290&dopt=Abstract
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Provocation of pulmonary haemorrhage in Goodpasture syndrome by chlorine gas. Author(s): Siebels M, Andrassy K, Ritz E. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1993; 8(2): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8384347&dopt=Abstract
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Pulmonary function changes after acute inhalation of chlorine gas. Author(s): Ploysongsang Y, Beach BC, DiLisio RE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1982 January; 75(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7054876&dopt=Abstract
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Pulmonary injury following exposure to chlorine gas. Possible beneficial effects of steroid treatment. Author(s): Chester EH, Kaimal J, Payne CB Jr, Kohn PM. Source: Chest. 1977 August; 72(2): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=884993&dopt=Abstract
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Quadrupole ion storage tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry: complementary application in the measurement of 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in US foods. Author(s): Hayward DG, Holcomb J, Glidden R, Wilson P, Harris M, Spencer V. Source: Chemosphere. 2001 May-June; 43(4-7): 407-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372820&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative investigation of sulfur and chlorine in human head hairs by energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. Author(s): Seta S, Sato H, Yoshino M. Source: Scan Electron Microsc. 1979; (2): 193-201. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=524000&dopt=Abstract
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Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) due to chlorine gas exposure. Author(s): Donnelly SC, FitzGerald MX. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1990 September-December; 159(9-12): 275-6; Discussion 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2094692&dopt=Abstract
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Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome due to chlorine: sequential bronchial biopsies and functional assessment. Author(s): Lemiere C, Malo JL, Boutet M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1997 January; 10(1): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9032521&dopt=Abstract
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Resistance of blastocystis hominis cysts to chlorine. Author(s): Zaki M, Zaman V, Sheikh NA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1996 August; 46(8): 178-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8936976&dopt=Abstract
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Resolution of pulmonary dysfunction following acute chlorine exposure. Author(s): Hasan FM, Gehshan A, Fuleihan FJ. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1983 March-April; 38(2): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6847255&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory cytopathology in chlorine gas toxicity: a study in 28 subjects. Author(s): Shroff CP, Khade MV, Srinivasan M. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1988 March; 4(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3378487&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory health among bleachery workers exposed to ozone and chlorine dioxide. Author(s): Olin AC, Granung G, Hagberg S, Adriansson M, Brisman J, Dalander O, Karlsson B, Toren K. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002 April; 28(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019588&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonella Typhimurium infections transmitted by chlorine-pretreated clover sprout seeds. Author(s): Brooks JT, Rowe SY, Shillam P, Heltzel DM, Hunter SB, Slutsker L, Hoekstra RM, Luby SP. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 December 1; 154(11): 1020-8. Erratum In: Am J Epidemiol 2002 May 15; 155(10): 980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724718&dopt=Abstract
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Selective detection of chlorine-containing compounds by gas chromatography/chemical reaction interface mass spectrometry. Author(s): Song H, Abramson FP. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 1993 February 15; 65(4): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094946&dopt=Abstract
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Short term respiratory effects of acute exposure to chlorine due to a swimming pool accident. Author(s): Agabiti N, Ancona C, Forastiere F, Di Napoli A, Lo Presti E, Corbo GM, D'Orsi F, Perucci CA. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 June; 58(6): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351056&dopt=Abstract
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Six month follow-up of fourteen victims with short-term exposure to chlorine gas. Author(s): Abhyankar A, Bhambure N, Kamath NN, Pajankar SP, Nabar ST, Shrenivas A, Shah AC, Deshmukh SN. Source: J Soc Occup Med. 1989 Winter; 39(4): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2622141&dopt=Abstract
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Sodium and chlorine concentrations in mixed saliva of healthy and cystic fibrosis children. Author(s): Jimenez-Reyes M, Sanchez-Aguirre FJ. Source: Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 1996 March; 47(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8935964&dopt=Abstract
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Some factors affecting the concentration of available chlorine in commercial sources of sodium hypochlorite. Author(s): Frais S, Ng YL, Gulabivala K. Source: International Endodontic Journal. 2001 April; 34(3): 206-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193266&dopt=Abstract
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Spectrophotometric determination of chlorine after fixing in alkali. Author(s): Nirmalchandar V, BValasubramanian N. Source: Z Gesamte Hyg. 1984 August; 30(8): 468-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6485417&dopt=Abstract
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Subjective symptoms and psychological performance of chlorine-alkali workers. Author(s): Piikivi L, Hanninen H. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1989 February; 15(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2922591&dopt=Abstract
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Subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nonrhinitic subjects react differentially to nasal provocation with chlorine gas. Author(s): Shusterman DJ, Murphy MA, Balmes JR. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 June; 101(6 Pt 1): 732-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648699&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of construction workers repeatedly exposed to chlorine over a three to six month period in a pulpmill: I. Exposure and symptomatology. Author(s): Courteau JP, Cushman R, Bouchard F, Quevillon M, Chartrand A, Bherer L. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1994 April; 51(4): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8199661&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of construction workers repeatedly exposed to chlorine over a three to six month period in a pulpmill: II. Follow up of affected workers by questionnaire, spirometry, and assessment of bronchial responsiveness 18 to 24 months after exposure ended. Author(s): Bherer L, Cushman R, Courteau JP, Quevillon M, Cote G, Bourbeau J, L'Archeveque J, Cartier A, Malo JL. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1994 April; 51(4): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8199662&dopt=Abstract
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Taurine scavenges oxidized chlorine in biological systems. Author(s): Wright CE, Lin TT, Lin YY, Sturman JA, Gaull GE. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985; 179: 137-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2997793&dopt=Abstract
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The chlorine controversy. Author(s): Cap AP. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1996; 68(6): 455-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891785&dopt=Abstract
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The chlorine controversy. Author(s): Williams GM. Source: Science. 1993 October 1; 262(5130): 15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8211120&dopt=Abstract
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The crusade against chlorine. Author(s): Amato I. Source: Science. 1993 July 9; 261(5118): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8327884&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of chronic administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate to normal healthy adult male volunteers. Author(s): Lubbers JR, Chauhan S, Miller JK, Bianchine JR. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 1984 July; 5(4-5): 229-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6520728&dopt=Abstract
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The organic precursors affecting the formation of disinfection by-products with chlorine dioxide. Author(s): Chang CY, Hsieh YH, Lin YM, Hu PY, Liu CC, Wang KH. Source: Chemosphere. 2001 August; 44(5): 1153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11513403&dopt=Abstract
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The public health consequences from acute chlorine releases, 1993-2000. Author(s): Horton DK, Berkowitz Z, Kaye WE. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 October; 44(10): 906-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391769&dopt=Abstract
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The pulmonary sequelae associated with accidental inhalation of chlorine gas. Author(s): Schwartz DA, Smith DD, Lakshminarayan S. Source: Chest. 1990 April; 97(4): 820-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2323253&dopt=Abstract
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The tissue distribution of 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins in humans who died of cancer. Author(s): Muto H, Shinada M, Abe T, Takizawa Y. Source: Life Sciences. 1991; 48(17): 1645-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2016995&dopt=Abstract
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The toxicology of chlorine. Author(s): Winder C. Source: Environmental Research. 2001 February; 85(2): 105-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11161660&dopt=Abstract
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The trial of quantitative determination of the lead, chlorine, and sulfur content in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with cancer of the larynx using the X-ray microanalysis method. Author(s): Pilch J, Laskawiec J, Gierek T, Lisiewicz J. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1991; 18(3): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1799330&dopt=Abstract
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Total body chlorine: calibration of the in vivo neutron activation measurement. Author(s): Ma R, Yasumura S, Moore RI, Zhao X, Rarback HM, Lomonte AF, Vodopia KA. Source: Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 1998 May-June; 49(5-6): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9569536&dopt=Abstract
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Total body sodium and chlorine in normal adults. Author(s): Ellis KJ, Vaswani A, Zanzi I, Cohn SH. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1976 June; 25(6): 645-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1272071&dopt=Abstract
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Toxicologic principles do not support the banning of chlorine. A society of toxicology position paper. Author(s): Karol MH. Source: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1995 January; 24(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7713332&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute chlorine gas inhalation with nebulized sodium bicarbonate. Author(s): Vinsel PJ. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1990 May-June; 8(3): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2165079&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by chlorine exposure. Author(s): Heidemann SM, Goetting MG. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1991 April; 7(2): 87-8. Erratum In: Pediatr Emerg Care 1991 June; 7(3): 151. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1883408&dopt=Abstract
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Ulcerative stomatitis in a neonate due to a chlorine antiseptic. Author(s): Menni S, Piccinno R, Pistritto MG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 May; 18(5): 320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2843319&dopt=Abstract
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Use of a metastabilized chlorous acid/chlorine dioxide formulation as a mouthrinse for plaque reduction. Author(s): Goultschin J, Green J, Machtei E, Stabholz A, Brayer L, Schwartz Z, Sela MN, Soskolne A. Source: Isr J Dent Sci. 1989 October; 2(3): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2490928&dopt=Abstract
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Using a chlorine dioxide antibacterial gel for soft tissue healing. Author(s): Babad MS. Source: Dent Today. 1999 June; 18(6): 88-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10765848&dopt=Abstract
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Viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts exposed to chlorine or other oxidising conditions may lack identifying epitopes. Author(s): Moore AG, Vesey G, Champion A, Scandizzo P, Deere D, Veal D, Williams KL. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1998 August; 28(8): 1205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9762566&dopt=Abstract
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Vibrio cholerae O1 can assume a chlorine-resistant rugose survival form that is virulent for humans. Author(s): Morris JG Jr, Sztein MB, Rice EW, Nataro JP, Losonsky GA, Panigrahi P, Tacket CO, Johnson JA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 December; 174(6): 1364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8940236&dopt=Abstract
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Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor: identification of a gene cluster required for the rugose colony type, exopolysaccharide production, chlorine resistance, and biofilm formation. Author(s): Yildiz FH, Schoolnik GK. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999 March 30; 96(7): 4028-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10097157&dopt=Abstract
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Voluntary chlorine inhalation. Author(s): Dewhirst F. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 February 14; 282(6263): 5656. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6780127&dopt=Abstract
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Voluntary chlorine inhalation: a new form of self-abuse? Author(s): Rafferty P. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 November 1; 281(6249): 1178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6775759&dopt=Abstract
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Which conditions promote a remanent (persistent) bactericidal activity of chlorine covers? Author(s): Gottardi W, Nagl M. Source: Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1998 December; 201(4-5): 325-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9916287&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHLORINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chlorine.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Chlorine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chlorine” (or a synonym): •
X-ray microanalysis of chlorine and phosphorus content in biguanide-treated Acanthamoeba castellanii. Author(s): Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF1 3XF (United Kingdom) Source: Khunkitti, W. Hann, A.C. Lloyd, D. Furr, J.R. Russell, A.D. Journal-of-AppliedMicrobiology (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 86(3) page 453-459.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A consideration of salt intake from foods based on the simultaneous measurement of sodium and chlorine by neutron activation analysis. Author(s): Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan. Source: Teramoto, K Horiguchi, S Wakitani, F Yamamoto, T Ninomiya, K Horiuchi, S Honda, Y Osaka-City-Med-J. 1990 November; 36(2): 175-80 0030-6096
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Advances in research on carcinogenic and genotoxic by-products of chlorine disinfection: chlorinated hydroxyfuranones and chlorinated acetic acids. Author(s): Ecological Monitoring Research Division, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. Source: Daniel, F B Meier, J R Deangelo, A B Ann-Ist-Super-Sanita. 1993; 29(2): 279-91 0021-2571
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Ascorbic acid reduction of active chlorine prior to determining Ames mutagenicity of chlorinated natural organic matter (NOM). Author(s): United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
[email protected] Source: Urbansky, E T Schenck, K M J-Environ-Monit. 2000 April; 2(2): 161-3 1464-0325
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Case report and literature review of chlorine gas toxicity. Author(s): New York City Poison Control Center, NY, USA. Source: Traub, S J Hoffman, R S Nelson, L S Vet-Hum-Toxicol. 2002 August; 44(4): 235-9 0145-6296
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Chlorine in the nutrition of palm trees. Source: Von Uexkull, H.R. International Conference on Soils and Nutrition of Perennial Crops : (icosanp) : proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, 13-15 August 1984. Organised by Malaysian Society of Soil Science / edited by A.T. Bachik and E. Pushparajah. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia : Malaysian Society of Soil Science, 1985. page 55-65.
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Disinfectant effects of hot water, ultraviolet light, silver ions and chlorine on strains of Legionella and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Author(s): Technical Research Laboratory, Janome Sewing Machine Company Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Miyamoto, M Yamaguchi, Y Sasatsu, M Microbios. 2000; 101(398): 7-13 00262633
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Distribution of sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium and iodine in mammalian thyroid gland. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Source: Wroblewski, R Jalnas, M Grimelius, L J-Submicrosc-Cytol-Pathol. 1991 October; 23(4): 539-49 1122-9497 •
Effect of phenolic and chlorine disinfectants on hepatitis C virus binding and infectivity. Author(s): Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy. Source: Agolini, G Russo, A Clementi, M Am-J-Infect-Control. 1999 June; 27(3): 236-9 0196-6553
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Effects of chlorine and fluorine on vitamin E, the human body and the environment. Source: Bertrand, F Probe-(Lond). 1989 August; 31(8): 8, 10-1 0032-9185
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Efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-containing mouthrinse in oral malodor. Author(s): TKL Research, Inc., Paramus, New Jersey, USA. Source: Frascella, J Gilbert, R D Fernandez, P Hendler, J Compend-Contin-Educ-Dent. 2000 March; 21(3): 241-4, 246, 248 passim; quiz 256
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Fundamental study of the behavior of chlorine during the combustion of single RDF. Author(s): Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Liu, G Q Itaya, Y Yamazaki, R Mori, S Yamaguchi, M Kondoh, M Waste-Manag. 2001; 21(5): 427-33 0956-053X
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Heavy metals, chlorine and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from ambulatory patients. Author(s): Serv. Microbiologia, Ambulatorio San Blas. C/Hnos, Garcia Noblejas n. 89, Madrid, Spain. Source: Aguiar, J M Guzman, E Martinez, J L J-Chemother. 1990 August; 2(4): 238-40 1120-009X
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Sulfur and chlorine play a non-acid base role in periparturient calcium homeostasis. Author(s): Dexcel (formerly Dairying Research Corporation), Hamilton, New Zealand.
[email protected] Source: Roche, J R Morton, J Kolver, E S J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 December; 85(12): 3444-53 0022-0302
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Treatment of acute chlorine gas inhalation with nebulized sodium bicarbonate. Author(s): Emergency Medicine Residency, Darnall Army Community Hospital, Ft. Hood, TX 76544. Source: Vinsel, P J J-Emerg-Med. 1990 May-June; 8(3): 327-9 0736-4679
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Using a chlorine dioxide antibacterial gel for soft tissue healing. Author(s):
[email protected] Source: Babad, M S Dent-Today. 1999 June; 18(6): 88-9 8750-2186
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHLORINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chlorine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chlorine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chlorine: •
35Cl nuclear magnetic resonance studies of metal binding to bovine serum albumin. Author(s): Sudmeier JL, Pesek JJ. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1971 May; 41(1): 39-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4996106&dopt=Abstract
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35Cl nuclear magnetic resonance study of zinc and phosphate binding of E. coli alkaline phosphatase. Author(s): Norne JE, Csopak H, Lindman B. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1974 June; 162(2): 552-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4209891&dopt=Abstract
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A case-control study of lung cancer at a dye and resin manufacturing plant. Author(s): Barbone F, Delzell E, Austin H, Cole P.
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Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1992; 22(6): 835-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1463029&dopt=Abstract •
A chlorinated monoterpene ketone, acylated beta-sitosterol glycosides and a flavanone glycoside from Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae). Author(s): Shaiq Ali M, Saleem M, Ahmad W, Parvez M, Yamdagni R. Source: Phytochemistry. 2002 April; 59(8): 889-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937172&dopt=Abstract
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A new cytotoxic chlorine-containing polyacetylene from the callus of Panax ginseng. Author(s): Fujimoto Y, Satoh M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1988 October; 36(10): 4206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3245997&dopt=Abstract
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A note on legionellas in whirlpools. Author(s): Groothuis DG, Havelaar AH, Veenendaal HR. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1985 May; 58(5): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4008372&dopt=Abstract
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A rapid method for the determination of chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur in flours of grains and legumes using wavelength dispersive x-ray flourescence spectrometry. Author(s): Perez Ruiz T, Hernandez Cordoba M, Gonzalez R. Source: J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1991 July-August; 74(4): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1917809&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of pitch deposits produced in kraft pulp mills using a totally chlorine free bleaching sequence. Author(s): del Rio JC, Romero J, Gutierrez A. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2000 April 7; 874(2): 235-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817362&dopt=Abstract
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Destruction of Salmonella on poultry meat with lysozyme, EDTA, x-ray, microwave and chlorine. Author(s): Teotia JS, Miller BF. Source: Poultry Science. 1975 September; 54(5): 1388-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=810784&dopt=Abstract
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Free residual chlorine in bathing water reduces the water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum in atopic skin. Author(s): Seki T, Morimatsu S, Nagahori H, Morohashi M.
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Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 30(3): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692355&dopt=Abstract •
Organochlorine compounds from a terrestrial higher plant: structures and origin of chlorinated orcinol derivatives from diseased bulbs of Lilium maximowiczii. Author(s): Monde K, Satoh H, Nakamura M, Tamura M, Takasugi M. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1998 July; 61(7): 913-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9677274&dopt=Abstract
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Oxygen and nitrogen are pro-carcinogens. Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen, chlorine and nitrogen species: measurement, mechanism and the effects of nutrition. Author(s): Halliwell B. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 July 15; 443(1-2): 37-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10415430&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of listeria monocytogenes on green peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) by gaseous and aqueous chlorine dioxide and water washing and its growth at 7 degrees C. Author(s): Han Y, Linton RH, Nielsen SS, Nelson PE. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 November; 64(11): 1730-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726151&dopt=Abstract
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Response surface modeling for the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on green peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) by chlorine dioxide gas treatments. Author(s): Han Y, Floros JD, Linton RH, Nielsen SS, Nelson PE. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 August; 64(8): 1128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510647&dopt=Abstract
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Totally chlorine-free bleaching of flax pulp. Author(s): Khristova P, Tomkinson J, Dimitrov I, Valchev I, Jones GL. Source: Bioresource Technology. 2002 October; 85(1): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146648&dopt=Abstract
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Using a chlorine dioxide antibacterial gel for soft tissue healing. Author(s): Babad MS. Source: Dent Today. 1999 June; 18(6): 88-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10765848&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to chlorine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements Amino Acid K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L-lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lysine Alternative names: Amino Acid K, L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHLORINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to chlorine. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “chlorine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chlorine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Chlorine ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to chlorine. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Study of the Properties of Chlorine Exchange Resins by Dewar, Edgar J; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21384
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Ab Initio Direct Dynamics Study of Chlorine Oxide + Hydroperoxo to Hypochlorous Acid + Oxygen(1) and Hydrogen + Hydroperoxo to Hydrogen + Oxygen(3) by Thurman, Glenn Michael; Phd from University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2003, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091352
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Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation of Acetovanillone and Related Lignin Model Compounds Dynamics and Reaction Products by Strumila, Gintautas Benedict; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58228
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Chlorine Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Studies of Structure, Bonding and Motion in Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen Phosphorus and Sulphur Chlorine Bonds by Hart, Richard Michael; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07055
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Development of a Randomized Sampling Methodology for Characterization of Chlorine Residual in Drinking Water Distribution Systems by Speight, Vanessa Lynn; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086626
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Effect of Chlorine Compounds and Other Oxidants on the Oxidative Gelation and Cake Baking Properties of Wheat Flour Pentosans by Crowe, Nancy; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL48897
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Electrocatalytic Properties and Reactivity of Monolayer Oxide Films in Chlorine Evolution and Hydrogen Oxidation at Pt Electrodes by Novak, D. M; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK44112
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Excitation of the Chlorine Molecule and the Cyanide Radical Through Energy Transfer from Active Nitrogen by Provencher, Gerald M; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK19950
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Extractable Organochlorine in Fish Downstream from Bleached Kraft Pulp Mills: Occurrence, Chemical Nature and Sources by Zhuang, Wenshan; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 280 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ74583
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Fast Fourier Transform Chlorine Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy by D'iorio, Marie; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK53033
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Flash Photolysis of the Oxides of Chlorine by Dogra, S. K; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06065
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I. Predicting Equilibrium Stable Isotope Fractionations of Iron, Chlorine, and Chromium. Ii. Oxygen-isotope Investigation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Granitoids of the Northeastern Great Basin, Nevada and Utah by Schauble, Edwin Arthur; Phd from California Institute of Technology, 2002, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062282
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Laboratory Studies and in Situ Stratospheric Observations of Inorganic Chlorine and Bromine Species Critical to Catalytic Ozone Destruction by Wilmouth, David Michael; Phd from Harvard University, 2002, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067452
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Lattice Dynamics of Solid Chlorine and Iodine by English, Philip Stephen; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12247
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Mathematical and Artificial Neural Network Models for Simulation and Optimization of Chlorine Residuals in Water Distribution Systems by Rogalski, Richard Byron; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 2002, 337 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ77034
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Millimeter and Submillimeter Spectra of Glycolaldehyde and Chlorine Nitrate by Butler, Rebecca Ann Harlan; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2002, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059214
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Mode- and Bond-selected Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Methane and Monodeuterated Methane with Chlorine Atoms by Yoon, Sangwoon; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089637
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Numerical Simulation of Chlorine Disinfection Processes in Non-ideal Reactors by Greene, Dennis Joseph; Phd from Drexel University, 2002, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058887
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Part I. Reaction Dynamics of Atomic Chlorine with Vibrationally Excited Methane. Part Ii. Oriented Photofragments in the Molecular Photodissociation by Kim, Zee Hwan; Phd from Stanford University, 2002, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067883
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Reactions of Iodine Atoms, Chlorine Atoms and of Chlorine Oxides Followed by Kinetic Spectroscopy by Hunt, James E; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK19557
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Reactions of the (100) Face of Gallium Arsenide with Atomic and Molecular Chlorine by Ha, Jae Hee; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55807
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Recovery of the Fish Population of a Municipal Wastewater-dominated, North Texas Creek after a Major Chlorine Disturbance by Maschmann, Gerald Frank; Ms from University of North Texas, 2002, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410927
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Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Heavily Boron Doped Silicon-germanium Films from Disilane, Germane and Chlorine for Source/drain Junctions of Nanoscale Cmos by Pesovic, Nemanja; Phd from North Carolina State University, 2002, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071506
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Spin Thermodynamics Applied to the Chlorine Nuclear Quadrupolar Resonance in Potassium Hexachloroosmate(iv) by Singh, Marsha A; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39660
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Spins, Parities and Electromagnetic Transition Probabilities in Chlorine-35 by Wiesehahn, W. J; Advdeg from University of Toronto (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03571
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The Chemistry of Chlorine in Combustion Systems and the Gas-phase Formation of Chlorinated and Oxygenated Pollutants by Procaccini, Carlo; Phd from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2005353
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The Effects of Chlorine on the Benthic Communities of the Sheep River, Alberta by Osborne, Lewis L; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK52422
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The Feasibility of a Nicaraguan Caustic Soda - Chlorine Chemical Plant: 1966-1970 by Mertz, Willard Neal, Phd from University of Houston, 1969, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6913336
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The Hyperfine Structure of Atomic Chlorine Isotopes by Uslu, Kamil Altan; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28006
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The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction between Sodium and Chlorine by Shiu, W. Y; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12116
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The Reaction of Phenols and Phenyl Ethers with Chlorine Monoxide by Fujii, Michihiro; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06000
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The Reduction of Hepatitis a Virus and Other Model Viruses by Coagulation, Flocculation, Sedimentation, Rapid Sand Filtration, Chlorine Disinfection and High Ph Lime Softening by Battigelli, David Albert; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046962
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The Structure of the Fluid States of Chlorine by Sullivan, James Donald; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK63345
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Vuv Kinetic Spectroscopy of Chlorine Dioxide and Vibrational Energy Distributions in Oxygen(2) Produced from Nitrogen Dioxide and Chlorine Dioxide by Flash Photolysis by Morse, Robert Donald; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11246
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X-ray Crystallographic Studies of Ouabain, a Chlorine-containing Terpene and Three Sulfonium Perchlorates by Cruse, William Bertram Thomas; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15211
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHLORINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning chlorine.
Recent Trials on Chlorine The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to chlorine.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Airway Responses Following Chlorine Gas Exposure Condition(s): Asthma; Lung Diseases Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine lung airway responses following chlorine gas exposure. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00037427
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “chlorine” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CHLORINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chlorine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chlorine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Chlorine By performing a patent search focusing on chlorine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on chlorine: •
3-amino-propoxyphenyl derivatives (I) Inventor(s): Drummer; Olaf Heino (Sunbury, AU), Iakovidis; Dimitrios (Doncaster, AU), Jackman; Graham Paul (North Clayton, AU), Louis; Simon Nicholas Stewart (Fitzroy North, AU), Louis; William John (Rosanna, AU) Assignee(s): William John Louis, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre (Victoria, AU) Patent Number: 6,627,662 Date filed: September 21, 1999 Abstract: Compounds of formula (Ia) as potent,.beta.sub.1 -specific beta blockers with a short duration of action in the systemic circulation, wherein R is 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl. R.sup.1 is hydrogen, and R.sup.2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl and isopropyl; or R is 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl, R.sup.1 is selected from fluorine, chlorine and bromine, and R.sup.2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl and cyclopropylmethyl; of R is 4'-methoxyphenoxy, R.sup.1 is selected from hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, and R.sup.2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl and cyclopropylmethyl; or R is 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl, R.sub.1 is cyano, and R.sup.2 is cyclopropylmethyl; or R is 4'-methoxyphenoxy, R.sup.1 is cyano, and R.sup.2 is isobutyl; and physiologically acceptable hydrolysable derivatives thereof having the hydroxy group in the 2-position of the 3-aminopropoxy side chain in esterified form, in their racemic and optically active forms, and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/AU96/00638 filed Oct. 10, 1996. The present invention relates to potent,.beta.sub.1 -specific beta adrenoreceptor blockers w a short duration of action and to a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of conditions for which potent,.beta.sub.1 -specific beta adrenoreceptor blockers with a short duration of action in the systemic circulation would be particularly advantageous. The class of drugs known as.beta.-blockers are well known in the art for treatment of cardiac disorders and particular ophthalmological conditions. However, the optimum combination of properties of such agents depends critically on the condition being treated. Thus, in the long-term treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias, the combination of.beta.sub.1 -selectivity with high potency, good oral bioavailability and long plasma half-life and duration of action are usually considered optimal, since.beta.sub.1 -selective compounds have a low incidence of side-effects associated with blockade of.beta.sub.2 -receptors, such as asthma, and the remaining properties permit treatment by oral administration usually on a once a day basis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627662__
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Aminophenol derivatives and their use in oxidative hair dyes Inventor(s): Hoeffkes; Horst (Duesseldorf, DE), Meinigke; Bernd (Leverkusen, DE), Rose; David (Hilden, DE) Assignee(s): Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien (Duesseldorf, DE) Patent Number: 6,635,241 Date filed: January 22, 1999 Abstract: A method of coloring keratinous fibers comprising contacting the fiber with and effective amount of a primary intermediate general formula (I) or water-soluble salts thereof in which one of the two groups R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is hydrogen and the other is hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine; one of the two groups R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is hydrogen, a C.sub.1-4 -alkoxy group, a C.sub.1-4 -alkyl group, a C.sub.1-4 -hydroxyalkyl group, preferably with a terminal hydroxy group or halogen and the other is one of the groups: --O--CH.sub.2 --CH.dbd.CH.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CH--COOX in which X is hydrogen or a physiologically tolerable inorganic or organic cation and, in the case when the group concerned is R.sup.3, the group (a) and, in the case when the group concerned is R.sup.4, (b), in which --A-- in each case is one of the groups -(CH.sub.2).sub.x -- in which x=1 to 4, --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.y --O-- in which y=1 to 4, --O-(C.sub.n H.sub.2n --.sub.z (OH).sub.z)--O-- in which n=1 to 10 and z=1 or, when n is greater than or equal to 3, z=2, --O--(C.sub.2 H.sub.4 --O).sub.u -- in which u=1 to 4 and --O--(C.sub.3 H.sub.6 --O).sub.v -- in which v is 1 to 4 and oxidizing the primary intermediate to color the fiber. Brilliant hues with a high degree of fastness are obtained with the usual coupling agents, particularly when dyeing hair. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new aminophenol derivatives, to their use for coloring keratin fibers and to colorants containing these compounds. By virtue of their intensive colors and good fastness properties, so-called oxidation colorants play a prominent role in the coloring of keratin fibers, particularly human hair. Oxidation colorants normally contain oxidation dye precursors, so-called primary intermediates and secondary intermediates. The primary intermediates form the actual dyes with one another or by coupling with one or more secondary intermediates in the presence of oxidizing agents or atmospheric oxygen. Good oxidation dye precursors are expected to satisfy above all the following requirements: they must form the required color tones with sufficient intensity and fastness during the oxidative coupling reaction. In addition, they must be readily absorbed onto the fibers with no significant differences-particularly in the case of human hair--between damaged and freshly regrown hair (levelling behavior). They must be resistant to light, heat and the effect of chemical reducing agents, for example permanent wave lotions. Finally, if they are used to color hair, they should not overly stain the scalp and, above all, should be toxicologically and dermatologically safe. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635241__
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Aqueous coating composition for automotive upholstery Inventor(s): Ishimoda; Yukiko (Hirakata, JP), Itakura; Tatsuya (Wako, JP), Itoh; Sukekuni (Wako, JP), Kawano; Shinnosuke (Hirakata, JP), Watanabe; Takashi (Hirakata, JP) Assignee(s): Honda Giken Kyogo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP), Nippon Bee Chemical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,624,234 Date filed: June 12, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a coating composition for automotive upholstery, with which a 1-coat finish of not yet surface-treated (pretreated) plastic materials such as polyolefin materials can be performed, and which is aqueous, and excellent also in chemical resistance. The aqueous coating composition for automotive upholstery comprises a resin emulsion as an essential component, wherein the resin emulsion includes poly(olefin chloride) resin emulsion A and pure acrylic resin emulsion B in a weight ratio (A/B) of 25/75.about.30/70 in terms of solid content, wherein poly(olefin chloride) resin emulsion A is an emulsion of a poly(olefin chloride) resin having a chlorine content of 22.about.25 wt % in terms of solid content and a weight-average molecular weight of 60,000.about.80,000, and wherein pure acrylic resin emulsion B is an emulsion of a pure acrylic resin having a glass transition temperature of not lower than 40.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aqueous coating composition for automotive upholstery, which has excellent coatability to plastic materials, particularly, polyolefin materials. As to plastic materials utilized for automotive upholstery, various ones are selected from among such as polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-styrene (AS), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polyurethane (PU) and polycarbonate (PC) in accordance with physical properties demanded to product specifications. In recent years, however, polyolefin materials having excellent recyclability are getting often used in view of environmental protection. Coatings suitable for upholstery are applied to these plastic materials. However, it is difficult to make the resultant coating films adhere to the polyolefin materials, because the polyolefin materials have low surface activity and are crystalline. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06624234__
•
Automatic dishwashing tablets with improved chlorine stability Inventor(s): Mente; Glenis R. (Grosse Ile, MI), Welch; Michael C. (Woodhaven, MI), Zack; Kenneth L. (Wyandotte, MI) Assignee(s): BASF Corporation (Mt. Olive, NJ) Patent Number: 6,617,297 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: Solid automatic dishwasher detergent tablets have a chlorine source to most preferably provide 0.5 to 5 percent available chlorine; and a chlorine stability enhancing effective amount of preferably between about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight of one or more nonionic surfactants having the following structure:R--(AO1).sub.x (AO2).sub.y --OR'wherein:R is a C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 alkyl group,AO1 represents propylene oxide or a mixture of propylene oxide and other alkylene oxides,AO2 represents ethylene oxide or
Patents 95
a mixture of ethylene oxide and other alkylene oxides,R' is an alkyl, arylalkyl, or benzalkyl group with 1 to about 10 carbon atoms,x is 2-20, y is 0-20, and the sum of x plus y is 5 or greater.The nonionic surfactant imparts improved chlorine stability to the tablet such that greater than 80 percent of the chlorine in the tablet remains active for eight weeks when the tablet is stored at 120.degree. F. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to automatic dishwashing tablets with improved chlorine stability. More specifically, it relates to the use of certain nonionic surfactants in machine dishwashing detergent tablets containing chlorinating agents. Most machine dishwashing detergents contain a chlorine bleach component that provides sanitization and stain removal properties. Incorporation of nonionic surfactants in these detergent formulations is also highly desirable. The nonionic surfactants typically used are low foaming, are good defoamers of protein food soils, and provide wetting properties to reduce the appearance of spots and film on dishware, thus providing good sheeting action. Chlorinating agents degrade conventional defoaming nonionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers and fatty alcohol oxyalkylates. As the chlorinating agent attacks the nonionic surfactant, the bleach is depleted and the surfactant is destroyed. Thus, desirable low-spotting filming and defoaming properties are lost along with the sanitizing and de-staining properties of the chlorinating agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06617297__ •
Chemical dispenser Inventor(s): May; Richard L. (816 Duncan Pl., Manhattan Beach, CA 90266), Siggins; George (724 Vera Ave., Ripon, CA 95366) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,641,787 Date filed: August 14, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is a chemical dispenser, preferably for dispensing chlorine or bromine to pools, spas, and hot tubs. The preferred embodiment is a buoyant vessel connected to a sea creature-shaped dispenser vessel by a line, where the sea creature-shaped dispenser vessel has a buoyant shell and a cargo chamber that has an insertion port and a permeable surface with a plurality of dissolution ports. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a chemical dispenser, preferably for dispensing chlorine or bromine to pools, spas, and hot tubs. Prior art chemical dispensers are used to dispense chlorine or bromine into the water of pools, spas and hot tubs. These prior art dispensers typically float on the surface of the water or sit on the bottom of the pool, spa or hot tub to dispense chemicals from solid tablets. However, these prior art dispensers usually do not indicate when they are empty and need refilling. The operator usually must check the dispenser by retrieving the dispenser from the pool, opening the dispenser and checking to determine whether the tablets are exhausted and the dispenser needs to be refilled. Because of the bleaching and/or corrosive nature of chlorine, if the tablets are not completely eroded, the task is not pleasant and indeed may be harmful or damaging to the skin unless gloves or protective gear is worn. A visual signal that indicates when the dispenser is empty or almost empty would be useful. The present invention is a chemical dispenser, preferably for dispensing chlorine or bromine to pools, spas, and hot tubs. The preferred embodiment comprises a buoyant vessel connected to a sea creature-shaped dispenser vessel by a line. The sea creatureshaped dispenser vessel comprises a buoyant shell and a cargo chamber. The cargo
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chamber comprises an insertion port and a permeable surface. The permeable surface comprises a plurality of dissolution ports. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641787__ •
Chemical vapor deposition of titanium from titanium tetrachloride and hydrocarbon reactants Inventor(s): Iyer; Ravi (Boise, ID), Sharan; Sujit (Boise, ID) Assignee(s): Micron Technology, Inc. (Boise, ID) Patent Number: 6,653,234 Date filed: December 7, 2001 Abstract: A new process for depositing titanium metal layers via chemical vapor deposition is disclosed. The process provides deposited titanium layers having a high degree of conformality, even in trenches and contact openings having aspect ratios greater than 1:5. The reaction gases for the improved process are titanium tetrachloride and a hydrocarbon gas, which for a preferred embodiment of the process is methane. The reaction is carried out in a plasma environment created by a radio frequency source greater than 10 KHz. The key to obtaining titanium metal as a reaction product, rather than titanium carbide, is to set the plasma-sustaining electrical power within a range that will remove just one hydrogen atom from each molecule of the hydrocarbon gas. In a preferred embodiment of the process, highly reactive methyl radicals (CH.sub.3 -) are formed from methane gas. These radicals attack the titanium-chlorine bonds of the tetrachloride molecule and form chloromethane, which is evacuated from the chamber as it is formed. Titanium metal deposits on a wafer or other substrate that has been heated to a temperature within a preferred range of 200-500.degree. C. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chemical vapor deposition reactions, integrated circuit manufacturing and, more particularly, to methods for depositing titanium metal layers on in-process integrated circuits. Deposited titanium metal layers are being used with increasing frequency in integrated circuits. One important application involves the formation of contact structures within a dielectric layer. The processing of wafers for the manufacture of integrated circuits commonly requires that contact openings be etched through an insulative layer down to implant or diffusion regions in a semiconductor layer to which electrical contact is to be made. Titanium metal is then deposited over a wafer so that the surface of each exposed implant/diffusion region is coated. The titanium metal is eventually converted to titanium silicide. A silicide is a binary compound formed by the reaction of silicon with the metal at elevated temperatures. The titanium silicide layer serves as an excellent conductive interface at the surface of the implant/diffusion region. A titanium nitride barrier layer is then deposited, coating the walls and floor of the contact opening. The contact plugs are formed by depositing a tungsten or polysilicon layer via chemical vapor deposition. In the case of tungsten, the titanium nitride layer provides greatly improved adhesion between the walls of the opening and the tungsten metal. In the case of the polysilicon, the titanium nitride layer acts as a barrier against dopant diffusion from the polysilicon layer into the diffusion region. Deposited titanium metal layers are also used as an underlayment for aluminum alloy layers deposited on interlevel dielectric layers. The titanium and aluminum alloy layer stack is etched to form interconnect lines within the integrated circuit. The titanium metal layer not only provides increased resistance to electromigration of aluminum atoms, but also provides improved adhesion of the aluminum alloy layer to
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the dielectric layer as compared with an aluminum alloy layer without the titanium underlayment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653234__ •
Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation and use Inventor(s): Moore, Jr.; Robert M. (Baton Rouge, LA), Nalepa; Christopher J. (Baton Rouge, LA) Assignee(s): Albemarle Corporation (Richmond, VA) Patent Number: 6,652,889 Date filed: October 9, 2001 Abstract: Described is a process of producing a concentrated liquid biocide formulation. Mixed together are (a) bromine chloride or bromine and (b) an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid having a pH of at least about 7, in amounts such that (i) the active bromine content of the solution is at least about 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), and (ii) the atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (a) and (b) is greater than 1 when bromine is used and is greater than 0.93 when bromine chloride is used. Use of bromine chloride as the source of the active bromine in the process is preferred because in the resulting aqueous compositions, all of the bromine of the bromine chloride is made available as active bromine in solution. In other words, the chlorine of the bromine chloride is converted in the process to dissolved alkali metal chloride salt, thereby liberating all of the bromine in the biocidal composition as active bromine capable of providing biocidal activity. Excerpt(s): Reference is also made to commonly-owned copending Ser. No. 09/442,025, filed Nov. 17, 1999; Ser. No. 09/451,319, filed Nov. 30, 1999; Ser. No. 09/451,344, filed Nov. 30, 1999; Ser. No. 09/456,781, filed Dec. 8, 1999; Ser. No. 09/663,788, filed Sep. 18, 2000; Ser. No. 09/663,948, filed Sep. 18, 2000; Ser. No. 09/732,601, filed Dec. 7, 2000; and Ser. No. 09/785,890, filed Feb. 16, 2001. The entire disclosures of each of the foregoing eight (8) applications to the extent not in conflict with the present application, are incorporated herein by reference. Reference is also made to commonly-owned copending application No. 09/296,499, filed Apr. 22, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,387, issued Aug. 29, 2000; and Ser. No. 09/658,839, filed Sep. 8, 2000. Bromine-based biocides have proven biocidal advantages over chlorination-dechlorination for the microbiological control of cooling waters and disinfection of waste treatment systems. The water treatment industry recognizes these advantages to be cost-effective control at higher pH values, almost no loss in biocidal activity in the presence of ammonia, and effective control of bacteria, algae and mollusks. A common way of introducing bromine based biocides into a water system is through the use of aqueous NaBr in conjunction with NaOCl bleach. The user feeds both materials to a common point whereupon the NaOCl oxidizes the bromide ion to HOBr/OBr.sup.crclbar. This activated solution is then introduced directly into the water system to be treated. The feeding of the two liquids in this fashion is necessary because the HOBr/OBr.sup.crclbar. mixture is unstable and has to be generated on-site just prior to its introduction to the water. Furthermore, the feeding, and metering of two liquids is cumbersome, especially as the system has to be designed to allow time for the activation of bromide ion to occur. Consequently many biocide users have expressed the need for a single-feed, brominebased biocide. Elemental bromine and molecular bromine chloride have been considered to meet these demands. Both are liquids at room temperature and can be fed directly to the water system, where immediate hydrolysis occurs to yield HOBr.
