CHONDROMALACIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chondromalacia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00241-8 1. Chondromalacia-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chondromalacia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHONDROMALACIA ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Chondromalacia ............................................................................ 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHONDROMALACIA ....................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chondromalacia ........................................................................... 29 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 30 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHONDROMALACIA ................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 35 General References ....................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHONDROMALACIA ................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Chapters on Chondromalacia ....................................................................................................... 37 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 41 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 43 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 45 The Genome Project and Chondromalacia ................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 49 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 55 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 55 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 61 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 62 CHONDROMALACIA DICTIONARY ....................................................................................... 63 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 77
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chondromalacia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chondromalacia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chondromalacia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chondromalacia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chondromalacia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chondromalacia. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHONDROMALACIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chondromalacia.
Federally Funded Research on Chondromalacia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chondromalacia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chondromalacia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chondromalacia.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chondromalacia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chondromalacia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
"Chondromalacia patellae": patellar malalignment syndrome. Author(s): Insall J. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1979 January; 10(1): 117-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=582201
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A correlative study between prevalence of chondromalacia patellae and sports injury in 4068 students. Author(s): Zhang H, Kong XQ, Cheng C, Liang MH. Source: Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Chung-Hua Ch'uang Shang Tsa Chih / Chinese Medical Association. 2003 December; 6(6): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642059
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A new brace for chondromalacia patella and kindred conditions. Author(s): Levine J. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1978 May-June; 6(3): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=655334
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A study of the arterial supply of the patella in the normal state, in chondromalacia patellae and in osteoarthrosis. Author(s): Bjorkstrom S, Goldie IF. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1980 February; 51(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7376847
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Acid hydrolases in the articular cartilage of the patella. Normal, chondromalacia patellae and osteoarthritis. Author(s): Shoji H, Granda JL. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1974 March-April; 99: 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4825716
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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An electron microscopic study of early pathology in chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Oni OO. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1989 June; 71(5): 7889. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2732274
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An electron microscopic study of early pathology in chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Ohno O, Naito J, Iguchi T, Ishikawa H, Hirohata K, Cooke TD. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1988 July; 70(6): 88399. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3392087
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An ultrastructural study of chondromalacia fabellae. Author(s): Zimny ML, Redler I. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1972 January-February; 82: 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5011036
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An ultrastructural study of patellar chondromalacia in humans. Author(s): Zimny ML, Redler I. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1969 September; 51(6): 1179-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4241009
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Anterior displacement of the tibial tuberosity in chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Lund F, Nilsson BE. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1980 August; 51(4): 679-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7446059
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Anterior displacement of the tibial tuberosity in the treatment of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Sudmann E, Salkowitsch B. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1980 February; 51(1): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7376838
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Arthroscopic and histologic evidence of chondromalacia in the temporomandibular joint. Author(s): Quinn JH. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990 September; 70(3): 387-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2216374
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Arthroscopic cartilage debridement by excimer laser in chondromalacia of the knee joint. A prospective randomized clinical study. Author(s): Raunest J, Lohnert J. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1990; 109(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2189483
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Arthroscopic management of temporomandibular joint disc perforations and associated advanced chondromalacia by discoplasty and abrasion arthroplasty: a supplemental report. Author(s): Quinn JH, Stover JD. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1998 November; 56(11): 1237-9; Discussion 1239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9820209
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Arthroscopic management of temporomandibular joint disc perforations and associated advanced chondromalacia by discoplasty and abrasion arthroplasty: preliminary results. Author(s): Quinn JH. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1994 August; 52(8): 800-6; Discussion 806-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8040731
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Arthroscopic measurement of chondromalacia of patella cartilage using a microminiature pressure transducer. Author(s): Dashefsky JH. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1987; 3(2): 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3606770
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Arthroscopic treatment of posttraumatic chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Zorman D, Prezerowitz L, Pasteels JL, Burny F. Source: Orthopedics. 1990 May; 13(5): 585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2352907
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Arthroscopy in the diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Leslie IJ, Bentley G. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1978 December; 37(6): 540-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=749700
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Articular cartilage changes in chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Bentley G. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1985 November; 67(5): 769-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4055879
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Biomechanical investigations on chondromalacia of the knee after meniscal flap lesion and partial meniscal resection: an experimental model. Author(s): Grifka JK, Kalteis T, Broll-Zeitvogel E, Philippou S, Plitz W. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2000 May; 18(3): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10937625
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Cartilage degeneration in the human patellae and its relationship to the mineralisation of the underlying bone: a key to the understanding of chondromalacia patellae and femoropatellar arthrosis? Author(s): Eckstein F, Putz R, Muller-Gerbl M, Steinlechner M, Benedetto KP. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 1993; 15(4): 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8128335
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Changes in patellofemoral compressive force after anterior or anteromedial displacement of tibial tuberosity for chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Koshino T. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1991 May; (266): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2019042
