Cipro - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , ...

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cipro: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83822-4 1. Cipro-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Cipro. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CIPRO ........................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cipro ............................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CIPRO .............................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cipro ............................................................................................ 71 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 72 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CIPRO ........................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 75 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 82 General References ....................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CIPRO ..................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Recent Trials on Cipro ................................................................................................................. 85 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 86 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CIPRO ........................................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 89 Chapters on Cipro ........................................................................................................................ 90 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CIPRO ........................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 91 Academic Periodicals covering Cipro........................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 97 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 98 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 109 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 111 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 111 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 111 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 117 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 117

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CIPRO DICTIONARY .................................................................................................................. 119 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 163

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Cipro is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Cipro, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Cipro, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Cipro. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Cipro, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Cipro. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CIPRO Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Cipro.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Cipro, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Ciprofloxacin: Best Use of This New Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 87(8): 117-122, 124, 127-128, 130-131. June 1990. Summary: Resistance to traditional antibiotics is an increasing problem. This article introduces ciprofloxacin (Cipro), a drug that is safe and effective against many organisms, can be taken orally, and is well tolerated. The author provides a complete description of the drug, including its use for urinary tract infections, bacterial diarrhea, and a variety of infections caused by aerobic gram-negative organisms. 4 tables. 43 references. (AA-M).

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Federally Funded Research on Cipro The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Cipro. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Cipro. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Cipro. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Cipro: •

Project Title: INFECTION-RESISTANT POLYURETHANE MATERIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Szycher, Michael; Cardiotech International, Inc. 11 State St Woburn, Ma 01801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: Infection of polymeric biomaterials is a major problem. In phase I, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro) was applied to an ionic polyurethane (cPU) using textile dyeing technology, and the application parameters were optimized. No exogenous binding agents were involved. This "dyed"-cPU demonstrated slow release of Cipro with sustained antimicrobial activity. The goal of this phase II application is to evaluate this Cipro-dyed CPU in vivo. We hypothesize that dyeing the cPU with Cipro will result in sustained infection resistance in vivo. cPU polymer will be coated onto pre-formed indwelling catheters. Cipro will be dyed onto cPU-coated catheters using parameters from phase I. Chemical and physical characteristics of the cPU- coated catheter will be assessed pre and post-dyeing. Cipro-dyed catheters will then be evaluated for Cipro release and sustained antimicrobial activity. Catheters will be subjected to an in vitro flow model in order to determine antibiotic release pharmacokinetics. Optimized Ciprodyed catheters will then be evaluated using an in vivo subcutaneous implant model. A successful indwelling polyurethane catheter with long-term infection resistance would generate a U.S. market greater than $300 million annually. This technology could be applied to other biomedical materials (vascular grafts, wound dressings) and commercial products (shower curtains, clothing). PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Development of a successful indwelling polyurethane catheter with long- term infection resistance could conservatively result in a U.S. market greater than $300 million annually. Additionally, this technology could be applied to a wide range of other biomedical applications such as implantable devices (i.e. vascular grafts, artificial heart) and wound dressings as well as application for commercial products such as shower curtains, clothing or foam cushions were bacteria/fungi presence is not desired. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Project Title: INFECTION-RESISTANT PROSTHETIC VALVE SEWING CUFFS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dempsey, Donald J.; Biomod Surfaces 125 Bridge Rd Salisbury, Ma 01952 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant):Cardiac valve replacement using prosthetic valves is indicated when progression of degenerative disease, annular dilatation or bacterial infection of the native valve results in valvular dysfunction. Bacterial infection is a major complication associated with implantation of these prosthetic valves. Infections are localized to the biomaterial/tissue interface leading to cuff and annular abscess formation. In phase I, an infection-resistant knitted polyester (Dacron) cuff material was developed in vitro with optimum antimicrobial properties via thermofixation (pad/heat) dyeing of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro). Application of this technology resulted in slow, sustained antibiotic release without the use of exogenous binders. The goal of this phase II project is to assess this novel infection-resistant knitted Dacron cuff material in vivo. Our hypothesis is that application of quinolone antibiotics such as Cipro to Dacron sewing cuffs using our proprietary dyeing technology will significantly reduce cardiac valve infections when challenged with a significant bacterial inoculum. The specific aims of this phase II proposal are to: 1) apply Cipro to clinically-utilized sewing cuffs using technology developed in phase I, 2) evaluate antimicrobial activity of Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs via zone of inhibition, 3) examine physical properties of Ciprodyed Dacron sewing cuffs, 4) implant unmodified (clinical standard) and Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs in a porcine heart valve infection model, 5) assess control and Cipro-dyed Dacron sewing cuffs via histological/microbiological techniques and 6) determine physical properties of Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs post-explantation. This technology, if successful, will be become the standard of care in the treatment of all forms of prosthetic endocarditis and may have an annual market in excess of $25 million. This technology can be applied to other medical devices that are comprised of Dacron such as vascular grafts, carotid patch material, wound dressings and suture material. This technology may also have broad application in other industries requiring biomaterials with antimicrobial properties such as respirators, facemasks, veterinary medicine and other commercial ventures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NOVEL ANTIBACTERIALS TARGETING THE 50S RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Sutcliffe, Joyce A.; Rib-X Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 300 George St, Ste 301 New Haven, Ct 06053 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 14-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rib-X Pharmaceuticals, Inc. has proprietary, highresolution structural information on how antibiotics bind to the large ribosomal subunit (50S). Using this information in combination with a computational approach that calculates the energetics of RNA-ligand interactions and drug-like properties of these antibiotics, a series of novel compounds were designed and synthesized. One of the compounds was complexed to Haloarcula marismortui 50S ribosomal subunits and solved to 3.0 Angstroms resolution. The position of the analog within the 50S subunit validated our approach and suggested that solving related structures within the series would provide a solid platform to understand how this series of compounds overcomes target-based resistance. To aid in drug design, this proposal seeks to: 1. Determine two additional high resolution structures of compounds complexed with the 50S subunit of

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Haloarcula marismortui. 2. Determine the minimally-active chemical core in the compound series. 3. Determine the pharmacokinetics of the most promising compound in mice. The overall goal of this work is to identify new chemical entities for the treatment of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. This is important because the incidence of antimicrobial resistance has increased in hospital and community settings. Therapeutic failures with current agents, extended hospital stays, and the use of increasingly costly and toxic antimicrobials that contribute to healthcare costs is driving the need for new antimicrobial agents that overcome multidrug resistance. Resistance is likely to become worse when patents for widely used, branded antibiotics like Augmentin, Cipro, and Zithromax expire, resulting in widespread use of generic versions of these drugs. The 50S subunit is a highly validated target in that two of the top four oral antibiotics in the US target it (Zithromax and Biaxen); collectively, these two antibiotics account for >$2 billion in annual sales. Further, the most recently approved class of antibiotics, Zyvox, also binds to the 50S. Zyvox is used to treat serious Gram-positive nosocomial infections. Thus, the 50S presents an opportunity to target medical needs and to find new antimicrobials for both community- and hospitalacquired infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS OF GREPAFLOXACIN & CIPROFLOXACIN IN LUNG Principal Investigator & Institution: Bascom, Rebecca; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine the concentration of the antibiotic Grepafloxacin (Raxar) or Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) in the lung after taking a single dose. Both drugs are used for treating lung infections such as pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics. The greater the amount of antibiotic that is deposited at the site of the infection, the faster the bacteria is eliminated and the course of treatment is shorter. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Cipro in the PubMed Central database:

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A Canadian National Surveillance Study of Urinary Tract Isolates from Outpatients: Comparison of the Activities of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Ampicillin, Mecillinam, Nitrofurantoin, and Ciprofloxacin. by Zhanel GG, Karlowsky JA, Harding GK, Carrie A, Mazzulli T, Low DE, Hoban DJ.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89821

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A New Approach to In Vitro Comparisons of Antibiotics in Dynamic Models: Equivalent Area under the Curve/MIC Breakpoints and Equiefficient Doses of Trovafloxacin and Ciprofloxacin against Bacteria of Similar Susceptibilities. by Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Shevchenko AA, Portnoy YA, Zinner SH.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105953