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Cross-linked sulphonated polymers and their preparation process Inventor(s): Armand; Michel (Montreal, CA), Michot; Christophe (Grenoble, FR) Assignee(s): Hydro-Quebec (Montreal, CA) Patent Number: 6,649,703 Date filed: March 8, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with cross-linked sulfonated polymers, eventually perfluorinated, and their preparation process. When molded in the form of membranes, the polymers are useful in electrochemical cells, in a chlorine-sodium electrolysis process, as separator in an electrochemical preparation or organic and inorganic compounds, as separators between an aqueous phase and an organic phase, or as catalyst for Diels-Alder additions, Friedel-Craft reactions, aldol concentrations, cationic polymerization, esterification, and acetal formation. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with cationic ion-exchange resins, particularly in the form of membranes, preferably partially or completely fluorinated, their applications, in particular in electrochemical applications such as fuel cells, alkalichloride processes, electrodialysis, ozone production, as well as any other application related to the dissociation of anionic centers linked to the membrane, such as heterogeneous catalysis in organic chemistry. p is 1 or 2. Once obtained, the copolymer containing the above precursors is molded, for example in the form of sheets, and converted into an ionic form through hydrolysis, to give species of the sulfonate or carboxylate type. The cation associated to the sulfonate and carboxylate anion include the proton, an alkali metal cation (Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+); an alkaline-earth metal cation (Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+, Ba.sup.2+); a transition metal cation (Zn.sup.2+, Cu.sup.2+); Al.sup.3+; Fe.sup.3+; a rare earth cation (Sc.sup.3+, Y.sup.3+, La.sup.3+); an organic cation of the "onium" type, such as oxonium, ammonium, pyridinium, guanidinium, amidinium, sulfonium, phosphonium, these organic cations being optionally substituted by one or more organic radicals; an organometallic cation such as metallocenium, arene-metallocenium, alkylsilyl, alkylgermanyl or alkyltin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649703__
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Electrochemical treatment of an aqueous solution Inventor(s): Bellamy; Martin (Northamptonshire, GB), Buckley; Alan (Buckinghamshire, GB), Collins; Phil (Buckinghamshire, GB), Popov; Alexey Yurevich (Moscow, RU) Assignee(s): Sterilox Medical (Europe) Limited (Abingdon, GB) Patent Number: 6,632,347 Date filed: August 7, 2000 Abstract: A method and apparatus for the electrochemical treatment of an aqueous solution in an electrolytic cell is described. Output solution having a predetermined level of available free chlorine is produced by applying a substantially constant current across the cell between an anode and a cathode while passing a substantially constant throughput of chloride ions through the cell.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, among other aspects, to a method of operating an electrochemical cell to produce a biocidal solution and apparatus for producing a biocidal solution by way of the electrolytic treatment of an aqueous chloride solution. In hospitals it is important to provide appropriate levels of sterility, particularly in operating theatres and other situations where invasive treatments are performed. Surgical instruments and other apparatus must be sterilised or disinfected, depending on their application, before use in order to reduce the risk of bacterial infection. One method of sterilisation is the application of heat and pressure in an autoclave. However, this is not suitable for some medical apparatus, such as heat-sensitive endoscopes. A typical method employed for reprocessing heat sensitive instruments involves the use of chemical biocides, such as glutaraldehyde. This can be unsatisfactory due to improper or incomplete disinfection. Furthermore, exposure to glutaraldehyde fumes can cause asthma and dermatitis in healthcare staff. Also, glutaraldehyde is believed to have relatively low sporicidal activity. Moreover, other disinfectants, such as chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid may suffer from similar handling problems as glutaraldehyde. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632347__ •
Flame-retarted transparent plastics Inventor(s): Finberg; Ita (Beer-Sheva, IL), Utevski; Lev (Beer-Sheva, IL) Assignee(s): Bromine Compounds Ltd. (IL) Patent Number: 6,632,870 Date filed: November 29, 2000 Abstract: Flame-retarded transparent plastic compositions comprising polyhalgenated trimethylphenyl indan. The polyhalogenated trimethylphenyl indan is a mixture of polyhalogenated trimethylphenyl indanes having each 3 to 9 halogen atoms. The halogen may be bromine or a mixture of bromine and chlorine. The transparent plastic is selected from polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, and polystyrene. The polyhalogenated trimethylphenyl indan is present in an amount of up to about 40% by weight. The transparent plastic flame-retarded material is prepared by mixing the plastic matrix with a flame-retardant effective amount of a polyhalogenated trimethylphenyl indan. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new flame-retarded transparent plastics. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of polyhalogenated trimethylphenyl indanes in certain polymeric matrices to obtain transparent plastic compositions. Flame retardants (FR) are the most important family of plastic additives. Synthetic polymers and copolymers are often compounded with flame retardant compounds (FR) in order to improve their FR properties. Typical FRs comprise inorganic and organic compounds, particularly aromatic compounds. Halogenated compounds are the most effective, and bromine is often the preferred halogen. The addition of FR compounds also affects the mechanical properties of the plastic material, often negatively. European Patent No. 571036, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference, claims thermally stable flame retardants which also impart good impact properties. The flame retardants of said application are additives of polyhalogenated trimethylphenyl indanes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632870__
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Golf course irrigation water monitoring and treatment system Inventor(s): Hodges; Robert (West Linn, OR), Rosen; Peter L. (Newport Beach, CA) Assignee(s): Turf Sentry, Inc. (Scottsdale, AZ) Patent Number: 6,620,329 Date filed: December 13, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is process for irrigation of a golf course, which involves monitoring reclaimed water, and treating it when necessary to avoid harmful effects to plantlife. The reclaimed water is tested with a plurality of monitors to obtain results for water quality characteristics, including: total organic carbon compounds; pH; residual chlorine; chlorides; and, sodium. These results are inputted to a computerized data handling system for data collection, storage and analysis for comparison to predetermined acceptable ranges for water quality characteristic, and to show any deviation from said acceptable ranges. Either alarms are set off or treatment occurs or both, when deviations are observed. Treatment includes a dechlorination system and an oxidation system to correct active chlorine and total organic compound levels, respectively. Other important monitors may be included for one or more of the following: hardness; turbidity; alkalinity; conductivity and nitrates. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to irrigation of man-made landscaped and/or agricultural areas, such as parklands, playing fields, farmland for produce or flowers, and especially for golf courses. It is particularly useful for these areas when using reclaimed water. More specifically, the invention is a process for monitoring and treating reclaimed water to use reclaimed water efficiently and without harmful effects from undesirable constituents for the aforesaid irrigation purposes. It includes monitoring numerous water quality characteristics and when predetermined acceptable parameter ranges see deviations, signaling alarms and/or treating the undesirable condition with dechlorination. It also includes an oxidation system for continuous or continual operation. U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,607 describes a new method of treating water to remove perchlorate contaminant is disclosed. Water is fed through a filter bed containing perchlorate-reducing microorganisms. The microorganisms reduce the perchlorate, thereby decontaminating the water. An oxidizable substrate serves as an electron donor to the microorganisms. The invention results in safe to undetectable levels of perchlorate in the treated water. U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,466 describes a reactor system for decontamination of water by photolytic oxidation utilizing near blackbody radiation, the system comprising (1) a reaction chamber defining an internal space with an inlet and an outlet; and (2) a broadband radiator for generating radiant energy with wavelengths between about 150 nm and about 3 um, the broadband radiator disposed within the reaction chamber, such that a sufficient dosage of broadband radiation irradiates the contaminants and/or the oxidant within the internal space of the reaction chamber thereby causing photolytic oxidation of the contaminants by direct action of the radiation on the contaminants to break chemical bonds by sustaining a free radical chain reaction of oxidizing components, thus breaking down the contaminants by way of atomic abstraction of the components of the contaminants. In preferred embodiments, at least a portion of the radiant energy is generated in a pulsed node, such as between about 1 and 500 pulses per second. In preferred embodiments, the broadband radiator generates radiant energy at a rate of between about 1 kW and about 10 MN., and the resultant dosage rate of broadband radiation is between 1 joule/cm2. In preferred embodiments, the radiant energy is produced by at least one gas filled flashlamp having a gas plasma temperature of between about 9,500 K and about 20,000 K.
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Harm-removing agent and method for rendering halogen-containing gas harmless and uses thereof Inventor(s): Atobe; Hitoshi (Kawasaki, JP), Furuse; Yoshio (Kawasaki, JP), Hayasaka; Yuji (Kawasaki, JP) Assignee(s): Showa Denko K.K. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,649,082 Date filed: January 9, 2002 Abstract: The present invention intends to provide an agent and a method for removing harmful gas, which exhibits high harm-removing ability per unit volume for harmful halogen-containing gas contained in the exhaust gas from the etching or cleaning step in the manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, and which is inexpensive.The invention is characterized by that halogen-containing gas is removed using a harmremoving agent comprising a specific iron oxide, an alkaline earth metal compound and activated carbon in the specific amount. In the case where the exhaust gas contains halogen gas such as chlorine or a gas such as sulfur dioxide, the gas is rendered harmless by using in combination a harm-removing agent comprising activated carbon or zeolite. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a harm-removing agent and a method for rendering halogen-containing gas harmless, which can render harmless the exhaust gas containing halogen-containing gas discharged from a dry etching or cleaning step in a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, and also relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device using them. At the dry etching in the manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, a material subjected to the etching, such as SiO.sub.2, Si, SiW, SiN, Al, GaAs, GaP and InP, is etched using, for example, one or more gas selected from fluorocarbon-type gas, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrogen halide (e.g., hydrogen chloride), boron trichloride and halogen gas (e.g., chlorine gas), and according to the purpose, one or more gas selected from oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, argon and helium is added to the etching gas. The exhaust gas discharged from the etching apparatus contains gases produced during the etching in addition to the etching gas, such as silicon halide, tungsten halide, carbonyl halide, sulfur tetrafluoride and sulfur dioxide. As the means for rendering harmless the exhaust gas containing such halogen-containing gas discharged from the manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, a wet process and a dry process are heretofore known. The wet process requires complicated equipment and has a problem in the after-treatment of the absorbing solution or in the operability. Furthermore, since the exhaust gas is washed with an aqueous solution of alkali such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, the halogencontaining gas may react with the alkali aqueous solution depending on the case to produce solid matters and therefore the gas outlet line of the treating apparatus may be clogged. Because of these problems, the wet process is not applied widely. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649082__
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High performance thermoplastic hose and method for manufacturing such hose from a thermoplastic vulcanizate Inventor(s): Bhattacharyya; Jayanta (Ocala, FL) Assignee(s): Dayco Products, LLC (Miamisburg, OH) Patent Number: 6,623,822 Date filed: October 2, 2002 Abstract: A high performance thermoplastic hose useful as a power steering hose, the high performance thermoplastic hose comprising a high performance engineering thermoplastic such as polyurethane and a chlorine-containing polyolefin such as chlorinated polyethylene, chlorinated polypropylene, chlorinated copolymers containing ethylene and propylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polypropylene, chlorosulfonated copolymers of ethylene and propylene or mixture thereof, is disclosed. Also disclosed are a method for manufacturing the high performance thermoplastic hose, and a thermoplastic vulcanizate capable of resisting chemical attack and withstanding temperatures up to about 300.degree. F. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a thermoplastic vulcanizate prepared from a high performance engineering thermoplastic polymer such as polyurethane and a chlorosulfonated polyolefin and/or a chlorinated polyolefin; to a high performance hose such as a power steering hose constructed from such thermoplastic vulcanizate material; and to a method for the manufacture of such high performance hoses. Hoses, particularly curved hoses, typically, are manufactured by positioning a pre-cut length of uncured hose over a curved mandrel and then heating the mandrel and curing the hose so that the hose retains its desired shape. The hose may solely be an elastomeric tube or it may be surrounded or have incorporated therein a twined reinforcement. Optionally, a cover may surround the hose. Typically, the hose is made by extruding a tube of heat curable elastomer. The hose is then placed over the mandrel which is heated to cure the inner layer next to the mandrel. The cured hose is then removed from the mandrel while the mandrel is hot to facilitate easy removal of the cured hose from the mandrel. One such method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,736 to Peltzman et al. Such rubber hoses have been used in a wide variety of applications such as fuel feed hoses, torque converter hoses, air conditioner hoses, power steering hoses, etc. However, in general, rubber surfaces do not exhibit high resistance to chemical attack and prior art attempts have failed to increase the chemical resistance beyond certain limits. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,121 to Yoshikawa et al discloses rubber hoses having improved barrier and flexibility performance by providing an inner tube of a synthetic resin having an outer peripheral surface, forming a thin film of silver or a silver base alloy on the outer surface of the inner tube, and heat curing a rubber layer to the thin film through an adhesive layer. High performance hoses such as power steering hoses require high resistance to both chemical and temperature degradation. At present, power steering hoses and other high performance hoses are made from compounded elastomers such as a chlorinated polyethylene, a chlorosulfonated polyethylene or similar materials capable of withstanding temperatures up to 300.degree. F. and the chemical effects of power steering fluids. Chlorine-containing polyolefins including chlorinated polyethylene and chlorosulfonated polyethylene generally possess good mechanical properties, good compression set, good low temperature flexibility and good dynamic fatigue resistance. These materials also exhibit excellent aging, weathering, chemical and ozone resistance due to their saturated backbones. However, in order to withstand high temperatures of about 300.degree. F. and chemical resistance to power steering fluids, hoses constructed of such materials must be built and vulcanized on a mandrel and then
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removed from the mandrel for additional processing. A method for the manufacture of power steering hose on a mandrel is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,972,757 to Derderian et al. In view of the cost associated with manufacturing high performance hoses such as power steering hoses, it is desirable to provide materials having the desired characteristics but which are easily formable without the use of a mandrel while providing improved performance and reduced overall costs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06623822__ •
In-situ use of dichloroethene and NH3 in an H2O steam based oxidation system to provide a source of chlorine Inventor(s): Powell; Don Carl (Boise, ID) Assignee(s): Micron Technology, Inc. (Boise, ID) Patent Number: 6,620,742 Date filed: July 10, 2002 Abstract: A method of using dichloroethene and ammonia to provide chlorine and nitrogen during the growth of an in-situ hardened gate dielectric. The method provides a gaseous source of gettering agent and a gaseous source of dielectric strengthening agent that are compatible with each other and can be used during the formation of insitu hardened dielectric or the strengthening of an already formed dielectric. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to silicon integrated circuit processing, and, more particularly, to a method of forming a semiconductor dielectric in the presence of both gettering and strengthening agents. In semiconductor processing, the formation of a gate dielectric typically includes using dry/wet/dry growth techniques to grow an oxide on a substrate surface. In order to form a high quality, low defect gate dielectric, many oxide growth techniques entail using a chlorine source in the process gas flow. In particular, chlorine and other halogens can be introduced to the substrate/oxide interface during oxidation to getter the metallic contaminants that are inadvertently deposited on the wafer surface. Gettering agents, such as chlorine, are used to passivate the metal contaminants and thereby reduce the metal's tendency to attract loose electrons. Alternatively, gettering agents in some cases are used to vaporize the metal contaminants and lift the contaminants off the wafer surface altogether. Without the gettering process, metallic contaminants are known to attract electrons into the dielectric and adversely affect the threshold voltage of the gate structure. As such, gettering of metallic contaminants is essential for the formation of a high quality gate dielectric. However, the gate dielectric thus formed can still be susceptible to hot electron degradation and dopant penetration which can reduce reliability of the gate dielectric and ultimately cause electrical failures in the device. A hot electron is a high energy charge carrier that is travelling in the channel region of the substrate between the source and drain that is attracted into the gate dielectric and can damage the gate dielectric thereby affecting the performance of the transistor. In particular, a gate dielectric formed of silicon dioxide, for instance, can trap hot electrons via the dangling silicon bonds. The trapped hot electrons have shown to degrade the oxide and erode its insulating properties. Similarly, the gate oxide can also permit dopants such as boron to diffuse into the underlying channel which can alter the threshold voltage of the channel and render the device less reliable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06620742__
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Medical Device Inventor(s): Arai; Toru (Tokyo, JP), Nishitoba; Yukiko (Tokyo, JP), Oda; Takeshi (Tokyo, JP), Okamoto; Akio (Tokyo, JP), Otsu; Toshiaki (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,630,215 Date filed: September 7, 2000 Abstract: A medical material and a medical device comprising an aromatic vinyl compound/.alpha.-olefin random copolymer according to the present invention, are materials which contain substantially no chlorine and which have not only excellent flexibility, transparency and proper resilience but also radiation resistance and biocompatibility, and they are hence advantageously used especially in the medical field. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medical material comprising an aromatic vinyl compound/.alpha.-olefin random copolymer and a medical device formed therefrom. More particularly, the present invention relates to a medical material which has not only radiation resistance but also biocompatibility, particularly blood compatibility and is excellent in the mechanical properties and transparency and which contains substantially no chlorine, and a medical device made thereof. Medical devices such as tubes to be used for intravenous drip injection, catheters, circuits and bags or containers for bloods, infusion solutions and dialysis, are usually required to be excellent in not only flexibility, elasticity and transparency but also radiation resistance and biocompatibility, particularly blood compatibility. Further, sufficient strength durable for operations is also required. Especially, tubes are required to have proper elastic elongation and touchiness and to have so-called resilience. Heretofore, they have been produced in many cases from a soft vinyl chloride which is a base material having these properties. Further, in recent years, disposability of the medical devices has been advanced, and they are in many cases disposed by incineration treatment to prevent biohazard. With respect to medical devices wherein soft polyvinyl chloride is used, the load to the environment due to e.g. incineration is considered to be problematic, and a study is being made to substitute other materials for the soft polyvinyl chloride as the base material for medical devices. As films and tubes containing no chlorine, those made of a linear low density ethylene/.alpha.-olefin type copolymer, have been known, but there has been no medical material which fully satisfies the above conditions as a medical material. As a resin composition which is excellent in flexibility and which presents a formed product suitable for medical use, JP-A-4-159344 proposes a resin composition comprising an olefin type resin, a hydrogenation product of styrene/butadiene block copolymer and a hydrogenation product of styrene/isoprene block copolymer. This resin composition presents a formed product which is excellent in flexibility and has a feature that even if the formed product is incinerated, no toxic gas will be formed. However, the formed product obtained by such a resin composition is not yet adequate in another property i.e. transparency required for medical devices and still has a room for improvement in this respect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630215__
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Method for producing chlorine dioxide Inventor(s): Klatte; Fred (Two Spruce St., San Francisco, CA 94118) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,635,230 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO.sub.4, ZnCl.sub.2, CoSO.sub.4, CoCl.sub.2, MnSO.sub.4, MnCl.sub.2, CuSO.sub.4, CuCl.sub.2, and MgSO.sub.4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds. The activation can also be performed by immersing impregnated zeolite crystals in (or spraying them with) acid or another proton generating species. To produce chlorine dioxide using a sodium chlorite-containing aqueous solution, the solution can be mixed or otherwise combined with acid. Other aspects of the invention are impregnated zeolite crystals (or other carriers) which are useful for producing chlorine dioxide and are stable until activated with protons. Presence in a sufficient amount of a water-retaining substance in the unactivated material reduces the rate of chlorine dioxide outgassing to no more than a negligible amount prior to activation. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods for producing chlorine dioxide, and to substances used in performing such methods. Each method produces chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (previously impregnated with a mixture of sodium chlorite and a water-retaining substance such as calcium chloride) with protons (from an acid or other proton generating species), or by activating an aqueous solution of a waterretaining substance (such as calcium chloride) and sodium chlorite with protons (from an acid or other proton generating species). Zeolites are hydrated metal aluminosilicate compounds with well-defined (tetrahedral) crystalline structures. Because zeolite crystals (both natural and synthetic) have a porous structure with connected channels extending through them, they have been employed as molecular sieves for selectively absorbing molecules on the basis of size, shape, and polarity. Volumes packed with zeolite crystals (for example, small zeolite crystals chosen to have size in the range from 0.2 mm to one quarter inch) have been employed in air (or other gas) and water filtration systems to selectively absorb contaminants from a flowing stream of water or gas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635230__
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Method of generating aqueous chlorine dioxide Inventor(s): Griffin; William R. (Odessa, TX), Kielman; Gary W. (Granite Bay, CA), Mason; John Y. (Odessa, TX), Mitchim; Dorman N. (Rocklin, CA) Assignee(s): Sabre Oxidation Technologies, Inc. (Odessa, TX) Patent Number: 6,645,457 Date filed: October 21, 2002 Abstract: A solid-state chlorine dioxide generator for generating an aqueous solution of ClO.sub.2 is formed within a block comprising an eductor for establishing a vacuum pressure and a reaction column for producing ClO.sub.2 from precursor chemicals. The eductor has a water stream flowing therethrough which establishes a vacuum pressure and draws the ClO.sub.2 from the reaction column into the water stream to form an aqueous ClO.sub.2 solution. The reaction chamber comprises a novel transition zone of increasing flow area wherein the precursor chemicals thoroughly mix resulting in conversion efficiencies of precursors into ClO.sub.2 of 95% and above. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to an apparatus for generating chlorine dioxide. In one aspect, it relates to a solid-state chlorine dioxide generator. In another aspect, it relates to a chlorine dioxide generator featuring a novel reaction column which provides exceptional reaction efficiency and allows the generator to operate over a wide range of production rates. Chlorine dioxide (ClO.sub.2) is a strong oxidizing agent and is used in a variety of industrial applications including municipal water treatment as a bactericide, taste and odor control, and zebra mussel infestation control, to name a few. ClO.sub.2 is a powerful viricide, bactericide, protocide, and algaecide. In addition, ClO.sub.2 does not form THM's (trihalomethane) which is a carcinogen. ClO.sub.2 can be prepared by oxidation of chlorites or reduction of chlorates. In a preferred embodiment, the generator of the present invention is a vacuum-driven sodium chlorite (NaClO.sub.2)/chlorine (Cl.sub.2) reactor. The Cl.sub.2 may be used directly or it may be formed by the reaction of HCl and sodium hypochlorite. At normal operating pressures and temperatures, ClO.sub.2 is a gas and is extremely explosive (above about 300 mm Hg pressure ClO.sub.2 may detonate). Because of its explosiveness, ClO.sub.2 is usually generated under a vacuum and dissolved in water for use. ClO.sub.2 is unstable chemically and thus cannot be shipped; it must be generated on site. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645457__
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Method of introducing refrigerants into refrigeration systems Inventor(s): Robinson; Roy P. (Erie County, NY), Singh; Rajiv R. (Erie County, NY), Thomas; Raymond H. P. (Niagara County, NY), Wilson; David P. (Erie County, NY) Assignee(s): Honeywell International Inc. (Morristown, NJ) Patent Number: 6,640,841 Date filed: August 19, 2002 Abstract: Provided are methods of charging refrigerants into refrigeration systems. The present methods involve recharging a refrigerant system that contains a chlorinecontaining refrigerant and a lubricant comprising the steps of (a) providing a refrigeration system comprising a chamber having a hydrocarbon-based lubricant and
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substantially no chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant; and (b) introducing to the system a composition comprising: (i) a refrigerant; (ii) a surfactant; and (iii) a solubilizing agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods of introducing environmentally desirable refrigerants into refrigeration systems. More specifically, this invention relates to methods for removing chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons from refrigeration systems and charging refrigeration systems with environmentally desirable refrigerant compositions. The use of chlorinecontaining refrigerants, such as chlorofluorocarbons ("CFC's"), hydrochlorofluorcarbons ("HCFC's") and the like, as refrigerants in air conditioning and refrigerating equipment has become disfavored due to the ozone-depleting properties associated with such compounds. As a result, it has become desirable to "retrofit" chlorine-containing refrigeration systems by replacing chlorine-containing refrigerants with non-chlorinecontaining refrigerant compounds which will not deplete the ozone layer, such as hydrofluorocarbons ("HFC's"). Unfortunately, many non-chlorine-containing refrigerants, including HFC's, are relatively insoluble and/or immiscible in the types of lubricants used traditionally with CFC's ("hydrocarbon-based lubricants") including, for example, mineral oils, alkylbenzenes or polyalphaolefins. This is problematic because in order for a refrigerant/lubricant system to work efficiently within a refrigeration or air conditioning system, the refrigerant must be sufficiently soluble in the lubricant over a wide range of operating temperatures. Such solubility lowers the viscosity of the lubricant and allows it to flow more easily throughout the system. In the absence of such solubility, lubricants tend to become lodged in the coils of the refrigeration system evaporator, as well as other parts of the system, and thus reduce the system efficiency. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06640841__ •
Method of manufacturing aluminum rotor and motor incorporating the same Inventor(s): Ishikawa; Masayuki (Nagano, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Sankyo Seiki Seisakusho (Nagano, JP) Patent Number: 6,651,310 Date filed: February 23, 2000 Abstract: A method of manufacturing an aluminum rotor and motor incorporating the rotor where after a solvent cleaning step of a rotator body using a chlorine-family solvent, an alkaline degreasing step using an alkaline degreasing agent is executed for cleaning the rotator body, and the rotator body after undergoing the solvent cleaning step is simply immersed in a treatment tank storing an alkaline degreasing agent, whereby the chlorine-family solvent remaining on the rotator body or aluminum chloride produced by the chlorine-family solvent reacting with aluminum material reacts with the alkaline degreasing agent and is removed easily and well. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of manufacturing a rotator body made of aluminum used as a rotor of a motor by cutting operation, and a method of manufacturing a motor incorporating the rotor. To remove the cutting oil at the cleaning step, a solvent is used because it is hard to remove the oil component in pure water. Generally, for example, a chlorine-family solvent of trichloroethylene, methylene chloride. tetrachloroethylene, etc., is adopted as the solvent. Since the chlorine-family solvent is dried extremely rapidly, treatment can be executed at low costs by a simple unit. However, in the manufacturing method of the rotator body made of aluminum in the related art, it is difficult to completely clean and remove the chlorine-family solvent
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used for cleaning the cutting oil in the solvent described above, thus the remaining chlorine-family solvent reacts with the aluminum material to cause corrosion and produce aluminum chloride (AICI.sub.3) as a white spot-like corrosion portion on the aluminum surface at the assembling time or at the actual use time. The corrosion portion of aluminum chloride (AICI.sub.3) has a possibility that it will peel off the surface of the rotor and fly. For example, if the rotor made of aluminum is used with a hard disk drive motor, the corrosion portion may peel off the surface of the rotor and lead to the surface of a recording medium disk, causing a problem of head crash, etc., to occur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06651310__ •
Method of measuring chlorine content in aqueous solution Inventor(s): Phelan; Dianne M. (Telford, PA), Taylor; Robert M. (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Severn Trent Water Purifications, Inc. (Colmar, PA) Patent Number: 6,627,450 Date filed: February 11, 2000 Abstract: Methods of measuring free and total chlorine content in solutions are provided without lowering the pH of the solution to the acid range by modifying a solution containing chlorine and water to contain a proton donating compound and electrochemically measuring the concentration of the chlorine in the solution. An additional potassium iodide reagent is added when total chlorine content is measured. Stable aqueous reagent solutions useful in automated chlorine analyzers which contain sodium bicarbonate, a base, and water or borax, water, and acid are also described. Finally, apparatuses for detecting the level of chlorine in water samples utilizing an automated chlorine detector, a cartridge having a solid proton donating compound, and optionally a standpipe are discussed. Excerpt(s): This present invention relates generally to the field of chlorine detection, and specifically relates to a method for measuring chlorine content in automated analyzers. The requirement to provide chlorine analyzers with additional reagents has long been a concern. There exist a number of commercially available residual chlorine analyzers. Current thinking in the industry is that in order to obtain accurate measurements of chlorine levels in water, the chlorine must be in the form of HOCl. Further, it is believed that in order to obtain this electroreducible species, the pH of the sample containing chlorine must be lowered to a pH of about 4.5 to 5, or lower. However, the reagents required to lower the sample pH have several undesirable side-effects. In applications where no drain is available, the measured sample is often discharged onto the ground, which can result in a buildup of a reagent which is often a nutrient and consequentially facilitates a large biological growth. The nutritive nature of the buffers used to date also gives rise to biological growth in the analyzers, potentially fouling electrodes and clogging portals so that more frequent and costly preventative maintenance is required. Many of the reagent systems studied are based on organic acids. Some of the most readily available aqueous acid systems require the addition of a weak acid salt to create a buffer in order to stabilize the reagents for shipping and storage. Some of the more commonly used systems include phthalate, succinate, acetate, phenylacetate, citrate, phosphate, oxylate, and salicylate. All of these are believed to be biological nutrients, and as such, may cause problems in the growth and contamination of feed lines and storage containers. Some of the less common systems include aminebased buffers derived from substituted glycines and taurines. Taurine based buffers are often substituted for borate buffers in biological systems. Although they are reported to
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be resistant to enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation, the organic nature of the compound still makes these acids a probable biological nutrient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627450__ •