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Chondromalacia and chronic anterior instabilities of the knee. Author(s): Conteduca F, Ferretti A, Mariani PP, Puddu G, Perugia L. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991 March-April; 19(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2039062
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Chondromalacia and recurrent subluxation of the patella: a study of malalignment, with some indications for radiography. Author(s): Aglietti P, Cerulli G. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1979 August; 5(2): 187-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548512
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Chondromalacia and the unstable patella. Author(s): Dandy DJ, Poirier H. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1975 September; 46(4): 695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1180030
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Chondromalacia as a separate entity: new perspectives on osteoarthrosis. Author(s): Radin EL. Source: Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1979; 40: 84-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=554706
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Chondromalacia in runners. Author(s): Sheehan GA. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1972 June; 69(6): 527-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4503878
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Chondromalacia of the fabella: a case report. Author(s): Legendre P, Fowles JV, Godin C. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 March; 29(2): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3955458
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Chondromalacia of the knee: evaluation with a fat-suppression three-dimensional SPGR imaging after intravenous contrast injection. Author(s): Suh JS, Cho JH, Shin KH, Kim SJ. Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 1996 November-December; 6(6): 884-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8956133
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Chondromalacia of the patella in Chinese. A postmortem study. Author(s): Marar BC, Orth MC, Pillay VK. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1975 April; 57(3): 3425. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1123388
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Chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Andrish J, Komisarz J. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1984 MayJune; 3(3): 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6563501
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Chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Radin EL. Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 1984; 34(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743883
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Chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Casscells SW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1982; 2(5): 560-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7161392
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Chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Beasley AW. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1975 November; 45(4): 40911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1061563
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Chondromalacia of the patella. A follow-up study of 25 cases treated with chondrectomy. Author(s): Wilppula E, Vahvanen V. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1971; 42(6): 521-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5144202
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Chondromalacia of the patella. Bone imaging correlated with arthroscopic findings. Author(s): Kohn HS, Guten GN, Collier BD, Veluvolu P, Whalen JP. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1988 February; 13(2): 96-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3349723
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Chondromalacia of the patella. Incidence, macroscopical and radiographical findings at autopsy. Author(s): Stougard J. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1975 November; 46(5): 809-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1199720
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Chondromalacia of the patella. Natural progression. Author(s): Verni E, Prete GD, Beluzzi R, Prosperi L, Martucci E, Fedele L. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 1997 October-December; 82(4): 401-7. Review. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9618978
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Chondromalacia of the patella. Physical signs in relation to operative findings. Author(s): Stougard J. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1975 September; 46(4): 685-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1180029
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Chondromalacia of the patella: an unusual presentation. Author(s): Raman D. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1981 February 1; 20(1): 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7221395
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Chondromalacia of the trochlear notch in athletes who throw. Author(s): Robla J, Hechtman KS, Uribe JW, Phillipon MS. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1996 January-February; 5(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8919445
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Chondromalacia patella. Author(s): Bosch JJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1999 May-June; 13(3 Pt 1): 144; Quiz 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10531909
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Chondromalacia patella. Author(s): Powell MA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 1992 April-June; 4(2): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1605999
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Chondromalacia patella. Author(s): Komisarz JM. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1984 MayJune; 3(3): 24-5, 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6563500
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Chondromalacia patella. Author(s): Kelly L Jr. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1974 April; 71(4): 319-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4524480
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Chondromalacia patellae and the painful knee. Author(s): Dehaven KE, Dolan WA, Mayer PJ. Source: American Family Physician. 1980 January; 21(1): 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7350732
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Chondromalacia patellae in athletes. Clinical presentation and conservative management. Author(s): Dehaven KE, Dolan WA, Mayer PJ. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1979 January-February; 7(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=420389
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Hodler J, Resnick D. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1992 January; 158(1): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1727334
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Villar RN. Source: Lancet. 1985 April 6; 1(8432): 813. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2858682
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Wilson K. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 April 25; 282(6273): 1400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6786521
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Johnson PH. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1979 August; 76(3): 142-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=160906
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Sheehan G. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 April 28; 2(5860): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4700025
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Darracott J, Vernon-Roberts B. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 February 24; 1(5851): 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4689867
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Fowler AW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 May 27; 2(812): 528. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5031224
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Bentley G. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1970 March; 52(2): 221-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5439999
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Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Erdogan M. Source: N S Med Bull. 1969 October; 48(5): 140-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5259713
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Chondromalacia Patellae. A prospective study. Author(s): Insall J, Falvo KA, Wise DW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1976 January; 58(1): 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1249094
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Chondromalacia patellae. A survey conducted at the Army Medical Rehabilitation Unit, Chester. Author(s): Robinson AR, Darracott J. Source: Ann Phys Med. 1970 May; 10(6): 286-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5427406
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Chondromalacia patellae. Early results of a conservative operation. Author(s): Crooks LM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1967 August; 49(3): 495501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6037564
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Chondromalacia patellae. Histologic and biochemical aspects. Author(s): Shoji H, Sakai S, Granda JL. Source: N Y State J Med. 1974 March; 74(3): 507-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4594913