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Absorption of ciprofloxacin in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. by Marangos MN, Skoutelis AT, Nightingale CH, Zhu Z, Psyrogiannis AG, Nicolau DP, Bassaris HP, Quintiliani R.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162904

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Active efflux as a mechanism of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Zeller V, Janoir C, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L, Moreau NJ.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164047

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Activities of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with amikacin, against acinetobacters as determined by checkerboard and time-kill studies. by Bajaksouzian S, Visalli MA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163853

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Activities of Newer Fluoroquinolones against Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Coyle EA, Kaatz GW, Rybak MJ.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90528

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Activities of Six Different Quinolones against Clinical Respiratory Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Spain. by Perez-Trallero E, Garcia-Rey C, Martin-Sanchez AM, Aguilar L, Garcia-de-Lomas J, Ruiz J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127368

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Activities of three investigational fluoroquinolones (BAY y 3118, DU-6859a, and clinafloxacin) against Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with diminished susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. by Carlyn CJ, Doyle LJ, Knapp CC, Ludwig MD, Washington JA.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162791

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Activities of Trovafloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Clinafloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin against Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Infection Model. by Hershberger E, Rybak MJ.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89732

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Activity of Gemifloxacin against Penicillin- and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Displaying Topoisomerase- and Efflux-Mediated Resistance Mechanisms. by Heaton VJ, Goldsmith CE, Ambler JE, Fisher LM.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89601

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Adaptive mutations produce resistance to ciprofloxacin. by Riesenfeld C, Everett M, Piddock LJ, Hall BG.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164069

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Aerosol delivery of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin: aerosol characterization and efficacy against Francisella tularensis infection in mice. by Conley J, Yang H, Wilson T, Blasetti K, Di Ninno V, Schnell G, Wong JP.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163901

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Allergy associated with ciprofloxacin. by Burke P, Burne SR.; 2000 Mar 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27310

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Analysis of Ciprofloxacin Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae after 10 Years of Use in the United States. by Sahm DF, Peterson DE, Critchley IA, Thornsberry C.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90096

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Analysis of gyrA and grlA mutations in stepwise-selected ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. by Ferrero L, Cameron B, Crouzet J.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162780

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Antibacterial action of ciprofloxacin. by Mason DJ, Power EG, Talsania H, Phillips I, Gant VA.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163024

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Antibacterial Efficacy against an In Vivo Salmonella typhimurium Infection Model and Pharmacokinetics of a Liposomal Ciprofloxacin Formulation. by Webb MS, Boman NL, Wiseman DJ, Saxon D, Sutton K, Wong KF, Logan P, Hope MJ.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105454

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Antibiotic activity in microbiological media versus that in human urine: comparison of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. by Drobot GR, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163091

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Emerging Ciprofloxacin Resistance in The Netherlands, 1991 to 1998. by de Neeling AJ, van Santen-Verheuvel M, Spaargaren J, Willems RJ.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101628

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and High Prevalence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Isolates in Japan, 1993 to 1998. by Tanaka M, Nakayama H, Haraoka M, Saika T, Kobayashi I, Naito S.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86137

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Antimicrobial Susceptibilities and Plasmid Contents of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Commercial Sex Workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Emergence of HighLevel Resistance to Ciprofloxacin. by Bhuiyan BU, Rahman M, Miah MR, Nahar S, Islam N, Ahmed M, Rahman KM, Albert MJ.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88660

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Assessment of the Effects of Combination Therapy with Ciprofloxacin and Fenbufen on the Central Nervous Systems of Healthy Volunteers by Quantitative Electroencephalography. by Kamali F, Ashton CH, Marsh VR, Cox J.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105795

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Association of mutations in grlA and gyrA topoisomerase genes with resistance to ciprofloxacin in epidemic and sporadic isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Deplano A, Zekhnini A, Allali N, Couturier M, Struelens MJ.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164058

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Azithromycin versus Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Uncomplicated Typhoid Fever in a Randomized Trial in Egypt That Included Patients with Multidrug Resistance. by Girgis NI, Butler T, Frenck RW, Sultan Y, Brown, Tribble D, Khakhria R.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89293

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Biliary excretion of ciprofloxacin and piperacillin in the obstructed biliary tract. by van den Hazel SJ, de Vries XH, Speelman P, Dankert J, Tytgat GN, Huibregtse K, van Leeuwen DJ.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163596

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Canadian ciprofloxacin susceptibility study: comparative study from 15 medical centers. Canadian Ciprofloxacin Study Group. by Blondeau JM, Yaschuk Y.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163406

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Characterization of grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB Mutations in 116 Unrelated Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Effects of Mutations on Ciprofloxacin MIC. by Schmitz FJ, Jones ME, Hofmann B, Hansen B, Scheuring S, Luckefahr M, Fluit A, Verhoef J, Hadding U, Heinz HP, Kohrer K.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105791

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Ciprofloxacin absorption is impaired in patients given enteral feedings orally and via gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes. by Healy DP, Brodbeck MC, Clendening CE.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163046

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Ciprofloxacin in Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Liposomes: Efficacy in Rat Models of Acute or Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. by Bakker-Woudenberg IA, ten Kate MT, Guo L, Working P, Mouton JW.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127349

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Ciprofloxacin Induces an Immunomodulatory Stress Response in Human T Lymphocytes. by Riesbeck K, Forsgren A, Henriksson A, Bredberg A.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105711

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Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in burn patients. by Garrelts JC, Jost G, Kowalsky SF, Krol GJ, Lettieri JT.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163282

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Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni Isolates: Detection of gyrA Resistance Mutations by Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay PCR and DNA Sequence Analysis. by Zirnstein G, Li Y, Swaminathan B, Angulo F.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85547

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Ciprofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, or Levofloxacin as Treatment for Chronic Osteomyelitis. by Greenberg RN, Newman MT, Shariaty S, Pectol RW.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89644

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Ciprofloxacin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains possess mutations in analogous positions of GyrA and ParC. by Georgiou M, Munoz R, Roman F, Canton R, Gomez-Lus R, Campos J, De La Campa AG.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163409

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Circadian variation in urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin after a single-dose oral administration at 1000 and 2200 hours in human subjects. by Rao VV, Rambhau D, Rao BR, Srinivasu P.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164009

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Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene from Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus ATCC 27374 and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant laboratory and clinical isolates. by Taylor DE, Chau AS.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163769

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Comparative Activities of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Dynamic Model. by Zinner SH, Simmons K, Gilbert D.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89764

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Comparative Activities of Ciprofloxacin, Clinafloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Trovafloxacin against Epidemiologically Defined Acinetobacter baumannii Strains. by Heinemann B, Wisplinghoff H, Edmond M, Seifert H.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90044

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Comparative Activities of Clinafloxacin, Grepafloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, and Trovafloxacin and Nonquinolones Linozelid, Quinupristin-Dalfopristin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin against Clinical Isolates of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains. by Jones ME, Visser MR, Klootwijk M, Heisig P, Verhoef J, Schmitz FJ.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89096

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Comparative Antimicrobial Activities of the Newly Synthesized Quinolone WQ-3034, Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium Complex. by Tomioka H, Sato K, Kajitani H, Akaki T, Shishido S.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89672

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Comparative assessment of Etest for testing susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin: investigation using 510(k) review criteria, recommended by the Food and Drug Administration. by Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229487

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Comparative Bactericidal Activities of Ciprofloxacin, Clinafloxacin, Grepafloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Trovafloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Dynamic In Vitro Model. by Klepser ME, Ernst EJ, Petzold CR, Rhomberg P, Doern GV.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90354

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Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin alone or in combination with fosfomycin in experimental endocarditis induced by multidrug-susceptible and resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Xiong YQ, Potel G, Caillon J, Stephant G, Jehl F, Bugnon D, Le Conte P, Baron D, Drugeon H.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162566

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Comparative Efficacy of Trovafloxacin in Experimental Endocarditis Caused by Ciprofloxacin-Sensitive, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Kim YS, Liu Q, Chow LL, Chambers HF, Tauber MG.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106048