Method of preparing inorganic pentafluorides Inventor(s): Rieland; Matthias (Hannover, DE), Rudolph; Werner (Hannover, DE), Schulz; Alf (Wedemark, DE), Seffer; Dirk (Neustadt, DE) Assignee(s): Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH (Hannover, DE) Patent Number: 6,645,451 Date filed: June 16, 1997 Abstract: The preparation of phosphorus pentafluoride and arsenic pentafluoride by reacting corresponding trihalides with elemental chlorine, bromine or iodine and also with hydrogen fluoride. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the preparation of phosphorus and arsenic pentafluoride. Phosphorus pentafluoride can be reacted with lithium fluoride to form lithium hexafluorophosphate. Arsenic pentafluoride can also be used for the same purpose, and in the form of lithium hexafluoroarsenate can likewise be used as a conducting salt in lithium-ion batteries as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,874. Phosphorus pentafluoride is prepared, for example, from phosphorus pentachloride and hydrogen fluoride. Arsenic pentafluoride is prepared from the metal and elemental fluorine. This method is disadvantageous in energy terms. Furthermore, elemental fluorine is very aggressive. It is an aim of the present invention to provide a method for the preparation of pentafluorides of phosphorus and arsenic which is technically simple to perform. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645451__
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Method of purifying natural or synthetic silica, and application thereof to depositing purified natural or synthetic silica on an optical fiber preform Inventor(s): Campion; Jean-Forent (Bois-Colombes, FR), Drouart; Alain (Nanterre, FR), Gouez; Benoit (Acheres, FR), Lumineau; Yves (Herblay, FR), Ripoche; Pierre (Pithiviers, FR) Assignee(s): Alcatel (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,631,628 Date filed: September 20, 2002 Abstract: Natural or synthetic silica is deposited on a preform set into rotation in front of a plasma torch which moves back and forth substantially parallel to a longitudinal direction of the preform, a first feed duct feeds the plasma with grains of natural or synthetic silica while a second feed duct feeds the plasma with a fluorine or chlorine compound, preferably a fluorine compound, mixed with a carrier gas. Any sodium or lithium contained in the grains of natural or synthetic silica react with the fluorine or chlorine of the fluorine or chlorine compound, thereby making it possible to improve the optical quality of fibers drawn from a preform built up with natural or synthetic silica, and to do so at reduced cost.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of purifying natural or synthetic silica, and to applying said method to depositing purified natural or synthetic silica on an optical fiber preform, in which a substantially cylindrical preform that extends in a longitudinal direction is set into rotation about its axis in front of a plasma or a flame which moves back and forth substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the preform, and in which a first feed duct feeds grains of natural or synthetic silica to the plasma or the flame. In known manner, a preform is obtained by chemical vapor deposition implemented inside a tube mounted on a glassmaker's lathe, and which is subjected to a collapsing operation to form a solid preform. For multimode fibers, that way of making preforms suffices. However, for monomode fibers it is advantageous to add material, generally natural or synthetic silica, to the preform in order to increase its diameter and thus obtain, during fiber drawing, a continuous fiber that is several tens of kilometers long. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06631628__ •
Method of reinforcing catalyst reaction Inventor(s): Takaki; Atsushi (Fukuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Yugen Kaisha Kankyogijyutsu Kenkyusho (Fukuoka, JP) Patent Number: 6,632,332 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: A method is provided for enhancing the catalytic reaction, by disposing a semiconductor catalyst in a fluid which includes charged particles and generating a magnetic field in the space where the semiconductor catalyst is disposed so as to impart electromagnetic induction energy to the charged particles. This method is capable of carrying out the reduction of nitrogen oxides, dechlorination of organic chlorine compounds and other reactions efficiently. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of enhancing a catalytic reaction and, more particularly, to a technique for a magnetic field catalyst process which utilizes magnetic field and charged particles to enhance catalytic reactions such as oxidation, reduction, denitrification, desulfurization and dechlorination by means of a semiconductor catalyst. This technology is useful for efficiently and economically processing chemical substances dissolved in gases or water in a large scale through such reactions as oxidation and. reduction, and is applicable specifically to chemical plants, remedial operation for environmental pollution, water purification, deodorization, air purification and agricultural/livestock farms. A technology to activate or reform a fluid (gas or liquid) by applying a magnetic field to the gas or liquid has been known in the prior art. A technology is also widely known by which a semiconductor catalyst such as titanium oxide is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation thereby to cause oxidation, reduction, denitrification, desulfurization and dechlorination between the catalyst surface and gas or liquid which makes contact with the surface (photocatalyst process). However, the effect and reaction of these techniques, when applied individually, have been insufficient and can last for only a short period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632332__
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Method of rust inhibition with thermosetting fluorine-containing resin powder coating composition Inventor(s): Fukagawa; Ryoichi (Settsu, JP), Iwakiri; Ryuji (late of Settsu, JP), Tanizawa; Daisuke (Settsu, JP), Tano; Keisuke (Settsu, JP), Tsuda; Nobuhiko (Settsu, JP) Assignee(s): Daikin Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,635,221 Date filed: July 2, 2001 Abstract: A method of inhibiting a base metal from rusting which comprises applying to the metallic base a thermosetting fluororesin powder coating composition containing substantially no chlorine. Thus, the metallic base can be effectively prevented from rusting. This method is especially useful for coating in coastal regions where salt damage is a problem, in the outdoors where acid rain causes damage, and in kitchens. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of inhibiting rust from arising on a metallic substrate in case of coating the metallic substrate with a thermosetting fluorinecontaining resin powder coating composition. It is known that a coated article being excellent in weather resistance can be obtained by applying a thermosetting fluorinecontaining resin powder coating composition on a metallic substrate (JP-B-6-104792, JPA-6-345822, JP-A-6-184243, etc.). Also it is described in JP-A-6-184243 that a fluorinecontaining resin copolymer containing no chlorotrifluoroethylene is excellent particularly in yellowing resistance of a coating film at a weather resistance test. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635221__
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Methods for microbiological control in aqueous systems Inventor(s): Howarth; Jonathan N. (Baton Rouge, LA), Nalepa; Christopher J. (Baton Rouge, LA), Sanders; Michael J. (Baton Rouge, LA) Assignee(s): Albemarle Corporation (Richmond, VA) Patent Number: 6,641,828 Date filed: February 2, 2001 Abstract: Microbiological control in aqueous media and/or eradication or reduction of biofilm on a surface in contact with such media is achieved by introducing into the aqueous medium a microbiocidally effective quantity of one or more 1,3-dibromo-5,5dialkylhydantoins where one of the alkyls is methyl and the other is a C.sub.1-4 alkyl, wherein (i) the molar quantity of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dialkylhydantoin introduced is less than the molar quantity of N,N'-bromochloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin that would be required to effect the same degree of microbiological control in that medium, (ii) the molar quantity of the 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dialkylhydantoin introduced releases an amount of "free chlorine" that is greater than the amount of "free chlorine" that would be released in that medium by an equimolar quantity of N,N'-bromochloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin, and (iii) the amount of "free chlorine" released by the quantity of the 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dialkylhydantoin introduced is greater than the amount of "free chlorine" that could be predicted to be released by that quantity of 1,3-dibromo-5,5dialkylhydantoin on the basis of the amount of "free chlorine" that would be released in that medium by an equimolar quantity of N,N'-bromochloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Excerpt(s): As is known in the art of water treatment for microbiological control, a deficiency of chlorine, of hypochlorites, and of certain halogenated organic water-
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treating agents is the formation, during usage, of undesirable disinfection by-products. These by-products are undesirable both from the standpoint of environmental concerns and also from the standpoint of toxicological considerations. Certain 1,3-dihalo-5,5dialkylhydantoins have been found to be effective as biocides for aqueous systems such as industrial cooling water, recreational water, and wastewater. Persons using biocidal agents in the biocidal treatment of water customarily, if not universally, refer to "free chlorine" level as a measure of biocidal control. To achieve "free chlorine" levels in water treatment, solid materials are often preferred because of their high weight percent activity. N,N'-bromochloro-5,5-dimethylhydantion (BCDMH) has been one of the most widely-used solid sources of "free chlorine" for water treatment. One of the features emphasized for BCDMH by suppliers of BCDMH is that in use, the combined chlorine from the biocide regenerates "free chlorine" by reaction with inactive bromide species formed during the water treatment operation. In other words, the chlorine atom in the initial N,N'-bromochloro-5,5-dialkylhydantoin is said to be a precursor for additional "free chlorine" for sanitation purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641828__ •
Photosensitive composition, and optical waveguide element and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Nakamura; Koichiro (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,632,585 Date filed: July 11, 2001 Abstract: To provide a light transmitting material which has high transmission at wavelength ranges used for communication and excellent characteristic properties such as heat resistance, water resistance and chemical resistance, and makes it possible to produce a grating and incorporate it in a mounting module with ease. A photosensitive composition for forming a light transmitting material comprising a silane compound or hydrolysis/dehydration condensation reaction product thereof, a photoinitiator and water, the silane compound being represented by the following formula (1):R.sup.1 SiX.sup.1.sub.3 (1)wherein R.sup.1 is an organic group having a polymerizable carboncarbon double bond, and X.sup.1 is a hydrolyzable group or atom, with the proviso that at least 40% of the total number of hydrogen atoms of the organic group R.sup.1 are substituted by at least one substituent atom selected from the group consisting of deuterium, fluorine, chlorine and bromine. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/JP00/07949 filed Nov. 10, 2000. The present invention relates to a photosensitive composition, an optical waveguide element comprising the same and a process for producing the optical waveguide element. Along with the rapid spread of the Internet and multi-media, a need for optical communication systems having higher speed and larger capacity has recently been growing. As a means of meeting the need, much attention is being paid to a wavelength multiplex communication system (WDM) which eliminates the need of increasing the number of optical fibers and makes use of the existing optical fibers. Optical parts and materials are necessary for the construction of this system. Among the optical parts are an optical waveguide element, an optical filter element and the like. For these optical parts and materials for optical communication, the supply of a material which needs to have transmission at communication wavelength ranges and such characteristic properties as
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heat resistance, water resistance and chemical resistance, and makes it possible to produce them and incorporate them in a mounting module with ease is desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632585__ •
Polishing composition and polishing method employing it Inventor(s): Ina; Katsuyoshi (Aichi, JP), Takami; Shinichiro (Aichi, JP) Assignee(s): Fujimi Incorporated (Nishikasugai-gun, JP) Patent Number: 6,626,967 Date filed: October 30, 2002 Abstract: A polishing composition comprising the following components (a) to (c):(a) colloidal silica;(b) at least one bicarbonate selected from the group consisting of ammonium bicarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate and a mixture thereof; and(c) water;wherein the concentration of each of the elements included in Groups 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 1B and 2B, lanthanoid and actinoid, and the concentration of each element of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, fluorine and chlorine, are at most 100 ppb in the polishing composition, respectively. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a polishing composition suitable for planarization of the surface of semiconductor devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a polishing composition which scarcely produces polishing scratches and which is readily cleansable after polishing, in polishing of semiconductor devices to which so-called chemical mechanical polishing (hereinafter referred to as CMP) technology is applied, in processing of device wafers for producing semiconductor devices. Progress of computer products has been remarkable in recent years, and parts to be used for such products, such as ULSI devices, have been developed for high integration and high speed, year after year. Along with such progress, the design rule for semiconductor devices has been progressively refined year after year, the depth of focus in a process for producing devices tends to be shallow, and planarization required for the pattern-forming surface tends to be increasingly strict. Under these circumstances, there has been an attempt to accomplish the planarization by polishing, and presently, such a polishing process is used as one of many device producing processes. This polishing process is commonly referred to as CMP, and the frequency of its use is expected to increase also in future. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06626967__
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Process for the manufacture of defluoromethane Inventor(s): Garrait; Dominique (Millery, FR), Guiraud; Emmanuel (Saint Genis Laval, FR) Assignee(s): Atofina (Paris LaDefense Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 6,635,790 Date filed: January 28, 2000 Abstract: The subject of the invention is a continuous process for the manufacture of difluoromethane (F32) from methylene chloride (F30) and hydrogen fluoride in the presence of chlorine, in the gas phase, over a fluorination catalyst.According to the
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invention, the gas flow exiting from the reactor is subjected to a distillation in order to separate, at the top, a flow containing virtually all the HCl and at least 90% of the F32 produced by the reaction and, at the bottom, a flow containing at least 90% of the unconverted reactants (F31, F30 and HF) and the latter flow is recycled directly to the reactor, without any purification operation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of fluorinated hydrocarbons and has more particularly as subject a continuous process for the manufacture of difluoromethane from methylene chloride and hydrogen fluoride HF. Now that chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs) have been identified as one of the factors responsible for accelerating the deterioration in the stratospheric ozone layer, politicians and industrialists have been irrevocably committed to a process of substitution of CFCs. This substitution process relates to essential industrial sectors such as the food refrigeration procedure, the insulation of buildings, air conditioning, microelectronics, and the like. The substitutes envisaged are fluorinated compounds containing hydrogen atoms but not chlorine atoms. One of these compounds, which is without effect on the ozone layer, is difluoromethane, which is known in the trade under the designation F32 and is mainly intended to replaced F22 (chlorodifluoromethane) and R502 (azeotropic mixture of F22 and chloropentafluoroethane) in the field of refrigeration, air conditioning and other applications. There is therefore interest in developing the simplest possible procedure for producing F32 in large and economically competitive amounts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635790__ •
Process for the manufacture of difluoromethane Inventor(s): Cheminal; Bernard (Saucieu-en-Jarrest, FR), Lacroix; Eric (Amberieux d'Azergues, FR), Lantz; Andre (Vernaison, FR), Perdrieux; Sylvain (Vernaison, FR), Requieme; Benoit (Charly, FR) Assignee(s): Atofina (Paris-la-Defense, FR) Patent Number: 6,639,115 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to the synthesis of difluoromethane by gas-phase catalytic fluorination of methylene chloride.To lengthen the lifetime of the catalyst the operation is carried out in the presence of chlorine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of fluorohydrocarbons and its subject is more particularly the manufacture of difluoromethane (F32) by catalytic fluorination of methylene chloride. Difluoromethane, known under the designation F32, is harmless to the ozone layer. It is therefore particularly advantageous for replacing CFCs. As a mixture with other hydrofluoroalkanes such as 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (F143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (F134a) or pentafluoroethane (F125), it is intended especially to replace F22 (chlorodifluoromethane) and F502 (azeotropic mixture of F22 and of chloropentafluoroethane) in the field of refrigeration, of conditioned air and in other applications. There are various known processes for the synthesis of F32. The hydrogenolysis of F12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) or of F22 (patents JP 60-01731 and EP 508 660) has the disadvantage of being generally not very selective and of producing worthless methane as by-product. It has recently been proposed to produce F32 by fluorination of bis(fluoromethyl) ether (patent EP 518 506). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639115__
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Water treatment device Inventor(s): Fujikawa; Kiyokazu (Inukami-gun, JP), Hirota; Tatsuya (Kyoto, JP), Inamoto; Yoshihiro (Otsu, JP), Kawamura; Tamotsu (Yokaichi, JP), Kawamura; Yozo (Kouka-gun, JP), Kishi; Minoru (Kusatsu, JP), Kondo; Yasuhito (Oizumi-machi, JP), Nakanishi; Minoru (Otsu, JP), Shimizu; Yasuhiko (Ora-machi, JP), Yamamoto; Kazuhiro (Kasai, JP), Yonezawa; Takaaki (Kusatsu, JP) Assignee(s): Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,627,053 Date filed: December 12, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a new water treatment device comprising an electrolytic tank to put water in, an electrode provided in the electrolytic tank, a water treating path for pouring water in a pool and returning to the pool the water in the electrolytic tank, a residual chlorine sensor for measuring the residual chlorine concentration of water, and control means for controlling the energization of the electrode on the basis of the measured value by the residual chlorine sensor, and capable of simply and efficiently sterilizing water stored in pools of various sizes from a swimming pool to a home bathtub. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new water treatment device capable of sterilizing water stored in various types of pools from large-sized pools such as a swimming pool and a bathtub of a public bath to small-sized pools such as a water supply tank disposed on the roof of a building or the like and a home bathtub. The swimming pool which is installed indoors or outdoors, or the bathtub of the public bath, for example, must be subjected to sterilization by periodically introducing chlorinated lime, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), or the like into the water in order to maintain the quality of the water. However, it has been conventionally necessary for employees in facilities, for example, to perform the work by hand outside the business hours (early in the morning, at midnight, etc.), and moreover, the operation had to be done with great caution since the chlorinated lime or sodium hypochlorite are irritant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627053__
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Water-soluble polymers and their use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Loffler; Matthias (Niedernhausen, DE), Morschhauser; Roman (Mainz, DE) Assignee(s): Clariant GmbH (Frankfurt, DE) Patent Number: 6,645,476 Date filed: July 14, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides water-soluble polymers preparable by free-radical copolymerization of A) one or more macromonomers containing an end-group capable of polymerization, a hydrophilic moiety based on polyalkylene oxides, and a hydrophobic moiety which comprises hydrogen or a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic (C.sub.1 -C.sub.30)-hydrocarbon radical, and B) one or more olefinically unsaturated comonomers which contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine and/or fluorine. The polymers are suitable as thickeners, dispersing agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, stabilizers and/or bodying agents for aqueous preparations, emulsions and suspensions, in particular for cosmetic and pharmaceutical compositions.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to water-soluble polymers prepared by copolymerization of macromonomers, and to their use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical compositions. In recent years water-soluble polymers have achieved ever increasing importance in industry and science. In terms of quantity, polyelectrolytes make up a very large part of the overall annual production of water-soluble polymers. They are used as flocculants in paper processing, the detergents industry, textile processing, as protective colloids or, in their crosslinked variants, as thickeners, to name but a few areas of application. The hygiene sector has become hard to imagine without thickeners, in particular the "superabsorbents" prepared on the basis of polyacrylic acid, since their development in the 1970s. Newer thickeners, such as, for example, crosslinked polyacrylamidopropylenemethylsulfonic acid (or salts thereof), are notable for their significantly improved pH stability and better processability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645476__
Patent Applications on Chlorine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chlorine: •
3-amino-propoxphenyl derivatives (I) Inventor(s): Drummer, Olaf Heino; (Sunbury, AU), Iakovidis, Dimitrios; (Doncaster, AU), Jackman, Graham Paul; (North Clayton, AU), Louis, Simon Nicholas Stewart; (Fitzroy North, AU), Louis, William John; (Rosanna, AU) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20030216477 Date filed: April 14, 2003 Abstract: Compounds of formula (Ia) as potent,.beta.sub.1-specific beta blockers with a short duration of action in the systemic circulation, wherein R is 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, and R.sup.2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl and isopropyl; or R is 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl, R.sup.1 is selected from fluorine, chlorine and bromine, and R.sup.2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl and cyclopropylmethyl; of R is 4'-methoxyphenoxy, R.sup.1 is selected from hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, and R.sup.2 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl and cyclopropylmethyl; or R is 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl, R.sub.1 is cyano, and R.sup.2 is cyclopropylmethyl; or R is 4'-methoxyphenoxy, R.sup.1 is cyano, and R.sup.2 is isobutyl; and physiologically acceptable hydrolysable derivatives thereof having the hydroxy group in the 2-position of the 3-aminopropoxy side chain in esterified form, in their racemic and optically active forms, and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to potent,.beta.sub.1-specific beta adrenoreceptor blockers with a short duration of action and to a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of conditions for which potent,.beta.sub.1-specific beta
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 117
adrenoreceptor blockers with a short duration of action in the systemic circulation would be particularly advantageous. The class of drugs known as.beta.-blockers are well known in the art for treatment of cardiac disorders and particular ophthalmological conditions. However, the optimum combination of properties of such agents depends critically on the condition being treated. Thus, in the long-term treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias, the combination of.beta.sub.1-selectivity with high potency, good oral bioavailability and long plasma half-life and duration of action are usually considered optimal, since.beta.sub.1-selective compounds have a low incidence of side-effects associated with blockade of.beta.sub.2receptors, such as asthma, and the remaining properties permit treatment by oral administration usually on a once a day basis. In other conditions where.beta.sub.1selectivity is preferred, some of these properties are not optimal. In ocular administration for the treatment of glaucoma oral availability and long plasma half-life may lead to unwanted systemic side-effects. In the management of cardiac arrhythmias which may arise during induction of anaesthesia or in the care of critically ill patients, short systemic half-life permits rapid control of arrhythmias without the risk of inducing long acting beta blockade. Treatment of glaucoma requires a drug which is well absorbed into the eye. However rapid clearance from the systemic circulation by metabolism to inactive metabolites, after passing through the eye or being swallowed via the naso-lachrymal duct, ensures that treatment is limited to the eye and side-effects are minimised. For short-term systemic administration a combination of.beta.sub.1selectivity and short half-life is ideal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Acidic aqueous chlorite teat dip with improved visual indicator stability, extended shelf life, sanitizing capacity and tissue protection Inventor(s): McSherry, David D.; (Minneapolis, MN), Richter, Francis L.; (Hugo, MN) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030206971 Date filed: August 19, 2002 Abstract: The mastitis control teat dip composition having a visible indicator aspect of the invention provides a softening, soothing, smoothing, relaxing property, a rapid initial kill, a useful highly pseudoplastic rheology, a barrier/film-forming capacity, a unique antimicrobial composition that is stable over an extended period of time, and unexpected long term microbial control when compared to the prior art materials disclosed in patents and used in the marketplace. The indicator aspect provides ease of visually detecting the material on the animal skin and can indicate efficacy of the material. The compositions of the invention are made by combining an aqueous liquid composition containing the visual indicator combined with the organic components which can be combined with a simple aqueous solution of a salt of chlorous acid, preferably an alkali metal chlorite. The materials after they are combined and blended into a smooth viscous material containing an emollient package generates active antimicrobial chlorine dioxide and can be immediately contacted with the target animals. The compositions of the invention provide stable visual indication, rapid initial kill, consistent long term kill with chemical and rheological stability. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/938,653 filed Sep. 26, 1997. The invention relates to a visually indicating bovine teat
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dip composition that can be mixed using two parts, a simple chlorite solution and an acid or acidulant formulation, to form a stable, effective composition that can be used in routine dairy procedures. Bovine mastitis is the most common and most costly disease affecting dairy herds. Some estimates suggested at least half of the dairy animal population have some degree or form of mastitis. This condition results in lowered milk yield and reduced quality. Economic loss to mastitis in the U.S. is estimated at about $1.8 billion or approximately 10% of total milk sales with about two-thirds of this loss due to reduced milk production from infected cows. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland. Similarly, inflammation is one response of a tissue or organ to insult or injury. An injury caused by physical, chemical or thermal trauma can produce an inflammatory response. In the dairy cow, mastitis typically results from microorganisms, usually bacteria, that invade the udder, multiply in the delicate milk producing tissues, and synthesize toxins, a by-product of bacterial metabolism. The characteristic features of inflammation are swelling, heat, redness, pain and disturbed function. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Apparatus for decomposing halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds or aromatic compounds Inventor(s): Kato, Kinya; (Atsugi, JP), Sugawa, Etsuko; (Atsugi, JP) Correspondence: Fitzpatrick Cella Harper & Scinto; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112; US Patent Application Number: 20030196886 Date filed: June 5, 2003 Abstract: An apparatus for decomposing a target substance, which is a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon compound or a halogenated aromatic compound. This apparatus has a water tank for holding water containing chlorine and for contacting the target substance with the chlorine, a means for feeding the target substance to the water, a light source for irradiating the water containing the supplied target substance with light at a wavelength of 300 nm to 500 nm, and a means for reducing a chlorine concentration of a wastewater discharged from the water tank by contacting the wastewater with air. Excerpt(s): This application is a division of application Ser. No. 09/451,443, filed on Nov. 30, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a method for decomposing halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds or aromatic compounds, a method for cleaning a medium contaminated with at least one of these compounds, and an apparatus to be used for the same. As the industry develops, a variety of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds and aromatic compounds have been used in large amounts, posing severe disposal problems. A variety of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon waste has been causing environmental problems, e.g., environmental pollution, and a great deal of effort has been expended to solve these problems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 119
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CATALYTIC SYSTEMS FOR THE COPOLYMERIZATION OF ALPHA-OLEFINS
POLYMERIZATION
AND
Inventor(s): CANAS, PILAR LAFUENTE; (MADRID, ES), GARCIA, BEGONA PENA; (MADRID, ES), MARCOS, CARLOS MARTIN; (TORREJON DE ARDOZ, ES), MUNOZESCALONA LAFUENTE, ANTONIO; (MADRID, ES), ROYO, JOSE SANCHO; (MADRID, ES) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 5670 Wilshire Boulevard; Suite 2100; Los Angeles; CA; 900365679 Patent Application Number: 20030191013 Date filed: April 26, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to heterogeneous catalytic systems obtainable by reacting a porous inorganic support with an alumoxane and subsequently supporting at least one metallocene compound thereon, characterized in that the metallocene compound is defined by the following general formulas: 1wherein:L, equal to or different from each other, is selected from the group comprising: cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, tetrahydroindenyl, fluorenyl, octahydrofluorenyl or benzoindenyl; each R is independently selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.20 cycloalkyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.7-C.sub.20 arylalkyl, C.sub.7-C.sub.20 alkylaryl, C.sub.8-C.sub.20 arylalkenyl, linear or branched, optionally substituted by 1 to 10 halogen atoms, or a group SiR.sup.II.sub.3; each R.sup.I, equal to or different from each other, is a divalent aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally containing from 1 to 5 heteroatoms of groups 14 to 16 of the periodic table of the elements and boron; preferably it is: C.sub.1C.sub.20 alkylene, C.sub.3-C.sub.20cycloalkylen- e, C.sub.6-C.sub.20 arylene, C.sub.7C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.7-C.sub.20 arylalkylene, or alkylarylene, linear or branched, or a group SiR.sup.II.sub.2; each R.sup.II is independently selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl , C.sub.3-C.sub.20 cycloalkyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.7-C.sub.20 arylalkyl, C.sub.8-C.sub.20 arylalkenyl or C.sub.7-C.sub.20 alkylaryl, linear or branched; preferably R.sup.II is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl; each Q is independently selected from B, C, Si, Ge, Sn; M is a metal of group 3, 4 or 10 of the Periodic Table, Lanthanide or Actinide; preferably it is titanium, zirconium or hafnium; each X is independently selected from: hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, OR.sup.II, NR.sup.II.sub.2, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl or C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aryl; L' is N or O; z is equal to 0, 1 or 2; x is equal to 1, 2 or 3; y is equal to 1, 2 or 3; x+y+z is equal to the valence of M; m is an integer which can assume the values 1, 2, 3 or 4; a and b are integers whose value ranges from 0 to k-1; f is an integer whose value ranges from 1 to k; g is an integer whose value ranges from 0 to 1; c and e are equal to 0 or 1; a+b+c is at least 1; a+g+c is at least 1; d is equal to 0, 1 or 2; when Q is B then c+d=1; when Q is C, Si, Ge or Sn, then c+d=2; when L' is N, then g+e=1; when L' is O, then g=0 and e=0.The invention also relates to the polymerization process making use of the above defined catalytic Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a heterogeneous catalytic system and its use in olefin polymerization. It is very well known that homogeneous catalytic systems present a disadvantage: when they are used in suspension polymerization processes, a part of the produced polymer adheres to the reactor walls; this effect is technically called "reactor fouling". Besides, in most cases, the particle size of the obtained polymer is very small and the bulk density is low, thus the industrial production is reduced. In order to prevent the reactor from fouling and to control the size and the morphology of the polymer particles which are formed, the homogeneous system can be supported on an inorganic oxide. In the last years different preparatory strategies have been used in
