Chromium Picolinate - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHROMIUM PICOLINATE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES ...

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CHROMIUM PICOLINATE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chromium Picolinate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83818-6 1. Chromium Picolinate-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chromium picolinate. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHROMIUM PICOLINATE .......................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chromium Picolinate .................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHROMIUM PICOLINATE ................................................................ 11 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 11 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chromium Picolinate................................................................... 11 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 16 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHROMIUM PICOLINATE .......................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 26 General References ....................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CHROMIUM PICOLINATE....................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Patents on Chromium Picolinate ................................................................................................. 29 Patent Applications on Chromium Picolinate ............................................................................. 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CHROMIUM PICOLINATE .......................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 47 Chapters on Chromium Picolinate............................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHROMIUM PICOLINATE ............................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 49 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 51 Academic Periodicals covering Chromium Picolinate ................................................................. 51 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 55 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 57 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 61 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 62 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 65 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 65 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 71 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 71 CHROMIUM PICOLINATE DICTIONARY.............................................................................. 73 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 105

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chromium picolinate is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chromium picolinate, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chromium picolinate, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chromium picolinate. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chromium picolinate, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chromium picolinate. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHROMIUM PICOLINATE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chromium picolinate.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chromium picolinate, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Chromium Picolinate's Image Tarnished Source: Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter. 14(11):4-5, Jan 1997. Contact: Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 53 Park Place, New York, NY 10007. Summary: The Federal Trade Commission has charged Nutrition 21, the manufacturer of chromium picolinate in the United States, with making fraudulent claims for its products. These claims include permanent long-term weight loss, reduction of body fat, increase in metabolic rate, appetite control, and regulation of blood sugar.

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Pills, Acupuncture and Chromium Picolinate Source: Obesity and Health. 6(6):110-1; November/December 1992.

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Contact: Healthy Living Institute, 402 S. 14th St., Hettinger, ND 58639. (701) 567-2645. Summary: This article highlights weight loss products, programs, and gadgets that promise consumers miraculous results but in fact are questionable, and even potentially unsafe. These include the marketing of Chromium Picolinate as cure for fat, a fatburning diet pill, an acupuncture devise for the ear, and fat erasers. •

Chromium Picolinate: Scam of the Hour Source: Obesity and Health. 7(3):54-5; May/June 1993. Contact: Healthy Living Institute, 402 S. 14th St., Hettinger, ND 58639. (701) 567-2645. Summary: This article reviews the fraudulent marketing and sale of Chromium Picolinate as a "new food supplement" that promises to reduce fat and body weight. Typical claims for products containing Chromium Picolinate are that it helps reduce fat, building lean muscle, suppress appetite, and increase metabolism. The drug has not been approved for weight loss by the Food and Drug Administration; therefore the products are being marketed illegally.

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Chromium Picolinate Supplementation for Diabetes Mellitus Source: Journal of Family Practice. 46(1): 83-86. January 1998. Contact: Available from Appleton and Lange. 4 Stamford Plaza, 107 Elm Street, Stamford, CT 06912-0041. (203) 406-4500. Summary: This review article addresses chromium picolinate as a supplement for diabetes. According to the authors, there is evidence that chromium picolinate, a widely available nutritional supplement marketed for a variety of afflictions, has a role in glucose homeostasis. However, although glucose intolerance has been the most consistently observed effect of chromium depletion, it remains controversial as to whether pharmacologic chromium depletion supplementation improves clinical control in people with diabetes. The article reports the case of a 28-year-old woman with an 18year history of type 1 diabetes whose glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) declined from 11.3 percent to 7.9 percent three months after initiation of chromium picolinate. Based on the results of this case, there might be a subset of people with diabetes that shows improvement in blood glucose control when taking chromium picolinate as a supplement. The authors conclude that chromium picolinate deserves further examination with additional prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials to evaluate its effectiveness in improving outcomes in people with diabetes. 29 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Chromium Picolinate The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chromium picolinate. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chromium picolinate. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chromium picolinate. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chromium picolinate: •

Project Title: CHROMIUM PICOLINATE IN THE METABOLIC SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Szapary, Philippe O.; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities which is characterized by abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), dyslipidemia and raised blood pressure. The MetSyn has been linked to an increased risk of developing both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The most recent guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) include a new definition for MetSyn, and have identified it as an important target of therapy. Using this new definition, it is estimated that 22% of Americans have the MetSyn in some form. Thus, the implication is that therapies aimed specifically at the MetSyn will be very important in reducing the incidence of T2DM and ASCVD. Supplemental trivalent chromium (Cr+3) has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in some patients with T2DM, but its effect in patients at high risk of developing T2DM is unknown. There is also intriguing literature to suggest that supplemental Cr+3 may reduce weight and improve serum lipids, all of which are important components of the MetSyn. Additionally, recent in vitro data suggests that Cr+3 may also possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, further suggesting that supplemental Cr+3 might be useful in preventing T2DM and its complications. Thus, we propose to systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of supra-physiologic doses of Cr+3 in obese adults with NCEP-defined MetSyn and IFG in a four-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Primarily, this trial will answer whether 1000 mcg of oral chromium picolinate (CrPic) taken daily can safely improve insulin sensitivity in this high risk population as measured by several indices obtained from an intravenous frequently sampled glucose tolerance test. This study will also quantify the effects of CrPic supplementation on other important clinical features seen in MetSyn including: serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting triglycerides (TG); weight/body composition; and blood pressure. Additionally, this study will provide the first human data on the effects of CrPic supplementation on state-of-the art readouts of oxidant stress and inflammation, which are important intermediates in the development of both T2DM and ASCVD. Finally, the study will provide evidence of the relationship between chromium status and effects on insulin sensitivity as well as information on the prevalence of chromium deficiency in the MetSyn population. The results from this clinical trial will provide ample preliminary data for future R01 grant submissions further investigating the effects of CrPic supplementation in diabetes and coronary heart disease prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT OF CHROMIUM PICOLINATE ON GLUCOSE CONTROL IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cefalu, William; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chromium picolinate, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chromium picolinate (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by chromium picolinate. Author(s): Young PC, Turiansky GW, Bonner MW, Benson PM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 November; 41(5 Pt 2): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534658&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic effects of insulin on bone suggest a role for chromium picolinate in preservation of bone density. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1995 September; 45(3): 241-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8569546&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate and type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Kalman DS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 192; Author Reply 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816793&dopt=Abstract

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Chromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers. Author(s): Walker LS, Bemben MG, Bemben DA, Knehans AW. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998 December; 30(12): 1730-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861607&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate for reducing body weight: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Author(s): Pittler MH, Stevinson C, Ernst E. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 April; 27(4): 522-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664086&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate is an efficacious and safe supplement. Author(s): Evans GW. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1993 March; 3(1): 117-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8499935&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate supplementation and resistive training by older men: effects on iron-status and hematologic indexes. Author(s): Campbell WW, Beard JL, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Evans WJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 October; 66(4): 944-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322572&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate supplementation for diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Fox GN, Sabovic Z. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 January; 46(1): 83-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451374&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate toxicity. Author(s): Cerulli J, Grabe DW, Gauthier I, Malone M, McGoldrick MD. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1998 April; 32(4): 428-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9562138&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate. Author(s): Reading SA. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1996 January; 83(1): 29-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8849977&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic renal failure after ingestion of over-the-counter chromium picolinate. Author(s): Wasser WG, Feldman NS, D'Agati VD. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 March 1; 126(5): 410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9054292&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative induction of oxidative stress in cultured J774A.1 macrophage cells by chromium picolinate and chromium nicotinate. Author(s): Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Balmoori J, Ye X, Stohs SJ. Source: Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1997 September; 97(3): 335-46. Erratum In: Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1998 February; 99(2): 240. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9387193&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and women. Author(s): Joseph LJ, Farrell PA, Davey SL, Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 May; 48(5): 546-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337851&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of supplementation with chromium picolinate on antibody titers to 5hydroxymethyl uracil. Author(s): Kato I, Vogelman JH, Dilman V, Karkoszka J, Frenkel K, Durr NP, Orentreich N, Toniolo P. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 September; 14(6): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9794131&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chromium picolinate on beginning weight training students. Author(s): Hasten DL, Rome EP, Franks BD, Hegsted M. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1992 December; 2(4): 343-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1299504&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chromium picolinate on body composition. Author(s): Trent LK, Thieding-Cancel D. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1995 December; 35(4): 27380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776075&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players. Author(s): Clancy SP, Clarkson PM, DeCheke ME, Nosaka K, Freedson PS, Cunningham JJ, Valentine B. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1994 June; 4(2): 142-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054959&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women. Author(s): Amato P, Morales AJ, Yen SS. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2000 May; 55(5): M260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819315&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. Author(s): Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Cyr-Campbell D, Anderson RA, Evans WJ. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999 January; 86(1): 29-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9887110&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. Author(s): Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Anderson RA, Davey SL, Hinton J, Evans WJ. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2002 June; 12(2): 125-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187613&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancing central and peripheral insulin activity as a strategy for the treatment of endogenous depression--an adjuvant role for chromium picolinate? Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1994 October; 43(4): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838010&dopt=Abstract

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Homologous physiological effects of phenformin and chromium picolinate. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1993 October; 41(4): 316-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8289694&dopt=Abstract

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Longevity effect of chromium picolinate--'rejuvenation' of hypothalamic function? Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1994 October; 43(4): 253-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838011&dopt=Abstract

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Over-the-counter chromium picolinate. Author(s): Huszonek J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 October; 150(10): 1560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8379566&dopt=Abstract

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Suspected chromium picolinate-induced rhabdomyolysis. Author(s): Martin WR, Fuller RE. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1998 July-August; 18(4): 860-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9692662&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic contact dermatitis caused by oral chromium picolinate. Author(s): Fowler JF Jr. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 February; 65(2): 116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696566&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes. Author(s): Livolsi JM, Adams GM, Laguna PL. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2001 May; 15(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710399&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects. Author(s): Press RI, Geller J, Evans GW. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1990 January; 152(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2408233&dopt=Abstract

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The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2003; 33(3): 213-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656641&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion of chromium by humans following ingestion of chromium picolinate. Implications for biomonitoring. Author(s): Gargas ML, Norton RL, Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1994 JulyAugust; 22(4): 522-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7956725&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHROMIUM PICOLINATE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chromium picolinate.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Chromium Picolinate The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Chromium Picolinate

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chromium picolinate” (or a synonym): •

Effect of different protein and limiting amino acid levels coupled with a supplement of chromium picolinate on lipid metabolism and carcass characteristics of pigs. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi Institute of Technology, Chiayi (Taiwan) Source: Lien, T. Wu, C. Lin, B. Wang, B. Lu, J. Shiao, T. Animal-Science (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 67(3) page 601-607.

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Optimal dietary concentrations of vitamin C and chromium picolinate for alleviating the effect of low ambient temperature (6.2 deg C) on egg production, some egg characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in laying hens. Author(s): Veterinary Control and Research Inst. of Ministry of Agriculture, Elazig (Turkey) Source: Sahin, N. Sahin, K. Veterinarni-Medicina-UZPI (Czech Republic). (October 2001). volume 46(9-10) page 229-236.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by chromium picolinate. Author(s): Dermatology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. Source: Young, P C Turiansky, G W Bonner, M W Benson, P M J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1999 November; 41(5 Pt 2): 820-3 0190-9622

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Anabolic effects of insulin on bone suggest a role for chromium picolinate in preservation of bone density. Source: McCarty, M F Med-Hypotheses. 1995 September; 45(3): 241-6 0306-9877

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Broilers in heat stress conditions: effects of dietary manganese proteinate or chromium picolinate supplementation. Source: Sands, J.S. Smith, M.O. The-Journal-of-applied-poultry-research. (1999). Fall 1999. volume 8 (3) page 280-287.