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Comparative In Vitro Activities of Ciprofloxacin, Clinafloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Trovafloxacin against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterobacter aerogenes Clinical Isolates with Alterations in GyrA and ParC Proteins. by Brisse S, Milatovic D, Fluit AC, Verhoef J, Martin N, Scheuring S, Kohrer K, Schmitz FJ.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89413

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Comparative In Vitro Activities of Ciprofloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Grepafloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Trovafloxacin, and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Bloodstream Isolates of Gram-Positive Cocci. by Hardy D, Amsterdam D, Mandell LA, Rotstein C.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89773

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Comparative in vitro activities of DU-6859a, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against 387 aerobic and anaerobic bite wound isolates. by Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Hunt Gerardo S, Hudspeth M, Merriam CV.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163881

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Comparative In Vitro Activities of Meropenem, Imipenem, Temocillin, Piperacillin, and Ceftazidime in Combination with Tobramycin, Rifampin, or Ciprofloxacin against Burkholderia cepacia Isolates from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. by Bonacorsi S, Fitoussi F, Lhopital S, Bingen E.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89053

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Comparative Pharmacodynamics of Gatifloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in an In Vitro Dynamic Model: Prediction of Equiefficient Doses and the Breakpoints of the Area under the Curve/MIC Ratio. by Vostrov SN, Kononenko OV, Lubenko IY, Zinner SH, Firsov AA.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89786

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Comparison of Ceftriaxone, Amikacin, and Ciprofloxacin in Treatment of Experimental Yersinia enterocolitica O9 Infection in Mice. by Jimenez-Valera M, Gonzalez-Torres C, Moreno E, Ruiz-Bravo A.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105983

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Comparison of Efficacies of Oral Levofloxacin and Oral Ciprofloxacin in a Rabbit Model of a Staphylococcal Abscess. by Fernandez J, Barrett JF, Licata L, Amaratunga D, Frosco M.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89178

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Comparison of In Vitro Activities of Gatifloxacin and Ciprofloxacin against Four Taxa of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria. by Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ Jr, Crist CJ, Mann L, Wilson RW.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128789

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Comparison of recalcitrance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bofilms displaying rapid-transport characteristics. by Vrany JD, Stewart PS, Suci PA.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163914

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Comparison of single-dose cefuroxime axetil with ciprofloxacin in treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea caused by penicillinase-producing and non-penicillinaseproducing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. by Thorpe EM, Schwebke JR, Hook EW 3rd, Rompalo A, McCormack WM, Mussari KL, Giguere GC, Collins JJ.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163620

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Comparison of sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, and ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis and treatment of experimental foreign-body infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Cagni A, Chuard C, Vaudaux PE, Schrenzel J, Lew DP.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162802

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Comparison of the bactericidal activities of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with ceftazidime and piperacillin against clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Klepser ME, Patel KB, Nicolau DP, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162973

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Comparison of the postantibiotic and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Licata L, Smith CE, Goldschmidt RM, Barrett JF, Frosco M.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163831

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Contributions of Antibiotic Penetration, Oxygen Limitation, and Low Metabolic Activity to Tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms to Ciprofloxacin and Tobramycin. by Walters MC III, Roe F, Bugnicourt A, Franklin MJ, Stewart PS.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148957

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Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by Basidiomycetes and Identification of Metabolites Generated by the Brown Rot Fungus Gloeophyllum striatum. by Wetzstein HG, Stadler M, Tichy HV, Dalhoff A, Karl W.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91220

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Detection of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Yersinia pestis by Fluorogenic PCR Using the LightCycler. by Lindler LE, Fan W, Jahan N.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88402

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Detection of rifampin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using species-specific assays for precursor rRNA. by Cangelosi GA, Brabant WH, Britschgi TB, Wallis CK.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163418

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Determination of robust ocular pharmacokinetic parameters in serum and vitreous humor of albino rabbits following systemic administration of ciprofloxacin from sparse data sets by using IT2S, a population pharmacokinetic modeling program. by Drusano GL, Liu W, Perkins R, Madu A, Madu C, Mayers M, Miller MH.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162807

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Development of Resistance to Ciprofloxacin, Rifampin, and Mupirocin in Methicillin-Susceptible and -Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates. by Schmitz FJ, Fluit AC, Hafner D, Beeck A, Perdikouli M, Boos M, Scheuring S, Verhoef J, Kohrer K, Von Eiff C.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101641

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Differential intracellular efficacies of ciprofloxacin and cefixime against Neisseria gonorrhoeae in human fallopian tube organ culture. by Phanucharas JP, Gorby GL.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163956

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Differential Selection of Multidrug Efflux Mutants by Trovafloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in an Experimental Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acute Pneumonia in Rats. by Join-Lambert OF, Michea-Hamzehpour M, Kohler T, Chau F, Faurisson F, Dautrey S, Vissuzaine C, Carbon C, Pechere JC.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90328

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Distribution and Antimicrobial Activity of Ciprofloxacin in Human Soft Tissues. by Brunner M, Hollenstein U, Delacher S, Jager D, Schmid R, Lackner E, Georgopoulos A, Eichler HG, Muller M.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89268

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Drift in Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Ciprofloxacin and Emergence of Therapeutic Failure. by Ison CA, Woodford PJ, Madders H, Claydon E.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105966

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Effect of Cholera Toxin on Intestinal Elimination of Ciprofloxacin in Rabbits. by Musafija A, Barzilai A, Ramon J, Rubinstein E.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105441

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Effect of Ciprofloxacin on Killing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. by Cacchillo DA, Walters JD.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127222

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Effect of combination therapy with ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. by Gillum JG, Israel DS, Scott RB, Climo MW, Polk RE.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163401

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Effects of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin on adult human cartilage in vitro. by Menschik M, Neumuller J, Steiner CW, Erlacher L, Koller M, Ullrich R, Graninger W, Graninger WB.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164164

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Effects of ciprofloxacin and protamine sulfate combinations against catheterassociated Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. by Soboh F, Khoury AE, Zamboni AC, Davidson D, Mittelman MW.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162727

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Effects of NorA Inhibitors on In Vitro Antibacterial Activities and Postantibiotic Effects of Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Norfloxacin in Genetically Related Strains of Staphylococcus aureus. by Aeschlimann JR, Dresser LD, Kaatz GW, Rybak MJ.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89073

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Effects of the Des-F(6)-Quinolone Garenoxacin (BMS-284756), in Comparison to Those of Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin, on Joint Cartilage in Immature Rats. by Maria Kappel E, Shakibaei M, Bello A, Stahlmann R.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128797

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Efficacies of Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Vancomycin against Experimental Endocarditis Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Expressing Various Degrees of Ciprofloxacin Resistance. by Entenza JM, Que YA, Vouillamoz J, Glauser MP, Moreillon P.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90785

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Efficacy and Safety of a 10-Day Course of 400 or 600 Milligrams of Grepafloxacin Once Daily for Treatment of Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis: Comparison with a 10-Day Course of 500 Milligrams of Ciprofloxacin Twice Daily. by Chodosh S, Lakshminarayan S, Swarz H, Breisch S.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105465

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Engineering the Specificity of Antibacterial Fluoroquinolones: Benzenesulfonamide Modifications at C-7 of Ciprofloxacin Change Its Primary Target in Streptococcus pneumoniae from Topoisomerase IV to Gyrase. by Alovero FL, Pan XS, Morris JE, Manzo RH, Fisher LM.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89678

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Evaluation of a Bacteriophage-Based Assay (Phage Amplified Biologically Assay) as a Rapid Screen for Resistance to Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, Pyrazinamide, and Ciprofloxacin among Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. by Eltringham IJ, Wilson SM, Drobniewski FA.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85685

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Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin as a Representative of Veterinary Fluoroquinolones in Susceptibility Testing. by Riddle C, Lemons CL, Papich MG, Altier C.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86508

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Evidence for Active Efflux as the Primary Mechanism of Resistance to Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. by Giraud E, Cloeckaert A, Kerboeuf D, Chaslus-Dancla E.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89848

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Evidence of Active Efflux in Resistance to Ciprofloxacin and to Ethidium Bromide by Mycoplasma hominis. by Raherison S, Gonzalez P, Renaudin H, Charron A, Bebear C, Bebear CM.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127495

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Excretion of ciprofloxacin into the large bowel of the rabbit. by Ramon J, Dautrey S, Farinoti R, Carbon C, Rubinstein E.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163047