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order to reach this aim. EPA-206794 (Exxon) discloses a catalyst which comprises a carrier, a metallocene, and an alumoxane. The carrier is first treated with alumoxane and then the metallocene is added. EP-A-295312 (Mitsui) discloses a catalyst consisting of a carrier wherein alumoxane is precipitated and then the resulting material is impregnated with a metallocene. No additional cocatalyst is used in the polymerization process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Chlorine test reagent, and reagent storing, packaging and dosing Inventor(s): Diggens, Albert A.; (Onekama, MI) Correspondence: Brian M. Dingman, ESQ.; Mirick, O'connell, Demallie & Lougee, Llp; 1700 West Park Drive; Westborough; MA; 01581-3941; US Patent Application Number: 20030199101 Date filed: April 18, 2003 Abstract: A shelf-stable, pre-measured reagent for a chlorine determination test. The reagent includes at least a source of iodide and a pH buffer packaged into a tablet. The tablet is packaged in a plastic-lined metal foil envelope that completely surrounds the tablet, to inhibit air infiltration into the package. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of Provisional application serial No. 60/373,675, filed on Apr. 18, 2002. This invention relates to a test reagent for determination of chlorine in solution. Potassium iodide is used as a reagent in an analytical method for the determination of total chlorine. However, potassium iodide is unstable, and in the presence of oxygen in air it forms iodine. It is important to the accuracy of the measurement that the reagent remains in its pure state for long periods of time of months or more. Also, the chlorine determination test requires that a known amount of the reagent be metered into the sample in a fixed and reproducible way. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Combined therapy against tumors comprising substituted acryloyl distamycin derivatives and alkylating agents Inventor(s): Beria, Italo; (Nerviano-Milan, IT), Cozzi, Paolo; (Milan, IT), Geroni, M. Cristina; (Milan, IT) Correspondence: Nikaido Marmelstein; Murray & Oram; Metropolitan Square Suite 330; 655 Fifteenth Street NW G Street Lobby; Washington; DC; 20005-5701; US Patent Application Number: 20030180383 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: Compounds which are.alpha.-halogenoacryloyl distamycin derivatives of formula (I) wherein R.sub.1 is a bromine or chlorine atom; R.sub.2 is a distamycin or distamycin-like framework as set forth in the specification; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; are cytotoxic agents particularly effective in the treatment of tumors over expressing GSH/GSTs system and which are poorly responsive or even resistant to conventional antitumor therapies.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of cancer treatment and provides an antitumor composition comprising a substituted acryloyl distamycin derivative, more particularly an.alpha.-bromo- or.alpha.-chloro-acryloyl distamycin derivative, and an alkylating agent, having a synergistic antineoplastic effect. Distamycin A and analogues thereof; hereinafter referred to as distamycin and distamycin-like derivatives, are known in the art as cytotoxic agents useful in antitumor therapy. Distamycin A is an antibiotic substance with antiviral and antiprotozoal activity, having a polypyrrole framework [Nature 203: 1064 (1964); J. Med. Chem. 32: 774-778 (1989)]. The international patent applications WO 90/11277, WO 98/04524, WO 98/21202, WO 99/50265, WO 99/50266 and WO 01/40181 (claiming priority from British patent application No. 9928703.9), all in the name of the applicant itself and herewith incorporated by reference, disclose acryloyl distamycin derivatives wherein the amidino moiety of distamycin is optionally replaced by nitrogen-containing ending groups such as, for instance, cyanamidino, N-methylamidino, guanidino, carbamoyl, amidoxime, cyano and the like, and/or wherein the polypyrrole framework of distamycin, or part of it, is replaced by varying carbocyclic or heterocyclic moieties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition containing at least one aryl oxime and at least one active substance for treating acne and the use thereof Inventor(s): Bunger, Joachim; (Darmstadt, DE), Driller, Hansjurgen; (Umstadt, DE), Schwarz, Michael; (Weiterstadt, DE), Wohlrab, Wolfgang; (Halle, DE) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030187034 Date filed: May 23, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition, comprising(a) at least one aryl oxime of Formula (I) and(b) at least one active agent for the treatment of acne 1 wherein:Y, Z represent independently from each other H, C.sub.1-18 alkyl, C.sub.2-18 alkenyl, C.sub.2-18 carboxy alkyl, C.sub.3-18 carboxy alkenyl or C.sub.2-18 alkanoyl;R represents C.sub.1-18 alkyl, C.sub.2-18 alkenyl, C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or condensed systems;R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 represent independently from each other H, C.sub.1-12 alkyl, C.sub.2-12 alkenyl, C.sub.1-12 alkoxy, C.sub.3-8 cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, carboxy, hydroxy, chlorine, dialkyl amine or sulfonyl.Moreover, the present invention relates to the use of this composition as well as the use of the aforementioned aryl oxime of Formula (I). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition, comprising at least one aryl oxime and at least one active agent for the treatment of acne, as well as the use of this composition. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of at least one aryl oxime for prophylaxis and/or for the treatment of skin reddening and/or inflammation caused by acne. Acne is a very widespread disease of the sebaceous follicle system caused mainly by hormonal, microbial, genetic and/or immunological influences. There are different forms and causes of acne. The forms of acne include endogeneously induced acne, medicamentously induced acne and acne induced by external causes. The most common acne is acne vulgaris, a form of acne induced mainly by endogeneous factors and which is puberty dependent. Acne vulgaris affects regions of the body with a particular type of large sebaceous gland follicles, i.e. mainly the face, the upper back
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and the upper front line of sweat. In this order, white comedos, black comedos, papulas, pustules, knots and abscessa occur. The abscessa may form channels under the skin which in turn discharge the puss externally through the skin as fistulas. Consequently, it is differentiated between a comedo acne, a papular, papulo-pustular, cystic and induced acne. Some authors regard the acne conglobata as induced acne. The commedo, commonly known as a blackhead, is the first symptom of acne. It is a plug of horny tissue made of layered horny lamallae mixed with sebaceous matter. In the center it also contains micro-organisms such as propionibacterium acnes, a normal inhabitant of the ducts of the sebaceous glands, and yeast. Early comedos are whitish whereas in older comedos melanin is collected at the tip and therefore the head of the comedos is black. It is differentiated between older open, mostly black, comedos which can be picked easily from the follicle orifice and the immature closed comedos with a narrow follicle construction. With these comedos there is the danger that upon pressure the hair follicle perforates and horny tissue, sebaceous matter and bacteria are pressed into the dermis and cause an inflammation there. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Controlled dosing of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents into pressurized water systems Inventor(s): Holler, Thomas D.; (Glastonbury, CT) Correspondence: Cummings & Lockwood; Attn: Anita Lomartra; 700 State Street, Granite Square; P.O. Box 1960; New Haven; CT; 06509-1960; US Patent Application Number: 20030209483 Date filed: March 18, 2003 Abstract: A medium having a support structure configured for circulation of a fluid therein, such as a replaceable filter cartridge, including a sanitizing agent which contains one or more reactants that are chemically configured for delivering chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents in a controlled dose to sanitize, deodorize, and disinfect upon being wetted by the fluid and positioned in the medium support structure to be exposed to the fluid circulating therein. Excerpt(s): The subject application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/366,144, filed Mar. 20, 2002, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Potable water contains various levels of background contaminants such as HPC, pathogenic bacteria and algae, even after municipal treatment. In most instances, chlorine is used to reduce the concentration of such background contaminants. Chlorine and chlorine compounds used for sanitization or disinfection are often removed from water supplies prior to use in drinking water systems, food service beverage systems and ice dispensing equipment. The reasons for removal vary depending on the application or system. For example, the presence of chlorine in the water supply to certain beverage systems may negatively impact a particular quality of the beverage product, such as its taste. There are also a significant amount of downstream potable water systems that do not use disinfection chemicals. This results in increased levels of microorganisms and biofilm build-up. The build-up increases within dechlorination filters, resin beds, and other finely divided media filters during periods of stagnation. The build-up can be released downstream at high levels causing health concerns, as well as severe off-tastes and odors. Over a prolonged period of time biofilm coats water lines and wetted parts of dispensing equipment, thus compounding the problem.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dermatological Formulation Inventor(s): Johnson, Keith Arthur; (Durham, NC) Correspondence: Smithkline Beecham Corporation; Corporate Intellectual Property-us, Uw2220; P. O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030216364 Date filed: February 14, 2003 Abstract: A topical formulation including a solvent, an occlusive agent, a surfactant system, an androstane steroid compound of formula (I) wherein R.sup.1 represents a fluoro-, chloro- or bromo-methyl group or a 2'-fluoroethyl group, R.sup.2 represents a group COR.sup.6 where R.sup.6 is a C.sub.1-3 alkyl group or OR.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together form a 16.alpha., 17.alpha.-isopropylidenedioxy group; R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group (which may be in either the.alpha.- or.beta.configuration) or a methylene group; R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine atom; R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen or fluorine atom and the symbol --represents a single or double bond, and the balance being water. 1 Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to a dermatological formulation for topical application comprising an androstane steroid compound, where the formulation has improved stability and often also improved vasoconstrictor potency. Androstane steroid compounds are a type of anti-inflammatory steroid and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,121 to Phillipps et al. (Assignors to Glaxo Group Limited). Fluticasone propionate, an androstae steroid compound that is in accordance with the Phillips, et al. patent, has very desirable anti-inflammatory, anti-pruitic, and vasoconstrictive properties. A fluticasone propionate lotion is described in International Publication No. WO 00/24401, published May 4, 2000, to Dow et al. (Assignors to Glaxo Group Limited). This International Publication states that the fluticasone propionate lotion shows increased vasoconstrictor potency of fluticasone propionate over fluticasone propionate cream formulations but at a decreased concentration of occlusive agent under about 10.0 w/w %. It is known that addition of an occlusive agent, such as mineral oil or paraffin, increases the vasoconstrictor potency of the topical steroid, but that can reduce the aesthetic appeal due to imparting an undesirable oily or greasy feel to the skin. Furthermore, high concentrations of occlusive agents can cause the formulation, which is an oil-in-water emulsion, to be unstable and invert to a water-inoil emulsion that has the greasy feel. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Device for generating aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions Inventor(s): Hratko, Linda; (Colonia, NJ), Koermer, Gerald S.; (Roseland, NJ), Speronello, Barry K.; (Montgomergy Township, NJ) Correspondence: Engelhard Corporation; 101 Wood Avenue; P.O. Box 770; Iselin; NJ; 08830-0770; US Patent Application Number: 20030180384 Date filed: March 19, 2002
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Abstract: The invention pertains to a device for generating aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions when the device is contacted with liquid water. The device comprises an alkali metal or alkaine earth metal chlorite, e.g, sodium chlorite, and a chemical reagent comprising an acid or a material capable of releasing an acid upon exposure to liquid water, e.g., sodium bisulfate. The chlorite and the reagent are either combined as a mixture or are disposed as separate components adhered to the surface of one or more substrates. Upon exposure to liquid water, the chlorite and the reagent produce boundary layers. The chlorite and the reagent are disposed upon, and adhered to, the surface(s) of the substrates in a manner such that upon exposure to liquid water, the chlorite boundary layer comes into contact with the reagent boundary layer to thereby produce an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for generating aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions when the device comes into contact with liquid water. Chlorine dioxide is a well-known germicidal and deodorizing agent. It is known that chlorine dioxide may be generated by exposure of a combination of a chlorite and an acid to moisture, i.e., atmospheric moisture and/or liquid water. In general, prior art methods of generating aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions involve the addition of a massive body, i.e., tablets, pills, bricks capsules, sachets, etc., to liquid water. These prior art methods are disadvantageous in that they entail a considerable period of time for dissolution of the tablets, pills, bricks, etc. and penetration of water into sachets. Chlorine dioxide is often generated, particularly in large scale, by rapidly mixing highly concentrated solutions of a chlorite and an acid. These prior art methods are not appropriate for small scale operations where mixing and handling of highly acid and/or hazardous chemicals are not desired or are not feasible. Moreover, if the components are utilized in the form of a mixture, prior art methods entail the possibility of premature release of chlorine dioxide, reduced storage stability and shelf life, and for expensive packaging. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors Inventor(s): Lowe, Gordon; (Oxfordshire, GB) Correspondence: Wolf Greenfield & Sacks, PC; Federal Reserve Plaza; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210-2211; US Patent Application Number: 20030203908 Date filed: February 24, 2003 Abstract: A compound of formula (I) or (II), wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl,aryloxy, arylalkoxy or alkoxy, Y is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or alkoxy, or formula (a) wherein A and B are different and one of A and B is CH.sub.2 and the other is O, NH, or S or A and B are both CH.sub.2 or CH.dbd., and R.sup.a, R.sup.b, and R.sup.c are the same or different and are hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyl or arylalkoxy. R.sup.1 is hydrogen, and R.sup.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl or aryl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, cyano, hydroxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, cyano, hydroxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkoxy, aralkyl, aryloxy or aryl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkoxy, aralkyl, arylalkoxy, aryloxy or aryl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, cyano, hydroxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkoxy; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; with the proviso that when R.sup.2 is phenyl and Y is hydrogen, X is not chlorine. 1
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors and their use as antiparasitic agents, for example against Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei the causative agents of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease (south American trypanosomiasis) and sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis) respectively, Toxoplasma gondii which infects immunosuppressed patients including AIDS patients infected with HIV, and as antitumour agents. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme which catalyses the NADPH dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate which is an essential cofactor in the biosynthesis of thymidine (as its mononucleotide), one of the four nuclear bases of DNA. Inhibition of DHFR leads to cell death due to the lack of thymidine for DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DHFR makes it possible to treat a variety of diseases and infections as the relevant cells or infective agents are killed by cell death. However, there are considerable structural differences between DHFRs from human, bacterial and parasitic sources and this has led to the development of a variety of inhibitors. Most inhibitors are selective as anti-tumour, anti-bacterial or anti-parasitic agents. One parasitic agent which may be killed by DHFR inhibition is the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It is estimated there are 300-500 million clinical cases of malarial infections per year worldwide and that more than 2 million children die from the infection each year. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Disposable diaper and method therefor Inventor(s): Reiss, Edward; (Westport, CT), Schenk, Brenda J.; (Westport, CT) Correspondence: Weiss & Moy PC; 4204 North Brown Avenue; Scottsdale; AZ; 85251; US Patent Application Number: 20030187414 Date filed: March 27, 2002 Abstract: A disposable diaper has a multi-layered diaper assembly. The disposable diaper has a first top surface exterior layer assembly comprising a non-woven material having a planar, soft, cloth-like surface layer. A second layer is provided and consists of non-chlorine bleached wood pulp. A third layer is provided having a top surface portion in contact with a bottom surface portion of the second layer. A fourth bottom surface interior layer is provided in contact with a bottom surface portion of the third layer and comprising a non-woven liquid permeable material having a planar, soft, cloth-like body contact surface portion. Excerpt(s): The present application is related to U.S. Pat. No. 5,743,895 entitled "DISPOSABLE DIAPER AND METHOD THEREFOR", issued on Apr. 28, 1998 in the name of the same inventors and incorporated by reference into the present application. This invention relates to a disposable diaper and, more specifically, to a disposable diaper and method therefor that uses more natural materials in the manufacturing process. Disposable diapers are well known and widely used. Over the years, disposable diapers have become the dominant diaper, largely replacing the old form of reusable diaper. Typical disposable diapers generally use an absorbent interior area for absorbing a wearer's urine, bounded by a thin plastic exterior layer. The interior portion of the typical disposable diaper presently on the market is generally comprised of a bottom layer of non-woven material that is in direct contact with the area of the child's skin covered by the diaper, a backing layer of tissue paper that contacts the bottom portion of the layer of non-woven material, a wadding batt layer of wood pulp that is located
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between the thin plastic exterior layer and the layer of tissue paper, and, in order to increase the diaper's fluid absorbency, diaper manufacturers add a superabsorbent polymer or other chemical additive to the wadding batt layer. Without the superabsorbent polymer, wood pulp generally absorbs in the range of 12 to 15 times its weight. With the superabsorbent polymer, the wadding batt layer is able to absorb in the range of 30 to 55 times its weight. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Electrochemical method for treating wastewater Inventor(s): Roth, William Jeffrey; (Lehigh Acres, FL) Correspondence: Werner Schroeder; C/o Alluna Group, INC.; 3862 Midshore DR.; Naples; FL; 34109; US Patent Application Number: 20030205535 Date filed: May 3, 2002 Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of purifying water and wastewater as a fluent coming from industrial plants, municipal sewage systems, reservoirs and other water supplies and residential community and commercial water and sewage supplies and systems. The method includes the steps of running the wastewater as a fluent into a headworks where some preliminary treatment takes place. From there the fluent is passed into a primary reservoir. The fluent in the primary reservoir is analyzed as to certain control parameters such as pH and conductivity. Thereafter the fluent flows into a primary reactor having a plurality of electrolytic cells therein. While in that reactor the fluent is subjected to electrolytic reactions. The effluent from the primary reactor passes through a ratio weir into a secondary receptor. The secondary receptor contains sensors for the measurement of control parameters such as pH, (total suspended solids) TSS and chlorine. Thereafter, the fluent is passed to a filtering device. The filtered fluent then flows through an oxidation reactor. The overall purification system can be termed an electrochemical system. Excerpt(s): The use of water by the world's population for personal residential use as well as commercial and industrial uses of water is increasing. Regulations to control the quality of water returned to the environment have been instituted to limit the degree of environmental pollution. Due to the increasing use of water and regulations for controlling the quality of water returned to the environment, water treatment systems continue to grow in importance. Conventional wastewater treatment processes that treat municipal wastewater generally use processes that require a significant amount of time to complete. These time consuming processes include the physical process of settling where suspended solids float to the surface or settle to the bottom of a settling tank and the biological process where dissolved and colloidal solids are biodegraded by microorganisms and are converted to sludge and scum. Due to the long time duration of these processes, the tanks in which they occur must be sufficiently large to meet the water treatment production requirements. For example, for a facility that has a total production process time of 12 hours, and a production requirement of 100,000 gallons per day, the approximate aggregate tank capacity within the facility needs to be 50,000 gallons. However, a treatment process that has a total process time of 30 minutes can produce the same amount of treated water with a total approximate aggregate tank capacity of 2,100 gallons. Large facility requirements are costly in land use, construction and maintenance. It is therefore desirable to have a process for treating wastewater that has a process time that is short in duration. The biological processes used by
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conventional wastewater treatment facilities require continuous aeration to provide the microorganisms which biodegrade the dissolved and suspended colloidal solids the air needed to sustain their life. The aeration of the large tanks involved requires costly installation and maintenance of large aeration and re-circulation pumps and substantial electrical power to operate. The aeration of large tanks also creates the production of offensive odors that must commonly be controlled. Controlling such odors requires the costly installation and maintenance of significant air handling mechanisms and air scrubbers which require substantial power to operate. Treatment processes which require aeration of large tanks therefore result in a high cost of construction, maintenance and operation. It is therefore desirable to have a process for treating wastewater which does not require aeration of large tanks to maintain living microorganisms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Environmental protection floor tile Inventor(s): Mao, Chen-Chi; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Bacon & Thomas, Pllc; 625 Slaters Lane; Fourth Floor; Alexandria; VA; 22314 Patent Application Number: 20030215615 Date filed: May 16, 2002 Abstract: An environmental protection floor tile, more specifically to a floor tile made of a material not containing chlorine, which comprising a printing layer and a bottom layer. The present invention is characterized that the printing layer is composed of two transparent layers of an upper layer and a lower layer, wherein the upper transparent layer has the features for wear-resisting and easy cleaning and the lower transparent layer has the features for easy color printing; and, the embossment and color of the floor tile is printed at the bottom on the lower transparent layer. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a floor tile made of a material not containing chlorine, which is characterized that the printing layer is composed of two transparent layers, wherein the upper layer is formed as a layer with wear-resisting and easy cleaning and the lower layer is an easy-printing layer. The plastic product is a byproduct from the development of oil energy resources that the development changes the only dependence to wood, metal material by the people from thousands of years so as to create a splendid plastic era. The plastic has brought for the people of convenience for light-weighted and easy manufacturing, however, the waste or the pollution during manufacturing causes a very annoying feeling to the people. Taken the plastic floor tile in plastic product as an example, the conventional plastic floor tile contained asbestos material so that the air pollution resulting from the manufacturing endangered the people's health. Afterwards, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was used to produce the plastic floor tile, which reduced the danger to the people's health but induced another problem. For a long time, the holes in the ozone layer above the South Pole are enlarged year by year so that the ultraviolet ray may intrude the earth without any shields and causing the greenhouse effect. The reason is that the chlorine element and the other composite using the same, such as a Fluor-chlorine carbide. Currently, the most dominant material in the plastic product is PVC, which is a composite made of chlorine element. Thus, the damage to the environment is very critical and unknown to the people. The scientific field had noticed the damage to the environment by the PVC and found the solution, that is, using a composite not containing chlorine to manufacture
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the plastic product. But the composite not containing chlorine is very expensive. As an example for the plastic floor tile, the cost may be several tens to hundreds times over the conventional PVC floor tile. Thus, even the chlorine element in the PVC will damage the environment, there are not lots of plastic floor tile product not containing chlorine in the market under economical consideration. There is another question to be considered for the plastic floor tile made of a composite not containing chlorine, that is to achieve the normally wear-resisting effect for the plastic floor tile, wherein the printing layer on the surface is thicker and the embossment is printed at the bottom of the surface so that the embossment will never be taken off. However, such a technique will cause some problems while applying to the plastic floor tile not containing chlorine. Because the effect by the thickening caused higher cost, the floor tile originally in higher price will be more expensive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Etchant, method for roughening copper surface and method for producing printed wiring board Inventor(s): Morikawa, Yoshihiko; (Kanagawa, JP), Senbiki, Kazunori; (Kanagawa, JP), Yamazaki, Nobuhiro; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Lerner, David, Littenberg,; Krumholz & Mentlik; 600 South Avenue West; Westfield; NJ; 07090; US Patent Application Number: 20030201247 Date filed: March 21, 2003 Abstract: An etchant and a method for roughening a copper surface each capable of permitting copper with roughened surface which exhibits acid resistance and permits a copper conductive pattern and an outer layer material to be firmly bonded to each other therethrough in manufacturing of a printed wiring board to simplify the manufacturing. The etchant may contain an oxo acid such as sulfuric acid, peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide and an auxiliary component such as an azole and chlorine. The azole may comprise benzotriazole (BTA). The chlorine may be in the form of sodium chloride (NaCl). The etchant permits a copper surface to be roughened in an acicular manner. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to techniques of etching a copper foil or copper plate, and more particularly to an etching solution or etchant for roughening a surface of a copper foil or copper plate so that the surface has acicular protrusions, a method for roughening a copper surface and a method for producing a printed wiring board in which a defect such as a pink ring or the like can be prevented from occurring and the number of manufacturing steps can be reduced. A multi-layer printed wiring board has been conventionally made by laminating an inner layer material, an outer layer material and prepregs on each other. A copper-clad laminate on which a copper foil is laminated is used as the inner layer material and the like. In general, manufacturing of such a multi-layer printed wiring board is carried out in such a manner that the copper-clad laminate is subjected to a pretreatment such as a rust prevention and the like (preliminary treatment prior to circuit formation); the copper-clad laminate is then subjected to patterning and the like to form a copper conductive pattern layer (circuit formation); a roughening treatment is conducted to roughen a surface of the copper conductive pattern layer which is an inner layer material; an outer layer material such as resin, a film, ink or the like is laminated on the roughened surface of the inner layer material or copper conductive pattern layer to form a laminate (laminating); and the laminate is formed with through-holes and then subjected to electroplating.
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Unfortunately, the first process encounters a serious problem. More particularly, copper oxide is generally dissolved in acid. Thus, when the copper oxide of the copper conductive pattern layer is exposed on an inner surface of the through-holes due to formation of the through-holes, dipping of the copper conductive pattern layer in an etching solution or etchant during the subsequent electroplating causes the copper oxide to react with sulfuric acid in the etchant, to thereby be dissolved in the form of copper sulfate in the etchant, resulting in a defect called a pink ring occurring on the conductive pattern layer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
High chlorine and heat resistant spandex fiber and manufacturing method thereof Inventor(s): Kim, Ji Won; (Seoul, KR), Lee, Dae Hwi; (Chungjoo-shi, KR), Lee, Tae Woo; (Kyungki-do, KR), Seo, Seung Won; (Kyungki-do, KR), Song, Byung Su; (Kyungki-do, KR) Correspondence: Bell, Boyd & Lloyd, Llc; PO Box 1135; Chicago; IL; 60690-1135; US Patent Application Number: 20030203199 Date filed: September 24, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a spandex fiber prepared to be excellent in resistance to both chlorine and heat without affecting the properties of the polyurethane polymer, and manufacturing method thereof. The spandex fiber contains hydrotalcite coated with 0.1 to 10 wt. % of a melamine-based compound. The melamine-based compound includes melamine compounds, phosphor-associated melamine compounds, melamine cyanurate compounds, melamine compounds substituted with an organic compound having a carboxyl group, phosphor-associated melamine compounds substituted with an organic compound having a carboxyl group, or melamine cyanurate compounds substituted with an organic compound having a carboxyl group, which are used alone or in combination. The spandex fiber has a high resistance to both chlorine and heat and is therefore useful for underwear, socks, and particularly, sports apparels such as swimsuit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to spandex fiber excellent in resistance to both chlorine and heat and manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly, to spandex fiber which has high resistance to both chlorine and heat without affecting intrinsic properties of the polyurethane polymer, and manufacturing method thereof. Spandex fiber is generally excellent in physical properties such as tensile strength, elastic recoverability, etc. and still has high rubber elasticity and therefore widely used for underwear, socks, sports apparel, etc. Nevertheless, when washed with chlorine bleaching, spandex fiber has a considerable deterioration of physical properties in the portion of polyurethane, which is the principal component of spandex. For swimsuit made of spandex and polyamide, a contact with chlorinated water (containing 0.5 to 3.5 ppm of active chlorine) in a swimming pool also deteriorates the properties of spandex. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Liquid crystalline 3,4:9,10-perylenetetacarbocylic acid diimides Inventor(s): Thalacker, Christoph; (Ulm, DE), Wurthner, Frank; (US) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030181721 Date filed: February 11, 2003 Abstract: Perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic diimides of the general formula 1whereR.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently hydrogen, chlorine, bromine or substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, arylthio, arylamino, hetaryloxy or hetarylthio;R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently hydrogen or long-chain alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio whose carbon chain may in each case contain up to four double bonds, with the proviso that at least four of these radicals are not hydrogenare prepared and used as liquid-crystalline materials for electronic, optoelectronic and photonic applications, for coloration of macromolecular organic and of inorganic materials, as fluorescent dyes and as laser dyes and also as organic materials for solar collectors and electroluminescence applications. Excerpt(s): R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are independently hydrogen or long-chain alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio whose carbon chain may in each case contain up to four double bonds, with the proviso that at least four of these radicals are not hydrogen. The invention also relates to the preparation of these perylimides and to their use as liquid-crystalline materials for electronic, optoelectronic and photonic applications, for coloration of macromolecular organic and of inorganic materials, as fluorescent dyes and as laser dyes and also as organic materials for solar collectors and electroluminescence applications. There are a multiplicity of technological applications, for example charge transport material applications, where the materials used have to have not only suitable molecular properties such as color and emission but also a supramolecular order, which is customarily determined by the relationship of the molecules in the crystal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for depositing tantalum silicide films by thermal chemical vapor deposition Inventor(s): Hillman, Joseph T.; (Scottsdale, AZ), Ludviksson, Audunn; (Scottsdale, AZ) Correspondence: Wood, Herron & Evans, Llp; 2700 Carew Tower; 441 Vine Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202; US Patent Application Number: 20030211736 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: Method for depositing a tantalum silicide barrier film on a semiconductor device including a silicon-based substrate with recessed features by low temperature thermal CVD. The tantalum silicide barrier film exhibits high conformality and low fluorine or chlorine impurity content. A specific embodiment of the method for depositing the tantalum silicide barrier layer includes depositing tantalum silicide by TCVD from the reaction of a TaF.sub.5 or TaCl.sub.5 precursor vapor with silane gas on a 250.degree. C.-450.degree. C. heated substrate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a method for depositing tantalum silicide films onto a semiconductor device substrate by thermal chemical vapor deposition, and
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more specifically to a method of depositing tantalum silicide by thermal chemical vapor deposition from tantalum pentahalide and silane reactants. In the formation of integrated circuits (IC), thin films containing metal and metalloid elements are deposited upon the surface of a semiconductor substrate or wafer. The films provide conductive and ohmic contacts in the circuits and between the various devices of an IC. For example, a thin film of a desired metal might be applied to the exposed surface of a contact or via in a semiconductor substrate. The film, passing through the insulative layers of the substrate, provides plugs of conductive material for the purpose of making interconnections across the insulating layers. One well-known process for depositing thin metal films is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Another well-known process is physical vapor deposition (PVD), also referred to as sputtering. In silicon-based integrated circuit technology, aluminum, copper, or tungsten may be used for interconnections and contacts. These conductor materials are typically deposited onto a diffusion barrier layer, such as TiN, Ta, TaN, and WN, which provide a barrier between the conductor and the silicon or silicon-based substrate. Copper as the conductor material is of particular interest due to its lower electrical resistivity and higher resistance to electromigration as compared to aluminum. However, copper has a high mobility and lifetime degradation in silicon, and will react to silicon at low annealing temperature. Thus, a high level of performance must be borne by diffusion barriers in copper metallizations of silicon. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for producing amides or esters Inventor(s): Barthuber, Anita; (Schnaitsee, DE), Groger, Harald; (Hanau, DE), Haindl, Roswitha; (Kienberg, DE), Sans, Jurgen; (Trostberg, DE) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski, Llp; 666 Fifth Ave; New York; NY; 10103-3198; US Patent Application Number: 20030181753 Date filed: May 15, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing amides or esters from carboxylic acids and from an amine constituent or alcohol constituent in the presence of a 1,3,5-triazine and optionally in the presence of an organic solvent and of a tertiary amine. According to the invention, a (bi)cyclic diamine or an adduct formed therefrom with the triazine constituent is used as a tertiary amine in a preferred stoichiometric ratio of diamine to the triazine constituent ranging from 0.30 to 1.10; the stoichiometric ratio of carboxylic acid to the amine constituent or alcohol constituent should range from 0.2 to 5.0, and; the molar ratio of carboxylic acid to the triazine constituent ranges from 0.5 to 1.5. Amino acids such as N-protected amino acids and peptides serve as carboxylic acid constituents and (C-protected) amino acids or a C-protected peptide serve as the amine constituent. 2-chlorine-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) is used as the preferred 1,3,5-triazine, and the N,N'-dimethyl-1,4-piperazine is used as the cyclic diamine. In addition to this method, which can be carried out at temperatures ranging from -80 to +150.degree. C. and in the presence of an organic solvent, the invention also relates to adducts comprised of (bi)cyclic diamine and 1,3,5-triazine. Compared to the prior art, higher yields with shorter reaction times are achieved using the described method, and distinctly smaller waste quantities of tertiary amine bases accrue. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a process for preparing amides or esters. A current, established process for preparing amides or esters which has been described in