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Chromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers. Author(s): Department of Health & Sport Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA. Source: Walker, L S Bemben, M G Bemben, D A Knehans, A W Med-Sci-Sports-Exerc. 1998 December; 30(12): 1730-7 0195-9131

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Chromium picolinate. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA. Source: Reading, S A J-Fla-Med-Assoc. 1996 January; 83(1): 29-31 0015-4148

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Chromium picolinate: nutritional star or flash in the pan. Source: Tufts-Univ-diet-nutr-lett. New York, N.Y. : Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 1983-c1997. October 1996. volume 14 (8) page 4-6. 0747-4105

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Combined dietary chromium picolinate supplementation and an exercise program leads to a reduction of serum cholesterol and insulin in college-aged subjects. Source: Boyd, S.G. Boone, B.E. Smith, A.R. Conners, J. Dohm, G.L. J-nutr-biochem. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. August 1998. volume 9 (8) page 471-475. 0955-2863

Nutrition

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Dietary chromium picolinate additions improve gain:feed and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs and increase litter size in reproducing sows. Author(s): Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA. Source: Lindemann, M D Wood, C M Harper, A F Kornegay, E T Anderson, R A J-AnimSci. 1995 February; 73(2): 457-65 0021-8812

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Dosage effects of chromium picolinate on growth and body composition in the rat. Source: Hasten, D.L. Hegsted, M. Keenan, M.J. Morris, G.S. Nutr-res. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. July 1997. volume 17 (7) page 1175-1186. 0271-5317

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Effect of chromium picolinate and chromium propionate on glucose and insulin kinetics of growing barrows and on growth and carcass traits of growing-finishing barrows. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803-4210, USA. Source: Matthews, J O Southern, L L Fernandez, J M Pontif, J E Bidner, T D Odgaard, R L J-Anim-Sci. 2001 August; 79(8): 2172-8 0021-8812

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Effect of dietary excessive chromium picolinate on growth performance, nutrient utilizability and serum traits in broiler chicks. Source: Kim, Y.H. Han, I.K. Shin, I.S. Chae, B.J. Kang, T.H. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-. June 1996. volume 9 (3) page 349-354. 1011-2367

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Effect of growth hormone or chromium picolinate on swine metabolism and inflammatory cytokine production after endotoxin challenge exposure. Source: Myers, M.J. Farrell, D.E. Evock Clover, C.M. McDonald, M.W. Steele, N.C. Am-jvet-res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. June 1997. volume 58 (6) page 594-600. 0002-9645

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Effect of recombinant growth hormone and chromium picolinate on cytokine production and growth performance in swine. Author(s): Animal Biology Branch, US FDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Source: Myers, M J Farrell, D E Evock Clover, C M Cope, C V Henderson, M Steele, N C Pathobiology. 1995; 63(5): 283-7 1015-2008

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Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and women. Author(s): Noll Physiological Research Center and Graduate Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA. Source: Joseph, L J Farrell, P A Davey, S L Evans, W J Campbell, W W Metabolism. 1999 May; 48(5): 546-53 0026-0495

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Effect of supplemental levels of chromium picolinate on the growth performance, serum traits, carcass characteristics and lipid metabolism of growing-finishing pigs. Source: Lien, T.F. Wu, C.P. Wang, B.J. Shiao, M.S. Shiao, T.Y. Lin, B.H. Lu, J.J. Hu, C.Y. Anim-sci. Midlothian, U.K. : British Society of Animal Science. April 2001. volume 72 (pt.2) page 289-296. 1357-7298

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Effects of chromium picolinate (CrP) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of fattening pigs treated with or without porcine somatotropin (pST). Source: Min, J.K. Chung, I.B. Chae, B.J. Shin, I.S. Kim, W.Y. Choi, Y.J. Han, I.K. Asianaustralas-j-anim-sci. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-. February 1997. volume 10 (1) page 20-27. 1011-2367

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Chromium Picolinate

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Effects of dietary chromium picolinate and ascorbic acid supplementation on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying hens reared under a low ambient temperature (6 degrees C). Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Sahin, K Onderci, M Sahin, N Aydin, S Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 February; 56(1): 41-9 0003-942X

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Effects of dietary levels of chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass quality and serum traits in broiler chicks. Source: Kim, Y.H. Han, I.K. Choi, Y.J. Shin, I.S. Chae, B.J. Kang, T.H. Asian-australas-janim-sci. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-. June 1996. volume 9 (3) page 341-347. 1011-2367

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Effects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. Author(s): Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA. [email protected] Source: Campbell, W W Joseph, L J Davey, S L Cyr Campbell, D Anderson, R A Evans, W J J-Appl-Physiol. 1999 January; 86(1): 29-39 8750-7587

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Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Source: Campbell, W W Joseph, L J Anderson, R A Davey, S L Hinton, J Evans, W J Int-JSport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 June; 12(2): 125-35 1526-484X

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Effects of supplemental chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass composition and serum traits of broilers fed diets varying in protein and lysine. Source: Kim, S.W. Han, I.K. Shin, I.S. Chae, B.J. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-. October 1995. volume 8 (5) page 455-562. 1011-2367

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Efficacy of chromium picolinate and chromium chloride as potential carcass modifiers in swine. Author(s): Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA. Source: Mooney, K W Cromwell, G L J-Anim-Sci. 1997 October; 75(10): 2661-71 00218812

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Enhancing central and peripheral insulin activity as a strategy for the treatment of endogenous depression--an adjuvant role for chromium picolinate? Author(s): Nutrition 21, San Diego, California 92109. Source: McCarty, M F Med-Hypotheses. 1994 October; 43(4): 247-52 0306-9877

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High-dose biotin, an inducer of glucokinase expression, may synergize with chromium picolinate to enable a definitive nutritional therapy for type II diabetes. Author(s): NutriGuard Research, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA. Source: McCarty, M F Med-Hypotheses. 1999 May; 52(5): 401-6 0306-9877

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Homologous physiological effects of phenformin and chromium picolinate. Author(s): Nutrition 21, San Diego, CA 92109. Source: McCarty, M F Med-Hypotheses. 1993 October; 41(4): 316-24 0306-9877

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In vivo distribution of chromium from chromium picolinate in rats and implications for the safety of the dietary supplement. Author(s): Department of Chemistry and Coalition for Biomolecular Products, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, USA. Source: Hepburn, Dion D D Vincent, John B Chem-Res-Toxicol. 2002 February; 15(2): 93100 0893-228X

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Influence of chromium picolinate on glucose usage and metabolic criteria in growing Holstein calves. Author(s): Department of Dairy Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803. Source: Bunting, L D Fernandez, J M Thompson, D L Southern, L L J-Anim-Sci. 1994 June; 72(6): 1591-9 0021-8812

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Lack of toxicity of chromium chloride and chromium picolinate in rats. Author(s): Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Maryland 20705-2350, USA. Source: Anderson, R A Bryden, N A Polansky, M M J-Am-Coll-Nutr. 1997 June; 16(3): 273-9 0731-5724

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Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle Glut-4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA. [email protected] Source: Cefalu, William T Wang, Zhong Q Zhang, Xian H Baldor, Linda C Russell, James C J-Nutr. 2002 June; 132(6): 1107-14 0022-3166

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Performance, serum characteristics, carcase traits and lipid metabolism of broilers as affected by supplement of chromium picolinate. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi Institute of Technology, Luh Liau Li, Taiwan, ROC. [email protected] Source: Lien, T F Horng, Y M Yang, K H Br-Poult-Sci. 1999 July; 40(3): 357-63 0007-1668

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Supplemental chromium picolinate influences nitrogen balance, dry matter digestibility, and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. Author(s): Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0306, USA. Source: Kornegay, E T Wang, Z Wood, C M Lindemann, M D J-Anim-Sci. 1997 May; 75(5): 1319-23 0021-8812

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Supplementation with chromium picolinate reduces the incidence of placental retention in dairy cows. Source: Villalobos, J.A. Romero R, C. Tarrago C, M.R. Rosado, A. Can-j-anim-sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1957. June 1997. volume 77 (2) page 329-330. 00083984

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Systemic contact dermatitis caused by oral chromium picolinate. Source: Fowler, J F Cutis. 2000 February; 65(2): 116 0011-4162

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The binding of trivalent chromium to low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr) and the transfer of chromium from transferrin and chromium picolinate to LMWCr. Author(s): Department of Chemistry and Coalition for Biomolecular Products, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487-0336, USA.

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Chromium Picolinate

Source: Sun, Y Ramirez, J Woski, S A Vincent, J B J-Biol-Inorg-Chem. 2000 February; 5(1): 129-36 0949-8257 •

The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes. Author(s): Division of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State UniversityFullerton, 92634-9480, USA. Source: Livolsi, J M Adams, G M Laguna, P L J-Strength-Cond-Res. 2001 May; 15(2): 1616 1064-8011

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Urinary excretion of chromium by humans following ingestion of chromium picolinate. Implications for biomonitoring. Author(s): ChemRisk, Division of McLaren/Hart, Cleveland, OH 44122. Source: Gargas, M L Norton, R L Paustenbach, D J Finley, B L Drug-Metab-Dispos. 1994 Jul-August; 22(4): 522-9 0090-9556

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

Nutrition

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to chromium picolinate; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html

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Food and Diet Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHROMIUM PICOLINATE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chromium picolinate. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chromium picolinate and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chromium picolinate: •

A functional food product for the management of weight. Author(s): Bell SJ, Goodrick GK. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002 March; 42(2): 163-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934132&dopt=Abstract

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A prediction of chromium(III) accumulation in humans from chromium dietary supplements. Author(s): Stearns DM, Belbruno JJ, Wetterhahn KE. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995 December; 9(15): 1650-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8529846&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium Picolinate

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Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by chromium picolinate. Author(s): Young PC, Turiansky GW, Bonner MW, Benson PM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 November; 41(5 Pt 2): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534658&dopt=Abstract

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Bactericidal potency of hydroxyl radical in physiological environments. Author(s): Wolcott RG, Franks BS, Hannum DM, Hurst JK. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1994 April 1; 269(13): 9721-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8144563&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on serum triglyceride levels in NIDDM. Author(s): Lee NA, Reasner CA. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 December; 17(12): 1449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7882815&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate for reducing body weight: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Author(s): Pittler MH, Stevinson C, Ernst E. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 April; 27(4): 522-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664086&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate is an efficacious and safe supplement. Author(s): Evans GW. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1993 March; 3(1): 117-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8499935&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate supplementation and resistive training by older men: effects on iron-status and hematologic indexes. Author(s): Campbell WW, Beard JL, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Evans WJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 October; 66(4): 944-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322572&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium picolinate supplementation for diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Fox GN, Sabovic Z. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 January; 46(1): 83-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451374&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium potentiation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for dysthymic disorder in 5 patients. Author(s): McLeod MN, Gaynes BN, Golden RN.

Alternative Medicine 21

Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 April; 60(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10221284&dopt=Abstract •

Chromium supplementation and resistance training: effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men. Author(s): Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Siders WA, Milne DB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 June; 63(6): 954-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8644693&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium supplementation can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying Japanese quail. Author(s): Sahin K, Ozbey O, Onderci M, Cikim G, Aysondu MH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042444&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Author(s): Stearns DM, Wise JP Sr, Patierno SR, Wetterhahn KE. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995 December; 9(15): 1643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8529845&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium(III) tris(picolinate) is mutagenic at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Author(s): Stearns DM, Silveira SM, Wolf KK, Luke AM. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 January 15; 513(1-2): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719098&dopt=Abstract

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Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Author(s): Bagchi D, Stohs SJ, Downs BW, Bagchi M, Preuss HG. Source: Toxicology. 2002 October 30; 180(1): 5-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324196&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary chromium supplementation with or without somatotropin treatment alters serum hormones and metabolites in growing pigs without affecting growth performance. Author(s): Evock-Clover CM, Polansky MM, Anderson RA, Steele NC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1993 September; 123(9): 1504-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8360776&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplement survey of pharmacists: personal and professional practices. Author(s): Howard N, Tsourounis C, Kapusnik-Uner J.