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Chondromalacia patellae. Results of operative treatment. Author(s): Vuorinen OP, Paakkala T, Tunturi T, Harkonen M, Salo K, Tervo T. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1985; 104(3): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4062519
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Chondromalacia patellae. The relation to abnormal patellofemoral joint mechanics. Author(s): Hvid I, Andersen LI, Schmidt H. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1981 December; 52(6): 661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7331806
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Chondromalacia patellae: a radiographic study of the femoropatellar joint. Author(s): Perrild C, Hejgaard N, Rosenklint A. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1982 February; 53(1): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7064672
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Chondromalacia patellae: a system of classification. Author(s): Ficat RP, Philippe J, Hungerford DS. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1979 October; (144): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=535251
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Chondromalacia patellae: an in vitro study. Comparison of MR criteria with histologic and macroscopic findings. Author(s): van Leersum M, Schweitzer ME, Gannon F, Finkel G, Vinitski S, Mitchell DG. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1996 November; 25(8): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8958618
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Chondromalacia patellae: assessment with MR imaging. Author(s): Yulish BS, Montanez J, Goodfellow DB, Bryan PJ, Mulopulos GP, Modic MT. Source: Radiology. 1987 September; 164(3): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3615877
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Chondromalacia patellae: diagnosis with MR imaging. Author(s): McCauley TR, Kier R, Lynch KJ, Jokl P. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1992 January; 158(1): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1727333
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Chondromalacia patellae: fat-suppressed MR imaging. Author(s): Rose PM, Demlow TA, Szumowski J, Quinn SF. Source: Radiology. 1994 November; 193(2): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7972759
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Chondromalacia patellae--a service problem. Author(s): Fulford PC. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1965 Summer; 51(2): 112-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5825859
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Chondromalacia patellae--just another enthesopathy. Author(s): Sullivan JD. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 September; 29(5): 301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3756647
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Clinical significance of condylar chondromalacia after arthroscopic resection of flaptears of the medial meniscus. A prospective study of 93 cases. Author(s): Aune AK, Madsen JE, Moen H. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1995; 114(4): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7662473
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Clinical tests for chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Livingstone BN. Source: Lancet. 1982 July 24; 2(8291): 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6123902
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Collagen crosslinks in chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Vaatainen U, Kiviranta I, Jaroma H, Arokosi J, Tammi M, Kovanen V. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998 February; 19(2): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9562224
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Comparison of axial T1 spin-echo and T1 fat-saturation magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Vanarthos WJ, Pope TL Jr, Monu JU. Source: Orthop Rev. 1994 December; 23(12): 942-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7885725
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Complications and treatment of bilateral patellectomy for chondromalacia in an adolescent girl: a case report. Author(s): Lanier BE. Source: Int Surg. 1980 September-October; 65(5): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6893831
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Contact pressures in chondromalacia patellae and the effects of capsular reconstructive procedures. Author(s): Huberti HH, Hayes WC. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 1988; 6(4): 499-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3379503
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Content and synthesis of nucleic acids in the cartilage in chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Lund F, Telhag H. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1978 December; 49(6): 535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=735779
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Coronal patellar osteotomy: preliminary report of its use in chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Deliss L. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977 April; 70(4): 257-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=866329
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Current concepts of etiology and treatment of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Bentley G, Dowd G. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1984 October; (189): 209-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6383677
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Cystic chondromalacia (endochondral pseudocyst) of the auricle. Author(s): Heffner DK, Hyams VJ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1986 August; 110(8): 740-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3755327
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Cystic chondromalacia of the ear. Author(s): Nelson BL, Thompson LD. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 February; 82(2): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12619465
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Decreased torque and electromyographic activity in the extensor thigh muscles in chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Vaatainen U, Airaksinen O, Jaroma H, Kiviranta I. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 January; 16(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7713630
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Detection and staging of chondromalacia patellae: relative efficacies of conventional MR imaging, MR arthrography, and CT arthrography. Author(s): Gagliardi JA, Chung EM, Chandnani VP, Kesling KL, Christensen KP, Null RN, Radvany MG, Hansen MF. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1994 September; 163(3): 629-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8079858
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Diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae using CT arthrography. Author(s): Reiser M, Karpf PM, Bernett P. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1982 August; 2(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7128599
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Diagnostic arthroscopy and longitudinal open lateral release: a safe and effective treatment for "chondromalacia patella". Author(s): Dzioba RB, Strokon A, Mulbry L. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1985; 1(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4091918
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Disorders of the knee: genu valgum and chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Meloche AT. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1987 MayJune; 6(3): 41-5, 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3647342
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Dynamics of muscle strength improvement during isokinetic rehabilitation of athletes with ACL rupture and chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Desnica Bakrac N. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2003 March; 43(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629465
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Effect of aspirin treatment on chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Bentley G, Leslie IJ, Fischer D. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1981 February; 40(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7008711
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Effect of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate on chondromalacia patellae. A placebocontrolled 1-year study. Author(s): Raatikainen T, Vaananen K, Tamelander G. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1990 October; 61(5): 443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2239170
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Effect of lateral release on patellar motion in chondromalacia. An MRI study of 11 knees. Author(s): Koskinen SK, Hurme M, Kujala UM, Kormano M. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1990 August; 61(4): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2402979
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Evaluation of chondromalacia of the patella with axial inversion recovery-fast spinecho imaging. Author(s): Lee SH, Suh JS, Cho J, Kim SJ, Kim SJ. Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2001 March; 13(3): 412-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11241815
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Evaluation of chondromalacia of the patellofemoral compartment with axial magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Brown TR, Quinn SF. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1993; 22(5): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8372360