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detail in the literature is the coupling of a carboxylic acid with an amine or alcohol using at least one equivalent of a 1,3,5-triazine as coupling reagent to give the desired amide or ester [Z. J. Kaminski, Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 2901-2904; Z. J. Kaminski, Synthesis 1987, 917-920; L. Alig et al., EP 0381033, 1990; P. A. Hipskind et al., J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7033-7036; E. C. Taylor et al., J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 1261-1266]. 2-Chloro-4,6dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) has proven to be the most efficient triazine component. An additional requirement in this process is the presence of stoichiometric amounts (at least one equivalent) of a base in the form of a tertiary amine, and Nmethylmorpholine is used almost exclusively. In this context, the term "equivalent" refers by definition to the molar amounts of the quantity being considered (for example of the 1,3,5-triazine or tertiary amine) based on the molar proportion of the component used which is relevant to the calculation of the theoretical yield of the amide product, or, when the component relevant to the calculation of the theoretical yield of the amide product contains more than one reactive functional group (for example in the case of a dicarboxylic acid), of the reactive functional group. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of forming a conductive contact Inventor(s): Derraa, Ammar; (Boise, ID) Correspondence: Whyte Hirschboeck Dudek S.C.; 111 E. Wisconsin AVE.; Suite 2100; Milwaukee; WI; 53202; US Patent Application Number: 20030199152 Date filed: May 7, 2003 Abstract: Conductive contacts in a semiconductor structure, and methods for forming the conductive components are provided. The method comprises depositing a conductive material over a substrate to fill a contact opening, removing excess material from the substrate leaving the contact within the opening, and then heating treating the contact at a high temperature, preferably with a rapid thermal anneal process, in a reactive gas to remove an undesirable component from the contact, for example, thermal annealing a TiCl.sub.4-based titanium nitride in ammonia to remove chlorine from the contact, which can be corrosive to an overlying aluminum interconnect at a high concentration. The contacts are useful for providing electrical connection to active components in integrated circuits such as memory devices. In an embodiment of the invention, the contacts comprise boron-doped and/or undoped TiCl.sub.4-based titanium nitride having a low concentration of chlorine. Boron-doped contacts further possess an increased level of adhesion to the insulative layer to eliminate peeling from the sidewalls of the contact opening and cracking of the insulative layer when formed to a thickness of greater than about 200 angstroms in a high-aspect-ratio opening. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor device fabrication, and more particularly to methods for making conductive contacts in the formation of a semiconductor device. As semiconductor fabrication moves toward maximizing circuit density, electrical components are formed at a number of layers and different locations. This requires electrical connection between metal layers or other conductive layers at different elevations in the substrate. Such interconnections are typically provided by forming a contact opening through insulating layer to the underlying conductive feature. With increasing circuit density, the dimensions of openings for electrical contacts become narrower and deeper, posing a challenge to provide adequate conductive fill within high aspect ratio openings. Typically, in forming a contact plug, a
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thin layer of titanium is deposited over the top of a silicon base layer (substrate), and tungsten or other electrically conductive plug material is then deposited from tungsten hexafluoride (WF.sub.6) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to fill the contact hole. However, there are several limitations of tungsten (W) plugs. Tungsten does not provide an adequate fill for high aspect ratio features. In addition, the use of WF.sub.6 as a precursor gas in the formation of tungsten plugs, can result in the penetration of the fluoride component into the adjacent dielectric layer causing lateral encroachment and wormholes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of reducing the chamber particle level Inventor(s): Hsieh, Yen-Wu; (Tao-Yuan, TW) Correspondence: Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy Llp; P.O. Box 97223; Washington; DC; 20090-7223; US Patent Application Number: 20030185997 Date filed: March 26, 2002 Abstract: A method of reducing the chamber particle level. Firstly, clean a chamber and form a passivation layer on an inner surface of the chamber. Then, perform some fabrication process inside the chamber, wherein the interaction between the fabrication processes and the chamber is negligible. In short, the key-point is forming a passivation layer, which essentially does not interact with the fabrication processes, on the inner surface before the fabrication processes are performed. The passivation layer could decrease any defect, such as particle level and peeling, induced by the previous interaction. For example, before a chlorine plasma is used to etch, a passivation layer, which essentially does not interact with the chlorine plasma, could be formed on the inner surface of the etch chamber by the usage of a fluorine-chlorine plasma. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the method of reducing the chamber particle level, and also is related to the method of enhancing the efficiency of a plasma chamber. For the conventional semiconductor fabrication, especially for the semiconductor factory that requires extremely high yield, it is desired to ensure that each wafer is processed under a clean environment and all wafers are processed under the same environment. Thus, it is normal that a clean process and a season process are performed while the chamber operating time exceeding a predetermined period or the pollution inside the chamber exceeding a predetermined level, and then use the chamber to process the wafer(s) again. Herein, season process is used to let the environment inside the chamber is stable and the clean process is used to remove population inside the chamber. However, because the wafer(s) is processed inside the chamber, any fabrication process which acts on the wafer(s) would inevitably also interacts with the inner surface of the chamber, such as the sidewall and the bottom of the chamber, and part(s) inside the chamber, such as the wafer holder. Although the degree of the previous interaction is different to the degree of interaction between the fabrication process and the wafer(s). For example, the deposition process not only deposit a layer on the wafer but also deposition the material of the layer on the inner surface, and the etch process not only etch the wafer but also damage the inner surface. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of simultaneously cleaning and disinfecting industrial water systems Inventor(s): Cooper, Andrew J.; (Oswego, IL), Gill, Jasbir S.; (Naperville, IL), Gupta, Amit; (Aurora, IL), Kelley, Douglas G.; (Naperville, IL), Kelly, Robert F.; (Oswego, IL), Myers, Eric R.; (Aurora, IL) Correspondence: Patent & Licensing Department; Ondeo Nalco Company; Ondeo Nalco Center; 1601 W. Diehl Road; Naperville; IL; 60563-1198; US Patent Application Number: 20030203827 Date filed: April 30, 2002 Abstract: A method of simultaneously cleaning and disinfecting an industrial water system is described and claimed. The method involves the addition to the water of the industrial water system of a Compound selected from the group consisting of the alkali salts of chlorite and chlorate and mixtures thereof; and an acid, followed by allowing the water in the industrial water system to circulate for several hours. The reaction of the alkali salts of chlorite and chlorate and acid produces chlorine dioxide in-situ in the water of the industrial water system. The chlorine dioxide kills microorganisms and the acid acts to remove deposits upon the water-contact surfaces of the equipment. This cleaning and disinfecting method works in a variety of industrial water systems including cooling water systems. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of industrial water systems. Specifically, this invention is in the field of cleaning and disinfection of industrial water systems. Throughout the world, there are many different types of industrial water systems. Industrial water systems exist so that necessary chemical, mechanical and biological processes can be conducted to reach the desired outcome. Fouling can occur even in industrial water systems treated with the best water treatment programs currently available. For purposes of this patent application "fouling" is defined as "the deposition of any organic or inorganic material on a surface". If these industrial water systems are not periodically cleaned, then they will become heavily fouled. Fouling has a negative impact on the industrial water system. For example, severe mineral scale (inorganic material) will buildup on the water contact surfaces and anywhere there is scale, there is an ideal environment for the growth of microorganisms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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N-halamine vinyl compounds and their polymeric biocides Inventor(s): Sun, Gang; (Davis, CA), Sun, Yuyu; (Davis, CA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030216581 Date filed: May 6, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides heterocyclic vinylic compounds that can be used to form biocidal polymers. The polymers thus generated can used alone or can be grafted onto textiles, fabrics and polymers. The polymers are readily converted to Nhalamine structures on exposure to a halogen source such as commercially available chlorine bleach. The N-halamine derivatives exhibit potent antibacterial properties against microorganisms and these properties are durable and regenerable.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to heterocyclic vinylic amines reagents useful for the preparation of biocidal polymers. The biocidal polymers are useful for generating medical and hygienic-use textiles. Contamination of polymeric materials by microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria, odor-generating bacteria, molds, fungi and viruses is of great concern in the medical industry, the food and restaurant industries, as well as in consumer products. Survival of microorganisms on polymeric materials and transfer of these microorganisms between patients and health care workers (HCWs) has been demonstrated, and it is widely accepted that hospital gowns, patient drapes, carpeting and bedding materials, etc., can be elements in cross-infections. (see, Lidwell, O. M. et al., J. Appl. Bact. 37:649 (1974)); Rubbo, S. D. and Saunders, J Hyg. Camb., 61:507 (1963); Ransjo, U., J. Hyg. Camb., 82:369 (1979); and Hambraeus, A., J. Hyg. Camb., 71:799 (1973)). Medical gowns and uniforms currently in use provide barriers for HCWs, but have proven to be ineffectual in studies by numerous researchers. (see, for example, Beck, W. C. and Collette, T. S., Am. J. Surg., 83:125 (1952); Smith, J. W. and Nichols, R. L. Arch. Surg., 126:756(1991); Lovitt, S. A. et al., Am. J. Infect. Control, 20:185 (1992); Quebbeman, E. J. et al., Annal. Surg., 214:614 (1991); Granzow, J. W. et al., Am. J. Infect. Control, 26:85 (1998)). The occurrence of contaminated cleaning cloths in domestic applications has also been investigated. Results from several different studies indicate that more than half of the investigated dish cloths and cleaning cloths were contaminated by one or more of the following organisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens (see, Scott, E. et al., J. Hyg. Camb., 89:279 (1982), Tebutt, C. M., J. Hyg. Camb., 97:81 (1986), and Scott, E. et al., J. Appl. Bact., 68:271 (1990)). Further studies show that wiping hard surfaces with contaminated cloths can result in contamination of hands, equipment and other surfaces. (see, Mackintosh, C. A. and Hoffman, P. N. J. Hyg. Camb., 92:345 (1984)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel process Inventor(s): Curzons, Alan David; (Arundel, GB), Richardson, John Edward; (Harlow, GB), Wood-Kaczmar, Marian Wladyslaw; (Sawbridgeworth, GB) Correspondence: Glaxosmithkline; Corporate Intellectual Property - Uw2220; P.O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030187269 Date filed: May 8, 2002 Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (1): 1in which R.sup.1 is an alkyl, arylalkyl, allyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, arylalkyloxycarbonyl, acyl or alkynyl group; and R.sup.2 is substituted phenyl, especially 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl; and X is hydrogen or a readily removable group, such as chlorine, bromine or iodine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new process for preparing pharmaceutically active compounds and intermediates therefor. Pharmaceutical products with antidepressant and anti-Parkinson properties are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,743 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,196. An especially important compound among those disclosed is paroxetine, the (-) trans isomer of 4-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(3',4'methylen- edioxy-phenoxymethyl)-piperidine. This compound is used in therapy as the hydrochloride salt to treat inter alia depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and panic. in which the piperidine nitrogen is protected by a group R, usually an alkyl (typically methyl) group. The N-substituted piperidine must be coupled with sesamol to make an N-substituted paroxetine analogue which is converted to paroxetine by
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removal of the nitrogen protecting group. The published coupling with the alcohol proceeds via an unisolated sulphonate ester intermediate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the growth of viruses and cancers Inventor(s): Camden, James Berger; (West Chester, OH) Correspondence: Haynes And Boone, Llp; 901 Main Street, Suite 3100; Dallas; TX; 75202; US Patent Application Number: 20030187046 Date filed: November 6, 2002 Abstract: This invention is a method of treating cancer, both carcinomas and sarcomas, and viral infections, in particular HIV through the administration of a pharmaceutical composition containing a benzimidazole derivative. The composition is also claimed. The benzimidazole derivative is selected from the group consisting of: 1wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl of less than 7 carbon atoms or alkoxy of less than 7 carbon atoms; n is a positive integer of less than 4; Y is hydrogen, chlorine, nitro, methyl, ethyl or oxychloro; R is hydrogen, alkylaminocarbonyl wherein the alkyl group has from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and R.sub.2 is 4-thiazolyl, NHCOOR.sub.1 wherein R.sub.1 is aliphatic hydrocarbon of less than 7 carbon atoms, prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and mixtures thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/106,429, filed Mar. 26, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/748,651, filed Dec. 22, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,207 issued Mar. 26, 2002, which is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/264,942, filed Mar. 9, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,093, which is a continuation-inpart application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/927,550, filed Sep. 6, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,144, which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/771,193, filed Dec. 20, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,138, and which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/420,914, filed Apr. 12, 1995, now abandoned. Application U.S. Ser. No. 09/264,942 is also a continuation-inpart of U.S. Ser. No. 09/081,384, filed May 19, 1998, now abandoned, and also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/081,627, filed May 19, 1998, now abandoned. This invention is a method of treating cancer, both carcinomas and sarcomas, and viral infections, in particular HIV through the administration of a pharmaceutical composition containing a benzimidazole derivative. The composition is also claimed. Cancers are the leading cause of death in animals and humans. The exact cause of cancer is not known, but links between certain activities such as smoking or exposure to carcinogens and the incidence of certain types of cancers and tumors has been shown by a number of researchers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 137
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Pigment composition and ink composition using the same Inventor(s): Kato, Shigeki; (Tokyo, JP), Mochizuki, Akimitsu; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20030213408 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: A pigment composition which shows excellent flowability and stability with time, when used for an ink, and whose printed matter shows an excellent gloss, clearness, color strength and migrationfastness, and an ink composition,which pigment composition is formed of a phthalocyanine type pigment and a compound of the formula (1),P-[SO.sub.3.sup.-.Fe.sup.n+/n]m (1)(wherein P is a metal-free or metal phthalocyanine residue which may be substituted with a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or both of them, n is 2 or 3 and m is a number of 1 to 4). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates toga pigment composition which shows excellent flowability and stability with time, when used for a gravure ink, a flexographic ink or an offset ink, and whose printed matter shows an excellent gloss, clearness, color strength and migrationfastness, and an ink composition using the same. Phthalocyanine type pigments have a clear color tone and high color strength and are excellent in various resistances such as weather fastness or chemical resistance, so that they are used in a wide range of uses. However, since they are hard to disperse in most cases, the value of a product is impaired in some uses. Particularly, when a phthalocyanine type pigment is used in a gravure ink, a flexographic ink or an offset ink, an obtained ink tends to have a high viscosity, since it is required to disperse the pigment in a vehicle for an ink such that the pigment has a relatively fine particle diameter of 0.1.mu.m or less therein. Therefore, it is difficult to take out of the ink from an ink dispersion equipment and to transport it. In some cases, the ink undergoes gelation during storage and becomes unusable. Further, the pigment undergoes agglomeration in the ink and an agglomerate precipitates in some cases. Further, concerning a printed matter, decreases in gloss, clearness and color strength occur in some cases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Plasma etching of silicon carbide Inventor(s): Li, Si Yi; (Fremont, CA) Correspondence: Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030199170 Date filed: May 6, 2003 Abstract: A process for plasma etching silicon carbide with selectivity to an overlying and/or underlying dielectric layer of material. The dielectric material can comprise silicon dioxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride or various low-k dielectric materials including organic low-k materials. The etching gas includes a chlorine containing gas such as Cl.sub.2, an oxygen containing gas such as O.sub.2, and a carrier gas such as Ar. In order to achieve a desired selectivity to such dielectric materials, the plasma etch gas chemistry is selected to achieve a desired etch rate of the silicon carbide while etching
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the dielectric material at a slower rate. The process can be used to selectively etch a hydrogenated silicon carbide etch stop layer or silicon carbide substrate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved process of plasma etching dielectric materials such as silicon carbide. The manufacture of multilayer structures typically involves patterned etching of areas of the semiconductor surface that are covered by a photoresist protective material. One etching technique is reactive ion etching (RIE). This process involves positioning a semiconductor wafer in a reaction chamber and feeding etchant gases into the chamber. The etchant gases are dissociated in a radio frequency (RF) field so that ions contained in the etchant gases are accelerated to the wafer surface. The accelerated ions combine chemically with unmasked material on the wafer surface. As a result, volatile etch product is produced and is incorporated into the plasma. The concentration of the volatile etch product can be tracked in order to determine the end-point of the RIE process, i.e., when the chemical reaction has removed the desired level of material from the wafer surface. During the RIE process, a single layer or multiple layers of material or film may be removed. These materials may include, for example, silicon nitride (Si.sub.3N.sub.4), PSG, silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2) and poly-silicon (PSi). U.S. Pat. No. 3,398,033, issued to Haga, discusses wet etching of silicon carbide by the use of a chemical reaction of a mixture of oxygen (O.sub.2) and chlorine (Cl.sub.2) heated to between 1200.degree. C. and 1300.degree. C. U.S. Pat. No. 4,351,894, issued to Yonezawa, discloses a plasma etch process for removing SiC using carbon tetrafluoride (CF.sub.4) and optionally oxygen (O.sub.2). U.S. Pat. No. 4,595,453, issued to Yamazaki, discloses using hydrogen fluoride gas (HF) in a dry etch plasma process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
POWER TRANSMISSION FLUIDS OF IMPROVED ANTI-SHUDDER PROPERTIES Inventor(s): Richard, Katherine M.; (Fanwood, NJ), Watts, Raymond F.; (Long Valley, NJ) Correspondence: Infineum Usa L.P.; Law Department; 1900 East Linden Avenue; P.O. Box 710; Linden; NJ; 07036-0710; US Patent Application Number: 20030181339 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: An power transmission fluid comprising a mixture of a major amount of a lubricating oil and an effective amount of a performance enhancing additive combination comprising: (a) at least one organic phosphate having the structure: R.sub.1--X.sub.2--P(:X.sub.1)(R.sub.2X.sub.3)--X--R-.sub.5 where R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 may independently be substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or cycloalkyl having 1 to 24 carbon atoms and X, X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 may independently be sulfur or oxygen. R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 may also contain substituent hetero atoms, in addition to carbon and hydrogen, such as chlorine, sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen; wherein R.sub.5 is derived from a reactive olefin and can be either CH.sub.2--CHR--C(:O)O--R.sub.6; --CH.sub.2--CR.sub.7HR.sub.8; or R.sub.9-OC(:O)CH.sub.2--CH--C(:O)O--R.sub.10 where R is H or the same as R.sub.1 through R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are the same as R.sub.1 through R.sub.4, and R.sub.8 is a phenyl or alkyl or alkenyl substituted phenyl moiety, the moiety having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, (b) a calcium detergent, and (c) a friction modifier.
Patents 139
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition and a method of improving the properties of power transmitting fluids, particularly to obtaining power transmission fluids of improved anti-shudder durability. Transmissions used in passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles continue to become more sophisticated in design as vehicle technology advances. These design changes result from the need to improve vehicle operability, reliability, and fuel economy. Vehicle manufacturers worldwide are increasing vehicle warrantee periods and service intervals on their vehicles. This means that the transmission and the transmission fluid must be designed to operate reliably without maintenance for longer periods of time. In the case of the fluid, this means longer drain intervals. To improve vehicle operability, especially at low temperature, manufacturers have imposed strict requirements for fluid viscosity at -40.degree. C. To cope with longer drain intervals and more severe operating conditions, manufacturers have increased the requirements for fluid oxidation resistance, required less change in viscosity with vehicle mileage (improved shear stability) and increased the amount of wear protection that the fluid must provide for the transmission. To improve the fuel economy of the vehicle and reduce energy loss, manufacturers employ continuously slipping clutches either as wet starting clutches or as a torque converter clutch. These devices require very precise control of fluid frictional properties. One method of improving overall vehicle fuel economy used by transmission designers is to build into the torque converter a clutch mechanism capable of "locking" the torque converter. "Locking" refers to eliminating relative motion between the driving and driven members of the torque converter so that no energy is lost in the fluid coupling. These "locking" or "lock-up" clutches are very effective at capturing lost energy at high road speeds; however, when they are used at low speeds vehicle operation is rough and engine vibration is transmitted through the drive train. Rough operation and engine vibration are not acceptable to drivers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Preparation of n-protected-3-pyrrolidine-lactam substituted phosphonium salts Inventor(s): Rogers-Evans, Mark; (Binningen, CH) Correspondence: Hoffmann-la Roche INC.; Patent Law Department; 340 Kingsland Street; Nutley; NJ; 07110 Patent Application Number: 20030195364 Date filed: February 14, 2003 Abstract: New process for the preparation of bipyrrolidinyl compounds of formula I wherein * signifies an asymmetric centre with an (R) or (S) configuration and X represents chlorine, bromine or iodine. The compounds of formula I are important building blocks for the production of useful products in the chemical and in the pharmaceutical industry. In particular they are useful for the production of antibacterial substances for example like vinylpyrrolidinone-cephalosporin derivatives. 1 Excerpt(s): wherein * signifies an asymmetric center with an (R) or (S) configuration and X represents chlorine, bromine or iodine. The compounds of formula I are known from EP-A 0 849 269 and can be obtained through multiple-step synthesis of the corresponding allyloxycarbonyl (ALLOC) protected [1,3']bipyrrolidinyl-2-oxo derivative by removal of the allylocycarbonyl protecting group and protection reaction with a tertbutoxycarbonyl moiety to yield tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC) protected [1,3']bipyrrolidinyl-2-oxo compounds of formula I. step 3) reacting the phosphonium
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salt of formula IV with di-tert.-butyl-dicarbonate under hydrogenation conditions to obtain the compounds of formula I. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for manufacturing and using a more stable formulation of sodium chlorite Inventor(s): Franco, Nicholas; (Bethlehem, PA), Keramati, Barzin; (Bethlehem, PA), McWhorter, Thomas E.; (Allentown, PA), Rosenblatt, Aaron A.; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Ratnerprestia; P O Box 980; Valley Forge; PA; 19482-0980; US Patent Application Number: 20030215381 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Abstract: Method for producing stable sodium chlorite by pelletization of granular sodium chlorite with metal salt or salts forming hydrates with water of hydration in the pellets being more than 5% of the anhydrous weight of the sodium chlorite. Pelletized sodium chlorite can be used to produce chlorine dioxide gas by passing a dilute mixture of chlorine gas and an inert gas through a bed of the pellets. Excerpt(s): Sodium chlorite is a strong oxidizer which is manufactured as either a solid or as an aqueous solution. It is used in various well-known processes, for example, to bleach textiles, and to oxidize contaminants in drinking water and waste water. As described in chapter 12 of the Fourth Edition of Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants edited by George Clifford White sodium chlorite is also used to produce chlorine dioxide which is a powerful and selective oxidant and disinfectant. Chlorine dioxide produced in these processes is used for many purposes including, treatment of drinking water and waste water, disinfection and preservation of food, and sterilization of medical devices as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,739. In many of these processes, sodium chlorite is supplied as an aqueous solution. In some processes, such as the Gas:Solid process described in the White reference, sodium chlorite is used as a granular solid. Sodium chlorite is also supplied as a solid to some users who dissolve it near the point of use and use it as an aqueous solution. U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,580 teaches that in order for the Gas:Solid process to function efficiently two conditions must be satisfied. First, the gas must be humidified. Otherwise, the patentees teach, the Gas:Solid reaction may cease to function. Secondly, pre-treatment of the sodium chlorite is necessary to remove some or all of the sodium hydroxide. Otherwise, the chlorine flowing through the solid bed will preferentially react with the sodium hydroxide until the hydroxide is consumed and start-up of the process will be delayed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,103 describes a process for making storage-stable sodium chlorite. In this process a salt which forms a hydrate is added to sodium chlorite with water and then dried. The final composition of the material is such that it contains a weight of water (as hydrate) equal to at least about 5% of the anhydrous weight of the sodium chlorite. If this criteria is met, patentees teach that the resulting sodium chlorite formulation does not propagate decomposition upon sudden local heating, even to a high temperature. Patentees describe various ways to mix the sodium chlorite and the hydrating salt including, adding dry ground hydrated salt to a paste of sodium chlorite and drying the resulting paste, and adding a solution of hydrating salt to dry sodium chlorite and drying the resulting paste. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 141
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Process for preparing zolpidem Inventor(s): Sauter, Markus; (Gensingen, DE), Wohlleben, Wolfgang; (Hueffelsheim, DE) Correspondence: Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation; 900 Ridgebury Road; P. O. Box 368; Ridgefield; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20030195375 Date filed: May 27, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) 1whereina compound of formula (II), 2whereinR.sup.1 denotes chlorine, bromine, iodine, --O--COCH.sub.3, tosylate or mesylate, is reacted with a compound of formula (III), 3 optionally in a suitable diluent and/or in the presence of a suitable added reagent or catalyst,the reaction being carried out in a temperature range from 20 to 80.degree. C. Excerpt(s): This application is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 10/318,900 filed Dec. 13, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/133,830, filed on Apr. 26, 2002, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/290,747, filed on May 14, 2001 is hereby claimed. The invention relates to a process for preparing zolpidem. EP 0 251 859 describes a process for preparing zolpidem. The six-step synthesis starting with a bromoacetophenone is a generally laborious method. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for the manufacture of halocarbons and selected compounds and azeotropes with HF Inventor(s): Baker, Ralph Thomas; (Los Alamos, NM), Miller, Ralph Newton; (Newark, DE), Petrov, Viacheslav Alexandrovich; (Hockessin, DE), Rao, Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna; (Wilmington, DE), Sievert, Allen Capron; (Elkton, MD) Correspondence: E I DU Pont DE Nemours And Company; Legal Patent Records Center; Barley Mill Plaza 25/1128; 4417 Lancaster Pike; Wilmington; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20030208090 Date filed: June 12, 2003 Abstract: A liquid phase process is disclosed for producing halogenated alkane adducts of the formula CAR.sup.1R.sup.2CBR.sup.3R.sup.4 (where A, B, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are as defined in the specification) which involves contacting a corresponding halogenated alkane, AB, with a corresponding olefin, CR.sup.1R.sup.2.dbd.CR.sup.3R.su- p.4 in a dinitrile or cyclic carbonate ester solvent which divides the reaction mixture into two liquid phases and in the presence of a catalyst system containing (i) at least one catalyst selected from monovalent and divalent copper; and optionally (ii) a promoter selected from aromatic or aliphatic heterocyclic compounds which contain at least one carbon-nitrogen double bond in the heterocyclic ring. When hydrochlorofluorocarbons are formed, the chlorine content may be reduced by reacting the hydrochlorofluorocarbons with HF.New compounds disclosed include CF.sub.3CF.sub.2CCl.sub.2CH.sub.2CCl.sub.3, CF.sub.3CCl.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2Cl and CF.sub.3CCl.sub.2CH.sub.2CHClF. These compounds are useful as intermediates for producing hydrofluorocarbons.Azeotropes of CClF.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 with HF and azeotropes of CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2 with HF are also disclosed; as are process for producing such azeotropes.A process for
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purification of certain hydrofluorocarbons and/or chloro-precursors thereof from mixtures of such compounds with HF is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the manufacture of halogenated alkanes using the catalytic reaction of haloalkanes with halogenated olefins, compounds produced thereby, azeotropic compositions which can be obtained upon fluorination of such compounds, and use of azeotropes in separation processes. The catalyzed radical addition of haloalkanes to olefins is a well known reaction. Typically, however, when a haloalkane (e.g., AB, where A is a substituted carbon atom and B is a halogen other than fluorine) is added to an olefin (e.g., CH.sub.2.dbd.CHR) to form the saturated adduct (e.g., CH.sub.2ACHBR), the products (i.e., halogenated addition compounds) also include varying amounts of telomers (e.g., A(CH.sub.2CHR).sub.nB, where n is equal to 2 or more). For example, Canadian Patent No. 2,073,533 discloses a process for the manufacture of CCl.sub.3CH.sub.2CCl.sub.3 by reacting carbon tetrachloride with vinylidene chloride using copper catalysts in acetonitrile. The selectivity for CCl.sub.3CH.sub.2CCl.sub.3 with respect to converted vinylidene chloride was 87%. It has been shown in the art that the major by-product is the C.sub.5 telomer, CCl.sub.3(CH.sub.2CCl.sub.2).sub.2Cl. Furthermore, since the catalyzed addition of haloalkanes to olefins is done in a homogeneous medium, separation of the catalyst from the product can present difficulties. This is especially so when it is desired to run the reaction in a continuous manner. The halogenated adducts are useful intermediates for the production of fluoroalkanes, particularly, hydrofluoroalkanes. These latter compounds are useful as refrigerants, fire extinguishants, heat transfer media, propellants, foaming agents, gaseous dielectrics, sterilant carriers, polymerization media, particulate removal fluids, carrier fluids, buffing abrasive agents, displacement drying agents and power cycle working fluids. There is an interest in developing more efficient processes for the manufacture of hydrofluoroalkanes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES Inventor(s): Scheuzger, Karl; (Schweizerhalle, CH) Correspondence: Syngenta Crop Protection , INC.; Patent And Trademark Department; 410 Swing Road; Greensboro; NC; 27409; US Patent Application Number: 20030181724 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: Compounds of formula (I), wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or chlorine and R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl, or C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl substituted by C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkoxy or by C.sub.3-C.sub.6alkenyloxy, can be prepared by: a) introducing the major portion of the amount to be reacted of a compound of formula (II) into a solvent mixture comprising at least one organic solvent capable of forming an azeotrope with water, and at least one aprotic-dipolar solvent; b) metering in an aqueous strong base in an amount equivalent to that major portion of the total amount of the compound of formula (II); c) adding the remaining portion of the amount to be reacted of the compound of formula (II); d) adding a weak base in an amount that is at least equivalent to that remaining portion; e) removing the water from the reaction mixture by azeotropic distillation; f) adding a compound of formula (III), wherein R.sub.2 is as defined for formula (I); and g) isolating the resulting compound of formula (I) from the reaction mixture.