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Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2001 December; 7(6): 667-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11822615&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program. Author(s): Volpe SL, Huang HW, Larpadisorn K, Lesser II. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 August; 20(4): 293-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506057&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and women. Author(s): Joseph LJ, Farrell PA, Davey SL, Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 May; 48(5): 546-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337851&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of supplementation with chromium picolinate on antibody titers to 5hydroxymethyl uracil. Author(s): Kato I, Vogelman JH, Dilman V, Karkoszka J, Frenkel K, Durr NP, Orentreich N, Toniolo P. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 September; 14(6): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9794131&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players. Author(s): Clancy SP, Clarkson PM, DeCheke ME, Nosaka K, Freedson PS, Cunningham JJ, Valentine B. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1994 June; 4(2): 142-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054959&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women. Author(s): Amato P, Morales AJ, Yen SS. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2000 May; 55(5): M260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819315&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body weight in dexamethasone-treated rats. Author(s): Kim DS, Kim TW, Park IK, Kang JS, Om AS.

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Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 May; 51(5): 589-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979390&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance in obese and nonobese cats. Author(s): Cohn LA, Dodam JR, McCaw DL, Tate DJ. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1999 November; 60(11): 1360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566809&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary chromium and ascorbic acid supplementation on digestion of nutrients, serum antioxidant status, and mineral concentrations in laying hens reared at a low ambient temperature. Author(s): Sahin K, Sahin N, Kucuk O. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 Summer; 87(1-3): 113-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117221&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary chromium picolinate and ascorbic acid supplementation on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying hens reared under a low ambient temperature (6 degrees C). Author(s): Sahin K, Onderci M, Sahin N, Aydin S. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2002 February; 56(1): 41-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389221&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on growth, carcass characteristics, and accretion rates of carcass tissues in growing-finishing swine. Author(s): Mooney KW, Cromwell GL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 November; 73(11): 3351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8586594&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on performance and plasma concentrations of insulin and corticosterone in laying hens under low ambient temperature. Author(s): Sahin K, Kucuk O, Sahin N. Source: Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2001 June; 85(5-6): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686782&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancing central and peripheral insulin activity as a strategy for the treatment of endogenous depression--an adjuvant role for chromium picolinate? Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1994 October; 43(4): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838010&dopt=Abstract

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Exploiting complementary therapeutic strategies for the treatment of type II diabetes and prevention of its complications. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1997 August; 49(2): 143-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9278926&dopt=Abstract

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Four-week supplementation with a natural dietary compound produces favorable changes in body composition. Author(s): Hoeger WW, Harris C, Long EM, Hopkins DR. Source: Adv Ther. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 305-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10345151&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose biotin, an inducer of glucokinase expression, may synergize with chromium picolinate to enable a definitive nutritional therapy for type II diabetes. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 May; 52(5): 401-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416947&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo antioxidant properties of vitamin E and chromium in cold-stressed Japanese quails. Author(s): Sahin N, Sahin K, Onderci M, Ozcelik M, Smith MO. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2003 June; 57(3): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903865&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo distribution of chromium from chromium picolinate in rats and implications for the safety of the dietary supplement. Author(s): Hepburn DD, Vincent JB. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 February; 15(2): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849034&dopt=Abstract

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Longevity effect of chromium picolinate--'rejuvenation' of hypothalamic function? Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1994 October; 43(4): 253-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838011&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate causes sterility and lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Author(s): Hepburn DD, Xiao J, Bindom S, Vincent JB, O'Donnell J. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 April 1; 100(7): 3766-71. Epub 2003 March 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649323&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal dietary concentration of chromium for alleviating the effect of heat stress on growth, carcass qualities, and some serum metabolites of broiler chickens. Author(s): Sahin K, Sahin N, Onderci M, Gursu F, Cikim G. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 October; 89(1): 53-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413051&dopt=Abstract

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Oral chromium picolinate and control of glycemia in insulin-treated diabetic dogs. Author(s): Schachter S, Nelson RW, Kirk CA. Source: J Vet Intern Med. 2001 July-August; 15(4): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467597&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative reactivity of the tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxyanthranilate, cinnabarinate, quinolinate and picolinate. Author(s): Dykens JA, Sullivan SG, Stern A. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1987 January 15; 36(2): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2949752&dopt=Abstract

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Performance, serum characteristics, carcase traits and lipid metabolism of broilers as affected by supplement of chromium picolinate. Author(s): Lien TF, Horng YM, Yang KH. Source: British Poultry Science. 1999 July; 40(3): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475633&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of corticosteroid-induced diabetes mellitus with supplemental chromium. Author(s): Ravina A, Slezak L, Mirsky N, Bryden NA, Anderson RA. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1999 February; 16(2): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229312&dopt=Abstract

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Role of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, Chowdhury S. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2002 November; 13(11): 690-697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12550067&dopt=Abstract

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Seizure activity and unresponsiveness after hydroxycut ingestion. Author(s): Kockler DR, McCarthy MW, Lawson CL. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 May; 21(5): 647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349754&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of long-term supplementation of carbohydrate, chromium, fibre and caffeine on weight maintenance. Author(s): Pasman WJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WH.

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Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1997 December; 21(12): 1143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9426382&dopt=Abstract •

The effects of nutritional supplements on the treatment of depression, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in the renal patient. Author(s): Duncan MG. Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition : the Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 1999 April; 9(2): 58-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089260&dopt=Abstract

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The nutritional supplement chromium(III) tris(picolinate) cleaves DNA. Author(s): Speetjens JK, Collins RA, Vincent JB, Woski SA. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1999 June; 12(6): 483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368310&dopt=Abstract

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The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2003; 33(3): 213-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656641&dopt=Abstract

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The safety and efficacy of high-dose chromium. Author(s): Lamson DS, Plaza SM. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 June; 7(3): 218-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126463&dopt=Abstract

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Toward practical prevention of type 2 diabetes. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 May; 54(5): 786-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10859688&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to chromium picolinate; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CHROMIUM PICOLINATE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chromium picolinate” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chromium picolinate, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Chromium Picolinate By performing a patent search focusing on chromium picolinate, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on chromium picolinate: •

Anabolic mineral formula Inventor(s): Paul; Steven M. (San Clemente, CA) Assignee(s): Metagenics, Inc. (San Clemente, CA) Patent Number: 5,164,384 Date filed: June 19, 1991 Abstract: The present invention is an ergogenic, anabolic mineral formula for use as a nutritional supplement, weight loss formula and cholesterol lowering agent. The formula comprises 500 mcg. of vanadyl sulfate, 100 mcg. of chromium picolinate, 100 mcg. of chromium nicotinate glycinate, and 25 mg. of niacin. The vanadyl sulfate and chromium components are used primarily to mimic and enhance the effects of insulin. The niacin component is included to cause blood vessels to dilate and to reduce cholesterol levels and thus improve the efficiency of chromium and carbohydrate utilization. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dietary supplements, and more particularly to an ergogenic anabolic mineral formula comprising vanadyl sulfate, chromium and niacin, for use as a nutritional supplement, weight loss formula, and cholesterol lowering agent. As is well known in the medical community, insulin is one of the most powerful anabolic hormones in the body and is the primary driver of amino acids and glucose into muscle cells. In muscle tissue, insulin initiates the transport of glucose, mineral ions and amino acids, and also regulates the synthesis and degradation of macromolecules. Additionally, insulin decreases muscle catabolism during exercise which allows greater gains from intense exercise. It has been found that increased insulin activity affects tissues, and in particular muscle tissue, in a manner such that increased protein synthesis and muscle growth can occur. Although insulin is primarily known for its ability to promote tissue uptake of blood sugar, i.e. glucose, it exerts a number of other important physiologioal effects. These effects include increased synthesis and retention of protein in skeletal muscle and other tissues; stimulation of activated immune cells; enhanced brain uptake of tyrosine and tryptophan (precursors for important brain neurotransmitters); reduced output of free-fatty acids from adipose stores; accelerated potassium uptake by cells; and increased metabolic rate. Additionally, insulin mediates the thermogenic effects of carbohydrates which typically cause increases in metabolic rate following absorption of dietary carbohydrates. Such mediation occurs through the activation by the insulin of fat burning in "brown fat". Insulin is also required for proper thyroid function, and stimulates activity of the "sodium pump", an enzyme that regulates ion movements and accounts for a significant fraction of the metabolic energy burned everyday. Studies have indicated a tendency for mature adults to lose sensitivity to insulin. A sedentary lifestyle, overweightness, and an over-refined diet (i.e. low fiber, low chromium, high in sugars) all contribute to decreased insulin sensitivity. Studies have also found that individuals with impaired insulin sensitivity are at risk for high blood pressure, hypertension, heart disease and diabetes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05164384__

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Anorexigenic composition Inventor(s): Galvao; Paolina (3 Flamink Avenue, Douglasdale, Sandton, Gauteng, ZA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,426,096 Date filed: May 16, 2000 Abstract: A method of treating carbohydrate craving in a human patient comprises administering to the patient an anorexigenic composition comprising a compound which elevates serotonin levels in the brain of the patient, typically hypercin, found in St John's Wort Extract, or sibutramine, in a mixture with a physiologically acceptable metabolisable chromium compound. The chromium compound is selected from chromium picolinate, chromium polynicotinate, chromium chelate, chromium proteinate, or any other bioavailable chromium compound. The mixture optionally includes laevorotary carnitine or a racemic mixture of carnitine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to anorexigenic compositions, their use in carbohydrate craving control with consequent weight control of the human body, and to methods of treating carbohydrate craving in a human. It is reasonably well accepted that obesity is associated with carbohydrate craving at least in the majority of obese persons. Obesity is also associated with metabolic disturbances related to insulin resistance, particularly hyperinsulinaemia and elevated triglyceride levels. Insulin resistance, in turn, is believed to be associated with depressed serotonin levels in the brain which are believed to cause carbohydrate craving to the end that more carbohydrate would cause the insulin levels to rise and counteract the insulin resistance. A vicious circle ensues and obesity in some degree generally follows. Hypericin which is an extract from the herb St John's Wort, is presently available in the market as a remedy for depression, anxiety and hyperactivity. It is believed to act by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which is responsible for the breakdown of serotonin in the brain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426096__

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Chromium picolinate compositions and uses thereof Inventor(s): Chakrin; Lawrence W. (Chatham, NY), de la Harpe; Jon (New York, NY), Komorowski; James R. (Stratford, CT), Price; Fredric D. (Bedford, NY), Skluth; Lauren K. (Goldens Bridge, NY) Assignee(s): AMBI Inc. (Purchase, NY) Patent Number: 5,948,772 Date filed: August 26, 1998 Abstract: Compositions comprising chromic tripicolinate or chromic polynicotinate in combination with nicotinic acid, picolinic acid or both nicotinic acid and picolinic acid. The compositions may further comprise at least one of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, an acid and a mucolytic. The compositions are useful for supplementing dietary chromium, lowering blood glucose levels, lowering serum lipid levels and increasing lean body mass. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions comprising chromic tripicolinate or chromic polynicotinate in combination with picolinic acid, nicotinic acid or both picolinic and nicotinic acids, and uses of these compositions in lowering blood glucose levels, increasing lean body mass and lowering blood serum lipid levels.