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Flow Cytometric Investigation of Filamentation, Membrane Patency, and Membrane Potential in Escherichia coli following Ciprofloxacin Exposure. by Wickens HJ, Pinney RJ, Mason DJ, Gant VA.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89746

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Genetic Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated during Ciprofloxacin Therapy from a Patient with Bronchiectasis. by de la Campa AG, Ferrandiz MJ, Tubau F, Pallares R, Manresa F, Linares J.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152524

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Grepafloxacin, a Dimethyl Derivative of Ciprofloxacin, Acts Preferentially through Gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Role of the C-5 Group in Target Specificity. by Morris JE, Pan XS, Fisher LM.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127062

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gyrA and gyrB Mutations Are Implicated in Cross-Resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile. by Dridi L, Tankovic J, Burghoffer B, Barbut F, Petit JC.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128732

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gyrA Mutations in Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Bartonella bacilliformis Strains Obtained In Vitro. by Minnick MF, Wilson ZR, Smitherman LS, Samuels DS.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148966

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High Prevalence of High-Level Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Tel Aviv, Israel: Correlation with Response to Therapy. by Dan M, Poch F, Sheinberg B.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127211

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Identification of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni by Use of a Fluorogenic PCR Assay. by Wilson DL, Abner SR, Newman TC, Mansfield LS, Linz JE.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87527

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Identification of Novel Mutation Patterns in the parC Gene of CiprofloxacinResistant Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. by Trees DL, Sandul AL, Whittington WL, Knapp JS.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105872

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Improved Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin Administered in Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Liposomes for Treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia in Rats. by BakkerWoudenberg IA, ten Kate MT, Guo L, Working P, Mouton JW.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90493

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In vitro activities of ciprofloxacin and rifampin alone and in combination against growing and nongrowing strains of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Bahl D, Miller DA, Leviton I, Gialanella P, Wolin MJ, Liu W, Perkins R, Miller MH.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163902

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In vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, and rifampin against fully susceptible and moderately penicillin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis. by Blondeau JM, Yaschuk Y.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162989

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In Vitro Bactericidal Activities of Linezolid in Combination with Vancomycin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Fusidic Acid, and Rifampin against Staphylococcus aureus. by Grohs P, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148978

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In Vitro Effects of Ciprofloxacin and Roxithromycin on Apoptosis of Jurkat T Lymphocytes. by Jun YT, Kim HJ, Song MJ, Lim JH, Lee DG, Han KJ, Choi SM, Yoo JH, Shin WS, Choi JH.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149341

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In vitro pharmacodynamics of piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Hyatt JM, Nix DE, Stratton CW, Schentag JJ.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162813

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In Vitro Selection of Resistance to Clinafloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Trovafloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Nagai K, Davies TA, Pankuch GA, Dewasse BE, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90145

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In Vitro Susceptibilities of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis to BAY 12-8039, Trovafloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin. by Hoppe JE.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105701

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In Vitro Susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to Trovafloxacin in Comparison with Susceptibilities to Pefloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Doxycycline, and Clarithromycin. by Gikas A, Spyridaki I, Psaroulaki A, Kofterithis D, Tselentis Y.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105931

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In vivo efficacies of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in acute murine hematogenous pyelonephritis induced by methicillin-susceptible and-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. by Frosco MB, Melton JL, Stewart FP, Kulwich BA, Licata L, Barrett JF.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163569

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In Vivo Increase in Resistance to Ciprofloxacin in Escherichia coli Associated with Deletion of the C-Terminal Part of MarR. by Linde HJ, Notka F, Metz M, Kochanowski B, Heisig P, Lehn N.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89976

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Increased expression of fibronectin-binding proteins by fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to subinhibitory levels of ciprofloxacin. by Bisognano C, Vaudaux PE, Lew DP, Ng EY, Hooper DC.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163823

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Increasing incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in Canada. by Sarwal S, Wong T, Sevigny C, Ng LK.; 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151996

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Induction of Fibronectin-Binding Proteins and Increased Adhesion of QuinoloneResistant Staphylococcus aureus by Subinhibitory Levels of Ciprofloxacin. by Bisognano C, Vaudaux P, Rohner P, Lew DP, Hooper DC.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89892

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Influence of intravenously administered ciprofloxacin on aerobic intestinal microflora and fecal drug levels when administered simultaneously with sucralfate. by Krueger WA, Ruckdeschel G, Unertl K.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163993

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Influence of Renal Failure on Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Rats. by NouailleDegorce B, Veau C, Dautrey S, Tod M, Laouari D, Carbon C, Farinotti R.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105402

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Influence of Renal Failure on Intestinal Clearance of Ciprofloxacin in Rats. by Dautrey S, Rabbaa L, Laouari D, Lacour B, Carbon C, Farinotti R.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89180

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Influences of Different Factors on Prevalence of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Spain. by Garcia-Rey C, Aguilar L.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90230

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Influences of Urinary pH on Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Humans and Antimicrobial Activity In Vitro versus Those of Sparfloxacin. by Kamberi M, Tsutsumi K, Kotegawa T, Kawano K, Nakamura K, Niki Y, Nakano S.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89155

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Inhibition of the Emergence of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae by the Multidrug Efflux Inhibitor Reserpine. by Markham PN.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89246

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Interaction study of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin with omeprazole and comparative pharmacokinetics. by Stuht H, Lode H, Koeppe P, Rost KL, Schaberg T.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162680

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Intestinal elimination of sparfloxacin, fleroxacin, and ciprofloxacin in rats. by Rubinstein E, Dautrey S, Farinoti R, St Julien L, Ramon J, Carbon C.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162492

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Involvement of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase as ciprofloxacin targets in Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Pan XS, Ambler J, Mehtar S, Fisher LM.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163528

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Lack of ability of ciprofloxacin-rifampin prophylaxis to decrease infection-related morbidity in neutropenic patients given cytotoxic therapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplants. by Hidalgo M, Hornedo J, Lumbreras C, Trigo JM, Gomez C, Perea S, Ruiz A, Hitt R, Cortes-Funes H.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163876

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Lack of Effect of Simultaneously Administered Didanosine Encapsulated Enteric Bead Formulation (Videx EC) on Oral Absorption of Indinavir, Ketoconazole, or Ciprofloxacin. by Damle BD, Mummaneni V, Kaul S, Knupp C.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127036

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Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin In Vitro Activities against 4,003 Clinical Bacterial Isolates Collected in 24 Italian Laboratories. by Gesu GP, Marchetti F, Piccoli L, Cavallero A.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151783

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Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin, flucloxacillin, or vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-susceptible or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Entenza JM, Vouillamoz J, Glauser MP, Moreillon P.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163981

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Mechanisms and Frequency of Resistance to Gatifloxacin in Comparison to AM-1121 and Ciprofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus. by Ince D, Hooper DC.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90727

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MIC-Based Interspecies Prediction of the Antimicrobial Effects of Ciprofloxacin on Bacteria of Different Susceptibilities in an In Vitro Dynamic Model. by Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Shevchenko AA, Zinner SH, Cornaglia G, Portnoy YA.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105954

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Modification of immune response in mice by ciprofloxacin. by Jimenez-Valera M, Sampedro A, Moreno E, Ruiz-Bravo A.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162501

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Molecular Basis of High-Level Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains Isolated in Denmark from 1995 to 1998. by Su X, Lind I.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90248

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Molecular characterization of epidemic ciprofloxacin- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing patients in an intensive care unit. by Udo EE, al-Obaid IA, Jacob LE, Chugh TD.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229496

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Molecular Epidemiology of Penicillin-Resistant and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada. by Nichol KA, Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151757

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Monotherapy with Intravenous Followed by Oral High-Dose Ciprofloxacin versus Combination Therapy with Ceftazidime plus Amikacin as Initial Empiric Therapy for Granulocytopenic Patients with Fever. by Giamarellou H, Bassaris HP, Petrikkos G, Busch W, Voulgarelis M, Antoniadou A, Grouzi E, Zoumbos N.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90190

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Mutant Prevention Concentration of Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) for CiprofloxacinSusceptible or -Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Zhao X, Eisner W, Perl-Rosenthal N, Kreiswirth B, Drlica K.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149307