Patents 143
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of quinoline derivatives by reacting 8-hydroxyquinolines with chloroacetic acid esters. Quinoline derivatives used for protecting cultivated plants from the phytotoxic action of herbicides are known, for example, from EP-A-0 094 349 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,922. According to EP-A-0 094 349, such quinoline derivatives can be prepared by reacting 8hydroxyquinolines with chloroacetic acid derivatives in the presence of a base in an inert solvent at elevated temperature. The yields obtained are not satisfactory, especially for the large-scale preparation of those compounds. Furthermore, undesirable byproducts, e.g. alcohols, which significantly reduce product quality, are formed in that process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for tungsten silicide atomic layer deposition Inventor(s): Sneh, Ofer; (Broomfield, CO) Correspondence: Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati; 650 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 943041050 Patent Application Number: 20030190424 Date filed: October 19, 2001 Abstract: A method for growing a thin tungsten silicide film on a hydrated substrate in a reaction space introduces a tungsten halide precursor, where the halide is not fluorine, into the reaction space to the hydrated substrate to create, for example, a chlorine terminated substrate surface and deposit tungsten without scavenging silicon. A silicon hydride precursor is then introduced into the reaction space to the chloride terminated substrate surface to create a hydride terminated substrate surface and deposit silicon. The two preceding steps are repeated an integral number of times to form a tungsten silicide film on the substrate, wherein a reaction by-product is a hydrogen halide. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.: 60/242,033, filed Oct. 20, 2000 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to atomic layer deposition, and more particularly to a method for depositing tungsten silicide films with control over stoichiometry. In the manufacture of integrated circuits, deposition of thin films of many pure and compound materials is necessary, and many techniques have been developed to accomplish such depositions. In recent years the dominant technique for deposition of thin films in the art has been chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which has proven to have superior ability to provide uniform even coatings, and to coat relatively conformally into vias and over other high-aspect ratio and uneven features in wafer topology. As device density has continued to increase and geometry has become more complicated, even the superior conformal coating of CVD techniques has been challenged, and new and better techniques are needed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Production of basic hydrogen peroxide for chemical oxygen-iodine laser devices Inventor(s): Amdisen, Peter D.; (West Hills, CA), Bunn, Thomas L.; (Simi Valley, CA), Ullman, Alan Z.; (Northridge, CA) Correspondence: Alston & Bird Llp; Bank OF America Plaza; 101 South Tryon Street, Suite 4000; Charlotte; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20030213701 Date filed: May 20, 2002 Abstract: A method of generating basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP) fuel for a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) using stored alkali chloride, typically potassium chloride, and water. The alkali chloride and water are mixed to form a saturated or nearly saturated aqueous salt solution for use as an anolyte feed to a chlor-alkali cell. The chloralkali cell generates alkali hydroxide, hydrogen, and chlorine. Water and oxygen are reacted to form peroxide which is combined with the alkali hydroxide from the chloralkali cell to form a dilute solution of BHP, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and alkali hydroxide, which dissociates into O.sub.2H.sup.- and.sup.-OH. The BHP is concentrated and the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to alkali hydroxide is adjusted to 1:1 before the BHP is supplied to a COIL apparatus as fuel for the lasing process. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for production of basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP) for use in a Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL). More specifically, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing BHP without the need for hazardous handling, transportation, or storage of hydrogen peroxide and alkali hydroxide. The chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) is a short wavelength high-power chemical laser with wide ranging industrial, technological, and military applications. The COIL produces a laser beam with a 1.315-.mu.m wavelength, which is well suited to a variety of uses. The COIL also has one of the best beam qualities of any available laser, which allows for clean cuts and welds, as well as simple beam correction and direction. The resultant singlet delta oxygen (O.sub.2(.sup.1.DELTA.)) is an excited state of oxygen. Water vapor may be removed from the products of reaction (III) and the products are accelerated to supersonic velocity in an expansion nozzle to create a laser gain region. Molecular iodine is injected and mixed with the gas flow. The singlet delta oxygen has a resonance frequency very close to the resonance frequency of atomic iodine and, when intermingled, the singlet delta oxygen causes the rapid dissociation of the diatomic iodine molecule and the excitation of the iodine atoms. Energy is released in the form of light, which is extracted from the excited iodine atoms by a laser resonator positioned transverse to the direction of gas flow. The exhaust gases are usually removed and scrubbed to remove residual chlorine and iodine. The BHP is recycled until approximately 50-mol % of the perhydroxyl anions have been used. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Reactive compositions for fluid treatment Inventor(s): Hughes, Kenneth D.; (Alpharetta, GA) Correspondence: John S. Pratt, Esq; Kilpatrick Stockton, Llp; 1100 Peachtree Street; Suite 2800; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030196966 Date filed: April 17, 2002
Patents 145
Abstract: A method and device for the chemical conversion, filtration and/or purification of fluids water or other solutions containing microbiological and chemical contaminants, such as fluids containing arsenic, chlorine, bacteria, viruses, and cysts, where the fluid is passed through a purification material composed of fluid treatment carbon, metal phosphates, metal oxides, reduced metals, metal silicates, metal sulfates, metal carbonates, metal hydroxides, or combinations thereof. The material may be included in a fixed binder matrix. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of solution and fluid treatment devices, primarily to aqueous solution and water treatment, devices for gases and industrial fluids and other aqueous liquids, which modify the components of the gas or aqueous liquid solution passed through them. In its more particular aspects, the invention relates to the field of such devices that react with chemical and microbiological contaminants, including toxic metals and hydrocarbons, bacteria and viruses and their components, contained in water or aqueous solutions. Purification or filtration of water or other aqueous solutions is necessary for many applications, from the provision of safe or potable drinking water to biotechnology applications including fermentation processing and separation of components from biological fluids, and to industrial processes that require waste stream treatment and recovery of process chemicals. Similarly, the removal of contaminants from fluids used in medical procedures and semiconductor fabrication processes, where ultrapurified fluids are required, and in environments where the fluids will be recirculated, such as aircraft or spacecraft, is also an important application for filtration and fluid treatment materials. In recent years, the need for water filtration and purification in the home has become more recognized, and the competing concerns of energy efficiency and residential fluid quality have lead to numerous filtration products, that purport to remove small particles, allergens, microorganisms, intentionally introduced biotoxins, pesticides, and toxic metals such as lead, mercury, and arsenic. There are many well-known methods currently used for water purification, such as reverse osmosis, distillation, ion-exchange, chemical adsorption, coagulation, and filtering or retention. Particle filtration may be completed through the use of membranes or layers of granular materials. Other fluid purification techniques involve chemical introduction which alters the state or chemical identity of the contaminant. Examples of chemical additives include oxidizing agents, flocculating agents, and precipitation agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Recycled irrigation water treatment system with reverse osmosis Inventor(s): Hodges, Robert D.; (West Linn, OR), Rosen, Peter L.; (Newport Beach, CA) Correspondence: Kenneth P. Glynn, ESQ.; Glynn & Associates, P.C.; 24 Mine Street; Flemington; NJ; 08822; US Patent Application Number: 20030213754 Date filed: June 18, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is process for irrigation of a golf course, which involves monitoring reclaimed water, and treating it when necessary to avoid harmful effects to plantlife. The reclaimed water is tested with a plurality of monitors to obtain results for water quality characteristics, including: pH; residual chlorine; and, sodium. These results are inputted to a computerized data handling system for data collection, storage and analysis for comparison to predetermined acceptable ranges for water quality characteristic, and to show any deviation from said acceptable ranges. Either alarms are
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set off or treatment occurs or both, when deviations are observed. Treatment includes a dechlorination system to correct active chlorine, and, optionally, an oxidation system. There is also a reverse osmosis step for reduction of salts, such as sodium. Other important monitors may be included for one or more of the following: hardness; turbidity; alkalinity; conductivity and nitrates. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/022,568, filed on Dec. 13, 2001, entitled "Golf Course Irrigation Water Monitoring And Treatment System" by the same inventors herein. The present invention relates to irrigation of man-made landscaped and/or agricultural areas, such as parklands, playing fields, farmland for produce or flowers, and especially for golf courses. It is particularly useful for these areas when using reclaimed water. More specifically, the invention is a process for monitoring and treating reclaimed water to use reclaimed water efficiently and without harmful effects from undesirable constituents for the aforesaid irrigation purposes. It includes monitoring numerous water quality characteristics and when predetermined acceptable parameter ranges see deviations, signaling alarms and/or treating the undesirable condition with dechlorination. It also includes oxidation and reverse osmosis system for continuous or continual operation. U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,607 describes a new method of treating water to remove perchlorate contaminant is disclosed. Water is fed through a filter bed containing perchlorate-reducing microorganisms. The microorganisms reduce the perchlorate, thereby decontaminating the water. An oxidizable substrate serves as an electron donor to the microorganisms. The invention results in safe to undetectable levels of perchlorate in the treated water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Refrigerating apparatus Inventor(s): Amo, Yoshikazu; (Shizuoka-ken, JP), Fujita, Makoto; (Shizuoka-ken, JP) Correspondence: Antonelli, Terry, Stout & Kraus, Llp; 1300 North Seventeenth Street; Suite 1800; Arlington; VA; 22209-9889; US Patent Application Number: 20030196449 Date filed: September 11, 2002 Abstract: A liquid injection type scroll compressor is used to a refrigerating apparatus using hydrocarbon fluoride refrigerant which does not contain chlorine (HFC125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a) as an operating fluid and an amount of an injected liquid is controlled according to a discharge temperature of the compressor. Further, ester oil and/or ether oil is used as refrigerator oil and a dryer is disposed in a refrigerating cycle. With this arrangement, a refrigerating cycle operation can be stably realized in a wide range without almost changing the arrangement of a conventional refrigerating apparatus. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/528,037, filed Sep. 14, 1997, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a refrigerating apparatus used to air conditioners, refrigerators and the like, and more specifically, to a refrigerating apparatus using a mixed refrigerant which does not contain chlorine. Conventionally, so-called hydrocarbon fluoride refrigerants containing chloride such as CFC, HCFC and such like are widely used as an operating fluid for a refrigerating cycle because they are a most
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suitable substance as a refrigerant due to their excellent thermodynamic property and stability. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Ruthenium silicide wet etch Inventor(s): Andreas, Michael T.; (Boise, ID), Kraus, Brenda D.; (Boise, ID) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030205689 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: A method of removing ruthenium silicide from a substrate surface which comprises exposing the ruthenium silicide surface to a solution containing chlorine and fluorine containing chemicals. In particular, said solution is designed to react with said ruthenium silicide film such that water-soluble reaction products are formed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to silicon integrated circuit processing and, more particularly, to a process for selectively removing ruthenium silicide from a semiconductor substrate. Semiconductor devices are typically made up of varying levels of components, each of which are formed from different materials. During the process of fabricating a semiconductor device, the device layers are repeatedly subjected to high temperature processes that can result in diffusion of species between layers. Diffusion of species of atoms or molecules, such as oxygen, for example, can result in degraded performance of different components of the semiconductor device. This problem occurs in a number of different semiconductor devices such as interconnects or capacitors. A capacitor structure within an integrated circuit typically comprises an insulating dielectric layer sandwiched between a lower and upper conducting electrode. This provides the capacitor structure with a desired capacitance C, that varies proportionally with the dielectric constant, k, of the dielectric layer and the area, A, of the electrodes. However, due to the limitations of known manufacturing methods, the typical dielectric layer often suffers from a substantially large concentration of oxygen vacancy defects. In particular, an oxygen vacancy exists whenever the crystal structure of an oxide dielectric is missing an oxygen atom. Unfortunately, the presence of oxygen vacancies within the dielectric causes the dielectric layer to have a decreased dielectric constant as well as a decreased electrical resistance. Thus, a capacitor structure formed of such a dielectric layer usually provides a decreased capacitance, thereby reducing the charge deposited on the electrodes of the capacitor structure in response to a specific voltage differential applied across the electrodes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Semiconductor-on-insulator constructions; and methods of forming semiconductoron-insulator constructions Inventor(s): Mouli, Chandra; (Boise, ID) Correspondence: Wells ST. John P.S.; 601 W. First Avenue, Suite 1300; Spokane; WA; 99201; US Patent Application Number: 20030189229 Date filed: April 5, 2002 Abstract: The invention encompasses a method of forming a semiconductor-on-insulator construction. A substrate is provided. The substrate includes a semiconductorcontaining layer over an insulative mass. The insulative mass comprises silicon dioxide. A band of material is formed within the insulative mass. The material comprises one or more of nitrogen argon, fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine and germanium. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to semiconductor-on-insulator constructions (such as silicon-on-insulator constructions, or SiGe-on-insulator constructions), and to methods of forming semiconductor-on-insulator constructions. In particular aspects, the invention pertains to transistor devices associated with semiconductor-on-insulator constructions, and methods of forming such devices. Substrate 12 can comprise, for example, silicon and/or germanium. If the substrate comprises silicon, the silicon can be in the form of, for example, polycrystalline silicon and/or monocrystalline silicon. To aid in interpretation of the claims that follow, the terms "semiconductive substrate" and "semiconductor substrate" are defined to mean any construction comprising semiconductive material, including, but not limited to, bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductive wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). The term "substrate" refers to any supporting structure, including, but not limited to, the semiconductive substrates described above. Insulative material 14 can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of silicon dioxide and/or nitrided oxides. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Theophylline and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine based N-7 substituted derivatives displaying inhibitory activies on PDE-5 phosphodiesterase Inventor(s): Chen, Ing-Jun; (Kaohsiung, TW) Correspondence: Bucknam And Archer; 1077 Northern Boulevard; Roslyn; NY; 115761696; US Patent Application Number: 20030199693 Date filed: January 15, 2003 Abstract: Compounds of the theophylline and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) based on N-7 substituted derivatives, X being florine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, are provided. These compounds possess pharmacologically inhibitory activities on PDE-5 Phosphodiesterase, relaxation of corpus carvernosal smooth muscle and increase of intracarvernosal pressure (.DELTA.ICP). A process is also provided for the synthesis of some novel theophyline derivatives. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/906,245 filed Jul. 16, 2001. This invention relates to compounds of theophylline and 3-isobutyl-1-
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Methylxanthine (IBMX) based on N-7 substituted derivatives, X being F, Cl, Br or I, which upon laboratory testing on animals, have proved that they pharmacologically possess inhibitory activities on PDE-5 Phosphodiesterase, relaxation of corpus carvernosal smooth muscle and increase of intracarvernosal pressure (.DELTA.ICP). The endothelium plays a major role in regulating vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tone through the release of a variety of vasoactive factors. Among the endothelium-derived vasodilators, nitric oxide (NO) is probably the primary mediator of endotheliumdependent relaxation in most blood vessels. Nitric oxide in numerous bioregulatory pathways has not only expanded new therapeutic avenues for NO-related compounds but has also led to an increased use of such compounds in pharmacological studies. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Treatment of chloralkali feeds containing hydrogen peroxide and base Inventor(s): Bunn, Thomas L.; (Simi Valley, CA), Hurlock, Stephen C.; (Simi Valley, CA), Ullman, Alan Z.; (Northridge, CA) Correspondence: Alston & Bird Llp; Bank OF America Plaza; 101 South Tryon Street, Suite 4000; Charlotte; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20030215382 Date filed: May 20, 2002 Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing BHP contaminants (alkali hydroxide and H.sub.2O.sub.2) from a recycled aqueous alkali chloride solution stream before the stream is fed to a chloralkali cell so that the contaminants do not impair the operation of a chloralkali cell. Unwanted alkali hydroxide within the recycled alkali chloride brine solution is reacted with chlorine gas and converted into an alkali chloride, which is useful in the operation of the chloralkali cell, and oxygen gas, which is outgassed from the system. Any H.sub.2O.sub.2 remaining in the recycled stream after elimination of the alkali hydroxide is reacted with chlorine to form HCl and oxygen gas. The HCl raises the pH of the brine solution, after which the pH may be adjusted by the addition of supplemental alkali hydroxide. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the recycle of basic hydrogen peroxide for use in a chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL) system. More particularly, the invention relates to the purification of a potassium chloride stream recycled from spent COIL fuel. Basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP) is a principle fuel used in the operation of chemical oxygeniodine lasers (COIL). COIL lasers are short wavelength high-power chemical lasers with wide ranging industrial, technological, and military applications. COIL lasers, which are electronic transitional lasers, are favored over vibrational or rotational transition lasers because they have one of the best beam qualities of any available laser, which allows for clean cuts and welds, as well as simple splitting and direction. In addition, the COIL laser has greater scalability than photolytic and solid state devices. where M represents an alkali metal such as lithium, sodium or potassium or combination thereof. BHP is the dissociated solution of H.sub.2O.sub.2 and MOH. In practice, the term BHP typically refers to a solution having 4 molar to 8 molar concentration of perhydroxyl ion (O.sub.2H.sup.-). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Treatment of colds, flu like infections and other general nasal based infections with a solution containing iodine and other broad spectrum microbicides and a method for its use Inventor(s): Hansen, Richard L.; (Mentor, OH) Correspondence: Hudak, Shunk & Farine, CO., L.P.A.; 2020 Front Street; Suite 307; Cuyahoga Falls; OH; 44221; US Patent Application Number: 20030180380 Date filed: May 6, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates generally to a method which utilizes iodine as a broad spectrum microbicide wherein the active agent may be applied in nasal passages in the manner of a decongestant type nose spray. The spray is intended particularly for human use. It is to be applied in the event of known or suspected exposure of the individual to common cold virus, flu, or other infective microbial agents including for example, bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, and even mold and fungus. The active agent is based on an iodine solution and may also contain one or more of the following: sodium hypochlorite solution, or a solution of chlorine or hypochlorites plus a salt of chloride, bromide or iodide. Alternatively, the solution may further contain iodine and a bromine solution, or a solution of iodine, bromine plus a salt of chloride, bromide or iodide such as sodium chloride, zinc chloride, sodium bromide, zinc bromide, sodium iodide or zinc iodide. The iodine, chlorine, hypochlorites, bromine, chloride, bromide, and iodide may originally come from inorganic compounds or organic compounds, which are then dissolved in the water. Further, the solution may contain glycerin or another moisturizing or wetting agent for the nasal mucosa since the halogens or halides may be dehydrating or drying. Zinc gluconate or a zinc halide such as zinc chloride, zinc bromide or zinc iodide may also be included to further render the nasal mucosa more slippery and thus render it more difficult for invading microbes to colonize the area. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the application of an aqueous nasal solution for use in treatment of (and also the prevention of) infection by microbes (like a head cold, flu, or other infection) by using the broad-spectrum microbicide, iodine, and may also contain one or more of the following: aqueous chlorine or bromine, hypochlorite ion and/or chloride, bromide or iodide ion. The invention relates generally to the use of (or application) of an aqueous solution that contains the broad spectrum microbicide, iodine, which may be applied in nasal passages in the manner of a decongestant type nose spray. The spray is intended particularly for human use. It is to be applied in the event of known or suspected exposure of the individual to common cold virus, flu, or other infective microbial agents including for example, bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, and even mold and fungus. It may also be applied when there is a pre-existing infection caused by the previously mentioned agents. The solution contains an active agent that is based on an iodine solution and may also contain one or more of the following: sodium hypochlorite solution, or a solution of chlorine or hypochlorites plus a salt of chloride, bromide or iodide. Alternatively, the solution may contain iodine plus a bromine solution, or a solution of iodine, bromine plus a salt of chloride, bromide or iodide such as sodium chloride, zinc chloride, sodium bromide, zinc bromide, sodium iodide or zinc iodide. The iodine, chlorine, hypochlorites, bromine, chloride, bromide, and iodide may originally come from inorganic compounds or organic compounds, which are then dissolved in the water. Further, the solution may contain glycerin or another moisturizing or wetting agent for the nasal mucosa since the halogens or halides may be dehydrating or drying. Zinc gluconate or a zinc halide such as zinc chloride, zinc bromide or zinc iodide may also be included to further render the
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nasal mucosa more slippery and thus render it more difficult for invading microbes to colonize the area. A number of explanations could be proposed for the effectiveness of the microbicide in reducing the risk of full-blown infection. For example, the composition may act to kill the microbe, or to render it ineffective. Further, the microbicide may act to slow diffusion into a cell by tagging it with a heavy ion. This slowing of diffusion may slow the microbe's multiplication and allow the body's natural defenses to catch up and eliminate the microbes. Further, the nasal solution may dilute the attacking organism and wash it out away from the optimum area for growth so as to weaken the statistical probability of success of the infection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Two-stage chlorine bleaching process with filtrate recirculation Inventor(s): Carre, Gunnar; (Sundsvall, SE), Lindstrom, Lars-Ake; (Sundsvall, SE), Norden, Solveig; (Njurunda, SE) Correspondence: Lerner, David, Littenberg,; Krumholz & Mentlik; 600 South Avenue West; Westfield; NJ; 07090; US Patent Application Number: 20030178163 Date filed: February 12, 2003 Abstract: A method of bleaching chemical pulp, comprising two bleaching stages (D.sub.0 and, respectively, D.sub.1) with chlorine dioxide as dominating bleaching chemical and at least one intermediate alkaline bleaching stage (E). The ingoing pulp is dewatered to a concentration of 25-40% before the first chlorine dioxide stage (D.sub.0) and to 10-40% after the second chlorine dioxide stage (D.sub.1). Filtrate from the dewatering after the second chlorine dioxide stage (D.sub.1) is re-cycled and utilized for controlling the pulp concentration to 8-15% of the dewatered pulp to the first chlorine dioxide stage (D.sub.0). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of bleaching lignocellulosic fibrous material in the form of chemical pulp. The invention comprises more specifically two bleaching stages with chlorine dioxide as dominating bleaching chemical and at least one intermediate alkaline bleaching stage. Bleaching of chemical pulp is carried out in a sequence, which comprises several bleaching stages with different bleaching chemicals. A usual bleaching sequence comprises a first chlorine dioxide stage (D.sub.0) followed by an alkaline bleaching stage (E) and a second chlorine dioxide stage (D.sub.1). The chlorine dioxide stages normally are carried out only with chlorine dioxide, but alternatively the chlorine dioxide can be completed with other chemicals, for example ozone. The chemicals are added in different phases of the bleaching stage. The alkaline bleaching stage normally is an extraction stage with addition of oxygen gas and peroxide (EOP). The alkaline stage alternatively can be completed with an ozone phase, which then is carried out at acid conditions. The bleaching of pulp has the object to increase the ISO-brightness of the pulp, which implies that impurities and discolouring matter are solved out of the pulp and removed by washing/dewatering before and after the bleaching stages by means of filters or presses. The filtrate from the dewatering can to a large extent be re-cycled and be used for washing and dilution in previous stages of the process in order thereby to minimize the emissions of solved substances. For environmental reasons a low effluent volume is desired, but the reflux of the filtrate causes a build-up of the substance content in the bleaching stages, with the resulting risk of increased chemical consumption.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Water purifying apparatus Inventor(s): Ohara, Nariko; (Nara-shi, JP), Takamatsu, Kuniaki; (Kaminoyama-shi, JP) Correspondence: Darby & Darby; Professional Corporation; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022-7513; US Patent Application Number: 20030192833 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: The water purifying apparatus can purify water at a high speed without using a chlorine family chemical substance. A glass container 31 with the both ends formed in a conical shape, in which negatively charged metallic silicon and smaller glass containers containing negatively charged metallic silicon are contained, is disposed at an end portion of a cylindrical storing unit 14 in which a motor 12 is stored. An end portion of the glass container 31 protrudes from the storing unit 14. The outer circumferential surface of the glass container 31 is coated with two copper plates 35a and 35a and an aluminum plate 35b which are aligned in a circumferential direction. The protruding end portion of the glass container 31 is dipped in water and is then rotated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a water purifying apparatus to be used for purifying water. City water including drinking water has conventionally been obtained by applying a necessary process to material water such as river water, underground water (raw water) or the like. In general, underground water has preferable quality free from objects to be eliminated, and is supplied through only a sterilization process. By contrast, river water undergoes a process for eliminating viscous colloid, algal plankton and natural contaminants, and a sterilization process. For the sterilization process, chlorine and hypochlorous acid are used. Water that satisfies quality standards as drinking water is supplied through such processes. Quality of drainage discharged from plants or the like, which may mix into city water, is under the control of relevant regulations. However, drainage may sometimes be discharged without undergoing an appropriate process because of restrictions on time or the like, since the quantity of drainage to be processed is quite large. Pollution of water sources by such plant drainage is one of serious environmental issues. Furthermore, recent worsening pollution of raw water causes an increase in the quantity of chlorine and hypochlorous acid used in the sterilization process, thereby causing deterioration in taste and smell of city water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chlorine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chlorine.
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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chlorine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CHLORINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chlorine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chlorine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “chlorine” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “chlorine” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “chlorine” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Characterization and Modeling of Chlorine Decay in Distribution Systems by John J. Vasconcelos (1996); ISBN: 0898678706; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678706/icongroupinterna
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Chemical Disinfecting Agents in Water and Effluents, and Chlorine Demand, 1980 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117514934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117514934/icongroupinterna
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Chemistry of Chlorine-Containing Polymers: Syntheses, Degradation, Stabilization by Karl S. Minsker. Edited by Guennadi E. Zaikov, et al (1999); ISBN: 1560727578; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560727578/icongroupinterna
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Chloride Dioxide: Chemistry and Environmental Impact of Oxychlorine Compounds by W. Masschelein; ISBN: 0250402246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250402246/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine (Blashfield, Jean F. Sparks of Life.) by Jean F. Blashfield; ISBN: 0739843583; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0739843583/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine (Elements) by Susan Watt (2001); ISBN: 0761412727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761412727/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine : environmental and technical information for problem spills; ISBN: 0662131797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0662131797/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine and caustic soda manufacture; recent developments, 1969 by Robert Powell; ISBN: 0815502648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815502648/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds in the Paper Industry by Victor Turoski (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1575040662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575040662/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine and hydrogen chloride; ISBN: 9241540818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241540818/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine and the Chesapeake Bay : a review of research literature by Linda L. Breisch; ISBN: 0943676177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943676177/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine and the Environment: An Overview of the Chlorine Industry by Ruth Stringer, Paul Johnston (2001); ISBN: 0792367979; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792367979/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine and the Paper Industry by Alan R. Beckenstein, et al (1994); ISBN: 1569731330; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569731330/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine dioxide : drinking water, process water, and wastewater issues : sympoisum proceedings, September 14-15, 1995, New Orleans, LA; ISBN: 0898678730; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678730/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine Dioxide Water Treatment: For Hot and Cold Water Services (Technical Note) by N.L. Pavey, M. Roper (1998); ISBN: 0860224864; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0860224864/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine Dioxide: The State of Science, Regulatory, Environmental Issues and Case Histories by Awwa Research Foundation, Awwa (2002); ISBN: 1583211802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583211802/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine from Drums and Cylinders; ISBN: 0717610063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0717610063/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine in Coal: Proceedings (Coal Science and Technology, Vol 17) by J. Stringer, D.D. Banerjee (Editor); ISBN: 0444874992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444874992/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine production processes : recent and energy saving developments; ISBN: 0815508425; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815508425/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine Toxicity Monograph (Major Hazards Monograph Series); ISBN: 0852952341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852952341/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine Vaporisers; ISBN: 0118835289; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118835289/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine, bromine, and iodine NMR : physico-chemical and biological applications by Björn Lindman; ISBN: 0387077251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387077251/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine and Iodine (Elements) by Keith Walshaw (1996); ISBN: 1869860748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869860748/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine: Its Manufacture, Properties and Uses by James S. Sconce (Editor) (1972); ISBN: 0882750755; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882750755/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine: Principles and Industrial Practice by Peter Schmittinger (Editor); ISBN: 3527298517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527298517/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine: Tentative Tables (International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, Vol 8) by S. Angus (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0080307132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080307132/icongroupinterna
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Comparison and Test of Models for Atmospheric Dispersion of Continuous Releases of Chlorine (Reports) by C.J. Wheatley; ISBN: 0853563047; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853563047/icongroupinterna
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Continouous Chlorine Releases Inside Buildings: Concentrations on Emission to Atmosphere (Reports) by P.W.M. Brighton; ISBN: 0853563233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853563233/icongroupinterna
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Coronaries/Cholesterol/Chlorine by Joseph M., M.D. Price, Jim Price; ISBN: 0515094617; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0515094617/icongroupinterna
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DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook, Chlorine Dioxide, Seawater by Gerhard Kreysa (Editor), Reiner Eckermann (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 3527266623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527266623/icongroupinterna
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Dechema Corrosion Handbook: Corrosive Agents and Their Interaction With Materials: Chlorine Dioxide Seawater by Dieter Behrens (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 1560817496; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560817496/icongroupinterna
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Dechema: Corrosion Handbook: Corrosive Agents and Their Interaction With Materials/Acetates, Aluminum Chloride, Chlorine and Chlorinated Water, Flu by Dieter Behrens (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0895736225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895736225/icongroupinterna
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Diaphragm cells for chlorine production : proceeding of a symposium held at the City University, London, England, 16-17 June 1976; ISBN: 0901001503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901001503/icongroupinterna
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Elemental Chlorine Free Bleaching by Katherine A. Kulas (Editor), Katherine A. Kulas; ISBN: 0898523621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898523621/icongroupinterna
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Fault Tree Analysis of the Catastrophic Failure of Bulk Chlorine Vessels (Reports) by J. Gould (1993); ISBN: 0853564019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853564019/icongroupinterna
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Frames in the Toxicity Controversy: Risk Assessment and Policy Analysis Related to the Dutch Chlorine Debate and the Swedish Pvc Debate by Arnold Tukker (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0792355547; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792355547/icongroupinterna
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Freedonia Focus on Alkalies & Chlorine [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by The Freedonia Group (Author) (2002); ISBN: B00007M71B; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00007M71B/icongroupinterna
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Gmelin: Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry: Br - Bromine. Supplement Vol B/3: Compounds with Fluorine and Chlorine; ISBN: 3540936424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540936424/icongroupinterna
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Inactivation of Giardia cysts with chlorine at 0.5 p0 sC to 5.0 p0 sC; ISBN: 0898674018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898674018/icongroupinterna
•
Materials Selector for Hazardous Chemicals : Hydrochloric Acid, Hydrogen Chloride and Chlorine by C. P. Dillon (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0444500537; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444500537/icongroupinterna
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Mechanism of Inactivation of Microorganisms by Combined Chlorine; ISBN: 0898673941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898673941/icongroupinterna
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Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology - Papers presented at the 1991 London International Chlorine by T.C. Wellington (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 1851667784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1851667784/icongroupinterna
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Organo-Chlorine Solvents: Health Risks to Workers (Rsc Series) by Royal Society of Chemistry (1986); ISBN: 0851860788; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851860788/icongroupinterna
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Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide Technology for Disinfection of Drinking Water by Graham; ISBN: 0815508026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815508026/icongroupinterna
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Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide Technology for Disinfection of Drinking Water (Pollution Technology Review : 67) (Chemical Technology Review : 164) by J. Katz (Editor); ISBN: 0815508093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815508093/icongroupinterna
•
Ozone/chlorine dioxide oxidation products of organic materials : proceedings of a conference held in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 17-19, 1976; ISBN: 091865002X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091865002X/icongroupinterna
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Pandora's Poison: Chlorine, Health, and a New Environmental Strategy by Joe Thornton (Author); ISBN: 0262700840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262700840/icongroupinterna
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Pressure Produced by Instantaneous Chlorine Releases Inside Buildings (Reports) by P.W.M. Brighton; ISBN: 0853563152; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853563152/icongroupinterna
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Properties of chlorine in SI units; ISBN: 094023002X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094023002X/icongroupinterna
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Residual Chlorine Analyzers for Water and Wastewater Treatment Applications: Performance Evaluation Report by Instrumentation Testing Association; ISBN: 1583460063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583460063/icongroupinterna
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Review of Accidents Involving Chlorine by G. Drogaris; ISBN: 9282644030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282644030/icongroupinterna
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Safe Handling of Chlorine from Drums and Cyclinders (Guidance Booklet); ISBN: 0717616460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0717616460/icongroupinterna
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Saving Our Skins: Technical Potential and Policies for the Elimination of Ozone Depleting Chlorine Compounds by Arjun Makhijani, et al (1988); ISBN: 9999936075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9999936075/icongroupinterna
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Sources, Occurrence, & Control of Chlorine Dioxide By-Product Residuals in Drinking Water; ISBN: 0898677696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898677696/icongroupinterna
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Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine, and Chlorine Oxides by Colin L. Young (Editor) (1983); ISBN: 008026218X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/008026218X/icongroupinterna
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Swimming Pool Disinfection Systems Using Ozone with Residual Free Chlorine or Electrolytic Generation of Hypochlorite: Guidelines for Design and Operation; ISBN: 011751621X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011751621X/icongroupinterna
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Taste-and-odor problems associated with chlorine dioxide by Andrea M. Dietrich; ISBN: 0898675782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898675782/icongroupinterna
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The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Chlorine Bleach [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KFRA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KFRA/icongroupinterna
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The Chlorine Dioxide Handbook (Water Disinfection Series) by Donald J. Gates, Don Gates (1998); ISBN: 0898679427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679427/icongroupinterna
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The Chlorine Manual (1986); ISBN: 9991008446; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991008446/icongroupinterna
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The Relationship Between Chlorine in Waste Streams and Dioxin Emissions from Waste Combustor Stacks by H. Gregory Rigo (1995); ISBN: 0791812227; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791812227/icongroupinterna
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The Thermodynamic Properties of Chlorine-water Mixtures (Reports) by V. Burgess, P.N. Clough; ISBN: 0853563543; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853563543/icongroupinterna
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Total and Free Chlorine Residual Analyzers Online Maintenance Benchmarking Study by Instrumentation Testing Association; ISBN: 1583460039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583460039/icongroupinterna
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Toxicology of Substances in Relation to Major Hazards: Chlorine by R.M. Turner, S. Fairhurst; ISBN: 011885528X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011885528X/icongroupinterna
•
Using Chloride and Chlorine-36 As Soil-Water Tracers to Estimate Deep Percolation at Selected Locations on the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site (U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, 2481) by Edmund A. Prych (1998); ISBN: 0607897805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0607897805/icongroupinterna
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Water Disinfection With Ozone, Chloramines, or Chlorine Dioxide (No. 20152); ISBN: 0898672449; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898672449/icongroupinterna
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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Atmospheric chemistry of chlorine and sulfur compounds; proceedings of a symposium held at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, November 4-6, 1957. Conducted under joint sponsorship of the U. S. Public Health Service and the American Geophysical Union. Ed. by James P. Lodge, Jr. Author: United States. Public Health Service.; Year: 1978; [Washington] American Geophysical Union, 1959
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Brooklyn chlorine accident; a technical and medical report, by Herbert Chasis [and others]. Author: United States. Chemical Warfare Service. Medical Division.; Year: 1944; [New York?] 1944
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Chlorine and air pollution: an annotated bibliography. Author: Air Pollution Technical Information Center.; Year: 1971; Research Triangle Park, N. C., Office of Air Programs; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1971
•
Chlorine and health Author: Gribble, Gordon W.; Year: 1931; New York, NY: American Council on Science and Health, [1995]
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Chlorine and human physiology: on the pathogenic role of chlorine compounds present in foods and environment Author: Starkey, B. J.; Year: 1986; Saanichton, B.C.: Starkey, [1980?]
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Chlorine and hydrogen chloride Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants.; Year: 1980; Washington: National Academy of Sciences, c1976; ISBN: 0309025192 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309025192/icongroupinterna
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Chlorine, an annotated bibliography. Supplement 1 Author: Smith, Ralph G.,; Year: 1966; New York, N.Y.: The Institute, 1983
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Chlorine. Author: Great Britain. HM Factory Inspectorate.; Year: 1939; London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1966
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Chlorine. [Comp. with the assistance of the Work Projects Administration]. Author: Ohio. Dept. of Health. Division of Adult Hygiene.; Year: 1940; Columbus, 1940
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Chlorine: an annotated bibliography; a selection of references from 1824 to 1971 on the medical, toxicological, industrial hygiene and environmental aspects of exposure to chlorine. Prepared by Ralph G. Smith and the Dept. of Occupational&
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Environmental Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan for the Chlorine Institute, Inc., New York, New York, 1971. Author: Smith, Ralph G.,; Year: 1957; [New York, •
Observations on the chlorides and chlorine: as 'disinfecting agents,' and as preventives of cholera Author: Bronson, Henry,; Year: 1976; Boston: Clapp; Hull, 1832
•
Occupational exposure to chlorine: criteria for a recommended standard. Author: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.; Year: 1983; [Cincinnati]: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Washington: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976
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On disinfection by euchlorine, in continuous and regulated flow Author: Stone, Daniel,; Year: 1976; Manchester: Cave; Sever, 1867
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Proposed standard and health effects of ambient chlorine Author: Environmental Health Resource Center.; Year: 1983; Chicago: State of Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, 1976
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Sporicidal action of free available chlorine. by A. Richard Brazis [et al.]. Author: Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.; Year: 1957; Cincinnati, 1957
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The Early history of chlorine. Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, C. L. Berthollet, Guyton de Morveau, J. L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thenard. Author: Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard,; Year: 1972; Edinburgh, 1944
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Toxicological review of chlorine dioxide and chlorite [electronic resource]: (CAS No. 10049-04-4 and 7758-19-2), in support of summary information on the integrated risk information system (IRIS). Author: Patel, Yogendra M.; Year: 1971; Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [2000]
Chapters on Chlorine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chlorine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chlorine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chlorine: •
Oral Malodor Source: in Newman, M.G. and van Winkelhoff, A.J., eds. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 127-141. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $32.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153970. Summary: This chapter outlines a basic overview of oral malodor (OM, bad breath or halitosis) and describes most of the antimicrobial agents presently involved or suggested in its treatment. The chapter is from a textbook that integrates basic facts and
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principles of antibiotic therapy with recently-emerged concepts of care. The author first reviews the oral and nonoral causes of OM, noting that the oral causes of OM can include periodontitis, gingivitis, and plaque coating on the tongue; nonoral causes include diabetic ketosis, uremia, gastrointestinal conditions, irregular bowel movement, hepatic (liver) and renal (kidney) failure, and certain types of carcinomas (cancer) such as leukemia. The author then outlines oral malodor assessment parameters, including organoleptic measurements, the portable sulfide meter, an 'electronic nose,' and the spoon test. Management strategies are then considered: proper oral hygiene, antimicrobial agents, zinc rinses, chlorhexidine rinses, chlorine dioxide rinses, triclosan rinses, two-phase rinses, hydrogen peroxide, topical antimicrobial agents, and alternative remedies. Important principles, key facts, and clinical insights are highlighted and the chapter concludes with a list of references. 8 figures. 57 references. •
Pyrotechnics: Health Effects Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 407-411. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter, from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice, outlines the health effects of theatrical pyrotechnics, i.e., special effects that can create sound, light, and airborne toxic chemicals simultaneously. The author notes that when pyrotechnics are used indoors or in close proximity to performers, there is no question that the chemicals in the smoke created by these effects can harm those who inhale them. What is not clear is whether these chemicals are present in significant quantities to affect performers' health. The author discusses the MGM Grand Hotel Studies, done in response to employee complaints in the early 1980s; determining the chemical composition of pyrotechnic emissions (which is difficult because the manufacturers guard the ingredients lists as trade secrets); the materials traditionally in pyrotechnics; the types of pyrotechnic chemicals and their emissions on reaction, including oxidizers, fuels (electron donors), carbon suppliers, chlorine (or halogen) suppliers, metals, delay ingredients, other chemicals, flash paper, and organic pigments and dyes; the health effects related to pyrotechnic smoke; hazard assessment steps; and precautions for pyrotechnic use. The authors conclude that the most effective method of preventing health effects from pyrotechnic exposure is to obtain a commitment from special effects directors, company managers, and primary employers that the health of the cast and crew must come before any artistic or financial consideration. 2 tables. 11 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CHLORINE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on chlorine. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Chlorine The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in chlorine (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on chlorine: •
Chlorine [videorecording] Source: Emergency Film Group; a Detrick Lawrence production; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Edgartown, MA: Emergency Film Group, c2001
•
Toxicological review of chlorine dioxide and chlorite [electronic resource]: (CAS No. 10049-04-4 and 7758-19-2), in support of summary information on the integrated risk information system (IRIS). Source: Patel, Yogendra M; Year: 2000; Format: Electronic resource; Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [2000]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHLORINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover chlorine.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on chlorine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to chlorine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “chlorine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for chlorine: •
Russia factory workers ill after chlorine leak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 18, 2002
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Many "chlorine-free" spa disinfectants not effective Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 26, 2000
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Chlorine solution kills microorganisms on produce Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 25, 2000
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Pool chlorine may not protect against cryptosporidium Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 07, 1999
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Chlorine not enough to prevent swimming pool illness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 06, 1999
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Chlorine May Start Heart Disease Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 09, 1996 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “chlorine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to chlorine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for
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the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “chlorine” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on chlorine: •
Halitosis Research Spans the Globe: But Experts Agree More Data is Needed Source: ADA Dental News. 28(11): 1, 16, 18. June 2, 1997. Contact: Available from ADA Publishing Company. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867; E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides readers with an update on the work of Dr. Joseph Tonzetich, an oral biology professor widely regarded as a pioneer in halitosis research. His findings have helped to elevate the study of bad breath from a blur of conjecture to an area of legitimate scientific scrutiny. But even as basic research has accumulated at a steady pace, its progress is dwarfed by the recent commercialization of bad breath remedies. The author describes recent advances in portable sulfide monitors, the use of chlorhexidine and chlorine dioxide mouthrinses, the development of halitosis clinics to treat patients, and an upcoming conference on this topic. The article also describes the work of Dr. Israel Kleinberg, who has been studying the causes of chronic bad breath; Dr. Glenn Clark, who has been working with the portable sulfide monitor and has some concerns about its reliability; and Dr. Mel Rosenberg, who devised the sulfide instrument's application to dentistry and emphasizes its benefits. The article concludes with a list of central concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor and a general call for more research in this area. Contact information and bibliographic information for the researchers and publications noted in the article are provided in a sidebar.