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Chromium is a nutritionally essential trace element. The essentiality of chromium in the diet was established in 1959 by Schwartz, as cited in Present Knowledge in Nutrition, page 571, fifth edition (1984, the Nutrition Foundation, Washington, D.C.). Chromium depletion is characterized by the disturbance of glucose, lipid and protein metabolism and by a shortened lifespan. Chromium is essential for optimal insulin activity in all known insulin-dependent systems (Boyle et al., Southern Med. J. 70:1449-1453, 1977). Insufficient dietary chromium has been linked to both maturity-onset diabetes and to cardiovascular disease. The principle energy sources for the body are glucose and fatty acids. Chromium depletion results in biologically ineffective insulin and compromised glucose metabolism. Under these conditions, the body must rely primarily on lipid metabolism to meet its energy requirements, resulting in the production of excessive amounts of acetyl-CoA and ketone bodies. Some of the documented acetyl-CoA is converted to increased cholesterol biosynthesis, resulting in hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized in large part by glycosuria, hypercholesterolemia, and often ketoacidosis. The accelerated atherosclerotic process seen in diabetics is associated with hypercholesterolemia (Boyle et al., supra). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05948772__ •

Composition and method for weight reduction and long term management of obesity Inventor(s): Ford; Betty J. (1250 Howe Ave., Sacramento, CA 95825), Keown; Wendy J. (8939 N. Camden Dr., Elk Grove, CA 95624), Stoddard; Sandra L. (1250 Howe Ave., Sacramento, CA 95825) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,543,405 Date filed: October 20, 1994 Abstract: A weight reduction composition comprises a sympathomimetic agent and a mineral cation salt or chelate capable of enhancing carbohydrate metabolism, protein or fatty acid synthesis, retarding protein breakdown or lowering serum cholesterol levels such as trivalent and hexavalent chromium and vanadium salts and chelates. Preferred is a weight reduction composition containing ephedrine and chromium picolinate. This composition is presented in a variety of formulations, and is suitable for application to the reduction of weight of normal, slightly and grossly overweight humans. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of weight reduction and maintenance of body weight. More specifically, the present invention provides a composition that is particularly suited for the long term management of weight in general, and chronic obesity in particular, that is effective and lacks undesirable side effects produced by other known treatments. There is an ever increasing concern with personal weight and appearance. Diets and weight loss programs are extensively advertised that have varying degrees of effectiveness, and utilized by a large segment of Western society, even by persons with weights in the normal range. There is, therefore, a continuing search for new and effective means to facilitate weight loss. Obesity, on the other hand is a real disease with consequences to the general health of a person. Originally presumed to result from simple overeating or the combination of overeating with inactivity, it is more and more being considered the result of a combination of a genetic predisposition with a poor diet and exercise habits. It has been suggested that the predisposition to obesity is associated with a defect in the sympathetic nervous system which manifests itself as a high efficiency in food intake. In normal persons, food intake results in a thermogenic response, that is, an increase in body metabolism in

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which the caloric content of the food is expended as heat. Some studies suggest that persons with a genetic predisposition to obesity are metabolically "more efficient" than lean persons, and store excess caloric energy as body fat. In obese persons, thermogenic defects may make a significant contribution to weight gain in the absence of a controlled food intake since calories which are not expended as heat are stored as excess weight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05543405__ •

Controlled release chromium picolinate Inventor(s): Blatt; Yoav (Rehovot, IL), Friedman; Oded (Holon, IL), Kimelman; Eugene (Yavne, IL), Rotman; Avner (Rehovot, IL) Assignee(s): Bio-Dar Ltd. (Yavne, IL) Patent Number: 6,156,347 Date filed: January 21, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to controlled/extended release oral dosage forms of chromium picolinate. Chromium picolinate is a common and effective biologically active form of chromium. As such, it has beneficial nutritional and therapeutic effects including improved insulin metabolism and lipid lowering activity.The controlled dosage form of the present invention can be provided in various ways, including matrix formulations such as matrix tablets or multiparticulate formulations like micro capsules or coated pellets put into hard gelatin capsules. This provides effective drug delivery for extended periods of time, at relatively stable, optimal plasma peak values, with minimal undesirable side effects.The invention provides effective controlled/extended release oral dosage formulations of chromium picolinate and processes for their preparation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to effective controlled/extended release formulations for therapeutic or nutritional administration of chromium picolinate and processes for their preparation. Chromium picolinate is an exceptionally bioactive source of chromium. Consequently, it has a number of most significant beneficial effects, including improved insulin metabolism and body lipid control. Chromium picolinate is a biologically active form of chromium, chromium itself being an essential trace mineral needed for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. It also plays an important role in insulin metabolism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06156347__

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Dietary food supplement Inventor(s): Cohl; Howard (144 N. Robertson Blvd., Suite 103, Los Angeles, CA 900483102), Engel; Peter H. (144 N. Robertson Blvd., Suite 103, Los Angeles, CA 90048-3102) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,976,550 Date filed: November 20, 1998 Abstract: A dietary food supplement for weight reduction formed of a mixture of a sugar based confectionary containing therapeutic amounts of chitosan, kava and a fat burning nutriceutical which may include choline/inusital, chromium picolinate, betahydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate, L-carnitine and pyruvate or any combination thereof.

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Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a dietary food supplement, and more specifically to a weight reducing sugar-based confectionary product containing chitosan together with a very mild anesthetic and a fat burning nutriceutical. It has been well documented that chitosan, when eaten within a half-hour before a meal, acts electrostatically to attract part of the fat that is consumed during a meal and carries it through the body. However effective chitosan may be in removing fat, it does not function as a deterrent to the amount of food or fat which one may ingest during a meal. An object of this invention is to provide a dietary supplement which, in addition to chitosan, includes an appetite reducing substance such as a sugar-based confectionary and a mild anesthetic substance to mildly anesthetize the tongue and lips so as to make food both slightly less flavorable and less organaleptically desirable and so to deter one from ingesting more food than is necessary purely for dietary needs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05976550__ •

Dietary supplement composition Inventor(s): Ayres; James R. (Menifee, CA), Gerth; Teja D. (Los Angeles, CA), Mann; Ralph W. (Canyon Lake, CA) Assignee(s): Nova Pharmaceutical Co. (Lake Elsinore, CA) Patent Number: 5,925,377 Date filed: August 7, 1997 Abstract: A dietary supplement composition combining amino acids, minerals, vitamins, herbs, and essential nutrients along with gentle diuretics and digestive enzymes. Together, the individual elements of the composition work in a synergistic manner to promote the benefits of the individual elements. For example, DL-phenylalanine is combined with tyrosine to act as an appetite depressant while L-carnitine is combined with chromium picolinate to work as fat directors to convert stored body fat into energy. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to dietary supplements and more particularly to a dietary supplement composition. There are many dietary supplements on the market that promote general health. These supplements typically take the form of tablets, capsules, or liquids that are combined with meals as part of a healthy diet regimen. These supplements are made up individually of one or more amino acids, minerals, and/or nutrients. Certain amino acids burn fat, reduce hunger, and act as antidepressants. Amino acid compounds, for example, DL-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine are high ranking neurotransmitter amino acids that stimulate and modify brain activity to reduce hunger and improve memory and mental alertness. L-Glutamine is a natural form of glutamic acid that helps decrease sugar cravings. As this amino acid helps those with a "sweet tooth," it also helps fight fatigue and depression. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05925377__

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Herbal weight loss supplement Inventor(s): Kurk; Mitchell (310 Broadway, Lawrence, NY 11559), Vital; Odilza (Av. Ary Parreiras N.degree. 327, Niteroi, RJ 24230-320, BR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,428,806 Date filed: September 19, 2001 Abstract: A dietary supplement composition includes an effective amount of garcinia cambogia, glucomanan, guar gum, and chromium picolinate in a freely soluble powder form which can be added to a variety foods and water. Alternately, the composition includes an effective amount of chitosan. Preferably, the composition is administered three times per day by mixing it with liquid-based foods and water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for reducing weight, maintaining weight loss over an extended period of time, and diminishing the appetite. It finds particular application in conjunction with herbal compositions for reducing weight in humans and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the present invention will also find application in reducing weight in domestic animals. It is a well-established fact that being overweight and obesity are unhealthy conditions. These conditions are associated not only with social stigma, but are also associated with decreased longevity and numerous medical problems, such as diabetes, reproductive disorders, dermatological disorders, varicose veins, and heart disease. Existing therapies for people who are overweight or obese include treatments to establish a negative energy balance. This may be accomplished by reduction of energy intake, such as a low calorie diet, or an increase in energy expenditure, such as increased physical exercise. In addition, treatments include ingestion of sympathomimetic drugs which stimulates thermogenesis, i.e. increases the metabolic rate. Known thermogenic drugs include ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and caffeine. However, such drugs are rather ineffective. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06428806__

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Increasing egg production in poultry Inventor(s): Page; Timothy G. (Walker, LA), Southern, Jr.; Lincoln L. (Denham Springs, LA) Assignee(s): Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and (Baton Rouge, LA) Patent Number: 5,336,672 Date filed: July 21, 1992 Abstract: Egg production in poultry can be increased by the administration of chromium picolinate, preferably as a feed additive. The amounts of chromium picolinate required are low, so this method of increasing egg production can be administered both easily and economically. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to increasing egg production in poultry, particularly to increasing egg production through the administration of chromium picolinate. The desirability of an easy-to-implement means of increasing egg production in poultry requires no citation. The National Research Council has listed no dietary chromium (Cr) requirement for poultry, although possible use as a trace element is mentioned.

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"Nutrient Requirements of Poultry," National Research Council, pp. 7, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22 (1984). Jensen et al., "Evidence for a New Biological Function of Chromium," Fed. Proc. Vol. 37, p 1015 (1978), stated that Cr was biologically active in the laying hen. Polansky et al., "Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese and Zinc Concentrations of Tissues from Turkey Hens: Effects of Egg Production and Supplemental Chromium," FASEB Journal Vol. 3, p A1072 (1989) indicated decreases in tissue Cr during turkey egg production. The growth rate of turkey poults has been reported to be improved by Cr, and it has been suggested that this effect may depend on the presence of Cr (III) in an organic form. Steele et at., "Trivalent Chromium and Nicotinic Acid Supplementation for the Turkey Poult," Poult. Sci. Vol. 58, pp. 983-84 (1979); Rosebrough et al., "Effect of Supplemental Dietary Chromium or Nicotinic Acid on Carbohydrate Metabolism During Basal, Starvation, and Refeeding Periods in Poults," Poult. Sci. Vol. 60 pp. 407-17 (1981). Supplemental Cr has been reported to produce a small increase in turkey breast tissue. Anderson et al., "Chromium Supplementation of Turkeys: Effects on Tissue Chromium," J. Agri. Food. Chem. Vol. 37, pp. 131-134 (1989). Jensen et al., "Dietary Chromium and Interior Egg Quality," Poult. Sci. Vol. 59, pp 341-46 (1980) evaluated the effect of CrCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O on egg production, but reported no positive effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05336672__ •

Method for producing chromium picolinate complex Inventor(s): Lee; Myoung Hee (Changwon, KR) Assignee(s): Republic of Korea Represented by Rural Development Administration (Suwon, KR) Patent Number: 5,677,461 Date filed: April 8, 1996 Abstract: A method for producing chromium picolinate complex by the reaction of picolinic acid with chromium, wherein the reaction is carried out under the conditions of temperature of 70.degree. C. and pH of 3.5 to 4.2. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing chromium picolinate complex with high availability in the living bodies. More particularly, the present invention relates to a new method for producing chromium picolinate complex characterized by that the reaction temperature and pH of the reaction solution are controlled to promote the reaction, by which not only the reaction time is extremely reduced but also the yield of the product gets higher than 95%. Chromium, one of the transition elements, belongs to the 4th period of the periodic table and exists in Cr.sup.+3 or Cr.sup.+6 state in the living bodies depending on its oxidation state. Cr.sup.+3 have been extensively studied for its nutritive-physiological functions, while Cr.sup.+6 is known as a poisonous material which shows strong toxicity with a very small quantity, and no physiological function thereof has been found. It was found that Cr.sup.+3 is an essential factor for the carbohydrates metabolism in mice, and thereafter, it was found that Cr.sup.+3 is a constituent of GTF(Glucose Tolerance Factor) which maximizes the functions of insulin in the living bodies, so that it should be administered through food or feed as an essential trace element. Further, it was reported that a longterm chromium deficiency leads to shortening of lifetime as well as suppression of growth. According to the research reports up to now, the most important function of chromium is that it acts as a supplementary factor helping insulin combined to its receptors perform its functions at cell membranes. Accordingly, under chromium deficiency, the level of sugar in the blood cannot be properly controlled in spite of a