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Evaluation of grades 3 and 4 chondromalacia of the knee using T2*-weighted 3D gradient-echo articular cartilage imaging. Author(s): Murphy BJ. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2001 June; 30(6): 305-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465769
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Fat-suppressed three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo imaging: a modified FS 3D SPGR technique for assessment of patellofemoral joint chondromalacia. Author(s): Wang SF, Cheng HC, Chang CY. Source: Clinical Imaging. 1999 May-June; 23(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10506912
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Fine-needle aspiration of idiopathic cystic chondromalacia (pseudocyst of the auricle): report of two cases. Author(s): Schmitt F, Tani E. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2000 September; 23(3): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945913
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Hardness of the subchondral bone of the patella in the normal state, in chondromalacia, and in osteoarthrosis. Author(s): Bjorkstrom S, Goldie IF. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1982 June; 53(3): 451-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7090768
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Histological comparison of patellar cartilage degeneration between chondromalacia in youth and osteoarthritis in aging. Author(s): Mori Y, Kubo M, Okumo H, Kuroki Y. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1995; 3(3): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8821273
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Historical perspectives of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Kelly MA, Insall JN. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1992 October; 23(4): 517-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1408036
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Images. Patellofemoral pain syndrome (chondromalacia patellae) and mild acute mountain sickness. Author(s): Freer L. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2000 Spring; 11(1): 29-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731905
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Incidence of chondromalacia of patella following meniscectomy of knee joint. Author(s): Worrell RV. Source: N Y State J Med. 1973 April 1; 73(7): 860-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4511854
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Increased serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein levels and decreased patellar bone mineral density in patients with chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Murphy E, FitzGerald O, Saxne T, Bresnihan B. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 November; 61(11): 981-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12379520
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Intramedullary pressure of the patella in Chondromalacia. Author(s): Bjorkstrom S, Goldie IF, Wetterqvist H. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1980; 97(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7458603
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Is chondromalacia patellae a separate clinical entity? Author(s): Abernethy PJ, Townsend PR, Rose RM, Radin EL. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1978 May; 60-B(2): 20510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=659466
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Is Hauser a harmless procedure? A biomechanical study of the patellofemoral joint, related to the development of secondary chondromalacia. Author(s): Thygesen JE, Hejgaard N, Tarnhoj J. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1982 May-June; 48(3): 481-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6751019
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Joint hypermobility in patients with chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): al-Rawi Z, Nessan AH. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 December; 36(12): 1324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448595
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Lateral release for chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Osborne AH, Fulford PC. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1982; 64(2): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7068741
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Lateral release in chondromalacia patellae using clinical, radiologic, electromyographic, and muscle force testing evaluation. Author(s): Vaatainen U, Kiviranta I, Jaroma H, Airaksinen O. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1994 October; 75(10): 1127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7944919
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Longstanding bilateral cystic chondromalacia of the ear. Author(s): Derrick EK, Darley CR. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 March; 20(2): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565263
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Long-term results for the McKeever patellar resurfacing prosthesis used as a salvage procedure for severe chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Harrington KD. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1992 June; (279): 201-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1600657
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Low level laser treatment of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Rogvi-Hansen B, Ellitsgaard N, Funch M, Dall-Jensen M, Prieske J. Source: International Orthopaedics. 1991; 15(4): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1809720
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Maquet osteotomy for chondromalacia patellae: avoiding the pitfalls. Author(s): Hadjipavlou A, Helmy H, Dubravcik P, Heller L, Kerner M. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1982 May; 25(3): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7044507
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Markers of cartilage and synovial metabolism in joint fluid and serum of patients with chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Vaatainen U, Lohmander LS, Thonar E, Hongisto T, Agren U, Ronkko S, Jaroma H, Kosma VM, Tammi M, Kiviranta I. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 1998 March; 6(2): 115-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692066
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Meniscectomy and chondromalacia of the femoral condyle. Author(s): Dandy DJ, Jackson RW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1975 December; 57(8): 1116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1201999
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MR arthrography in chondromalacia patellae diagnosis on a low-field open magnet system. Author(s): Harman M, Ipeksoy U, Dogan A, Arslan H, Etlik O. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2003 May-June; 27(3): 194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727059
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Noninvasive acceleration measurements to characterize knee arthritis and chondromalacia. Author(s): Reddy NP, Rothschild BM, Mandal M, Gupta V, Suryanarayanan S. Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 1995 January-February; 23(1): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7762885
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Osteotomy of the patella in chondromalacia. Preliminary report. Author(s): Morscher E. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1978 August 30; 92(2-3): 139-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=718395
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Outcome and clinical signs of arthroscopically graded patellar chondromalacia with or without lateral release. Author(s): Korkala OL, Isotalo TM, Lavonius MI, Niskanen RO. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1995; 84(3): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8702201
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Partial chondrectomy and subchondral bone drilling for chondromalacia. Author(s): Childers JC Jr, Ellwood SC. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1979 October; (144): 114-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=535214
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Patella alta and chondromalacia. Author(s): Karadimas JE, Piscopakis N, Syrmalis L. Source: International Orthopaedics. 1981; 5(4): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7341509
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Patella alta and chondromalacia. Author(s): Marks KE, Bentley G. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1978 February; 60(1): 713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=627582
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Patella alta and patella infera. Their etiological role in patellar dislocation, chondromalacia, and apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. Author(s): Lancourt JE, Cristini JA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1975 December; 57(8): 1112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1201998
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Patella pain syndromes and chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Insall JN. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1981; 30: 342-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7052834
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Patellectomy for chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Chakraverty AC. Source: Bristol Med Chir J. 1972 October; 87(324): 60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4668427