Academic Periodicals covering Chlorine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to chlorine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering chlorine that have been published by any of the
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periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 9621 119 40 15 0 9795
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “chlorine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chlorine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chlorine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chlorine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chlorine”:
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Other guides Chemical Weapons http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chemicalweapons.html Drinking Water http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html Environmental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/environmentalhealth.html Infection Control http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectioncontrol.html Water Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/watersafetyrecreational.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on chlorine. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
About Keeping Safe from Waterborne Pathogens Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1997. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete, Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. PRICE: $1.72 each for 1-24 copies; $1.47 each for 25-99 copies. Summary: This brochure educates readers about waterborne pathogens, disease-causing organisms that can affect water safety and can also be spread in food or through poor personal hygiene. The brochure emphasizes that most water in the U.S. is safe, but that untreated water is a concern for everyone. People with certain health problems may need to use care even with treated water. The brochure describes three kinds of waterborne pathogens, with common examples of each: bacteria (Escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, campylobacter), viruses (hepatitis A, Norwalk virus), and protozoa (giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium). Other topics covered include how pathogens get into the water, the use of chlorine to disinfect water, how government agencies and water suppliers work to keep the water supply safe, what consumers can do to help, risk factors for being affected by waterborne pathogens (including people with immune system disease), water hazards during an emergency (major storms or disasters), the signs of waterborne illness, when to contact a health care provider, diagnosis and treatment of waterborne illness, and prevention strategies, including being careful
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during recreational activities, following advisories during a water emergency, and observing good hygiene. The brochure concludes with a section of questions and answers about having water tested for pathogens, what to do if tap water looks funny, and where to get more information. The brochure includes the toll free Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). The brochure is illustrated with attractive, cartoon-like line drawings. •
Handbook for Teens with Psoriasis Source: Portland, OR: National Psoriasis Foundation. 2001. 20 p. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. 6600 SW 92nd Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97223-7195. (800) 723-9166 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: Contact NPF for current pricing. Summary: This illustrated booklet serves as an information source for adolescents living with psoriasis and uses a question and answer format to help them gain insight into the disease. The booklet begins by presenting facts about psoriasis, including what it is, who gets it, what causes it, and how it is treated. This is followed by a description of the types of psoriasis. The booklet then discusses types of psoriasis treatment such as topical agents, ultraviolet light therapies, and systemic medications; the role of the patient in treatment and treatment decisions; and the questions teens need to ask their doctor about psoriasis treatments. Other topics include the impact of psoriasis on self esteem, ways to cope with the emotional aspects of psoriasis, and guiding principles for coping with psoriasis. In addition, the booklet addresses lifestyle and social issues, including the impact of stress, chlorine, sunlight, body or ear piercing, and tattoos on psoriasis; the way to explain psoriasis to new friends or dates; the impact of psoriasis on an intimate relationship; and ways to cover up psoriasis. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chlorine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chlorine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chlorine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chlorine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chlorine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chlorine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date,
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select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chlorine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chlorine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on chlorine: •
Basic Guidelines for Chlorine Chlorine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002772.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Chlorine A feeling one cannot get enough air Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Bluish colored lips and fingernails Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Coughing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm
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Coughing up blood Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Pain in the throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Rapid pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Tight chest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Vomit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Chlorine Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm
•
Background Topics for Chlorine Choking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000047.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm
Online Glossaries 191
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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CHLORINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acanthamoeba: A genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. Its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acid Rain: Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it
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enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]
Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adrenergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. [NIH] Adrenoreceptor: Receptors specifically sensitive to and operated by adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and related sympathomimetic drugs. Adrenoreceptor is an alternative name. [NIH]
Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy.
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[EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Resistance: Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]
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Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]
Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile
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sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analeptic: A drug which acts as a restorative, such as caffeine, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, etc. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anosmia: Absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia. [EU]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the
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lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiparasitic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections. [NIH] Antiprotozoal Agents: Substances that are destructive to protozoans. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought
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to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitumour: Counteracting tumour formation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Artificial Organs: Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (artificial eye) as well as functional (artificial limbs). [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal
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insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoclave: Apparatus using superheated steam under pressure. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH]
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Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bicuculline: Isoquinoline alkaloid from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants that is a competitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus causes convulsions. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and
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clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blastocystis: A genus of protozoa of the suborder Blastocystina. It was first classified as a yeast but further studies have shown it to be a protozoan. [NIH] Blastocystis hominis: A species of parasitic protozoa found in the intestines of humans and other primates. It was classified as a yeast in 1912. Over the years, questions arose about this designation. In 1967, many physiological and morphological B. hominis characteristics were reported that fit a protozoan classification. Since that time, other papers have corroborated this work and the organism is now recognized as a protozoan parasite of humans causing intestinal disease with potentially disabling symptoms. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH]
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Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen leading to unconsciousness. [NIH] Brain Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral infarction), thalami, basal ganglia, brain stem (brain stem infarctions), or cerebellum secondary to an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broadband: A wide frequency range. Sound whose energy is distributed over a broad range of frequency (generally, more than one octave). [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bumetanide: A sulfamyl diuretic. [NIH] Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal
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functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calicivirus: A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus , vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion viruses. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiogenic: Originating in the heart; caused by abnormal function of the heart. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and
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secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Caveolae: Endocytic/exocytic cell membrane structures rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in endocytosis (potocytosis), transcytosis, and signal transduction. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of caveolins. [NIH] Caveolins: The main structural proteins of caveolae. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Membrane Structures: Structures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH] Cellular Structures: Components of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,
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consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chloride Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]
Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorine Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Chlorofluorocarbons: A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophenols: Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position. [NIH]
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Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and
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photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colloids: Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other. [NIH] Comedo: A plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, frequently containing the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and Pityrosporon ovale; called also blackhead. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials
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including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH]
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Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryptosporidium: A genus of coccidian parasites of the family Cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical
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compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The
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three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Waste: Any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Denture Liners: Material applied to the tissue side of a denture to provide a soft lining to the parts of a denture coming in contact with soft tissue. It cushions contact of the denture with the tissues. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH]
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Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic
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effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]
Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH]
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Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Electroshock: Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH]
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Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]
for
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse
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submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH]
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Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH]
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Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flame Retardants: Materials applied to fabrics, bedding, furniture, plastics, etc. to retard their burning; many may leach out and cause allergies or other harm. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH]
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Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as
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Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Fusion: Fusion of structural genes to analyze protein behavior or fusion of regulatory sequences with structural genes to determine mechanisms of regulation. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardia: A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. [NIH] Giardia lamblia: A species of parasitic protozoa that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis. Considered for many years to be non-pathogenic and often found in completely asymptomatic individuals, there is presently strong evidence for its pathogenic potential. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used
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therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Greenhouse Effect: The effect of global warming and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include
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increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair Dyes: Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily. [NIH]
Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Halogens: A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements of group VIIa of the periodic table. They are all multivalent and have oxidation numbers of -1 (the most common), 1, 3, 5, and 7. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Helminthiasis: Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the
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prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to
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remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hookworms: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic
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acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperaldosteronism: Aldosteronism. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Ibotenic Acid: Neurotoxic isoxazole substance found in Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU]
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Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incineration: High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
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Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
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Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a
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net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH]
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Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Listeria monocytogenes: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or
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site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile
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paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Waste: Blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special disposal procedures. [NIH] Medical Waste Disposal: Management, removal, and elimination of biologic, infectious, pathologic, and dental waste. The concept includes blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special control and handling. Disposal may take place where the waste is generated or elsewhere. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Medulloblastoma: A malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the brain and can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET). [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment.
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Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH]
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Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Micturition: The passage of urine; urination. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU]
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Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Muscimol: Neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from Amanita muscaria and A. phalloides and also obtained by decarboxylation of ibotenic acid. It is a potent agonist at GABA-A receptors and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by irrigation or washout of the nasal cavity and nasal mucosa. The resulting fluid is used in cytologic and immunologic assays of the nasal mucosa such as with the nasal provocation test in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity. [NIH]
Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH]
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Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrotoxic: Toxic or destructive to kidney cells. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrine tumor: A tumor derived from cells that release a hormone in response to a signal from the nervous system. Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors are carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma. These tumors secrete hormones in excess, causing a variety of symptoms. [NIH] Neurokinin A: A mammalian decapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system. It is similar in structure and action to substance P and neurokinin K. The compound has bronchoconstrictor, smooth muscle constrictor, and hypotensive effects and also activates the micturition reflex. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH]
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Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH]
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Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH]
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Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU]
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Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacokinetics: Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylacetate: A drug being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected
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to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polybrominated Biphenyls: Biphenyl compounds which are extensively brominated. Many of these compounds are toxic environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH]
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Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU]
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Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primitive neuroectodermal tumors: PNET. A type of bone cancer that forms in the middle (shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propionibacterium: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose cells occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps resembling letters of the Chinese alphabet. Its organisms are found in cheese and dairy products as well as on human skin and can occasionally cause soft tissue infections. [NIH] Propionibacterium acnes: A bacteria isolated from normal skin, intestinal contents, wounds, blood, pus, and soft tissue abscesses. It is a common contaminant of clinical specimens, presumably from the skin of patients or attendants. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to
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proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Subunits: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of a multimeric protein. They can be identical or non-identical subunits. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs,
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may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]
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Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Renal Dialysis: Removal of certain elements from the blood based on the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restitution: The restoration to a normal state. [NIH]
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Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reticulocytes: Immature erythrocytes. In humans, these are erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion of their cell nucleus. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. ribosomes are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the endoplasmic reticulum), hence the name reticulocytes. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rickettsia: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH]
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Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scabicide: An agent which has the power to destroy sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH]
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Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shigella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the
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GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Iodide: Sodium iodide (NaI). A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function determinants. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of
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dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Spotting: A slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Stagnation: The slowing down or stoppage of the flowing of any fluid. [NIH] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones,
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bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of nux vomica. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Subungual: Beneath a nail. [NIH]
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Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfhydryl Reagents: Chemical agents that react with SH groups. This is a chemically diverse group that is used for a variety of purposes. Among these are enzyme inhibition, enzyme reactivation or protection, and labelling. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants. [NIH] Sulfur Oxides: Inorganic oxides of sulfur. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also
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communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synchrotron: An accelerator in which the particles are guided by an increasing magnetic field while they are accelerated several times in an approximately circular path by electric fields produced by a high-frequency generator. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hyrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. Chronic exposure to this compoud may pose a health hazard to animals and humans. It is considered a potential carcinogen. Tetrachlorethylene was formerly used as anthelmintic for hookworms, but less toxic products are now used. [NIH]
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Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]
Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH]
258 Chlorine
Tonometer: For testing the intra-ocular tension. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment. [NIH]
Dictionary 259
Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trihalomethanes: Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]
260 Chlorine
Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia. [NIH] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus: The type species of the genus Calicivirus, an RNA virus infecting pigs. The resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease. Transmission is by contaminated food. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear
Dictionary 261
forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreoretinal: A rare familial condition characterized by a clear vitreous, except for preretinal filaments and veils which have been loosened from the retina, a dense hyaloid membrane which is perforated and detached, and masses of peripheral retinal pigmentation inters. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vomica: The profuse and sudden expectoration of pus and putrescent matter. An abnormal cavity in an organ especially in the lung, caused by suppuration and the breaking down of tissue. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Waste Management: Disposal, processing, controlling, recycling, and reusing the solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes of plants, animals, humans, and other organisms. It includes control within a closed ecological system to maintain a habitable environment. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
263
INDEX A Abscess, 16, 193, 219 Acanthamoeba, 41, 76, 193 Acceptor, 193, 231, 240, 258 Acetic Acids, 76, 193 Acetylcholine, 193, 238 Acid Phosphatase, 9, 193 Acid Rain, 111, 193 Acidosis, 57, 193 Acne, 121, 193 Acne Vulgaris, 121, 193 Acrylonitrile, 94, 193, 249 Actin, 17, 193 Acuity, 16, 193 Acute renal, 193, 224 Acyl, 135, 193, 217 Adaptability, 193, 205 Adaptation, 19, 193, 243 Adduct, 7, 131, 142, 194 Adenine, 194 Adenosine, 16, 27, 194, 242, 257 Adenovirus, 46, 194 Adenylate Cyclase, 194, 219 Adhesives, 193, 194 Adipose Tissue, 65, 194 Adjustment, 193, 194 Adrenaline, 194 Adrenergic, 10, 194, 198, 213, 217, 245, 255, 257 Adrenergic Agents, 10, 194 Adrenergic Agonists, 10, 194 Adrenergic Antagonists, 10, 194 Adrenoreceptor, 92, 116, 194 Adsorption, 145, 194 Adsorptive, 194 Adverse Effect, 35, 194, 251, 260 Aerobic, 12, 25, 194, 249 Aerosol, 18, 194, 255, 260 Affinity, 15, 21, 195, 231, 252 Agar, 8, 195, 210, 226, 243 Agonist, 7, 195, 213, 226, 236 Airway, 5, 16, 18, 44, 49, 55, 60, 67, 89, 195, 252 Airway Resistance, 16, 195 Albumin, 44, 195, 243 Aldehydes, 28, 64, 195 Alfalfa, 38, 42, 54, 195 Algorithms, 195, 202
Alkaline, 79, 98, 101, 107, 151, 193, 195, 196, 203, 240, 242 Alkaline Phosphatase, 79, 195 Alkaloid, 195, 201, 235, 250, 254, 257 Alkylating Agents, 24, 120, 195 Allergen, 196, 212, 251 Allergic Rhinitis, 16, 69, 196 Allylamine, 196 Alpha Particles, 196, 247 Alpha-fetoprotein, 50, 196, 218 Alpha-helix, 196, 230 Alternative medicine, 166, 196 Aluminum, 96, 107, 113, 131, 132, 152, 157, 196 Alveolar Process, 196, 248 Ameliorated, 10, 196 Amine, 108, 121, 131, 132, 196, 224 Amino Acids, 14, 131, 196, 204, 241, 244, 246, 255, 259 Ammonia, 17, 25, 54, 97, 103, 132, 196, 255, 259 Ammonium Chloride, 30, 196 Amplification, 8, 196 Anaerobic, 8, 12, 31, 35, 196, 250, 251, 252 Anaesthesia, 117, 196, 197, 227 Anal, 64, 80, 197, 216, 219 Analeptic, 197, 254 Analgesic, 197, 231, 235, 239 Analogous, 32, 197, 214, 258 Anaphylatoxins, 197, 209 Anemia, 33, 197, 203, 208, 232 Anesthesia, 7, 195, 197, 258 Anesthetics, 7, 197, 200, 217 Animal model, 19, 197 Anionic, 22, 98, 197 Anions, 144, 195, 197, 229, 251 Annealing, 131, 132, 197 Anode, 98, 197 Anosmia, 48, 197 Antagonism, 7, 197, 257 Anthelmintic, 197, 256 Antiarrhythmic, 197, 257 Antibacterial, 72, 77, 81, 134, 139, 197, 213, 253 Antibiotic, 42, 57, 77, 121, 161, 162, 197, 203, 241, 253 Antibodies, 197, 198, 217, 223, 226, 232, 247
264 Chlorine
Antibody, 195, 198, 208, 211, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 233, 235, 247, 251, 253, 261 Anticoagulant, 198, 246 Anticonvulsants, 198, 200 Antidepressant, 135, 198 Antidote, 198, 204, 210, 219 Antigen, 195, 197, 198, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 233, 251 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 198, 208 Antihypertensive, 198, 219, 257 Anti-infective, 198, 206, 225, 226, 229, 252 Anti-Infective Agents, 198, 226 Anti-inflammatory, 123, 198, 240, 250 Antimicrobial, 117, 161, 198, 212 Antineoplastic, 121, 195, 198 Antineoplastic Agents, 195, 198 Antioxidant, 62, 198, 239, 240, 255 Antiparasitic Agents, 125, 198 Antiprotozoal Agents, 198 Antipsychotic, 198, 203 Antiseptic, 72, 199, 234, 259 Antitumour, 125, 199 Antiviral, 121, 199 Anus, 197, 199, 203, 248 Anxiety, 199, 240, 245 Aperture, 4, 199 Apolipoproteins, 199, 231 Apoptosis, 6, 199 Approximate, 126, 199 Aqueous humor, 10, 199, 207 Arginine, 197, 199, 238 Argon, 101, 148, 199 Aromatic, 63, 99, 104, 115, 118, 119, 141, 199, 204, 254 Arterial, 55, 196, 199, 203, 207, 226, 246, 256 Arteries, 199, 202, 210, 232, 234 Arterioles, 199, 202, 204 Articular, 44, 199 Artificial Organs, 45, 199, 249 Asbestos, 127, 199, 200 Asbestosis, 200 Aseptic, 200, 239, 253 Assay, 25, 40, 200 Astringents, 200, 234 Asymptomatic, 49, 200, 221 Atopic, 49, 56, 80, 200 Attenuated, 200, 213 Autoclave, 99, 200 Autoimmune disease, 27, 200 Autoimmunity, 26, 200 Autopsy, 54, 200, 233
B Bacteremia, 200, 250 Bacterial Physiology, 194, 200 Bactericidal, 36, 43, 52, 73, 200, 217 Bactericide, 106, 200 Bacteriophage, 200, 243, 250, 258, 260 Bacteriostatic, 200, 259 Bacterium, 8, 39, 200, 224, 231 Barbiturates, 32, 200, 250 Base, 25, 32, 77, 102, 104, 108, 111, 132, 133, 142, 143, 149, 194, 200, 211, 230, 235, 241, 242, 256 Basophils, 200, 205, 222, 231 Benign, 24, 201, 204, 223, 237, 247, 261 Benzene, 23, 201 Benzodiazepines, 32, 201, 219 Beta blocker, 92, 116, 201 Beta Rays, 201, 215 Bicuculline, 7, 201 Bile, 201, 220, 231, 254, 256 Bile Acids, 201, 254, 256 Bilirubin, 195, 201 Binding Sites, 9, 14, 15, 201 Bioavailability, 92, 117, 201 Biochemical, 5, 16, 19, 201, 222, 251 Biodegradation, 12, 31, 201 Biofilms, 37, 56, 201 Biological Transport, 201, 212 Biomarkers, 6, 24, 201 Biosynthesis, 36, 125, 201, 219 Biotechnology, 37, 39, 145, 160, 166, 173, 201 Bioterrorism, 14, 202 Bismuth, 51, 64, 113, 202 Bladder, 35, 202, 245, 259 Blastocyst, 202, 209, 243 Blastocystis, 67, 202 Blastocystis hominis, 67, 202 Blood Coagulation, 202, 204, 257 Blood Glucose, 202, 224, 228 Blood pressure, 190, 198, 202, 204, 226, 235, 252 Body Burden, 57, 61, 202 Body Fluids, 51, 52, 66, 201, 202, 214, 252, 259 Bone Marrow, 201, 202, 226, 232 Boron, 86, 87, 101, 103, 119, 132, 202 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 202 Bowel, 162, 197, 202, 203, 213, 227, 228, 230 Bowel Movement, 162, 203, 213 Brachytherapy, 203, 228, 229, 247, 261