Patents 37

sufficient level of insulin, resulting in intolerance to sugar and high blood sugar level. It was reported that the typical intolerance to sugar observed from the old ages can be normalized by the administration of GTF or chromium inorganic salts contained in the yeast extracts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05677461__ •

Method of treating pre-menstrual syndrome using chromium Inventor(s): McLeod; Malcolm N. (419 Lakeshore La., Chapel Hill, NC 27514) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,877,171 Date filed: July 28, 1997 Abstract: The method of this invention is directed to a treatment of depression in men and women and to a treatment of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) in women by administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of chromium in a pharmaceutically acceptable form either alone or in conjunction with the administration of a standard antidepressant composition, such as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor composition. Chromium, preferably in the form of chromium picolinate, is administered to the patient at dosages in a preferred range of about 200 to about 500 micrograms chromium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a treatment for depression and to a treatment of pre-menstrual syndrome, and more particularly to the treatment of depression using chromium and to the treatment of pre-menstrual syndrome using chromium. The present invention also particularly relates a method of improving the effectiveness of an antidepressant composition by administering chromium to a patient concurrently with the administration of an antidepressant composition to the patient. It will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that depression is a difficult mental disorder to treat. Patients having such a disorder are often reluctant to seek the medical attention necessary to diagnose the disorder. Such reluctance is often related to the patient's fear of the stigma associated with seeking psychiatric help or to the patient's feelings of worthlessness associated with depression. Moreover, once patients seek competent psychiatric help, it is difficult to successfully treat the disorder through psychoanalytic approaches alone. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, (DSM IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association, depressive disorders are classified under mood disorders and are divided into three types: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder and depressive disorder not otherwise specified. Major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder are differentiated based on chronicity, severity and persistence. In major depression the depressed mood must be present for two weeks. In dysthymic disorder the depressed mood must be present most days over a period of two (2) years. Usually major depressive disorder is characterized by its sharp contrast to usual functioning. A person with a major depressive episode can be functioning and feeling normally and suddenly develop severe symptoms of depression. By contrast a person with dysthymic disorder has chronic depression with less severe symptoms than major depression. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05877171__

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Pharmaceutical compositions for reducing the appearance of cellulite Inventor(s): Murad; Howard (4265 Marina City Dr., Marina del Rey, CA 90292) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,358,539 Date filed: August 18, 2000 Abstract: Compositions and methods for reducing or eliminating the appearance of cellulite. The method involves administering to a patient in need of treatment therapeutically effective amounts of a sugar compound that is converted to a glycosaminoglycan in the patient in an amount sufficient to thicken the skin, a primary antioxidant component in an amount sufficient to substantially inhibit the formation of collagenase and elastase, at least one amino acid component in an amount sufficient to assist in the thickening of the skin, and at least one transition metal component in an amount effective to bind collagen and elastic fibers and thicken skin so as to reduce or eliminate the appearance of cellulite. A preferred method of treatment further includes administering the components above in conjunction with a vascular dilator to improve blood supply to the skin and/or a fat burner to reduce absorption or digestion of fat in the digestive tract or to prevent the production of fat. The compositions and methods may optionally include chromium picolinate to facilitate entry of sugar into cells to improve fat metabolism. In one embodiment, these methods encompass administering the amounts as a pharmaceutical composition. Excerpt(s): This application relates to methods to supplement collagen and elastic tissues and thicken the dermis to reduce or eliminate the appearance of cellulite. Human skin is a composite material of the epidermis and the dermis. The topmost part of the epidermis is the stratum corneum. This layer is the stiffest layer of the skin, as well as the one most affected by the surrounding environment. Below the stratum corneum is the internal portion of the epidermis. Below the epidermis, the topmost layer of the dermis is the papillary dermis, which is made of relatively loose connective tissues that define the micro-relief of the skin. The reticular dermis, disposed beneath the papillary dermis, is tight, connective tissue that is spatially organized. The reticular dermis is also associated with coarse wrinkles. At the bottom of the dermis lies the subcutaneous layer. The principal functions of the skin include protection, excretion, secretion, absorption, thermoregulation, pigmentogenesis, accumulation, sensory perception, and regulation of immunological processes. These functions are detrimentally affected by the structural changes in the skin due to aging and excessive sun exposure. The physiological changes associated with skin aging include impairment of the barrier function and decreased turnover of epidermal cells, for example. [Cerimele, D., et al., Br. J. Dermatol., 122 Suppl. 35, p. 13-20 (April 1990)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358539__

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Weight loss composition containing green tea, hydroxycitric hydroxytryptophan, glucomannan, picolinate and lactobacillus Inventor(s): Gorsek; Wayne F. (Springfield, IL) Assignee(s): Vitacost.Com, Inc. (Boynton Beach, FL) Patent Number: 6,383,482 Date filed: August 24, 2000

acid,

5-

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Abstract: A powerful formulation for weight loss containing green tea extract, hydroxycitric acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, glucomannan, chromium picolinate, and Lactobacillus acidophilus is disclosed. The formulation boasts metabolic rates, suppresses appetite and helps burn fat. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition for permanent weight management. The composition burns fat, boost metabolic rate, controls appetite, eliminates sugar cravings and eating binges. An orally ingested composition is provided which contains effective amounts of vitamins, minerals, herbs and natural extracts. The composition contains no dangerous stimulants like Ephedrine, commonly known as Ma Huang. The process by which weight is controlled is so complex that even most talented scientists do not understand it. Prior formulations such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,849 fall short of the unique blend which requires 5-hydroxytryptophan as a key nutrient to provide a feeling of satiation and a calming effect for healthy weight management. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383482__

Patent Applications on Chromium Picolinate As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chromium picolinate: •

Chromium picolinate compositions Inventor(s): Chakrin, Lawrence W.; (Chatham, NY), Harpe, Jon de la; (New York, NY), Komorowski, James R.; (Stratford, CT), Price, Fredric D.; (Bedford, NY), Skluth, Lauren K.; (Goldens Bridge, NY) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20010016580 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: Compositions comprising chromic tripicolinate or chromic polynicotinate in the form of enteric-coated tablets, capsules or microbeads, optionally in combination with nicotinic acid, picolinic acid or both nicotinic acid and picolinic acid. The compositions are useful for supplementing dietary chromium, lowering blood glucose levels, lowering serum lipid levels and increasing lean body mass. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/696,474, filed Oct. 24, 2000, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/480,472, filed Jan. 10, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,317, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/228,701, filed Jan. 12, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,711, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/144,026, filed Aug. 28, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,772, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to enteric-coated chromium picolinate or chromic polynicotinate compositions, and to compositions comprising chromic tripicolinate or chromic polynicotinate in combination with picolinic acid, nicotinic acid or both picolinic and nicotinic acids, and uses of these compositions in lowering blood

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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glucose levels, increasing lean body mass and lowering blood serum lipid levels. Chromium is a nutritionally essential trace element. The essentiality of chromium in the diet was established in 1959 by Schwartz, as cited in Present Knowledge in Nutrition, page 571, fifth edition (1984, the Nutrition Foundation, Washington, DC). Chromium depletion is characterized by the disturbance of glucose, lipid and protein metabolism and by a shortened lifespan. Chromium is essential for optimal insulin activity in all known insulin-dependent systems (Boyle et al., Southern Med. J. 70:1449-1453, 1977). Insufficient dietary chromium has been linked to both maturity-onset diabetes and to cardiovascular disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Diet composition and method of weight management Inventor(s): Alviar, Barbara; (Rockford, MI), Connor, Lynne Marie; (Rockford, MI), Dixon, Albert Augustus; (Tustin, CA), Magee, Molly Marie; (Aliso Viejo, CA), Maly, Eugene Robert; (Kentwood, MI), McLauchlan, Suzanne M.; (Ada, MI) Correspondence: ALTICOR INC.; 7575 FULTON STREET EAST MAILCODE 78-2G; ADA; MI; 49355; US Patent Application Number: 20020187204 Date filed: June 28, 2002 Abstract: A diet composition for managing body weight including effective amounts of Garcinia cambogia extract, Gymnema sylvestre extract, chromium picolinate, vanadium compound, L-carnitine, and conjugated linoleic acid. The daily effective amounts are administered in three approximately equal doses in conjunction with the daily meals. The diet composition is also administered in conjunction with a restricted-calorie diet. The diet composition optionally includes effective amounts of kola nut extract, dehydrated parsley, and lemon bioflavonoids. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a dietary supplement effective for managing body weight and to the method of managing body weight by administering the dietary supplement. Many people attempt to control their body weight in order to enhance personal health, appearance, and self image. Common methods to control or lose weight include one or more of the following: (1) a reduced-calorie diet that manages fat, carbohydrate, and protein intake, (2) pharmaceuticals, such as amphetamine-like agents to affect the hypothalamic center and reduce the hunger sensation, and (3) a physical activity/exercise program. However, far too often individuals abandon a reducedcalorie diet regime before they reach their goal or ideal weight because they struggle against ingrained eating habits and feelings of hunger, emotional pressure, and discouragement. Further, the use of synthesized pharmaceuticals can stress the overall health and cause unwanted side effects, including addiction. Many individuals also fail to adhere to a physical activity regime over a long period. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of enhancing reproductive performance in sows Inventor(s): Dritz, Steve S.; (Manhattan, KS), Goodband, Robert D.; (Manhattan, KS), Nelssen, Jim L.; (Manhattan, KS), Owen, Kevin Q.; (Canyon, TX), Real, Daryl; (Manhattan, KS), Tokach, Michael D.; (Abilene, KS), Woodworth, Jason; (Abilene, KS) Correspondence: DARBY & DARBY P.C.; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020198185 Date filed: March 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to supplementing the diets to sows during the periods of gestation, lactation, and breeding by feeding L-carnitine and chromium. The supplementation enhances pork productivity by increasing the number of pigs born alive in the subsequent reproductive cycle. Sow diets of this invention include Lcarnitine and L-carnitine salts and trivalent chromium salts, such as chromium picolinate and chromium nicotinate. L-Carnitine is generally added to the swine feed formulation in the amount of from about 20 to about 1500 ppm, and the trivalent chromium salt is generally added to the swine feed formulation in the amount of from about 20 ppb to about 1000 ppb. The invention also relates to supplemented sow diets and feed supplement formulation. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional application Serial No. 60/291,920 filed May 17, 2001, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Carnitine is a water-soluble, vitamin-like compound that functions to transport fatty acids across the mitochondria membrane where they undergo.beta.-oxidation to produce energy. Previous research has shown that carnitine is effective in decreasing lipid accretion rate (T. L. Weeden et al., "The Effect of L-Carnitine on Starter Pig Performance and Carcass Composition", J. Anim. Sci. 69 (Suppl. 1) (1991), 105 (Abstr.); K. Q. Owen et al., "Effect of L-Carnitine and Soybean Oil on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Early-Weaned Pigs", J. Anim. Sci. 74 (1996), 1612-1619) (hereinafter "Owen et al. (1996)"). However, carnitine may play a greater role in metabolism than just fatty acid transport (K. Q. Owen et al., "Dietary L-Carnitine Suppresses Mitochondrial Branched-Chain Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Activity, and Enhances Protein Accretion and Carcass Characteristics of Swine", J. Anim. Sci. 79 (2001), 3104-3112. Recent studies have observed increases in the total number of pigs born and born alive by feeding Lcarnitine during gestation (R. E. Musser et al., "Effects of L-Carnitine Fed During Lactation on Sow and Litter Performance", J. Anim. Sci. 77 (1999), 3296-3303 (hereinafter "Musser et al. (1999a)"). Musser et al. (1999a) fed sows 50 mg/kg of carnitine during lactation and reported minimal differences in farrowing rate, or in total number of pigs born or born alive in three different experiments. In another study, R. E. Musser et al. ("Effects of L-Carnitine Fed During Gestation and Lactation on Sow and Litter Performance", J. Anim. Sci. 77 (1999), 3289-3295) (hereinafter "Musser et al. (1999b)") reported that adding L-carnitine to gestating sow diets had no effect on farrowing rate, but showed an increase in number of pigs born alive in the subsequent parity different from the response in our experiments. The authors also reported no differences in farrowing rate or wean to estrus intervals. The sows were only fed carnitine for one gestation period. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,487. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods and compositions for the benefit of those suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome with chromium complexes Inventor(s): Katz, David P.; (Dobbs Ferry, NY) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020086065 Date filed: October 25, 2001 Abstract: Compositions comprising chromium complexes such as chromium picolinate or chromium nicotinate are administered to a subject presenting with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. The compositions may further comprise at least one of a chelating agent, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a mucolytic, and/or a salicin-containing herb. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/244,791 entitled METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THOSE SUFFERING FROM POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME WITH CHROMIUM COMPLEXES filed on Oct. 31, 2000. The subject matter of the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated by reference. The disclosed invention relates to compositions comprising chromium complexes and uses of these compositions in treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or Stein-Leventhal Syndrome affects an estimated 5% to 10% of women. The condition is characterized by 1) irregular or absent menses, 2) numerous cysts on the ovaries, 3) high blood pressure, 4) acne, 5) elevated insulin levels, insulin resistance, or type II diabetes, 6) infertility, 7) excess hair on the face or body, 8) male-pattern baldness, 9) abdominal obesity, and 10) abnormal lipid profiles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods and compositions for the improvement of insulin sensitivity, reduction of hyperglycemia, and reduction of hypercholesterolemia with chromium complexes and alpha lipoic acid Inventor(s): Greenberg, Danielle; (Waccabuc, NY), Komorowski, James R.; (Trumbull, CT) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020098247 Date filed: October 31, 2001 Abstract: A composition for improving insulin sensitivity, reducing hyperglycemia, and reducing hypercholesterolemia, the composition including at least one chromium complex and alpha-lipoic acid is disclosed. A method of improving insulin sensitivity in a subject in need thereof including administering to a subject a pharmaceutically effective dose of alpha-lipoic acid in conjunction with at least one chromium complex selected from the group consisting of chromium picolinate, chromium nicotinate, chromic tripicolinate, chromic polynicotinate, chromium chloride, chromium histidinate, and chromium yeasts is also provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/245,705 entitled METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF INSULIN SENSITIVITY, REDUCTION OF HYPERGLYCEMIA, AND REDUCTION OF