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of strains from North America, Hawaii, and the Philippines. by Xia M, Roberts MC, Whittington WL, Holmes KK, Knapp JS, Dillon JA, Wi T.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=163553

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Neurotoxicodynamics of the Interaction between Ciprofloxacin and Foscarnet in Mice. by Matsuo H, Ryu M, Nagata A, Uchida T, Kawakami JI, Yamamoto K, Iga T, Sawada Y.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105519

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No Interaction between Ciprofloxacin and an Oral Contraceptive. by Scholten PC, Droppert RM, Zwinkels MG, Moesker HL, Nauta JJ, Hoepelman IM.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106032

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Novel Ciprofloxacin-Resistant, Nalidixic Acid-Susceptible Mutant of Staphylococcus aureus. by Piddock LJ, Jin YF, Webber MA, Everett MJ.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127307

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Nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of Helicobacter pylori. by Moore RA, Beckthold B, Wong S, Kureishi A, Bryan LE.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162494

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Oral Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients: Randomized Trial of Ciprofloxacin versus Ciprofloxacin-Vancomycin. by Ford CD, Reilly W, Wood J, Classen DC, Burke JP.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105612

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Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with AIDS. by Owens RC Jr, Patel KB, Banevicius MA, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163949

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Parameters of bacterial killing and regrowth kinetics and antimicrobial effect examined in terms of area under the concentration-time curve relationships: action of ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli in an in vitro dynamic model. by Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Shevchenko AA, Cornaglia G.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163900

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parC Mutation Conferring Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes BM4513. by Alonso R, Galimand M, Courvalin P.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128750

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PCR-Based Detection of Bacillus anthracis in Formalin-Fixed Tissue from a Patient Receiving Ciprofloxacin. by Levine SM, Perez-Perez G, Olivares A, Yee H, Hanna BA, Blaser MJ.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139675

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Penetration of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin into biliary tract. by Edmiston CE Jr, Suarez EC, Walker AP, Demeure MP, Frantzides CT, Schulte WJ, Wilson SD.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163200

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Penetration of Ciprofloxacin into the Interstitial Space of Inflamed Foot Lesions in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Patients. by Muller M, Brunner M, Hollenstein U, Joukhadar C, Schmid R, Minar E, Ehringer H, Eichler HG.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89414

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Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis Is Induced by Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin In Vitro. by Dreses-Werringloer U, Padubrin I, Jurgens-Saathoff B, Hudson AP, Zeidler H, Kohler L.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90194

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Persistence of Salmonellae in Blood and Bone Marrow: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol Treatments against Enteric Fever. by Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, van der Meer JW.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153327

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Pharmacodynamic Comparisons of Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Ampicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Model of Infection. by Lacy MK, Lu W, Xu X, Tessier PR, Nicolau DP, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89179

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Pharmacodynamics of Trovafloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Model. by Lister PD, Sanders CC.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89120

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Pharmacokinetic Profiles of High-Dose Intravenous Ciprofloxacin in Severe Sepsis. by Lipman J, Scribante J, Gous AG, Hon H, Tshukutsoane S.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105792

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. by Schaefer HG, Stass H, Wedgwood J, Hampel B, Fischer C, Kuhlmann J, Schaad UB.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163051

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Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in the Human Eye: a Clinical Study and Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. by Morlet N, Graham GG, Gatus B, McLachlan AJ, Salonikas C, Naidoo D, Goldberg I, Lam CM.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89931

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Pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in young and elderly and in male and female subjects. by Shah A, Lettieri J, Nix D, Wilton J, Heller AH.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162672

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Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. by Malone RS, Fish DN, Abraham E, Teitelbaum I.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90762

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Phenotypic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, Selected Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after Single and Multiple In Vitro Exposures to Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Trovafloxacin. by Gilbert DN, Kohlhepp SJ, Slama KA, Grunkemeier G, Lewis G, Dworkin RJ, Slaughter SE, Leggett JE.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90388

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Photosensitivity associated with ciprofloxacin use in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. by Burdge DR, Nakielna EM, Rabin HR.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162630

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Population Pharmacokinetics and Use of Monte Carlo Simulation To Evaluate Currently Recommended Dosing Regimens of Ciprofloxacin in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. by Montgomery MJ, Beringer PM, Aminimanizani A, Louie SG, Shapiro BJ, Jelliffe R, Gill MA.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90855

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Postantibiotic Effect and Postantibiotic Sub-MIC Effect of Levofloxacin Compared to Those of Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin against 20 Pneumococci. by Spangler SK, Lin G, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105793

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Prediction of the Effects of Inoculum Size on the Antimicrobial Action of Trovafloxacin and Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in an In Vitro Dynamic Model. by Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Kononenko OV, Zinner SH, Portnoy YA.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89150

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Proposed criteria for interpretation of susceptibilities of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, and norfloxacin. by Knapp JS, Hale JA, Neal SW, Wintersheid K, Rice RJ, Whittington WL.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162962

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Relationship between quinolone use and emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli in bloodstream infections. by Pena C, Albareda JM, Pallares R, Pujol M, Tubau F, Ariza J.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162571

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Role of Antibiotic Penetration Limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm Resistance to Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin. by Anderl JN, Franklin MJ, Stewart PS.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89967

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Role of mutations in DNA gyrase genes in ciprofloxacin resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible or resistant to imipenem. by Cambau E, Perani E, Dib C, Petinon C, Trias J, Jarlier V.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162924

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Role of Nutrient Limitation and Stationary-Phase Existence in Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm Resistance to Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin. by Anderl JN, Zahller J, Roe F, Stewart PS.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152508

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Selection of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Ciprofloxacin and Trovafloxacin. by Evans ME, Titlow WB.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105531

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Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime in volunteer subjects. by Conte JE Jr, Golden J, Duncan S, McKenna E, Lin E, Zurlinden E.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163383

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Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Spain: Clonal Diversity and Appearance of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Epidemic Clones. by Alou L, Ramirez M, Garcia-Rey C, Prieto J, de Lencastre H.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90763

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Suggested modifications for disk diffusion susceptibility testing criteria for levofloxacin and sparfloxacin following tests with a predictor panel of ciprofloxacinresistant clinical isolates. by Sutton LD, Jones RN.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=227897

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Susceptibility to levofloxacin predicted from in vitro susceptibility testing results obtained with ciprofloxacin and with ofloxacin. by Cormican MG, Jones RN.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=227912

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Target Site Concentrations of Ciprofloxacin after Single Intravenous and Oral Doses. by Brunner M, Sta[beta] H, Moller JG, Schrolnberger C, Erovic B, Hollenstein U, Zeitlinger M, Eichler HG, Muller M.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=132760

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Topoisomerase Sequences of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Isolates Resistant to Ciprofloxacin or Trovafloxacin. by Dubin DT, Fitzgibbon JE, Nahvi MD, John JF.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89335

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Transepithelial transport of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin by human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells. by Cavet ME, West M, Simmons NL.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164190

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Treatment of Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in a murine model with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and ciprofloxacin. by Atkinson BA, Bocanegra R, Graybill JR.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162935

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Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected orthopedic prostheses with ceftazidime-ciprofloxacin antibiotic combination. by Brouqui P, Rousseau MC, Stein A, Drancourt M, Raoult D.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162959

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Trends in Ciprofloxacin Nonsusceptibility and Levofloxacin Resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in North America. by Karlowsky JA, Nealy L, Sahm DF.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88231

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Type II Topoisomerase Mutations in Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Mouneimne H, Robert J, Jarlier V, Cambau E.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89021

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Use of a LightCycler gyrA Mutation Assay for Rapid Identification of Mutations Conferring Decreased Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Multiresistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104 Isolates. by Walker RA, Saunders N, Lawson AJ, Lindsay EA, Dassama M, Ward LR, Woodward MJ, Davies RH, Liebana E, Threlfall EJ.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87952

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Cipro, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Cipro (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of plague successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and sympathetic blockade for treatment of gangrene. Author(s): Kuberski T, Robinson L, Schurgin A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 February 15; 36(4): 521-3. Epub 2003 January 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567312&dopt=Abstract