Index 265
Bradykinin, 203, 238, 243 Brain Hypoxia, 203 Brain Infarction, 203 Brain Ischemia, 7, 203 Brain Stem, 203, 206 Branch, 187, 203, 215, 241, 246, 253, 255, 257 Breakdown, 203, 205, 213, 220 Broadband, 100, 203 Broad-spectrum, 150, 203 Bronchi, 203, 217, 218, 257, 258 Bronchial, 44, 67, 69, 203, 224, 257 Buccal, 203, 254 Buffers, 108, 203 Bumetanide, 14, 203 Butaclamol, 63, 203 C Cadmium, 9, 14, 203 Cadmium Poisoning, 203 Calcium, 3, 9, 28, 35, 41, 58, 76, 77, 105, 138, 199, 203, 204, 207, 208, 252 Calcium Chloride, 105, 204 Calicivirus, 46, 204, 260 Callus, 80, 204 Campylobacter, 178, 204 Capillary, 6, 203, 204, 260 Capsular, 36, 204 Capsules, 124, 204, 221 Carbohydrate, 204, 222, 244 Carbon Dioxide, 204, 211, 219, 220, 243, 248 Carbon Isotopes, 12, 204 Carboxy, 121, 204 Carboxylic Acids, 131, 204 Carcinogen, 106, 194, 204, 236, 256 Carcinogenic, 13, 26, 35, 76, 195, 201, 204, 213, 228, 239, 245, 254 Carcinoid, 204, 237 Carcinoma, 204, 237 Cardiac, 23, 28, 35, 92, 117, 196, 197, 204, 214, 215, 217, 236, 253 Cardiogenic, 53, 204 Cardiotoxicity, 204, 258 Cardiovascular, 27, 92, 117, 204, 251 Cardiovascular disease, 92, 117, 204 Catecholamine, 204, 213 Catheters, 104, 205, 227, 228 Cathode, 98, 197, 201, 205, 215 Cations, 33, 98, 205, 229 Causal, 205, 216 Cause of Death, 136, 205 Caustic, 87, 156, 205, 252
Caveolae, 17, 205 Caveolins, 205 Cell Death, 33, 125, 199, 205, 237 Cell Degranulation, 16, 47, 205 Cell Differentiation, 205, 251 Cell Division, 200, 205, 233, 235, 243, 245 Cell membrane, 28, 201, 205, 206, 212, 218, 220, 229, 230, 242 Cell Membrane Structures, 205 Cell proliferation, 205, 251 Cellular metabolism, 9, 21, 205 Cellular Structures, 205, 235 Cellulose, 205, 220, 243 Central Nervous System, 193, 201, 205, 206, 220, 222, 223, 235, 237, 239, 251, 257 Central Nervous System Infections, 206, 223 Cerebellar, 15, 28, 206, 258 Cerebellum, 25, 203, 206 Cerebral, 7, 51, 203, 206, 209, 217, 232, 246 Cerebrovascular, 204, 206 Cerebrum, 206 Chemical Warfare, 160, 206, 211 Chemical Warfare Agents, 206, 211 Chemokines, 19, 206 Chemotactic Factors, 206, 209 Chlorates, 106, 206 Chlorhexidine, 162, 167, 206 Chloride Channels, 9, 206 Chlorides, 100, 161, 206 Chlorine Compounds, 34, 37, 86, 110, 122, 156, 159, 160, 206 Chlorofluorocarbons, 107, 206 Chloroform, 12, 206 Chlorophenols, 31, 206 Chlorophyll, 207, 220 Cholera, 33, 36, 161, 207, 260 Cholesterol, 62, 157, 201, 205, 207, 210, 231, 232, 254 Cholesterol Esters, 207, 231 Choroid, 207, 249 Chromatin, 199, 207, 216, 253 Chromosomal, 196, 207 Chronic, 5, 28, 49, 70, 167, 193, 207, 227, 246, 254, 256, 260, 261 Chylomicrons, 207, 231 Ciliary, 10, 199, 207 Ciliary processes, 199, 207 CIS, 12, 18, 25, 207, 249 Citric Acid, 105, 207 Citrus, 207 Clamp, 31, 207
266 Chlorine
Clear cell carcinoma, 207, 212 Clinical Medicine, 207, 245 Clinical trial, 4, 89, 90, 173, 207, 247 Cloning, 202, 207 Coagulation, 88, 145, 202, 207, 243 Coal, 156, 201, 208 Cobalt, 9, 208 Cod Liver Oil, 208, 215 Cofactor, 125, 208, 238, 246, 257 Cohort Studies, 208, 216 Colitis, 16, 17, 208, 227 Collagen, 18, 44, 194, 208, 218, 221, 243, 245 Colloidal, 113, 126, 195, 208, 215, 241, 251, 255 Colloids, 116, 208, 221, 255 Comedo, 122, 208 Complement, 19, 197, 208, 209, 243, 251 Complementary and alternative medicine, 79, 83, 209 Complementary medicine, 79, 209 Complementation, 36, 209 Computational Biology, 173, 209 Conception, 209, 218, 253 Cone, 20, 32, 209, 242, 255 Confusion, 209, 259 Congestion, 16, 47, 82, 199, 209, 211 Conjunctiva, 209, 259 Connective Tissue, 202, 208, 209, 218, 220, 221, 234 Consciousness, 197, 209, 213 Constriction, 209, 229 Consumption, 62, 151, 209, 221, 240 Contamination, 31, 54, 108, 135, 209 Contraindications, ii, 209 Convulsions, 201, 209, 219 Coordination, 206, 210 Copper Sulfate, 129, 210 Cornea, 199, 210 Corneum, 56, 80, 210, 217 Coronary, 204, 210, 234 Coronary heart disease, 204, 210 Coronary Thrombosis, 210, 234 Corpus, 148, 149, 210, 245 Corrosion, 108, 157, 210 Cortex, 25, 210, 216, 245 Cortical, 210, 217 Cortisol, 195, 210 Cranial, 206, 210, 223, 239, 259 Craniocerebral Trauma, 210, 223 Cross-Sectional Studies, 210, 216
Cryptosporidium, 13, 14, 26, 37, 39, 52, 72, 166, 178, 210 Culture Media, 195, 210 Cultured cells, 28, 210 Curative, 210, 257 Cutaneous, 210, 229, 230, 260 Cyclic, 9, 131, 141, 194, 210, 219, 223, 238, 242, 257 Cysteine, 206, 211, 255 Cytokines, 206, 211 Cytoplasm, 199, 200, 205, 211, 216, 222, 256 Cytoskeleton, 17, 211 Cytotoxic, 50, 80, 120, 121, 211, 247, 252 D Dairy Products, 211, 245 Data Collection, 100, 145, 211 Databases, Bibliographic, 173, 211 De novo, 27, 211 Decarboxylation, 211, 224, 236 Decidua, 211, 243 Decongestant, 150, 211 Decontamination, 42, 100, 211 Degenerative, 211, 224 Dehydration, 33, 112, 207, 211 Deletion, 7, 199, 211 Denaturation, 12, 211 Dendrites, 211, 212, 237 Density, 28, 33, 62, 64, 104, 119, 132, 143, 211, 231, 239, 244 Dental Caries, 211, 219 Dental Waste, 212, 233 Dentate Gyrus, 212, 224 Denture Liners, 53, 212 Depolarization, 7, 212, 252 Depressive Disorder, 212, 231 Deprivation, 7, 212 Dermatitis, 72, 99, 212 DES, 7, 197, 212 Desensitization, 17, 212 Detergents, 95, 116, 212 Detoxification, 19, 38, 212 Deuterium, 12, 112, 212, 225 Diabetes Mellitus, 20, 212, 222, 224 Diagnostic procedure, 91, 166, 212 Dialyzer, 212, 224 Diarrhea, 16, 17, 27, 212 Diastolic, 212, 226 Diffusion, 27, 60, 96, 131, 147, 151, 201, 212, 213, 226, 227, 229, 248 Digestion, 201, 202, 213, 228, 231, 254 Digestive system, 90, 213, 236
Index 267
Dihydrotestosterone, 213, 248 Dilatation, 213 Dilution, 151, 213 Dimethyl, 12, 131, 213 Dioxins, 61, 65, 66, 70, 213 Diploid, 209, 213, 243 Direct, iii, 9, 11, 13, 19, 28, 33, 36, 85, 100, 125, 207, 213, 223, 248, 256 Disease Vectors, 213, 228 Disinfectant, 6, 39, 45, 65, 76, 140, 206, 213, 217, 234, 241 Dispenser, 95, 213 Dissociation, 98, 144, 195, 213, 229 Dissociative Disorders, 213 Distal, 213, 214 Diuresis, 213, 257 Diuretic, 196, 203, 204, 213 Diurnal, 10, 213 Dopamine, 28, 198, 213 Dose-dependent, 5, 214 Drip, 104, 214 Drive, ii, vi, 75, 108, 139, 161, 214, 229 Drug Design, 17, 214 Drug Interactions, 214 Duct, 109, 110, 117, 214, 240, 250, 255 Dyes, 93, 130, 162, 200, 214, 219, 223, 238, 255 Dysentery, 214, 251 E Ecosystem, 34, 193, 214 Edema, 214, 236, 238 Effector, 16, 193, 208, 214, 242 Efficacy, 7, 38, 43, 54, 65, 77, 117, 214 Elasticity, 104, 129, 214 Elastin, 208, 214 Elastomers, 102, 214 Elective, 68, 214 Electrocoagulation, 207, 214 Electrode, 115, 147, 197, 205, 214 Electrolysis, 98, 197, 205, 214, 215 Electrolyte, 3, 16, 45, 215, 244, 252 Electrons, 5, 12, 103, 198, 200, 201, 205, 215, 229, 239, 240, 247 Electrophoresis, 6, 8, 215, 226 Electrophysiological, 31, 215 Electroplating, 128, 215, 255 Electroshock, 215, 219 Elementary Particles, 215, 237, 246 Embryo, 202, 205, 215, 227 Emetic, 210, 215 Emollient, 117, 215, 235, 239 Emulsion, 94, 123, 215, 219
Enamel, 211, 215, 230 Encephalitis, 215, 231 Endemic, 14, 33, 57, 207, 215, 232 Endocarditis, 215, 231 Endocrine System, 215, 237 Endocytosis, 205, 216 Endoscope, 63, 216 Endothelium, 149, 216, 238 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 216 Endothelium, Vascular, 216 Endothelium-derived, 149, 216, 238 Endotoxic, 216, 231 Endotoxins, 209, 216 Entorhinal Cortex, 216, 224 Environmental Exposure, 6, 34, 216 Environmental Health, 11, 34, 46, 49, 52, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 76, 161, 172, 174, 178, 216 Environmental Pollutants, 160, 216, 243 Enzymatic, 19, 109, 204, 209, 211, 216, 217, 224, 249 Eosinophils, 205, 216, 222, 231 Epidemic, 14, 216 Epidemiologic Studies, 34, 216 Epidemiological, 18, 36, 216 Epidermal, 50, 59, 216, 230, 233, 261 Epidermal Growth Factor, 50, 216 Epidermis, 210, 216, 217, 230, 245, 247 Epinephrine, 194, 213, 217, 238, 259 Epithelial, 10, 16, 17, 19, 50, 201, 211, 217, 224 Epithelial Cells, 10, 17, 217, 224 Epithelium, 9, 10, 16, 27, 210, 216, 217 Epitopes, 72, 217 Erythrocytes, 197, 202, 217, 224, 248, 249, 251 Esophagus, 213, 217, 248, 254 Esterification, 98, 217 Estrogen, 6, 217 Estrogen receptor, 6, 217 Ethanol, 217, 218 Ether, 114, 146, 217, 259 Eustachian tube, 45, 217 Excimer laser, 11, 217 Excitation, 19, 57, 86, 144, 217 Excitatory, 31, 217, 222, 226 Excitotoxicity, 7, 217 Exhaustion, 197, 217, 232 Exocytosis, 31, 205, 218, 256 Exogenous, 194, 218, 242, 245 Expectorant, 196, 218, 252 Extensor, 218, 246
268 Chlorine
External-beam radiation, 218, 229, 247, 261 Extracellular, 9, 22, 27, 30, 36, 201, 209, 216, 218, 252 Extracellular Matrix, 209, 218 Extraction, 12, 38, 151, 218 Extrapyramidal, 199, 213, 218 Eye Infections, 194, 218 F Family Planning, 173, 218 Fat, 194, 202, 210, 218, 230, 231, 243, 250, 252, 255 Fatigue, 102, 218 Fatty acids, 195, 204, 218, 252 Feces, 218, 231 Fermentation, 145, 218, 250, 252 Fertilizers, 218, 238, 244, 255 Fetoprotein, 218 Fetus, 35, 196, 218, 243, 259 Fibroblasts, 59, 218 Fibrosis, 10, 17, 49, 68, 196, 218 Filtration, 88, 105, 145, 219 Fish Products, 219, 250 Fistulas, 122, 219 Fixation, 219, 251 Flame Retardants, 99, 219 Flatus, 219, 220 Flumazenil, 7, 219 Fluorescence, 6, 11, 13, 21, 30, 54, 219 Fluorescent Dyes, 130, 219 Flurothyl, 7, 219 Fold, 9, 219, 234 Follicles, 121, 219 Food Technology, 219, 234 Forearm, 202, 219 Forskolin, 9, 219 Fossa, 206, 220 Fractionation, 12, 220 Friction, 138, 195, 220 Fructose, 220, 222 Fungi, 135, 218, 220, 222, 234, 235, 253, 261 Fungistatic, 220, 259 Fungus, 150, 220 G Gallbladder, 213, 220 Gallium, 87, 113, 220 Gamma Rays, 220, 247 Ganglia, 193, 199, 203, 220, 237 Gap Junctions, 220, 256 Gas, 5, 8, 11, 12, 16, 18, 30, 31, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 81,
87, 89, 96, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, 130, 132, 133, 137, 138, 140, 144, 145, 149, 151, 196, 199, 204, 206, 212, 219, 220, 225, 236, 238, 248, 251, 255, 260 Gas exchange, 220, 248 Gasoline, 201, 220 Gastric, 217, 220, 224, 225 Gastrin, 220, 225 Gastroenteritis, 203, 220, 250 Gastrointestinal, 162, 200, 203, 204, 217, 221, 232, 251, 254, 259, 260 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 200, 221 Gelatin, 210, 221, 222, 255 Gels, 221, 234 Gene, 6, 10, 20, 21, 34, 36, 39, 72, 160, 194, 202, 221, 229, 243 Gene Expression, 6, 34, 36, 221 Gene Fusion, 36, 221 Generator, 42, 106, 221, 256 Genetics, 15, 27, 221, 235 Genomics, 14, 221 Genotype, 221, 242 Germ Cells, 221, 233, 239, 253, 256 Germanium, 87, 148, 221 Gestation, 221, 243 Giardia, 50, 158, 178, 221 Giardia lamblia, 178, 221 Ginseng, 80, 221 Gland, 9, 14, 20, 21, 118, 221, 233, 240, 242, 245, 250, 254, 255, 257 Glucose, 7, 202, 205, 212, 221, 222, 224, 228, 250 Glucose Intolerance, 212, 222 Glutamate, 7, 31, 217, 222 Glutamic Acid, 222, 224, 245 Glutathione Peroxidase, 222, 251 Glycine, 7, 222, 254 Glycols, 222, 225 Glycoside, 80, 222, 250 Glycosylation, 27, 222 Gonadal, 222, 253 Governing Board, 222, 244 Government Agencies, 178, 222, 244 Graft, 222, 225, 227 Gram-negative, 216, 222, 249, 250, 251, 260 Gram-positive, 222, 231, 245 Granule, 15, 28, 212, 222 Granulocytes, 222, 252, 261 Grasses, 222, 224 Gravis, 63, 222 Greenhouse Effect, 127, 222
Index 269
Guanylate Cyclase, 223, 238 H Haematoma, 223 Haemorrhage, 66, 223 Hair Color, 223 Hair Dyes, 93, 223 Hair follicles, 223, 261 Half-Life, 92, 117, 223 Halitosis, 161, 167, 223 Halogens, 103, 150, 223 Haploid, 223, 243 Haptens, 195, 223 Hazardous Substances, 34, 223 Headache, 16, 223 Headache Disorders, 223 Heart attack, 204, 223 Helminthiasis, 206, 223 Helminths, 223, 227 Heme, 201, 223, 240 Hemodialysis, 45, 212, 224 Hemoglobin, 22, 197, 217, 223, 224 Hemoglobin C, 22, 224 Hemolytic, 33, 224 Hemorrhage, 210, 214, 223, 224, 247, 254 Hepatic, 162, 195, 224 Hepatitis, 39, 57, 77, 88, 178, 224 Hepatocytes, 224 Herbicides, 143, 213, 224 Heredity, 193, 221, 224 Heterogeneity, 16, 33, 195, 224 Heterotrophic, 220, 224 Hippocampus, 25, 212, 224, 254 Histamine, 16, 197, 198, 224, 226 Histidine, 224 Histology, 224, 240 Homeostasis, 77, 224 Homogeneous, 119, 142, 225 Homologous, 36, 225, 236, 251, 256 Hookworms, 225, 256 Hormonal, 9, 121, 225 Hormone, 6, 9, 20, 194, 210, 212, 217, 220, 225, 228, 229, 234, 237, 245, 251, 256, 257 Host, 19, 28, 37, 200, 213, 225, 226, 227, 249, 260 Hybrid, 13, 225 Hybridization, 13, 225, 235 Hydration, 140, 225 Hydrochloric Acid, 158, 206, 225 Hydrofluoric Acid, 225, 252 Hydrogen Peroxide, 9, 62, 128, 144, 149, 162, 222, 225, 231
Hydrolysis, 97, 98, 112, 225, 229, 242, 244, 246 Hydrophilic, 115, 212, 225 Hydrophobic, 115, 212, 225, 231 Hydroxides, 145, 225 Hydroxyl Radical, 21, 225 Hydroxylation, 18, 225 Hydroxylysine, 208, 225 Hydroxyproline, 208, 225 Hydroxyquinolines, 143, 226 Hygienic, 135, 226 Hyperaldosteronism, 43, 226 Hypersensitivity, 196, 212, 226, 236, 251 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 226 Hypertension, 43, 92, 117, 204, 223, 226, 245 Hyperthermia, 30, 226 Hypochlorous Acid, 28, 64, 85, 152, 226 Hypotensive, 10, 226, 237 I Ibotenic Acid, 226, 236 Id, 78, 82, 179, 186, 188, 226 Immune response, 198, 200, 223, 226, 227, 251, 254, 260 Immune system, 16, 178, 200, 226, 227, 232, 242, 259, 261 Immunity, 15, 226 Immunization, 226, 227, 251 Immunodeficiency, 58, 226 Immunodiffusion, 195, 226 Immunoelectrophoresis, 195, 226 Immunogenic, 226, 231 Immunologic, 206, 226, 227, 236, 247 Immunology, 42, 69, 195, 219, 227 Immunosuppressant, 195, 227 Immunotherapy, 212, 227 Impairment, 218, 227, 234, 258 Implant radiation, 227, 228, 229, 247, 261 In situ, 11, 13, 25, 227 In vitro, 7, 10, 11, 15, 23, 227, 257 In vivo, 6, 7, 11, 15, 20, 23, 40, 43, 55, 57, 58, 61, 71, 227, 239 Incineration, 104, 227 Incision, 227, 228 Indicative, 155, 227, 241, 260 Induction, 5, 110, 117, 198, 215, 227 Infarction, 203, 210, 227, 234, 245 Infestation, 106, 223, 227 Infiltration, 120, 227 Inflammatory bowel disease, 16, 27, 227 Infusion, 104, 228 Ingestion, 45, 203, 223, 228, 243
270 Chlorine
Initiation, 21, 59, 228 Inorganic, 6, 21, 86, 93, 98, 99, 109, 119, 130, 134, 150, 158, 206, 225, 228, 236, 238, 242, 255 Inositol, 9, 228 Inotropic, 214, 228 Insecticides, 15, 228, 241 Insight, 30, 179, 228 Insulator, 148, 228 Insulin, 9, 228, 229, 230, 249 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 228 Intermittent, 32, 228 Internal radiation, 228, 229, 247, 261 Interstitial, 203, 228, 229, 261 Intestinal, 3, 10, 16, 17, 27, 36, 202, 204, 210, 221, 228, 232, 245, 251 Intestine, 3, 27, 202, 228, 230 Intoxication, 51, 59, 228, 260 Intracellular, 9, 22, 28, 29, 32, 227, 228, 234, 238, 244, 251 Intraocular, 219, 228 Intraocular pressure, 219, 228 Intravenous, 104, 228 Intrinsic, 21, 32, 129, 195, 228 Invasive, 99, 226, 228, 232 Invertebrates, 20, 213, 229 Involuntary, 229, 236, 248 Iodine, 18, 23, 26, 61, 76, 86, 87, 109, 120, 135, 139, 141, 144, 148, 149, 150, 156, 157, 229, 252 Ion Channels, 229, 256 Ion Transport, 10, 14, 229 Ionization, 7, 229 Ionizing, 12, 196, 216, 229, 233, 247 Ions, 9, 12, 31, 76, 98, 138, 200, 203, 206, 213, 215, 225, 229, 240 Irradiation, 62, 202, 229, 261 Irrigation, 100, 145, 146, 229, 236 Irritants, 4, 16, 19, 214, 229 Ischemia, 7, 27, 203, 229 Islet, 229, 237 Isoflurane, 7, 229 Isopropyl, 92, 116, 119, 229 Isotonic, 20, 229 J Joint, 160, 199, 230 K Kb, 172, 230 Keratectomy, 50, 230 Keratin, 93, 208, 230, 250 Keratinocytes, 59, 230 Ketone Bodies, 230
Ketosis, 162, 230 Kinetic, 12, 19, 21, 30, 87, 88, 229, 230, 240, 242 L Labile, 208, 230 Large Intestine, 213, 228, 230, 248, 252 Laryngeal, 63, 230 Larynx, 71, 230, 254, 258 Latent, 230, 245 Lavage, 54, 230 Laxative, 195, 230, 235 Leishmaniasis, 125, 230 Lens, 4, 30, 41, 199, 204, 231, 261 Lesion, 231 Lethal, 200, 231, 236 Leukemia, 27, 162, 231 Leukocytes, 200, 202, 206, 211, 216, 222, 231 Levo, 231, 257 Library Services, 186, 231 Life cycle, 34, 194, 220, 231 Lindane, 15, 231 Linkages, 224, 231 Lipid, 60, 199, 205, 228, 231, 240 Lipid A, 60, 231 Lipid Peroxidation, 231, 240 Lipophilic, 231, 243 Lipopolysaccharide, 26, 222, 231 Lipoprotein, 28, 62, 64, 222, 231, 232 Listeria monocytogenes, 39, 81, 231 Lithium, 109, 113, 149, 198, 231 Liver, 54, 65, 162, 195, 196, 201, 213, 215, 218, 220, 224, 231, 259, 260 Liver cancer, 196, 231 Liver Neoplasms, 231, 260 Localization, 15, 16, 20, 231 Localized, 10, 14, 203, 211, 219, 223, 227, 232, 243 Locomotion, 232, 243 Loop, 21, 232 Low-density lipoprotein, 231, 232 Lubricants, 107, 232, 241 Luciferase, 40, 232 Lumen, 16, 17, 216, 232 Lymph, 216, 232, 254 Lymphatic, 216, 227, 232, 234 Lymphocyte, 198, 232, 233 Lysine, 28, 83, 224, 225, 232 Lytic, 232, 260 M Macrophage, 28, 232 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 51, 232
Index 271
Malabsorption, 3, 232 Malaria, 125, 232 Malaria, Falciparum, 232 Malaria, Vivax, 232 Malignant, 198, 231, 233, 237, 247 Malnutrition, 195, 233 Mammary, 118, 233 Mandible, 196, 233, 248 Manic, 198, 231, 233 Man-made, 100, 146, 233 Mannans, 220, 233 Mastication, 233, 259 Mastitis, 117, 118, 233 Meat, 80, 233 Mediate, 10, 36, 213, 233 Mediator, 149, 233, 251 Medical Waste, 58, 233 Medical Waste Disposal, 58, 233 MEDLINE, 173, 233 Medullary, 233, 237 Medulloblastoma, 23, 233 Meiosis, 233, 236, 256, 259 Melanin, 122, 233, 259 Melanocytes, 233 Melanoma, 30, 202, 233 Membrane Glycoproteins, 234 Membrane Proteins, 205, 234 Memory, 132, 234 Meningitis, 231, 234 Mental Disorders, 90, 234 Mental Health, iv, 4, 90, 172, 174, 234, 246 Mental Processes, 213, 234, 246 Mercuric Chloride, 6, 234 Mercury, 6, 14, 21, 22, 34, 145, 234 Mesenchymal, 217, 234 Mesenteric, 27, 234 Mesentery, 234 Metabolite, 24, 25, 213, 234, 245 Methionine, 213, 234, 255 Methylene Chloride, 107, 113, 114, 234 MI, 94, 120, 191, 234 Microbe, 151, 234, 258 Microbicide, 150, 234 Microbiological, 40, 97, 111, 145, 235 Microbiology, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 61, 65, 76, 194, 201, 235 Microorganism, 208, 235, 241, 261 Micro-organism, 122, 212, 214, 235 Microscopy, 13, 43, 235 Micturition, 235, 237 Migration, 16, 235 Mineral Oil, 107, 123, 235
Mitosis, 199, 235 Mobility, 131, 235 Modeling, 81, 155, 214, 235 Modification, 10, 235, 247 Molecular Probes, 35, 235 Monitor, 21, 31, 46, 167, 235, 238 Monoclonal, 229, 235, 247, 261 Mononuclear, 9, 235 Morphine, 53, 235, 236, 239 Morphological, 36, 202, 215, 220, 233, 235 Morphology, 34, 119, 235 Motility, 221, 235, 251 Mucins, 236, 250 Mucocutaneous, 230, 236 Mucosa, 10, 150, 151, 221, 236, 254 Mucositis, 236, 257 Mucus, 214, 218, 233, 236, 249 Multivalent, 223, 236 Muscimol, 7, 236 Mustard Gas, 229, 236 Mutagenesis, 36, 236 Mutagenic, 24, 62, 195, 213, 236 Mutagenicity, 76, 236 Mutagens, 236 Myocardium, 234, 236 N Narcotic, 234, 235, 236 Nasal Cavity, 236 Nasal Lavage Fluid, 16, 236 Nasal Mucosa, 150, 236 Nausea, 198, 220, 230, 236, 259 NCI, 1, 90, 171, 207, 236 Necrosis, 199, 203, 227, 234, 237 Need, 3, 95, 97, 112, 139, 144, 145, 161, 167, 178, 179, 180, 194, 237 Neoplasm, 23, 237, 259 Nephrotoxic, 14, 237 Nerve, 16, 19, 23, 194, 197, 211, 233, 237, 239, 244, 254, 258, 259 Nerve Growth Factor, 16, 237 Nervous System, 28, 205, 206, 233, 237, 254, 255, 256 Networks, 28, 237 Neural, 28, 86, 218, 237 Neuroblastoma, 23, 237 Neuroendocrine, 23, 237 Neuroendocrine tumor, 23, 237 Neurokinin A, 18, 237 Neurons, 7, 28, 32, 211, 212, 217, 220, 237, 255, 256 Neurophysiology, 212, 237 Neurotoxic, 15, 24, 28, 35, 226, 236, 237
272 Chlorine
Neurotoxicity, 25, 28, 237 Neutrons, 196, 202, 229, 237, 247 Neutrophil, 16, 237 Nickel, 9, 51, 238 Nitrates, 100, 146, 238 Nitric acid, 238 Nitric Oxide, 30, 55, 149, 238 Nitrogen Dioxide, 30, 88, 238 Nitrogen Oxides, 110, 193, 238 Norepinephrine, 194, 213, 238 Nosocomial, 42, 238 Nuclear, 79, 86, 87, 125, 208, 215, 220, 233, 237, 238 Nuclei, 196, 215, 232, 235, 237, 238, 239, 246 Nucleic acid, 225, 236, 238 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 225, 238 Nucleus, 199, 200, 201, 207, 211, 212, 215, 216, 220, 233, 235, 237, 238, 245, 246, 249, 254 O Occupational Exposure, 34, 44, 238 Ocular, 117, 239, 258 Odour, 199, 239 Ointments, 239, 240, 252 Oncogenic, 24, 239 On-line, 11, 189, 239 Oocytes, 10, 22, 239 Opacity, 211, 239 Opium, 235, 239 Optic Nerve, 239, 249 Oral Health, 239 Oral Hygiene, 162, 223, 239 Organ Culture, 239, 257 Organelles, 211, 233, 239, 249 Organoleptic, 162, 239 Osmosis, 145, 146, 239 Osmotic, 195, 239, 251 Ovum, 211, 221, 231, 239, 245 Oxidants, 28, 56, 86, 239 Oxidation-Reduction, 239, 240 Oxidative Stress, 6, 34, 240 Oxides, 86, 87, 94, 115, 145, 148, 159, 238, 240, 255 Oxygen Consumption, 25, 240, 248 Oxygenase, 25, 240 P Palate, 240, 254 Palladium, 240, 250 Palliative, 240, 257 Pancreas, 201, 213, 228, 229, 240, 259 Panic, 135, 240
Paraffin, 123, 240 Parasite, 125, 202, 240 Parasitic, 125, 198, 202, 214, 221, 223, 225, 227, 240 Paroxetine, 135, 240 Particle, 119, 133, 137, 145, 233, 240, 258 Particle Accelerators, 233, 240 Patch, 31, 241 Pathogen, 34, 38, 54, 241 Pathogenesis, 14, 28, 34, 241 Pathologic, 193, 199, 210, 226, 233, 241, 246, 248 Pathologic Processes, 199, 241 Pathophysiology, 16, 32, 33, 62, 241 Patient Education, 178, 184, 186, 191, 241 Penicillin, 197, 241 Peptide, 18, 131, 230, 241, 244, 246 Peracetic Acid, 99, 241 Perception, 209, 241 Perennial, 76, 241, 258 Perforation, 199, 241 Perfusion, 45, 241, 257 Periodontitis, 162, 241 Peripheral blood, 71, 241 Peroxide, 128, 144, 149, 151, 241 Pest Control, 15, 241 Pesticides, 57, 61, 64, 145, 201, 224, 228, 241 Petechiae, 223, 241 Petrolatum, 215, 241 Petroleum, 220, 235, 240, 241 PH, 29, 44, 45, 241 Phagocyte, 239, 242 Phagocytosis, 57, 242 Pharmacokinetics, 214, 242 Pharmacologic, 7, 16, 197, 223, 242, 257, 258 Phenolphthalein, 215, 242 Phenotype, 10, 209, 242 Phenyl, 88, 124, 135, 138, 242 Phenylacetate, 108, 242 Phosphates, 145, 242 Phosphodiesterase, 148, 149, 242 Phospholipases, 242, 252 Phospholipids, 218, 228, 231, 242 Phosphorus, 42, 76, 80, 86, 109, 115, 203, 210, 242 Phosphorylation, 10, 242 Photocoagulation, 208, 242 Photoreceptor, 31, 242 Physiologic, 16, 30, 36, 195, 201, 223, 230, 242, 248, 258
Index 273
Physiology, 20, 24, 32, 53, 60, 160, 215, 237, 242 Pigment, 20, 137, 201, 233, 242 Pitch, 80, 242 Pituitary Gland, 219, 242 Placenta, 64, 243, 245 Plaque, 72, 162, 206, 243 Plasma, 9, 14, 17, 20, 22, 44, 92, 96, 100, 109, 110, 117, 133, 137, 138, 195, 198, 205, 207, 216, 221, 222, 224, 243, 248, 251, 257 Plasma protein, 195, 216, 243, 251 Plasticity, 224, 243 Platelet Activation, 243, 252 Platelet Aggregation, 197, 219, 238, 243 Platelets, 205, 238, 243, 251 Platinum, 232, 240, 243, 250 Pleated, 230, 243 Poisoning, 41, 42, 47, 48, 52, 55, 203, 204, 210, 220, 228, 234, 236, 243, 250 Policy Making, 222, 243 Polybrominated Biphenyls, 26, 243 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 26, 34, 39, 243 Polyethylene, 102, 244 Polymerase, 21, 244 Polymers, 33, 98, 99, 115, 116, 134, 135, 155, 201, 244, 246, 254 Polypeptide, 208, 216, 225, 244, 261 Polysaccharide, 36, 198, 205, 244 Port, 95, 96, 244 Port-a-cath, 244 Posterior, 197, 206, 207, 240, 244 Postsynaptic, 244, 252, 255, 256 Post-synaptic, 32, 244 Potassium, 14, 21, 42, 43, 49, 51, 54, 76, 87, 105, 108, 113, 120, 144, 149, 244, 252 Potassium Chloride, 105, 144, 149, 244 Potassium hydroxide, 105, 244 Potentiate, 7, 244 Potentiating, 17, 244 Potentiation, 7, 17, 65, 244, 252 Practice Guidelines, 174, 244 Precipitation, 145, 244 Preclinical, 32, 245 Precursor, 106, 112, 130, 133, 143, 213, 214, 216, 238, 245, 259 Predisposition, 26, 245 Presynaptic, 245, 255, 256 Prevalence, 26, 57, 245 Prickle, 230, 245 Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 233, 245
Prodrug, 245 Progesterone, 245, 253 Progression, 197, 245 Progressive, 205, 223, 237, 243, 245, 259 Proline, 18, 208, 225, 245 Promoter, 141, 245 Prophase, 236, 239, 245, 256, 259 Prophylaxis, 92, 116, 121, 245 Propionibacterium, 122, 208, 245 Propionibacterium acnes, 122, 208, 245 Propranolol, 245, 257 Prostate, 201, 245, 259 Protein Binding, 25, 245, 257 Protein C, 11, 195, 199, 200, 230, 231, 246, 259 Protein S, 12, 160, 202, 246 Protein Subunits, 12, 246 Proteolytic, 208, 246 Protons, 29, 105, 196, 225, 229, 240, 246, 247 Protozoa, 178, 202, 214, 221, 230, 235, 246, 253, 259 Psoriasis, 4, 179, 236, 246 Psychic, 246 Psychology, 32, 213, 246 Psychomotor, 32, 246 Puberty, 121, 246 Public Health, 8, 23, 30, 32, 34, 42, 70, 160, 161, 174, 246 Public Policy, 173, 246 Publishing, 37, 161, 162, 167, 246 Pulmonary, 5, 49, 52, 53, 55, 61, 66, 67, 70, 195, 202, 206, 209, 246, 255, 260 Pulmonary Artery, 202, 246, 260 Pulmonary Edema, 53, 206, 246 Pulse, 190, 235, 247 Purifying, 109, 110, 126, 152, 212, 247 Purpura, 223, 247 Purulent, 193, 247 Pustular, 122, 193, 247 Q Quality of Life, 20, 247 R Race, 92, 116, 235, 247 Radiation, 20, 68, 71, 100, 104, 110, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 226, 228, 229, 233, 247, 261 Radiation therapy, 20, 218, 220, 228, 229, 247, 261 Radioactive, 202, 211, 223, 225, 227, 228, 229, 233, 235, 238, 239, 247, 252, 261 Radioimmunotherapy, 247
274 Chlorine
Radioisotope, 22, 247, 258 Radiolabeled, 25, 229, 247, 261 Radiopharmaceutical, 23, 221, 247 Radiotherapy, 45, 203, 229, 247, 261 Randomized, 86, 214, 247 Reaction Time, 131, 248 Reactivation, 248, 255 Reagent, 54, 108, 120, 124, 132, 141, 206, 225, 232, 248 Receptor, 7, 9, 15, 16, 126, 194, 198, 209, 213, 219, 242, 248, 251 Recombinant, 42, 248, 260 Reconstitution, 11, 248 Rectal, 9, 14, 21, 248 Rectum, 199, 203, 213, 219, 220, 227, 230, 245, 248, 255 Red blood cells, 217, 224, 240, 248, 250, 252 Reductase, 124, 125, 248 Refer, 1, 112, 203, 208, 219, 220, 231, 232, 237, 238, 247, 248 Reflex, 16, 237, 248 Reflux, 151, 248 Refraction, 248, 253 Regeneration, 248 Regimen, 214, 248 Relaxant, 219, 248 Reliability, 103, 139, 167, 248 Renal Dialysis, 52, 248 Resorption, 20, 248 Respiration, 61, 204, 235, 248 Respiratory failure, 71, 248 Respiratory Physiology, 46, 47, 50, 55, 63, 67, 248, 255 Restitution, 17, 248 Restoration, 248, 249 Reticulocytes, 33, 249 Retina, 32, 207, 231, 239, 249, 261 Retinal, 209, 239, 249, 261 Rheology, 117, 249 Rheumatoid, 239, 249 Rhinitis, 49, 249 Rhinorrhea, 16, 249 Ribose, 194, 249 Rickettsia, 150, 249 Rigidity, 243, 249 Risk factor, 5, 178, 216, 249 Robotics, 8, 249 Rod, 20, 32, 200, 207, 231, 242, 245, 249, 250, 251 Rodenticides, 241, 249 Rotator, 107, 249
Rubber, 102, 129, 193, 214, 249 Ruthenium, 147, 250 Ryanodine, 28, 250 S Salicylate, 108, 250 Saliva, 20, 68, 212, 250 Salivary, 20, 62, 213, 250, 254 Salivary glands, 20, 213, 250 Salmonella, 38, 42, 54, 68, 80, 178, 221, 250 Sanitation, 112, 250 Saponins, 250, 254 Scabicide, 231, 250 Schizophrenia, 203, 250 Scleroproteins, 230, 250 Screening, 207, 250 Seafood, 64, 250 Sebaceous, 121, 229, 250, 261 Sebaceous gland, 121, 229, 250, 261 Sebum, 193, 208, 250 Secretion, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 20, 27, 193, 217, 224, 228, 236, 250 Secretory, 16, 17, 27, 205, 250, 255, 256 Secretory Vesicles, 205, 250 Sedative, 219, 250 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 200, 250 Sediment, 29, 31, 38, 251 Selenium, 5, 251 Sensibility, 197, 251 Sensitization, 30, 251 Sensor, 4, 115, 251 Sequencing, 15, 35, 251 Serotonin, 198, 240, 251, 259 Serous, 216, 251 Serum, 52, 79, 195, 197, 208, 230, 232, 248, 251 Serum Albumin, 79, 251 Sex Characteristics, 246, 251, 256 Shigella, 14, 178, 251 Shock, 215, 251, 258 Side effect, 194, 199, 229, 251, 258 Signal Transduction, 9, 19, 205, 228, 251 Silage, 231, 252 Silicon, 87, 96, 101, 103, 130, 131, 133, 137, 138, 143, 147, 148, 152, 252 Silicon Dioxide, 103, 137, 138, 148, 252 Skeletal, 28, 207, 252 Skeleton, 193, 230, 252 Sleep apnea, 252, 254 Sludge, 126, 252 Small intestine, 207, 225, 228, 252 Smooth muscle, 148, 149, 196, 197, 219, 224, 226, 235, 237, 252, 254
Index 275
Soaps, 252, 259 Social Environment, 247, 252 Sodium Bicarbonate, 63, 71, 77, 108, 113, 252 Sodium Iodide, 150, 252 Soft tissue, 72, 77, 81, 202, 212, 245, 252 Solvent, 12, 13, 32, 107, 123, 131, 141, 142, 143, 201, 206, 217, 234, 239, 252, 256, 258 Specialist, 180, 253 Specificity, 195, 253, 257 Spectrometer, 12, 253 Spectrum, 25, 150, 253 Spermatogenesis, 6, 253 Spermatozoa, 253 Sphincter, 230, 253 Spinal cord, 203, 206, 207, 237, 248, 253 Spinous, 217, 230, 253 Spirometry, 44, 51, 69, 253 Spores, 38, 39, 46, 253 Spotting, 95, 253 Sputum, 5, 18, 253 Stagnation, 122, 253 Standardize, 16, 253 Steel, 207, 253, 259, 260 Sterility, 99, 253 Sterilization, 45, 115, 140, 152, 253 Steroid, 6, 66, 123, 210, 250, 253 Stimulant, 224, 254 Stimulus, 214, 217, 229, 248, 254, 257 Stomach, 213, 217, 220, 221, 225, 230, 236, 248, 252, 254 Stomatitis, 72, 254 Strand, 244, 254 Stress, 179, 205, 210, 215, 221, 236, 240, 245, 249, 254 Stridor, 63, 254 Stroke, 7, 90, 172, 204, 254 Strychnine, 7, 254 Styrene, 94, 104, 249, 254 Subacute, 227, 254 Subarachnoid, 223, 254 Subclinical, 227, 254 Subiculum, 224, 254 Submaxillary, 217, 254 Subspecies, 253, 254 Substance P, 202, 234, 248, 250, 254 Substrate, 19, 25, 27, 30, 96, 100, 103, 111, 130, 132, 138, 143, 146, 147, 148, 254 Substrate Specificity, 19, 254 Subungual, 4, 254 Suction, 219, 255 Sulfates, 145, 255
Sulfhydryl Reagents, 22, 255 Sulfur, 30, 66, 71, 77, 80, 101, 115, 138, 159, 160, 193, 234, 255 Sulfur Compounds, 160, 255 Sulfur Dioxide, 30, 101, 159, 255 Sulfur Hexafluoride, 101, 255 Sulfur Oxides, 193, 255 Sulfuric acid, 128, 129, 255 Suppositories, 221, 234, 255 Suppression, 6, 255 Surfactant, 95, 107, 123, 255 Suspensions, 115, 255 Sweat, 122, 255 Sweat Glands, 255 Sympathomimetic, 194, 213, 217, 238, 255 Symptomatology, 69, 255 Synapses, 31, 255, 256 Synapsis, 256 Synaptic, 32, 252, 255, 256 Synaptic Transmission, 32, 256 Synaptic Vesicles, 255, 256 Synchrotron, 21, 256 Synergistic, 121, 256 Systemic, 6, 20, 92, 116, 117, 179, 202, 203, 217, 227, 229, 247, 252, 254, 256, 261 Systemic disease, 20, 256 Systolic, 226, 256 T Taurine, 22, 69, 108, 256 Tear Gases, 229, 256 Temporal, 223, 224, 256 Teratogenic, 195, 213, 256 Testis, 6, 256 Testosterone, 248, 256 Tetrachloroethylene, 107, 256 Theophylline, 26, 148, 257 Therapeutics, 15, 257 Thermal, 12, 30, 57, 118, 130, 132, 199, 202, 213, 237, 257 Threshold, 27, 29, 103, 226, 257 Thrombin, 243, 246, 257 Thrombomodulin, 246, 257 Thrombosis, 55, 246, 254, 257 Thymidine, 23, 125, 257 Thyroid, 14, 26, 60, 76, 229, 237, 252, 257, 259 Thyroid Gland, 76, 257 Thyroid Hormones, 257, 259 Thyroiditis, 26, 257 Thyroxine, 195, 257 Ticks, 227, 257 Timolol, 10, 257
276 Chlorine
Tin, 113, 243, 257 Tissue Culture, 15, 257 Tissue Distribution, 70, 257 Tonicity, 230, 257 Tonometer, 50, 258 Tooth Preparation, 194, 258 Topical, 123, 162, 179, 200, 206, 217, 225, 226, 234, 240, 241, 252, 258 Toxicity, 6, 8, 11, 15, 25, 28, 44, 47, 55, 67, 76, 156, 157, 204, 214, 234, 258, 260 Toxicology, 9, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 63, 64, 70, 71, 159, 174, 258 Toxins, 14, 118, 198, 202, 215, 216, 227, 247, 258 Trace element, 202, 208, 219, 238, 252, 257, 258 Tracer, 255, 258 Trachea, 203, 218, 230, 254, 257, 258 Traction, 207, 258 Transduction, 9, 20, 251, 258 Transfection, 11, 202, 258 Transferases, 222, 258 Translocation, 9, 258 Transmitter, 28, 193, 213, 229, 233, 238, 255, 256, 258 Trauma, 4, 118, 237, 258 Trees, 76, 249, 258 Tremor, 257, 258 Trichloroethylene, 12, 25, 107, 258 Triclosan, 162, 259 Trigeminal, 16, 259 Trihalomethanes, 13, 26, 259 Trypanosomiasis, 125, 259 Tryptophan, 208, 251, 259 Tuberculosis, 209, 259 Tumor marker, 201, 259 Tumour, 125, 199, 259 Tungsten, 96, 101, 131, 133, 143, 205, 259 Tyrosine, 213, 259 U Unconscious, 197, 226, 259 Univalent, 225, 240, 259 Urea, 255, 259 Uremia, 162, 259 Urethra, 245, 259 Urinary, 14, 259 Urine, 125, 202, 213, 217, 230, 235, 259 Uterus, 210, 211, 245, 259, 260
V Vaccine, 15, 259 Vagina, 212, 253, 260 Vanadium, 8, 34, 260 Vascular, 29, 149, 196, 207, 216, 223, 226, 227, 238, 243, 257, 260 Vasoactive, 149, 260 Vasodilator, 203, 214, 224, 260 Vector, 223, 258, 260 Vein, 228, 238, 260 Venous, 203, 246, 260 Ventricle, 224, 246, 247, 256, 260 Venules, 202, 204, 216, 260 Vesicular, 31, 204, 260 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, 204, 260 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, 204, 260 Veterinary Medicine, 173, 260 Vibrio, 39, 72, 207, 260 Vibrio cholerae, 39, 72, 207, 260 Vinyl Chloride, 12, 24, 25, 35, 94, 104, 260 Viral, 136, 215, 239, 258, 260, 261 Virulence, 200, 258, 260 Virulent, 72, 260 Virus, 39, 58, 77, 88, 150, 178, 200, 206, 243, 258, 260 Visceral, 230, 260 Viscosity, 107, 137, 139, 249, 260 Vitamin A, 228, 261 Vitreoretinal, 255, 261 Vitreous Body, 249, 261 Vitro, 23, 42, 261 Vivo, 40, 261 Vomica, 254, 261 Vulgaris, 121, 261 W Warts, 4, 261 Waste Management, 11, 261 White blood cell, 198, 231, 232, 236, 237, 261 Windpipe, 257, 261 X Xenograft, 30, 197, 261 X-ray, 4, 21, 54, 66, 71, 76, 80, 88, 205, 219, 220, 229, 233, 238, 247, 261 X-ray therapy, 229, 261 Y Yeasts, 220, 242, 261 Z Zymogen, 246, 261
Index 277
278 Chlorine
Index 279
280 Chlorine