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Patellectomy for chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Chakraverty AC. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1972 Summer; 58(2): 104-17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5081688
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Patellectomy for chondromalacia. Author(s): Jensen DB, Hansen LB. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1989 February; 60(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2929286
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Patellofemoral incongruence in chondromalacia and instability of the patella. Author(s): Moller BN, Krebs B, Jurik AG. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1986 June; 57(3): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3739664
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Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology. 2. Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Woods C. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1976 August; 58(3): 2919. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=956244
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Pathologic quiz case 1. Auricular pseudocyst (benign idiopathic cystic chondromalacia, endochondral pseudocyst, or seroma of the auricle). Author(s): Kontis TC, Goldstone A, Brown M, Paull G. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1992 October; 118(10): 112830. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1389065
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Pediatric management problems (chondromalacia of the patella). Author(s): Clemmings L. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1992 September-October; 18(5): 497, 530. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1408422
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Perichondrial autograft in traumatic chondromalacia patellae. Report of a case. Author(s): Hvid I, Andersen LI. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1981 February; 52(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7211322
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Pinhole scintigraphic sign of chondromalacia patellae in older subjects: a prospective assessment with differential diagnosis. Author(s): Bahk YW, Park YH, Chung SK, Kim SH, Shinn KS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1994 May; 35(5): 855-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8176471
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Proceedings: Chondromalacia and Crook's ridge. Author(s): Beasley AW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1975 May; 57(2): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1141326
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Proteoglycan depletion and size reduction in lesions of early grade chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): Vaatainen U, Hakkinen T, Kiviranta I, Jaroma H, Inkinen R, Tammi M. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1995 October; 54(10): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492223
Studies
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Proximal "tube" realignment of the patella for chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Insall J, Bullough PG, Burstein AH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1979 October; (144): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=535252
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Radiographic assessment in patellar instability and chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Dowd GS, Bentley G. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1986 March; 68(2): 297300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3958019
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Radiologic case study. Chondromalacia. Author(s): Olson PN, Craig-Mueller J, Maki DD, Griffiths HJ. Source: Orthopedics. 1996 June; 19(6): 555, 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792376
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Radiologic evaluation of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Lund F, Nilsson BE. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1980; 21(3): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7435226
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Rehabilitation of knee flexor and knee extensor muscle strength in patients with meniscectomies, ligamentous repairs, and chondromalacia. Author(s): Campbell DE, Glenn W. Source: Physical Therapy. 1982 January; 62(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6895672
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Relation between isokinetic muscle strength and functional capacity in recreational athletes with chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Yildiz Y, Aydin T, Sekir U, Cetin C, Ors F, Alp Kalyon T. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 December; 37(6): 475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665581
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Relationship of hyperextended gait pattern of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Walker HL, Schreck RC. Source: Physical Therapy. 1975 March; 55(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1114173
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Results of arthroscopic joint debridement in different stages of chondromalacia of the knee joint. Author(s): Kruger T, Wohlrab D, Birke A, Hein W. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2000; 120(5-6): 338-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10853909
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Sagittal hemipatellectomy in the treatment of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Sullivan JD. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1976 November; 19(6): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=991012
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Signs of patellar chondromalacia on sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): De Smet AA, Monu JU, Fisher DR, Keene JS, Graf BK. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1992; 21(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1566106
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Snapping plicae associated with radiocapitellar chondromalacia. Author(s): Antuna SA, O'Driscoll SW. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 May; 17(5): 491-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11337715
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Softening of the cartilage and arthritis of the rheumatoid type. Discussion in relation to classical aspects of chondromalacia. Author(s): Lagier R, Taillard W. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1969; 40(3): 300-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4190081
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Some problems in rehabilitation in the services. Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Evans CD. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1966 July; 59(7): 626-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5939512
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Subcutaneous lateral retinacular release for chondromalacia patellae: a preliminary report. Author(s): Harwin SF, Stern RE. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1981 May; (156): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7226656
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Synovial plicae and chondromalacia patellae: correlation of results of CT arthrography with results of arthroscopy. Author(s): Hodge JC, Ghelman B, O'Brien SJ, Wickiewicz TL. Source: Radiology. 1993 March; 186(3): 827-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430194
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The arthroscopic treatment of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Jackson RW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1984 November; 66(5): 660-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6501358
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The biomechanics of the human patella and its implications for chondromalacia. Author(s): Townsend PR, Rose RM, Radin EL, Raux P. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 1977; 10(7): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=885891
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The bony changes in "chondromalacia patellae". Author(s): Darracott J, Vernon-Roberts B. Source: Rheumatol Phys Med. 1971 November; 11(4): 175-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5128521
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The conservative treatment of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Gruber MA. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1979 January; 10(1): 105-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=450393
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The diagnosis of chondromalacia by double contrast arthrography of the knee. Author(s): Horns JW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1977 January; 59(1): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=833159
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The effect of anterior displacement of the tibial tuberosity in idiopathic chondromalacia patellae: a prospective randomized study. Author(s): Hejgaard N, Watt-Boolsen S. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1982 February; 53(1): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7064673
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The effect of lateral retinacular release in idiopathic chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Unneberg K, Reikeras O. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1988; 107(4): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3408317
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The etiology of chondromalacia patellae. 1961. Author(s): Outerbridge RE. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 August; (389): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11501822