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A C-terminal 18 amino acid deletion in MarR in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli reduces MarR binding properties and increases the MIC of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Notka F, Linde HJ, Dankesreiter A, Niller HH, Lehn N. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 January; 49(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751765&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A randomized clinical trial of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole to treat acute pouchitis. Author(s): Shen B, Achkar JP, Lashner BA, Ormsby AH, Remzi FH, Brzezinski A, Bevins CL, Bambrick ML, Seidner DL, Fazio VW. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2001 November; 7(4): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720319&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial of azithromycin versus doxycycline/ciprofloxacin for the syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections in a resource-poor setting. Author(s): Rustomjee R, Kharsany AB, Connolly CA, Karim SS. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 May; 49(5): 875-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003988&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of gatifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Author(s): Cox CE, Marbury TC, Pittman WG, Brown GL, Auerbach SM, Fox BC, Yang JY. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 February; 24(2): 223-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911553&dopt=Abstract

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Accumulation of ciprofloxacin and minocycline by cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Author(s): Yang Q, Nakkula RJ, Walters JD. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2002 December; 81(12): 836-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454098&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendon disease in lung transplant recipients: association with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Chhajed PN, Plit ML, Hopkins PM, Malouf MA, Glanville AR. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 March; 19(3): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936524&dopt=Abstract

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Activities of 13 quinolones by three susceptibility testing methods against a collection of Haemophilus influenzae isolates with different levels of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: evidence for cross-resistance. Author(s): Perez-Vazquez M, Roman F, Varela MC, Canton R, Campos J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 January; 51(1): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493800&dopt=Abstract

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Activities of six different quinolones against clinical respiratory isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain. Author(s): Perez-Trallero E, Garcia-Rey C, Martin-Sanchez AM, Aguilar L, Garcia-deLomas J, Ruiz J; Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens (SAUCE Program). Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 August; 46(8): 2665-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121952&dopt=Abstract

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Activity of six quinolones against 226 recent clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Latorre C, Garcia-Rey C, Garcia-Perea A, Perea E, Aguilar L, Cercenado E, Garcia-de-Lomas J; Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 August; 50(2): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161418&dopt=Abstract

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Acute psychosis following the use of topical ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Tripathi A, Chen SI, O'Sullivan S. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 May; 120(5): 665-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003626&dopt=Abstract

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Alarming increase in ciprofloxacin- and penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in New Delhi, India. Author(s): Bala M, Ray K, Kumari S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 June; 30(6): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782955&dopt=Abstract

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Alteration of pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and suppression of the cytochrome p450 genes by ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Xie HJ, Broberg U, Griskevicius L, Lundgren S, Carlens S, Meurling L, Paul C, Rane A, Hassan M. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2003 February; 31(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621481&dopt=Abstract

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An in vitro model of ciprofloxacin and minocycline transport by oral epithelial cells. Author(s): Brayton JJ, Yang Q, Nakkula RJ, Walters JD. Source: J Periodontol. 2002 November; 73(11): 1267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479629&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of web sites selling ciprofloxacin following an outbreak of anthrax by mail. Author(s): Tsai AC, Lurie P, Sehgal AR. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 1; 113(5): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401538&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylactoid reaction to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Ho DY, Song JC, Wang CC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July-August; 37(7-8): 1018-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841811&dopt=Abstract

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Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy following ciprofloxacin administration. Author(s): Knoops L, van den Neste E, Hamels J, Theate I, Mineur P. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 2002 March-April; 57(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152241&dopt=Abstract

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Angioplasty increases target site concentrations of ciprofloxacin in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Author(s): Joukhadar C, Klein N, Frossard M, Minar E, Stass H, Lackner E, Herrmann M, Riedmuller E, Muller M. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 December; 70(6): 532-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753269&dopt=Abstract

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Antianaerobic activity of moxifloxacin compared with that of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole and beta-lactams. Author(s): Behra-Miellet J, Dubreuil L, Jumas-Bilak E. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 November; 20(5): 366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431872&dopt=Abstract

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Antimicrobial prophylaxis for transrectal prostatic biopsy: a prospective study of ciprofloxacin vs piperacillin/tazobactam. Author(s): Cormio L, Berardi B, Callea A, Fiorentino N, Sblendorio D, Zizzi V, Traficante A. Source: Bju International. 2002 November; 90(7): 700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410751&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin in Greece: results from the National Electronic Surveillance System. Greek Network for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. Author(s): Vatopoulos AC, Kalapothaki V, Legakis NJ. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 May-June; 5(3): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10341191&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of ofloxacin 0.3% versus ciprofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of patients with culture-positive bacterial keratitis. Author(s): Prajna NV, George C, Selvaraj S, Lu KL, McDonnell PJ, Srinivasan M. Source: Cornea. 2001 March; 20(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11248824&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteriuria with Escherichia coli resistant to ciprofloxacin in patients with spinal-cord injury. Author(s): Gimber EA, Shields MD, Canawati HN, Sapico FL, Krishnaswamy A, ElFarra R, Maeder KN, Montgomerie JZ. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1998 February; 19(2): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510103&dopt=Abstract

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Bayer cuts price of ciprofloxacin after Bush threatens to buy generics. Author(s): Charatan F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 November 3; 323(7320): 1023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11691754&dopt=Abstract

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Be a patriot. Don't hoard Cipro! Author(s): Kinsley M. Source: Time. 2001 October 29; 158(19): 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11699135&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral hydronephrosis from ciprofloxacin induced crystalluria and stone formation. Author(s): Chopra N, Fine PL, Price B, Atlas I. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 August; 164(2): 438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893604&dopt=Abstract

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Bioabsorbable ciprofloxacin-containing and plain self-reinforced polylactidepolyglycolide 80/20 screws: pullout strength properties in human cadaver parietal bones. Author(s): Tiainen J, Veiranto M, Suokas E, Tormala P, Waris T, Ninkovic M, Ashammakhi N. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2002 May; 13(3): 427-33. Erratum In: J Craniofac Surg 2002 July; 13(4): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040214&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after multiple enteral and intravenous doses in ICU patients with severe gram-negative intra-abdominal infections. Author(s): de Marie S, VandenBergh MF, Buijk SL, Bruining HA, van Vliet A, Kluytmans JA, Mouton JW. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1998 April; 24(4): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9609412&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin: results of a preliminary investigation in healthy adult Nigerian male volunteers. Author(s): Chukwuani CM, Coker HA, Oduola AM, Sowunmi A, Ifudu ND. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 August; 23(8): 968-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10963305&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin in early postsurgical patients. Author(s): Hackam DJ, Christou N, Khaliq Y, Duffy DR, Vaughan D, Marshall JC, Rotstein OD. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1998 November; 133(11): 1221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820354&dopt=Abstract

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Biodegradable dental implants of ciprofloxacin beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in the treatment of periodontitis. Author(s): Nagaraju R, Udupa N, Mathew J, Varma BR. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1999 March; 37(3): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641162&dopt=Abstract

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Biodistribution and dosimetry of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin, a promising agent for the diagnosis of bacterial infection. Author(s): De Winter F, Van de Wiele C, Dumont F, Van Durme J, Solanki K, Britton K, Slegers G, Dierckx RA, Thierens H. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 May; 28(5): 570-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383860&dopt=Abstract

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Bioequivalence evaluation of 2 different oral formulations of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Galicia I, Frias-Iniesta J, Carcas AJ, Soto A, Gomez E, Miranda E, Fernandez A, Montuenga C. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 May; 36(5): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9629993&dopt=Abstract

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Bioequivalence of two brands of ciprofloxacin 750 mg tablets (Sarf and Ciprobay) in healthy human volunteers. Author(s): Abdallah RM, Alam SM, Awaad FM, Dham R, El-Kersh A, El-Laithy A, Shalby MH, Shihabeddin M, El-Walily AF, Yacout M, Zaman Q. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2002 April; 28(4): 423-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056535&dopt=Abstract

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Bioterrorism. Researchers question obsession with Cipro. Author(s): Enserink M. Source: Science. 2001 October 26; 294(5543): 759-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679638&dopt=Abstract

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Brain abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis in an immunocompetent adult patient: successful treatment with cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Bonvin P, Ejlertsen T, Dons-Jensen H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998; 30(6): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225404&dopt=Abstract