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HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA filed on Nov. 2, 2000. The subject matter of the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated by reference. The disclosed invention relates to compositions and methods for the improvement of insulin sensitivity, reduction of hyperglycemia, and reduction of hypercholesterolemia. Specifically, compositions comprising chromium complexes in combination with alpha-lipoic acid are provided. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by impaired metabolism of glucose and other energy-yielding fuels, and the late development of vascular and neuropathic complications. In this group of disorders with distinct pathogenic mechanisms, hyperglycemia is the common denominator. Independent of the cause, the disease is associated with insulin deficiency, which may be total, partial, or relative when viewed in the context of coexisting insulin resistance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Multiple antioxidant micronutrients Inventor(s): Haase, Gerald M.; (Greenwood Village, CO), Prasad, Kedar N.; (Denver, CO) Correspondence: OSTROLENK, FABER, GERB & SOFFEN, LLP; 1180 Avenue of the Americas; New York; NY; 10036-8403; US Patent Application Number: 20030147996 Date filed: August 28, 2002 Abstract: A method for optimizing the health of humans according to their age and sex is disclosed wherein the method comprises administering to said humans a daily dose of a multiple antioxidant micronutrient composition comprising vitamin A (palmitate), beta-carotene (from natural d. salina), vitamin C (calcium ascorbate), vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol), natural source vitamin E including both d-alpha tocopherol and dalpha tocopheryl acid succinate, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, niacinamide ascorbate, d-calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, cyanocobalamin, folic acid (folacin), d-biotin, selenium (l-seleno methionine), chromium picolinate, zinc glycinate, calcium citrate, and magnesium citrate.For persons over the age of about 51, the composition preferably further comprises one or more of co-enzyme Q.sub.10, Nacetyl cysteine, and alpha lipoic acid. Preferably, also, vitamin D is added for women over the age of about 36. Excerpt(s): We claim the benefit under Title 35, United States Code,.sctn.120 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/315,523, filed Aug. 29, 2001, entitled MULTIPLE ANTIOXIDANT MICRONUTRIENTS FOR OPTIMAL HEALTH. In the beginning, the earth's atmosphere had no oxygen. Anaerobic organisms, which can live without oxygen, were thriving. About 2.5 billion years ago, blue-green algae in the ocean acquired the ability to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and this chemical reaction initiated the release of oxygen into the atmosphere. The increased levels of atmospheric oxygen caused extinction of many anaerobic organisms owing to oxygen's toxicity. This important biological event also led to the evolution of multicellular organisms, including humans, who utilize oxygen for survival. The content of oxygen in the air gradually increased to the current amounts of about 21 percent in dry air and about 34 percent in water. The use of oxygen by any organism generates free radicals that are toxic. Therefore, during this period of atmospheric oxygenation, organisms must have struggled to survive the sudden exposure to oxygen toxicity. There must have been enormous rearranging of nucleotides in genes to produce specific proteins that could protect organisms against the damage produced by free radicals. This process

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eventually led to the production of three antioxidant enzymes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) requires manganese, copper, or zinc for its biological activity. Mn-SOD is present in mitochondria, whereas Cu-SOD and Zn-SOD are present in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cell. All three can destroy free radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Another enzyme, catalase, requires iron for its biological activity and it destroys H.sub.2O.sub.2 in cells. Human tissue also contains glutathione peroxidase which requires selenium for its biological activity. It is also responsible for removing hydrogen peroxide. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nutritional composition, methods of producing said composition and methods of using said composition Inventor(s): Siskind, Harry J.; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; ONE BROADWAY; NEW YORK; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20010048952 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are disclosed. Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are also disclosed. Methods for preparing and using these compositions are additionally provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/171267, filed Dec. 16, 1999. The present invention provides nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The instant invention also provides nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The invention additionally contemplates methods for preparing these compositions and methods of using the compositions. It has now been discovered that a nutritional composition comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids effectively assists in the reduction of body fat, enhancement of nutrient absorption, and formation and protection of lean muscle tissue. The composition may also possess antioxidant properties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for reducing the appearance of cellulite Inventor(s): Murad, Howard; (Marina del Rey, CA) Correspondence: PENNIE & EDMONDS LLP; 1667 K Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20020137691 Date filed: January 22, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods for reducing or eliminating the appearance of cellulite. The method involves administering to a patient in need of treatment therapeutically effective amounts of a sugar compound that is converted to a glycosaminoglycan in the patient in an amount sufficient to thicken the skin, a primary antioxidant component in an amount sufficient to substantially inhibit the formation of collagenase and elastase, at least one amino acid component in an amount sufficient to assist in the thickening of the skin, and at least one transition metal component in an amount effective to bind collagen and elastic fibers and thicken skin so as to reduce or eliminate the appearance of cellulite. A preferred method of treatment further includes administering the components above in conjunction with a vascular dilator to improve blood supply to the skin and/or a fat burner to reduce absorption or digestion of fat in the digestive tract or to prevent the production of fat. The compositions and methods may optionally include chromium picolinate to facilitate entry of sugar into cells to improve fat metabolism. In one embodiment, these methods encompass administering the amounts as a pharmaceutical composition. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/641,376, filed Aug. 18, 2000, now allowed, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto. This application relates to methods to supplement collagen and elastic tissues and thicken the dermis to reduce or eliminate the appearance of cellulite. Human skin is a composite material of the epidermis and the dermis. The topmost part of the epidermis is the stratum corneum. This layer is the stiffest layer of the skin, as well as the one most affected by the surrounding environment. Below the stratum corneum is the internal portion of the epidermis. Below the epidermis, the topmost layer of the dermis is the papillary dermis, which is made of relatively loose connective tissues that define the micro-relief of the skin. The reticular dermis, disposed beneath the papillary dermis, is tight, connective tissue that is spatially organized. The reticular dermis is also associated with coarse wrinkles. At the bottom of the dermis lies the subcutaneous layer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chromium picolinate, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chromium picolinate.

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Chromium Picolinate

You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chromium picolinate. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

47

CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CHROMIUM PICOLINATE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chromium picolinate. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chromium picolinate include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “chromium picolinate” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “chromium picolinate” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “chromium picolinate” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

All About Chromium Picolinate (Frequently Asked Questions) by Gary, Dr. Evans, Jack Challem (Editor); ISBN: 0895298767; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895298767/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium Picolinate (1994); ISBN: 9994394088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9994394088/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium Picolinate by Richard A. Passwater; ISBN: 0879835885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879835885/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium Picolinate: Everything You Need to Know by Gary Evans; ISBN: 0895299119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895299119/icongroupinterna

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Chromium Picolinate

•

The Longevity Factor: Chromium Picolinate by Richard A. Passwater; ISBN: 0879836199; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879836199/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Chromium Picolinate In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chromium picolinate, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chromium picolinate using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chromium picolinate: •

Herbal Medications, Nutraceuticals, and Diabetes Source: in Miller, L.G. and Murray, W.J., eds. Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press. 1998. p. 115-133. Contact: Available from Haworth Herbal Press. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (800) HAWORTH. Fax (800) 895-0582. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.haworthpressinc.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0789004666. Summary: This chapter discusses the use of herbal medications and nutraceuticals in the management of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by impaired glucose tolerance or a deficiency or an absolute lack of insulin. Typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and fatigue. People who have type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to adequately control blood glucose levels, whereas people who have type 2 diabetes may be able to control their blood glucose with diet, exercise, and oral medications. Any substance that affects blood glucose may adversely affect the patient's blood glucose control, and herbal products are no exception. The chapter uses a case based format to provide information on the pharmacology of various herbs and nutraceuticals, potential and known interactions, adverse herbal side effects, and effects of the disease state that may affect medication efficacy. Herbs and nutraceuticals discussed include momordica charantia, chromium picolinate, ginseng, ephedra, fenugreek, and GS4. 4 tables. 76 references.

49

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHROMIUM PICOLINATE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover chromium picolinate.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on chromium picolinate is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to chromium picolinate. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for chromium picolinate: •

Chromium picolinate may pose cancer risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 24, 1999

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Chromium Picolinate

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to chromium picolinate, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

51

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on chromium picolinate: •

Chromium Picolinate: Still Hot on the Market Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 8(4):73-4; July/August 1994. Contact: Healthy Living Institute, 402 S. 14th St., Hettinger, ND 58639. (701) 567-2645. Summary: This article focuses on the misleading and false advertising and marketing of chromium picolinate. Food supplement companies are marketing this compound as an aid in muscle building, fat reduction, body composition, and weight loss. Scientists have recently examined the claims that chromium picolinate improves muscle building in young men and helps them lose fat and weight, and they found no evidence to support these claims. Men using a chromium supplement had urinary chromium losses. There was no credible evidence in the literature that supports claims that chromium picolinate supplementation has any effect on either fat or lean body mass in humans.

Academic Periodicals covering Chromium Picolinate Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to chromium picolinate. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering chromium picolinate that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

55

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 234 1 655 1 0 891

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chromium picolinate can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chromium picolinate. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chromium picolinate. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chromium picolinate”:

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Chromium Picolinate

•

Other guides Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Vitamin and Mineral Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminandmineralsupplements.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chromium picolinate. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chromium picolinate. By consulting all of

Patient Resources

63

associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chromium picolinate. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chromium picolinate. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chromium picolinate” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chromium picolinate”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chromium picolinate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chromium picolinate” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

67

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

71

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

73

CHROMIUM PICOLINATE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among

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simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase.