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The importance of femoral rotation in chondromalacia patellae as shown by serial radiography. Author(s): Sikorski JM, Peters J, Watt I. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1979 November; 61-B(4): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=500753
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The importance of the mediopatellar synovial plica for chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Schulitz KP, Hille E, Kochs W. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1983; 102(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6639311
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The natural history of chondromalacia patellae. A 12-year follow-up. Author(s): Jensen DB, Albrektsen SB. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1990; 56(2): 503-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2239198
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The problem of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Outerbridge RE, Dunlop JA. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1975 July-August; (110): 177-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1098819
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The relationship of abnormal pronation to chondromalacia of the patella in distance runners. Author(s): Buchbinder MR, Napora NJ, Biggs EW. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1979 February; 69(2): 159-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=762389
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The surgical treatment of chondromalacia of the patella. Author(s): McCarroll JR, O'Donoghue DH, Grana WA. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1983 May; (175): 130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6839578
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The surgical treatment of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Bentley G. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1978 February; 60(1): 7481. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=627583
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The value of computed tomography scanning in chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Boven F, Bellemans MA, Geurts J, De Boeck H, Potvliege R. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1982; 8(3): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7112143
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Thermography in the detection and follow up of chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Vujcic M, Nedeljkovic R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1991 December; 50(12): 921-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1768161
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Tibial tubercle advancement by the Maquet technique for patellofemoral arthritis or chondromalacia. Author(s): Silvello L, Scarponi R, Guazzetti R, Bianchetti M, Fiore AM. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1987 March; 13(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3319955
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Treatment of chondromalacia patellae by lateral retinacular release of the patella. Author(s): Christensen F, Soballe K, Snerum L. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1988 September; (234): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3409570
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Treatment of chondromalacia patellae by transposition of the tibial tubercle. Author(s): Devas M, Golski A. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 March 10; 1(5853): 589-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4694407
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Treatment of the painful knee fulfilling diagnostic criteria for 'chondromalacia patellae'. Author(s): Darracott J. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1973; 1(7): 412-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4589408
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Ultrasonographic diagnosis of chondromalacia of the femoropatellar joint. Author(s): Brussaard C, Naudts P, De Schepper A. Source: J Belge Radiol. 1991; 74(4): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797798
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHONDROMALACIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chondromalacia.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Chondromalacia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
30
Chondromalacia
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chondromalacia” (or a synonym): •
A report of 76 cases of chondromalacia patellae treated with an ointment. Author(s): Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic. Source: Wang, L J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1997 March; 17(1): 40-3 0254-6272
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
Nutrition
•
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to chondromalacia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER
3.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE CHONDROMALACIA
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chondromalacia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chondromalacia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chondromalacia: •
A report of 76 cases of chondromalacia patellae treated with an ointment. Author(s): Wang L. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1997 March; 17(1): 40-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437243
•
Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Meyer JJ, Keating JC Jr. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1989 February; 12(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2926288
•
Chondromalacia patellae. Author(s): Dryburgh DR.
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Chondromalacia
Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1988 June; 11(3): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3392476 •
Excessive pronation: a major biomechanical determinant in the development of chondromalacia and pelvic lists. Author(s): Rothbart BA, Estabrook L. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1988 October; 11(5): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2976805
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Radiofrequency energy-induced heating of bovine articular cartilage using a bipolar radiofrequency electrode. Author(s): Shellock FG, Shields CL Jr. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 September-October; 28(5): 720-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11032231
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Temporomandibular joint arthroscopic findings in patients with cervical flexionextension injury (whiplash): a preliminary study of 30 patients. Author(s): Abd-Ul-Salam H, Kryshtalskyj B, Weinberg S. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2002 December; 68(11): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513938
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The knee Author(s): McAlindon TE. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1999 June; 13(2): 329-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445118
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The knee. Author(s): McAlindon TE. Source: Bailliere's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 1999 June; 13(2): 329-344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10952867
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Thermal chondroplasty of chondromalacic human cartilage. An ex vivo comparison of bipolar and monopolar radiofrequency devices. Author(s): Edwards RB 3rd, Lu Y, Nho S, Cole BJ, Markel MD. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 January-February; 30(1): 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799002
Alternative Medicine 35
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHONDROMALACIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chondromalacia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chondromalacia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Chapters on Chondromalacia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chondromalacia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chondromalacia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chondromalacia: •
Other Disorders Source: in Zarb, G.A., et al. Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Disorders. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard. 1994. p. 367-388. Contact: Available from Munksgaard. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK 1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone Number: 45 33 12 70 30; Fax: 45 33 12 93 87. PRICE: DDK1456.00. Contact publisher directly for current price in U.S. Dollars. ISBN: 8716106377. Summary: The musculoskeletal system may be affected by more than one hundred different diseases, many of which will also involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory muscles. This chapter, from a comprehensive textbook that addresses temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) and masticatory muscle disorders, considers disorders in which the TMJ may be involved. Topics include spondyloarthopathies, including ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis; juvenile arthritis; other general
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and muscle disorders, including Reiter's disease, gout (arthritis urica), calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, temporal arteritis, scleroderma, infectious arthritis, sarcoidosis, chondromalacia, inflammatory diseases of skeletal muscle, and tumors of the TMJ and masticatory muscles. For each condition discussed, the author covers definition, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. 6 figures. 1 table. 50 references. (AA-M).