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Brain tissue penetration of ciprofloxacin following a single intravenous dose. Author(s): Leone M, Sampol-Manos E, Santelli D, Grabowski S, Alliez B, Durand A, Lacarelle B, Martin C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 October; 50(4): 607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356810&dopt=Abstract

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Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry and humans in Styria, Austria: epidemiology and ciprofloxacin resistance. Author(s): Hein I, Schneck C, Knogler M, Feierl G, Plesss P, Kofer J, Achmann R, Wagner M. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 June; 130(3): 377-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825721&dopt=Abstract

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Carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ciprofloxcacin use in neonatal intensive care units. Author(s): Toraman ZA, Yakupogullari Y. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 June; 54(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818594&dopt=Abstract

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Ceftriaxone therapy in ciprofloxacin treatment failure typhoid fever in children. Author(s): Dutta P, Mitra U, Dutta S, De A, Chatterjee MK, Bhattacharya SK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2001 June; 113: 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816954&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in ciprofloxacin utilization as shown in a large pharmacy claims database: effects of proximity to criminal anthrax exposure in October 2001. Author(s): Brinker A, Pamer C, Beitz J. Source: J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash Dc). 2003 May-June; 43(3): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836787&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamase production in Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections. Author(s): Ozden M, Kalkan A, Demirdag K, Kilic SS, Ozdarendeli A. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727086&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin and ICU. Author(s): Bassetti M, Melica G, Di Biagio A, Bassetti D. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2002 April; 68(4): 257. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024094&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin as broad-spectrum empiric therapy--are fluoroquinolones still viable monotherapeutic agents compared with beta-lactams: data from the MYSTIC Program (US)? Author(s): Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 March; 42(3): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929694&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Author(s): Herold C, Ocker M, Ganslmayer M, Gerauer H, Hahn EG, Schuppan D. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 February 1; 86(3): 443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875713&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic profiles in paediatric sepsis: how much ciprofloxacin is enough? Author(s): Lipman J, Gous AG, Mathivha LR, Tshukutsoane S, Scribante J, Hon H, Pinder M, Riera-Fanego JF, Verhoef L, Stass H. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2002 April; 28(4): 493-500. Epub 2002 March 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967606&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in young cystic fibrosis patients after repeated oral doses. Author(s): Odoul F, Le Guellec C, Giraut C, de Gialluly C, Marchand S, Paintaud G, Saux MC, Rolland JC, Autret-Leca E. Source: Therapie. 2001 September-October; 56(5): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806288&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales in 2002. Author(s): Fenton KA, Ison C, Johnson AP, Rudd E, Soltani M, Martin I, Nichols T, Livermore DM; GRASP collaboration. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 31; 361(9372): 1867-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788575&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: trends in Hawaii, 1997-2002. Author(s): Katz AR, Lee MV, Ohye RG, Whiticar PM, Effler PV. Source: Lancet. 2003 August 9; 362(9382): 495. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927447&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin use and misuse in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea. Author(s): Day LJ, Golden W, Lannen L, Engleberg NC. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 15; 114(9): 771-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829210&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Author(s): Allan DS, Thompson CM, Barr RM, Clark WF, Chin-Yee IH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 June; 36(6): 1000-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022900&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin-induced QTc prolongation. Author(s): Singh H, Kishore K, Gupta MS, Khetarpal S, Jain S, Mangla M. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 March; 50: 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922236&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin-resistant typhoid with incomplete response to cefotaxime. Author(s): Prabha Adhikari MR, Baliga S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 March; 50: 428-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924574&dopt=Abstract

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Cluster of erythromycin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from 1999 to 2001 in men who have sex with men, Quebec, Canada. Author(s): Gaudreau C, Michaud S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 1; 37(1): 131-6. Epub 2003 June 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830417&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, Strapac Z, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J, Tomas M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727080&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative uptake of grepafloxacin and ciprofloxacin by a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Author(s): Hara T, Takemura H, Kanemitsu K, Yamamoto H, Shimada J. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2000 September; 6(3): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810558&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the bactericidal activities and post-antibiotic effects of the Des-F(6)quinolone BMS-284756, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against methicillinsusceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Ryan BM, Mazzucco CE, Lawrence LE, Ho H, Warr G, Barrett JF, Frosco M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 January; 21(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913498&dopt=Abstract

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Dangers of empiric oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute inflammatory diarrhea in children. Author(s): Acheson DW, Sears CL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 August; 20(8): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734755&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in outbreak-associated multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104. Author(s): Walker RA, Lawson AJ, Lindsay EA, Ward LR, Wright PA, Bolton FJ, Wareing DR, Corkish JD, Davies RH, Threlfall EJ. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2000 September 30; 147(14): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073003&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, United Kingdom. Author(s): Threlfall EJ, Ward LR. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 May-June; 7(3): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384525&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis with ductopenia after long-term ciprofloxacin therapy for Crohn's disease. Author(s): Bataille L, Rahier J, Geubel A. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2002 November; 37(5): 696-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399240&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of spinal osteomyelitis with Ga-67 citrate, Tc-99m MDP, and Tc-99m ciprofloxacin with provisionally negative results on MRI. Author(s): Jayaraman S, Al-Nahhas AM, Vivian G, Gilbert TJ, Hughes PM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 March; 25(3): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698430&dopt=Abstract

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Depression or hypoactive delirium? A report of ciprofloxacin-induced mental disorder in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Grassi L, Biancosino B, Pavanati M, Agostini M, Manfredini R. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 January-February; 70(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150940&dopt=Abstract

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Detection and identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant Yersinia pestis by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Hurtle W, Lindler L, Fan W, Shoemaker D, Henchal E, Norwood D. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3273-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843075&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of decreased in vitro susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A. Author(s): Threlfall EJ, Skinner JA, Ward LR. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 November; 48(5): 740-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679569&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in edible animal tissues by terbiumsensitized luminescence. Author(s): Hernandez-Arteseros JA, Compano R, Prat MD. Source: The Analyst. 1998 December; 123(12): 2729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435333&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the etiological organism during acute exacerbations of COPD and efficacy of azithromycin, ampicillin-sulbactam, ciprofloxacin and cefaclor. Turkish Thoracic Society COPD Working Group. Author(s): Umut S, Tutluoglu B, Aydin Tosun G, Musellim B, Erk M, Yildirim N, Vahapoglu H, Yilmaz N, Arseven O, Turker H, Erelel M, Ilvan A, Goylusun V, Yilmaz Kuyucu T, Kosar F, Soysal F, Gur A, Unutmaz S, Ozturk S, Akman M. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1999 June; 11(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435684&dopt=Abstract

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Determining the frequency of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin, and gemifloxacin. Author(s): Evans ME. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 December; 20(12): 883-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837640&dopt=Abstract

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Development of an immunoassay for monitoring the levels of ciprofloxacin in patient samples. Author(s): Snitkoff GG, Grabe DW, Holt R, Bailie GR. Source: J Immunoassay. 1998 November; 19(4): 227-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9840295&dopt=Abstract

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Development of an indirect competitive ELISA for ciprofloxacin residues in food animal edible tissues. Author(s): Duan J, Yuan Z. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 March; 49(3): 1087-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312816&dopt=Abstract

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Development of listerial meningitis during ciprofloxacin treatment. Author(s): Grumbach NM, Mylonakis E, Wing EJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 November; 29(5): 1340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524996&dopt=Abstract

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Development of resistance to ciprofloxacin, rifampin, and mupirocin in methicillinsusceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Author(s): Schmitz FJ, Fluit AC, Hafner D, Beeck A, Perdikouli M, Boos M, Scheuring S, Verhoef J, Kohrer K, Von Eiff C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 November; 44(11): 3229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11036061&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution and antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin in human soft tissues. Author(s): Brunner M, Hollenstein U, Delacher S, Jager D, Schmid R, Lackner E, Georgopoulos A, Eichler HG, Muller M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 May; 43(5): 1307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10223961&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind comparative trial of ciprofloxacin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. Sinusitis Infection Study Group. Author(s): Clifford K, Huck W, Shan M, Tosiello R, Echols RM, Heyd A. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1999 April; 108(4): 360-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214783&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind randomized comparison of single-dose ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefazolin in patients undergoing outpatient endourologic surgery. Author(s): Christiano AP, Hollowell CM, Kim H, Kim J, Patel R, Bales GT, Gerber GS. Source: Urology. 2000 February; 55(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10688075&dopt=Abstract