Dictionary 75

Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue

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cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH]

Dictionary 77

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

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Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Brown Fat: A thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species, including humans, and in hibernating mammals. The tissue is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic

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hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholecalciferol: An antirachitic oil-soluble vitamin. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH]

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Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in

Dictionary 81

the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]

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Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH]

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Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilate: Relax; expand. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH]

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Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH]

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Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

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Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestation period: The period of development of the young from the time of conception until birth. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH]

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Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycosuria: The presence of glucose in the urine; especially the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine, i.e., more than 1 gm. in 24 hours. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH]

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Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hibernation: The dormant state in which some animal species pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs. It is a natural physiological process in many warm-blooded animals. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires

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and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU]

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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]

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Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Litter Size: The number of offspring produced at one birth by an animal. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes

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that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Nicotinic Acids: 2-, 3-, or 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridine derivatives substituted with a carboxy group at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The 3-carboxy derivative (NIACIN) is active as a vitamin. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH]

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Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that

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of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacists: Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working

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kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. [NIH] Polydipsia: Chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyphagia: Great hunger; a sign of diabetes. People with this great hunger often lose weight. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Professional Practice: The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino

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acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Resting metabolic rate: RMR accounts for 65 to 75 percent of daily energy expenditure and represents the minimum energy needed to maintain all physiological cell functions in the resting state. The principal determinant of RMR is lean body mass (LBM). Obese subjects have a higher RMR in absolute terms than lean individuals, an equivalent RMR when corrected for LBM and per unit surface area, and a lower RMR when expressed per kilogram of body weight. Obese persons require more energy for any given activity because of a

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larger mass, but they tend to be more sedentary than lean subjects. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Satiation: Full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to that particular need or desire. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Sibutramine: A drug used for the management of obesity that helps reduce food intake and

Dictionary 99

is indicated for weight loss and maintenance of weight loss when used in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet. It works to suppress the appetite primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. Side effects include dry mouth, headache, constipation, insomnia, and a slight increase in average blood pressure. In some patients it causes a higher blood pressure increase. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on

100 Chromium Picolinate

muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH]

Dictionary 101

Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU]

102 Chromium Picolinate

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or

Dictionary 103

viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

105

INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 38, 39, 73 A Abdominal, 5, 42, 73, 94 Acatalasia, 73, 79 Acceptor, 73, 91, 94 Acetone, 73, 90 Acetylcholine, 73, 79 Acne, 42, 73 Adenosine, 73, 78, 88, 95 Adipose Tissue, 73, 78, 101 Adjuvant, 9, 14, 23, 73, 86 Adrenal Cortex, 73, 82 Adrenergic, 73, 83, 84, 85, 95, 100, 102 Adverse Effect, 73, 90, 99 Aerobic, 73, 92 Affinity, 73, 74, 76, 99 Age of Onset, 74, 102 Agonist, 74, 83, 84, 95 Alertness, 34, 74, 78 Algorithms, 74, 77 Alkaline, 74, 78 Alkylating Agents, 74, 102 Allylamine, 74 Aloe, 44, 74 Alternative medicine, 50, 74 Amenorrhea, 74, 96 Amine, 74 Amino Acids, 30, 34, 44, 74, 94, 96, 100 Ammonia, 74 Amphetamine, 40, 74, 83 Anabolic, 6, 12, 30, 75 Anaerobic, 43, 75 Anaesthesia, 75, 89 Anaphylatoxins, 75, 81 Anatomical, 75, 89 Androgens, 73, 75, 82 Anemia, 75, 85 Anions, 75, 90 Ankle, 75, 102 Anovulation, 75, 96 Antagonism, 75, 78 Antiallergic, 75, 82 Antibodies, 75 Antibody, 8, 22, 74, 75, 76, 80, 91 Anticoagulant, 75, 96 Antidepressant, 20, 37, 73, 75 Antiepileptic, 73, 75

Antigen, 73, 75, 76, 80, 91 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 76, 80 Anti-infective, 76, 88 Anti-inflammatory, 5, 76, 82, 86 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 76, 82 Antineoplastic, 74, 76, 82 Antioxidant, 5, 23, 24, 38, 43, 44, 45, 76, 94 Anxiety, 31, 76, 90 Apolipoproteins, 76, 91 Aqueous, 76, 77, 82, 88 Aromatic, 76, 95 Arterial, 74, 76, 79, 88, 96, 100 Arteries, 76, 77, 81, 91 Arterioles, 76, 77 Ascorbic Acid, 14, 23, 76, 88 Aseptic, 76, 99 Astrocytes, 76, 92 Autonomic, 73, 76, 93, 100 Autonomic Nervous System, 76, 100 B Bacteria, 75, 77, 84, 87, 90, 92, 102 Base, 77, 82, 90 Bilateral, 77, 96 Bioavailable, 31, 77 Biochemical, 22, 25, 77, 98 Biosynthesis, 32, 77 Biotechnology, 6, 50, 57, 77 Biotin, 14, 24, 43, 77 Blood Coagulation, 77, 78, 101 Blood Glucose, 4, 31, 39, 40, 48, 77, 87, 89 Blood Platelets, 77, 98 Blood pressure, 5, 30, 42, 77, 78, 88, 99 Blood vessel, 30, 77, 78, 79, 99, 100, 101, 102 Body Composition, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 24, 41, 51, 77 Body Fluids, 77, 99 Body Mass Index, 77, 94 Bone Density, 6, 12, 77 Branch, 13, 69, 77, 94, 99, 100 Breakdown, 31, 32, 78, 83, 85 Breeding, 41, 78 Brown Fat, 30, 78 Burns, 39, 78 Burns, Electric, 78 C Caffeine, 25, 35, 78 Calcium, 43, 78, 80

106 Chromium Picolinate

Capsules, 33, 34, 39, 78, 83, 84, 86 Carbohydrate, 15, 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40, 78, 82, 86, 96 Carboxy, 78, 93 Carcinogenic, 74, 78, 89 Carcinogens, 78, 79 Cardiac, 74, 78, 85, 92 Cardiovascular, 5, 32, 40, 75, 78, 98 Cardiovascular disease, 5, 32, 40, 78 Carnitine, 31, 33, 34, 40, 41, 78 Carotene, 43, 78 Catabolism, 30, 79 Catalase, 44, 73, 79 Catecholamine, 79, 83, 95 Cations, 79, 90 Cell membrane, 36, 79, 95 Cell Respiration, 79, 92 Central Nervous System, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 98 Cerebrovascular, 78, 79 Chemotactic Factors, 79, 81 Cholecalciferol, 43, 79 Cholesterol, 5, 10, 12, 17, 27, 30, 32, 79, 80, 81, 83, 88, 91 Cholesterol Esters, 79, 91 Choline, 33, 79 Chromic, 31, 39, 42, 79 Chromosome, 21, 79, 90, 102 Chronic, 7, 32, 37, 43, 79, 83, 84, 96, 102 Chronic renal, 7, 79, 96 Chylomicrons, 80, 91 Ciliary, 80, 98 Ciliary Body, 80, 98 Citrus, 76, 80 Clear cell carcinoma, 80, 82 Clinical trial, 5, 57, 80, 97 Cloning, 77, 80 Coenzyme, 76, 80, 93 Cofactor, 80, 96, 101 Collagen, 38, 44, 45, 80, 86, 96 Collapse, 78, 80 Complement, 75, 80, 81 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 28, 81 Complementary medicine, 19, 81 Computational Biology, 57, 81 Conception, 81, 86, 99 Conjugated, 40, 44, 81 Connective Tissue, 38, 45, 76, 80, 81, 85, 86 Connective Tissue Cells, 81 Constipation, 81, 99 Contact dermatitis, 10, 15, 81

Contraindications, ii, 81 Cornea, 81, 87 Corneum, 38, 45, 81, 84 Coronary, 5, 78, 81, 91 Coronary heart disease, 5, 78, 81 Coronary Thrombosis, 81, 91 Corticosteroid, 25, 82 Cortisone, 82 Curative, 82, 93, 100 Cutaneous, 10, 81, 82 Cyclic, 78, 82, 98 Cysteine, 43, 82, 100 Cystine, 82 Cytokine, 13, 82 Cytoplasm, 44, 79, 82 D Databases, Bibliographic, 57, 82 Deamination, 82, 92 Density, 5, 77, 82, 83, 91, 93 Depressive Disorder, 37, 82 Dermatitis, 82 DES, 75, 82 Deuterium, 82, 88 Dexamethasone, 22, 82 Dextroamphetamine, 75, 83 Diabetes Insipidus, 83, 96 Diabetes Mellitus, 4, 7, 20, 25, 27, 83, 86, 87, 96 Diagnostic procedure, 29, 50, 83 Diastolic, 83, 88 Digestion, 23, 38, 45, 83, 91, 100 Digestive tract, 38, 45, 83, 99 Dilate, 30, 83 Dilator, 38, 45, 83 Direct, iii, 83, 95, 97, 100 Diuresis, 78, 83 Dopamine, 74, 83, 92, 95 Dosage Forms, 33, 83 Drug Interactions, 83 Dyslipidemia, 5, 83 Dysphoric, 82, 83 E Edema, 81, 83 Effector, 73, 80, 83, 84, 93 Effector cell, 84, 93 Efficacy, 5, 14, 26, 48, 84 Elasticity, 84, 99 Elastin, 80, 84 Electrolyte, 82, 84, 92, 96, 99 Electrons, 76, 77, 84, 90, 94, 97 Embryo, 84, 89 Emodin, 74, 84

Index 107

Endotoxic, 84, 91 Endotoxin, 13, 84 End-stage renal, 79, 84, 96 Energy balance, 35, 84 Energy Intake, 35, 84 Enteric-coated, 39, 84 Environmental Health, 56, 58, 84 Enzymatic, 78, 79, 80, 84 Enzyme, 30, 31, 43, 44, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 87, 92, 97, 101, 103 Ephedrine, 32, 35, 39, 84 Epidermal, 38, 84 Epidermis, 38, 45, 81, 84, 88 Epinephrine, 73, 83, 85, 93, 102 Erythema, 81, 85 Esophagus, 83, 85, 100 Excitatory, 85, 86, 87 Exogenous, 48, 85, 102 Extracellular, 76, 81, 85, 99 Extracellular Matrix, 81, 85 F Family Planning, 57, 85 Fat, 3, 4, 30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 51, 73, 77, 78, 81, 82, 85, 90, 94, 101 Fatigue, 34, 48, 85, 87 Fatty acids, 30, 32, 41, 85, 101 Folate, 85 Folic Acid, 43, 85 Forearm, 77, 85 Fungi, 85, 87, 92, 103 G Gallbladder, 73, 85 Ganglia, 73, 85, 100 Gas, 74, 85, 88, 93 Gastric, 78, 83, 85 Gastrin, 85, 88 Gastrointestinal, 85, 86, 98, 100 Gastrointestinal tract, 86, 98 Gelatin, 33, 86, 100 Gene, 77, 86, 99 Gene Expression, 86, 99 Germ Cells, 86, 94 Gestation, 41, 86 Gestation period, 41, 86 Ginseng, 48, 86 Gland, 73, 82, 86, 94, 95, 98, 100, 101 Glomerular, 86, 97 Glucocorticoid, 82, 86 Glucokinase, 14, 24, 86 Glucose, 4, 5, 8, 13, 15, 22, 23, 30, 32, 36, 40, 43, 48, 76, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 89 Glucose Intolerance, 4, 83, 86