39
APPENDICES
41
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
5
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
6
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 689 9 10 0 5 713
HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
8
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
9
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Chondromalacia In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and chondromalacia. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).16 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 13 Adapted 14
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 16 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for chondromalacia: •
Patella, Chondromalacia of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=168900 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
Physician Resources
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•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database17 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database18 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
17
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 18 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chondromalacia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chondromalacia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chondromalacia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chondromalacia”:
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Other guides Cartilage Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cartilagedisorders.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Knee Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kneeinjuriesanddisorders.html Sports Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to chondromalacia, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Arthrography Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/arthrography.htm Knee Arthroscopy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/kneearthroscopyloader.html Knee Problems Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/542.xml MR Imaging (MRI)-Musculoskeletal Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/mr_musculoskeletal.htm Ultrasound-Musculoskeletal Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/ultrasound-muscskel.htm
•
Treatment ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) Reconstruction Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=216&topcategory=Knee Arthroscopic Surgery Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/surgerycenter/surgerycenterflash/arthrosco py.html Cemented and Cementless Knee Replacement Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=281&topcategory=Knee Injections Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PN00046
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Joint and Soft Tissue Injections Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/774.xml Joint Replacement: An Inside Look Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2004/204_joints.html Knee Implants Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=279&topcategory=Knee Knee Replacement http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/kneereplacementloader.html Meniscal Transplants Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=414&topcategory=Knee New Techniques to Restore Articular Cartilage Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=242&topcategory=Knee Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Hyaluronic Acid Injections Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/616.xml Osteotomy and Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=263&topcategory=Knee Rotating Platform/Mobile-Bearing Knee Replacements Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=284&topcategory=Knee Total Knee Replacement Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/booklet/thr_report.cfm?thread_id=9&topcategory=knee Total Knee Replacement Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/surgerycenter/surgerycenterflash/totalknee. html Unicondylar Knee Resurfacing Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/surgerycenter/surgerycenterflash/uni.html Viscosupplementation Treatment for Arthritis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=245&topcategory=Knee •
Children Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain) Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=145&topcategory=Knee
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Chondromalacia
From the National Institutes of Health Questions and Answers about Knee Problems Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/kneeprobs/kneeqa.htm
•
Latest News Corticosteroid Shot Helps Runners' Knee Condition Source: 06/03/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18156 .html
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Organizations American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.aaos.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/
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Prevention/Screening Knee Bracing -- What Works? Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/490.xml Taking Care of Your Knees Source: American Physical Therapy Association http://www.apta.org/Consumer/ptandyourbody/knee
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Research Geographic Regions Influence Rates of Knee Replacement Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ne/highlights/spotlight/2004/knee_rep.htm
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Teenagers Adolescent Anterior Knee Pain Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=252&topcategory=Knee
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Women Orthopaedists Research Female Knee Problems Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=345&topcategory=Knee Preventing ACL Injuries in Women Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?thread_id=158&topcategory=knee
Patient Resources
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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chondromalacia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chondromalacia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chondromalacia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chondromalacia. For more information,
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see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chondromalacia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chondromalacia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chondromalacia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chondromalacia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
55
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
57
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
59
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
61
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on chondromalacia: •
Basic Guidelines for Chondromalacia Chondromalacia patellae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000452.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Chondromalacia Knee pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003187.htm
•
Background Topics for Chondromalacia Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm
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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
63
CHONDROMALACIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthrography: Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Arthrosis: A disease of a joint. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury
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to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Brace: Any form of splint or appliance used to support the limbs or trunk. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Pyrophosphate: Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt. An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably hypophosphatasia and pseudogout. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH]