Glucose tolerance, 5, 23, 48, 86 Glucose Tolerance Test, 5, 86 Glutamate, 86, 87 Glutamic Acid, 34, 85, 87, 96 Glutathione Peroxidase, 44, 87, 98 Glycols, 87, 88 Glycoprotein, 87, 92, 101 Glycosaminoglycan, 38, 45, 87 Glycosuria, 32, 87 Governing Board, 87, 96 Gram-positive, 87, 90 Grasses, 85, 87 Gravidity, 87, 94 Growth, 13, 14, 21, 23, 25, 30, 36, 41, 75, 77, 87, 95, 98, 99, 101, 102 H Headache, 78, 87, 99 Heart attack, 78, 87 Heart failure, 84, 87 Hemoglobin, 4, 75, 87 Hemostasis, 87, 98 Hepatic, 86, 87, 92 Heredity, 86, 88 Hibernation, 78, 88 Homeostasis, 4, 88 Hormonal, 82, 88 Hormone, 13, 82, 85, 88, 89, 98, 99, 101 Horny layer, 84, 88 Hydrogen, 43, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 82, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 97 Hydrogen Peroxide, 44, 79, 87, 88, 91 Hydrophobic, 88, 91 Hydroxides, 88 Hydroxyl Radical, 20, 88 Hydroxylysine, 80, 88 Hydroxyproline, 80, 88 Hypercholesterolemia, 26, 32, 42, 43, 83, 88 Hyperglycemia, 42, 43, 88 Hyperlipidemia, 83, 88 Hypertension, 30, 78, 87, 88 Hypertriglyceridemia, 83, 88 Hypothalamic, 9, 24, 40, 88, 99 Hypothalamus, 76, 88, 95 Hypoxanthine, 21, 88 I Id, 16, 26, 62, 68, 70, 88 Imidazole, 77, 89 Immune response, 73, 75, 82, 89, 100 Immune system, 84, 89, 91, 102, 103 Immunogenic, 89, 91 Immunology, 73, 89

108 Chromium Picolinate

Impairment, 38, 89 In vitro, 5, 89 In vivo, 15, 24, 89 Incontinence, 84, 89 Indicative, 47, 89, 94, 102 Induction, 8, 75, 89 Infarction, 81, 89, 91 Infertility, 42, 89 Inflammation, 5, 73, 76, 80, 81, 82, 89, 98, 99 Ingestion, 7, 10, 16, 25, 35, 86, 89 Initiation, 4, 89 Inorganic, 37, 88, 89, 92 Insomnia, 89, 99 Insulin, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40, 42, 43, 48, 86, 89, 90, 102 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 89 Interstitial, 89, 97 Intestinal, 79, 86, 89, 90 Intestines, 73, 84, 86, 89 Intoxication, 89, 102 Intracellular, 78, 90, 96, 97, 98 Intravenous, 5, 90, 94 Invertebrates, 86, 90 Ion Channels, 76, 90, 93 Ions, 30, 77, 84, 88, 90 K Kava, 33, 90 Kb, 56, 90 Ketone Bodies, 32, 73, 90 Kinetics, 13, 90 L Labile, 80, 90 Lactation, 41, 90 Lactobacillus, 38, 39, 90 Large Intestine, 83, 89, 90, 97, 99 Latent, 90, 96 Lethal, 24, 90 Library Services, 68, 90 Ligaments, 81, 90 Linkages, 87, 90 Lipid, 12, 13, 15, 25, 31, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 76, 79, 89, 90, 91, 94, 101 Lipid A, 32, 40, 41, 91 Lipid Peroxidation, 91, 94 Lipopolysaccharides, 91 Lipoprotein, 5, 83, 91 Litter, 13, 41, 91 Litter Size, 13, 91 Liver, 73, 77, 78, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 98 Localized, 91, 92, 95, 102 Low-density lipoprotein, 83, 91

Lysine, 14, 88, 91 M Macrophage, 8, 91 Mediator, 91, 98 MEDLINE, 57, 91 Megaloblastic, 85, 91 Melanin, 91, 95, 102 Membrane, 41, 76, 79, 81, 85, 90, 91, 94, 95, 98, 100 Memory, 34, 91 Meta-Analysis, 7, 20, 91 Methionine, 43, 91, 100 MI, 40, 71, 91 Microbe, 92, 101 Micronutrients, 43, 92 Milliliter, 77, 92 Mineralocorticoids, 73, 82, 92 Mitochondria, 41, 44, 92, 94 Mitosis, 92, 99 Molecular, 15, 57, 59, 75, 77, 81, 87, 92, 97 Molecule, 76, 77, 80, 83, 87, 92, 94, 97 Monoamine, 31, 74, 83, 92, 102 Monoamine Oxidase, 31, 74, 83, 92, 102 Mood Disorders, 37, 92 Motility, 92, 98 Mucolytic, 31, 42, 92 Mucus, 92 Mutagenic, 21, 74, 92 Myocardium, 91, 92 N Narcolepsy, 83, 84, 92 Nausea, 83, 92, 102 Necrosis, 89, 91, 92, 98 Need, 3, 38, 42, 45, 47, 48, 51, 63, 73, 79, 93, 98, 101 Nerve, 73, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100 Neural, 92, 93 Neurons, 85, 93, 100 Neurotransmitters, 30, 93, 99 Niacin, 30, 93, 102 Niacinamide, 43, 93 Nicotinic Acids, 31, 39, 93 Nitrogen, 15, 74, 75, 93, 102 Norepinephrine, 73, 83, 84, 93, 95, 99 Nucleic acid, 88, 93 Nucleus, 44, 76, 82, 93, 97 O Ointments, 83, 93 Oligomenorrhea, 93, 96 Opacity, 82, 93 Organelles, 82, 94 Ovaries, 42, 94, 96

Index 109

Ovary, 21, 42, 94 Overweight, 16, 32, 35, 94 Ovum, 86, 94 Oxidation, 36, 41, 73, 76, 82, 87, 91, 94, 101 Oxidative Stress, 8, 94 Oxygenation, 43, 94 P Palliative, 94, 100 Pancreas, 73, 77, 89, 94 Pancreatic, 78, 94 Papilla, 94 Papillary, 38, 45, 94 Parenteral, 84, 94 Parity, 41, 94 Pathologic, 81, 94 Peptide, 94, 96, 97, 99 Perception, 38, 94 Peroxide, 44, 94 PH, 77, 94 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 86, 95 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 83, 95 Pharmacists, 21, 95 Pharmacologic, 4, 95, 101 Pharmacotherapy, 7, 10, 20, 25, 95 Phenylalanine, 34, 95, 102 Phenylpropanolamine, 35, 95 Phospholipids, 85, 91, 95 Phosphorus, 78, 95 Physiologic, 5, 74, 77, 92, 95, 97, 98 Pigments, 78, 95 Pituitary Gland, 82, 95 Plana, 95, 98 Plants, 78, 79, 80, 84, 86, 93, 95 Plasma, 23, 33, 75, 79, 86, 87, 92, 95 Polycystic, 42, 95, 96 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 42, 96 Polydipsia, 48, 96 Polypeptide, 80, 96, 103 Polyphagia, 48, 96 Polysaccharide, 76, 87, 96 Polyuria, 48, 96 Potassium, 30, 92, 96 Potentiation, 20, 96 Practice Guidelines, 58, 96 Precursor, 73, 79, 83, 84, 93, 95, 96, 102 Predisposition, 32, 96 Prevalence, 5, 96 Professional Practice, 21, 96 Progressive, 79, 87, 92, 96, 97 Proline, 80, 88, 96 Protein C, 76, 91, 96 Protein S, 30, 77, 96

Proteins, 43, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 Proteolytic, 80, 97 Protons, 88, 97 Psychiatric, 37, 97 Psychiatry, 9, 21, 97 Psychotomimetic, 75, 83, 97 Public Policy, 57, 97 Pulmonary, 77, 97 Pulmonary Artery, 77, 97 R Race, 31, 97 Radiation, 97, 99, 103 Radioactive, 88, 97 Randomized, 4, 5, 7, 20, 84, 97 Reaction Time, 36, 97 Receptor, 76, 83, 97, 98 Receptors, Serotonin, 97, 98 Recombinant, 13, 97 Rectum, 83, 85, 89, 90, 97, 100 Refer, 1, 80, 85, 97 Regimen, 34, 84, 95, 97 Renal failure, 97 Resting metabolic rate, 22, 97 Reticular, 38, 45, 98 Retina, 80, 98 Rhabdomyolysis, 10, 98 Rhinitis, 84, 98 Riboflavin, 43, 98 Rod, 90, 98 S Satiation, 39, 98 Screening, 80, 98 Second Messenger Systems, 93, 98 Secretion, 38, 82, 89, 90, 92, 98 Sedative, 90, 98 Sedentary, 30, 98 Selenium, 43, 44, 98 Serotonin, 31, 37, 73, 92, 95, 97, 98, 99, 102 Serrata, 28, 80, 98 Serrated, 98 Serum, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 31, 32, 39, 40, 75, 80, 91, 92, 98 Shivering, 98, 101 Sibutramine, 31, 98 Side effect, 32, 33, 40, 48, 73, 99, 101 Skeletal, 9, 14, 15, 30, 75, 98, 99 Skeleton, 99 Skin Aging, 38, 99 Small intestine, 80, 88, 89, 99 Smooth muscle, 74, 75, 78, 81, 99, 100 Sodium, 30, 92, 99

110 Chromium Picolinate

Somatotropin, 13, 21, 99 Specialist, 63, 99 Species, 78, 85, 88, 90, 92, 97, 99, 102 Sperm, 75, 79, 99 Spinal cord, 76, 79, 99, 100 Spinous, 84, 99 Steel, 99, 102 Sterility, 24, 89, 99 Steroids, 82, 86, 99 Stimulant, 74, 78, 83, 99 Stimulus, 84, 90, 97, 100, 101 Stomach, 73, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 99, 100 Stress, 5, 12, 21, 25, 40, 76, 79, 92, 94, 96, 100 Stroke, 56, 78, 100 Subcutaneous, 38, 45, 83, 94, 100 Substance P, 98, 100 Sulfur, 91, 100 Supplementation, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 36, 41, 51, 100 Suppositories, 86, 100 Suppression, 36, 82, 100 Sympathetic Nervous System, 32, 76, 100 Sympathomimetic, 32, 35, 74, 83, 85, 93, 95, 100, 102 Synapses, 93, 100 Synergistic, 34, 100 Systemic, 10, 15, 77, 85, 100 Systolic, 88, 100 T Therapeutics, 12, 92, 100 Thermogenesis, 35, 101 Thermoregulation, 38, 101 Thiamine, 43, 101 Threshold, 88, 101 Thrombin, 96, 101 Thrombomodulin, 96, 101 Thrombosis, 96, 100, 101 Thyroid, 30, 101, 102 Thyroxine, 95, 101 Tolerance, 36, 86, 101 Tomography, 77, 101 Topical, 88, 101 Toxic, iv, 43, 74, 87, 98, 101 Toxicity, 7, 10, 15, 26, 36, 43, 83, 84, 101

Toxicology, 21, 24, 26, 58, 101 Trace element, 21, 32, 35, 36, 40, 79, 101 Trachea, 101 Transfection, 77, 101 Translocation, 15, 101 Triglyceride, 20, 31, 88, 101 Trivalent, 5, 15, 32, 36, 41, 101 Tryptophan, 25, 30, 80, 98, 102 Type 2 diabetes, 5, 6, 25, 26, 48, 102 Tyramine, 92, 102 Tyrosine, 30, 34, 83, 102 U Ulcer, 102 Unconscious, 88, 102 Univalent, 88, 94, 102 Uracil, 8, 22, 102 Uremia, 97, 102 Urinary, 8, 10, 16, 22, 51, 84, 89, 96, 102 Urine, 83, 87, 89, 90, 96, 98, 102 Uterus, 94, 102 V Vaccine, 73, 102 Vagina, 82, 90, 102 Vanadium, 32, 40, 102 Varicose, 35, 102 Varicose vein, 35, 102 Vascular, 38, 43, 45, 74, 89, 102 Vein, 90, 102 Venous, 96, 102 Venules, 77, 102 Veterinary Medicine, 57, 102 Virulence, 101, 102 Vitro, 103 Vivo, 103 W Weight Gain, 33, 103 White blood cell, 75, 91, 92, 103 Windpipe, 101, 103 X X-ray, 77, 103 Y Yeasts, 42, 85, 103 Z Zymogen, 96, 103

Index 111

112 Chromium Picolinate

Chromium Picolinate - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Chromium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Chromium Picolinate - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Chromium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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