Dictionary 65
Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The
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remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.
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Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]
Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH]
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Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH]
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Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA
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fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Masticatory: 1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication. 2. a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH]
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Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is
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comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patella: The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the knee. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,
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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Pronation: Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body). [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It
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occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH]
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Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH]
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Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abduction, 63, 73 Abrasion, 6, 63 Algorithms, 63, 64 Alkaline, 63, 64 Alternative medicine, 63 Anatomical, 63, 74 Anemia, 47, 63 Anti-inflammatory, 63 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 63 Anus, 63, 66 Arterial, 4, 63, 73 Arteries, 63, 64 Arteritis, 38, 63 Artery, 63, 72 Arthrography, 15, 20, 25, 50, 63 Arthroplasty, 6, 51, 63 Arthroscopy, 6, 16, 17, 24, 25, 50, 63 Arthrosis, 7, 63 Articular, 4, 7, 17, 34, 51, 63, 71 Aspiration, 17, 63 Aspirin, 16, 63 Ataxia, 46, 47, 63, 75 Atrophy, 46, 64 Autopsy, 9, 64 B Basal Ganglia, 63, 64 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 63, 64 Base, 64, 68, 69, 75 Benign, 22, 64 Bilateral, 14, 19, 64 Biochemical, 12, 64, 71 Biomechanics, 25, 64 Biotechnology, 3, 43, 45, 46, 47, 64 Bladder, 64, 68, 73, 76 Blood Coagulation, 64 Blood vessel, 64, 69, 75 Brace, 4, 64 C Calcium, 38, 64, 66 Calcium Pyrophosphate, 38, 64 Calculi, 64, 68 Carcinogens, 65, 71 Cardiac, 65, 67 Case report, 8, 14, 65 Case series, 65 Cell, 46, 47, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 75 Cell Division, 46, 65, 72
Cerebellar, 63, 65, 73 Cerebral, 63, 64, 65 Cerebral Cortex, 63, 65 Cerebrum, 65, 76 Cervical, 34, 65 Cervix, 65, 68 Choroid, 65, 73 Chronic, 7, 46, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75 Chronic renal, 65, 72 Clinical study, 6, 65 Clinical trial, 3, 43, 65, 73 Cloning, 64, 65 Cofactor, 65, 73 Colon, 46, 65 Complement, 66 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 35, 66 Complementary medicine, 33, 66 Computational Biology, 43, 45, 66 Computed tomography, 27, 66, 67 Computerized axial tomography, 66, 67 Computerized tomography, 66 Connective Tissue, 67, 68, 70, 75 Contraindications, ii, 67 Contrast medium, 63, 67 Cornea, 67, 68 D Degenerative, 67, 71 Diagnostic procedure, 67 Direct, iii, 67, 73 Dislocation, 21, 67 Distal, 67 Dysplasia, 47, 67 Dystrophy, 46, 67 E Electrode, 34, 67 End-stage renal, 65, 67, 72 Environmental Exposure, 67, 71 Environmental Health, 42, 44, 67 Enzymatic, 64, 66, 67 Enzymes, 67, 69, 71, 72 Erythrocytes, 63, 67 Essential Tremor, 46, 67 Excimer laser, 6, 67 Extensor, 15, 23, 68 F Family Planning, 43, 68 Fat, 8, 13, 14, 17, 68
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Chondromalacia
Femoral, 20, 22, 26, 68 Femur, 68 Fibrosis, 47, 68, 74 Flexion, 34, 68 Flexor, 23, 68 Forearm, 68, 73 Fundus, 68 G Gait, 23, 68 Gene, 47, 48, 64, 68, 71 Genetic Code, 68, 71 Gland, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75 Glucose, 46, 68, 69 Glycosaminoglycan, 16, 68 Glycoside, 68, 69 Gout, 38, 68 Governing Board, 68, 73 Grade, 22, 68 H Hemoglobin, 63, 67, 69 Hemoglobinuria, 46, 69 Hereditary, 68, 69, 74 Heredity, 68, 69 Hormonal, 64, 69 Hydrolases, 4, 69, 72 Hyperuricemia, 68, 69 I Idiopathic, 17, 22, 25, 26, 69, 74 Immunodeficiency, 46, 69 In vitro, 13, 69 In vivo, 69 Infection, 69, 70 Inflammation, 63, 68, 69, 72, 75 Inorganic, 64, 69 Intestinal, 69, 70 Intravenous, 8, 69 Invasive, 69, 70 Involuntary, 64, 67, 69 Ischemia, 64, 69 K Kb, 42, 69 Kidney Disease, 42, 47, 70 L Lesion, 7, 70 Leukemia, 46, 70 Ligament, 50, 70, 73 Liver, 70, 74 Localized, 69, 70, 72, 74 Lupus, 70, 75 Luxation, 67, 70 Lymph, 65, 70, 74 Lymph node, 65, 70, 74
Lymphoid, 70 Lymphoma, 46, 70 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 8, 14, 16, 17, 24, 70 Malabsorption, 46, 70 Malignant, 46, 70 Malnutrition, 64, 70, 71 Mastication, 70 Masticatory, 37, 70 Medial, 14, 70, 74 MEDLINE, 43, 45, 47, 70 Melanocytes, 70 Melanoma, 46, 70 Membrane, 63, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73, 76 Metabolic disorder, 68, 71 Molecular, 43, 45, 64, 66, 71 Molecule, 64, 66, 68, 71 Muscle Fibers, 71 Muscular Atrophy, 46, 71 Musculoskeletal System, 37, 71 Myotonic Dystrophy, 46, 71 N Necrosis, 71, 74 Neoplasia, 46, 71 Nephropathy, 70, 71 Nuclei, 70, 71 Nucleic acid, 14, 68, 71 Nucleotidases, 69, 71 O Oncogene, 46, 71 Optic Nerve, 71, 73 Osteoarthritis, 4, 17, 19, 51, 71 Osteotomy, 15, 19, 20, 51, 71 P Pancreas, 71, 72 Pancreatic, 46, 72 Pancreatic cancer, 46, 72 Parotid, 72, 74 Paroxysmal, 46, 72 Patella, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 46, 72 Pelvic, 34, 72, 73 Pelvis, 72, 76 Peptide, 69, 72, 73 Peptide Hydrolases, 69, 72 Pericardium, 72, 75 Pharmacologic, 72, 75 Phospholipids, 68, 72 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 69, 72 Phosphorus, 64, 72 Pigment, 70, 72
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Plants, 68, 72 Pneumonia, 67, 72 Polycystic, 47, 72 Polysaccharide, 68, 72 Posterior, 63, 65, 71, 72 Practice Guidelines, 44, 72 Prevalence, 4, 73 Progression, 9, 73 Progressive, 65, 71, 73 Pronation, 26, 34, 73 Prospective study, 12, 14, 73 Prostate, 46, 73 Prosthesis, 19, 73 Protein S, 47, 64, 68, 73 Proteins, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74 Public Policy, 43, 73 R Radiography, 7, 26, 73 Randomized, 6, 25, 73 Rectum, 63, 66, 73 Red Nucleus, 64, 73 Refer, 1, 66, 73 Resection, 7, 14, 73 Retina, 24, 26, 27, 65, 71, 73, 76 Retinoblastoma, 46, 73 Rheumatoid, 24, 74 Risk factor, 73, 74 S Sagittal, 24, 74 Salivary, 72, 74 Sarcoidosis, 38, 74 Scleroderma, 38, 74 Sclerosis, 46, 74 Screening, 52, 65, 74 Seizures, 72, 74 Semen, 73, 74 Serum, 18, 19, 66, 74 Sex Determination, 47, 74 Skeletal, 13, 17, 24, 27, 38, 74 Skeleton, 68, 74 Skull, 74, 75 Sodium, 68, 74 Specialist, 54, 74
Spleen, 74 Splint, 64, 74 Spondylitis, 37, 75 Sporadic, 74, 75 Staging, 15, 75 Stimulus, 67, 75 Stool, 66, 75 Substrate, 69, 75 Suppression, 8, 75 Symphysis, 73, 75 Synovial, 19, 25, 26, 75 Systemic, 38, 69, 74, 75 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 38, 75 T Telangiectasia, 47, 75 Temporal, 38, 75 Thalamic, 63, 75 Thalamic Diseases, 63, 75 Thigh, 15, 68, 75 Thrombosis, 73, 75 Tissue, 51, 64, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75 Tomography, 75 Toxic, iv, 67, 75 Toxicology, 44, 75 Transfection, 64, 75 Tubercle, 21, 27, 75 Tuberous Sclerosis, 47, 76 U Urethra, 73, 76 Uric, 68, 69, 76 Urine, 64, 69, 76 Uterus, 65, 68, 76 V Vein, 69, 72, 76 Venous, 73, 76 Vertebrae, 75, 76 Veterinary Medicine, 43, 76 Vitreous, 73, 76 Vitreous Body, 73, 76 Vitro, 76 Vivo, 34, 76 X X-ray, 66, 67, 76
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Chondromalacia