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Drift in susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to ciprofloxacin and emergence of therapeutic failure. Author(s): Ison CA, Woodford PJ, Madders H, Claydon E. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 November; 42(11): 2919-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797226&dopt=Abstract

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DUE of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Dydek GJ, Souney PF, Matthews SJ. Source: Hospital Formulary. 1992 February; 27(2): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10116716&dopt=Abstract

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Eardrop attacks: seizures triggered by ciprofloxacin eardrops. Author(s): Orr CF, Rowe DB. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 April 7; 178(7): 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670280&dopt=Abstract

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Editorial comments on 'Reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small-cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study'. Author(s): Bunn PA Jr. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2001 October; 12(10): 1339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762802&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a three month course of ciprofloxacin on the late prognosis of reactive arthritis. Author(s): Yli-Kerttula T, Luukkainen R, Yli-Kerttula U, Mottonen T, Hakola M, Korpela M, Sanila M, Uksila J, Toivanen A. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 September; 62(9): 880-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12922963&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin on bacterial flora. Author(s): Wittpenn JR. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 August; 27(8): 1144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11530786&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ciprofloxacin on adhesive properties of non-P mannose-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Author(s): Balague C, Fernandez L, Perez J, Grau R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 51(2): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562710&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ciprofloxacin on killing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): Cacchillo DA, Walters JD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 46(6): 1980-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019120&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine. Author(s): Jokinen MJ, Olkkola KT, Ahonen J, Neuvonen PJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 58(10): 653-7. Epub 2003 January 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610740&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of topical ciprofloxacin 0.3% and ofloxacin 0.3% on the reduction of bacterial flora on the human conjunctiva. Author(s): Snyder-Perlmutter LS, Katz HR, Melia M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 November; 26(11): 1620-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11084269&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin oral suspension versus trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole oral suspension for treatment of older women with acute urinary tract infection. Author(s): Gomolin IH, Siami PF, Reuning-Scherer J, Haverstock DC, Heyd A; Oral Suspension Study Group. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001 December; 49(12): 1606-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843992&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of a 14-day course of oral ciprofloxacin therapy for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Author(s): Takahashi S, Hirose T, Satoh T, Kato R, Hisasue SI, Takagi S, Shimizu T, Kunishima Y, Matsukawa M, Itoh N, Tsukamoto T. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2001 December; 7(4): 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810594&dopt=Abstract

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Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant pseudomonas in pediatric otitis media. Author(s): Jang CH, Park SY. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 April; 67(4): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663100&dopt=Abstract

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Emergence of high level ciprofloxacin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author(s): Fiorito S, Galarza P, Pagano I, Oviedo C, Lanza A, Smayevsky J, Weltman G, Buscemi L, Sanjuan E. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 February; 77(1): 77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158704&dopt=Abstract

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Emergence of phenotypic resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin in methicillinresistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains. Author(s): Limoncu MH, Ermertcan S, Cetin CB, Cosar G, Dinc G. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727074&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a veterans affairs hospital. Author(s): Khayr W, Rheault W, Waiters L, Walters A. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2000 September; 7(5): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317176&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria for gemifloxacin when tested against Haemophilus influenzae strains with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 August; 43(4): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151195&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of technetium-99m ciprofloxacin (Infecton) in the imaging of infection. Author(s): Sundram FX, Wong WY, Ang ES, Goh AS, Ng DC, Yu S. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2000 November; 29(6): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269972&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of technetium-99m-ciprofloxacin (Infecton) for detecting sites of inflammation in arthritis. Author(s): Appelboom T, Emery P, Tant L, Dumarey N, Schoutens A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 October; 42(10): 1179-82. Epub 2003 May 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777638&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence of cross-resistance between ciprofloxacin and non-fluoroquinolones in European Gram-negative clinical isolates. Author(s): Higgins PG, Fluit AC, Hafner D, Verhoef J, Schmitz FJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 50(3): 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205078&dopt=Abstract

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Evolving resistant pseudomonas to ciprofloxacin in malignant otitis externa. Author(s): Berenholz L, Katzenell U, Harell M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 September; 112(9): 1619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352675&dopt=Abstract

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Ex vivo serum activity (killing rates) after gemifloxacin 320 mg versus trovafloxacin 200 mg single doses against ciprofloxacin-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Calvo A, Gimenez MJ, Alou L, Gomez-Lus ML, Aguilar L, Prieto J. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 August; 20(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297365&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis for ultrasound guided transrectal prostatic biopsy in the era of multiresistant enterobacteriaceae. Author(s): Gilad J, Borer A, Maimon N, Riesenberg K, Klein M, Schlaeffer F. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 January; 161(1): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037406&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of ciprofloxacin therapy for invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Author(s): Vasallo FJ, Martin-Rabadan P, Alcala L, Garcia-Lechuz JM, RodriguezCreixems M, Bouza E. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 February; 26(2): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502506&dopt=Abstract

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Failures of rifampicin and ciprofloxacin to eradicate a susceptible meningococcal isolate from a close contact of a fatal case. Author(s): Tsakris A, Trakatelli C, Souliou E, Sofianou D, Ntoutsou K, Antoniadis A. Source: Infection. 2001 October; 29(5): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11688913&dopt=Abstract

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Feasibility of oral ciprofloxacin for the outpatient management of febrile neutropenia in selected children with cancer. Author(s): Aquino VM, Herrera L, Sandler ES, Buchanan GR. Source: Cancer. 2000 April 1; 88(7): 1710-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10738231&dopt=Abstract

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Fielding pleas for Cipro. Author(s): Chen M, Bonat J, Swezey R. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 December; 9(12): 20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400348&dopt=Abstract

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Fixed drug eruption from quinolones with a positive lesional patch test to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Rodriguez-Morales A, Llamazares AA, Benito RP, Cocera CM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 April; 44(4): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336009&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) secretion by human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Author(s): Cavet ME, West M, Simmons NL. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 August; 121(8): 1567-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283689&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates in travelers returning to Finland: association of ciprofloxacin resistance to travel destination. Author(s): Hakanen A, Jousimies-Somer H, Siitonen A, Huovinen P, Kotilainen P. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604004&dopt=Abstract

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Four-week open-label trial of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Author(s): Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U, Poggioli G, Schreiber S, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Gionchetti P, Campieri M, Kamm MA. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 May; 16(5): 909-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966499&dopt=Abstract

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Fully automated high-performance liquid chromatography of ciprofloxacin with direct injection of plasma and Mueller-Hinton broth for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies. Author(s): Ba BB, Ducint D, Fourtillan M, Saux MC. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 September 4; 714(2): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9766872&dopt=Abstract

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Fungal colonization and invasive fungal infections following allogeneic BMT using metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and fluconazole or ciprofloxacin and fluconazole as intestinal decontamination. Author(s): Trenschel R, Peceny R, Runde V, Elmaagacli A, Dermoumi H, Heintschel von Heinegg E, Muller KD, Schaefer UW, Beelen DW. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2000 November; 26(9): 993-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11100279&dopt=Abstract

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Gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin: an in vitro susceptibility comparison to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin using bacterial keratitis isolates. Author(s): Kowalski RP, Dhaliwal DK, Karenchak LM, Romanowski EG, Mah FS, Ritterband DC, Gordon YJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 136(3): 500-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967804&dopt=Abstract

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Gemifloxacin and ciprofloxacin pharmacodynamics in an in-vitro dynamic model: prediction of the equivalent AUC/MIC breakpoints and doses. Author(s): Firsov AA, Zinner SH, Lubenko IYu, Vostrov SN. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 December; 16(4): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11118849&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated during ciprofloxacin therapy from a patient with bronchiectasis. Author(s): de la Campa AG, Ferrandiz MJ, Tubau F, Pallares R, Manresa F, Linares J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 April; 47(4): 1419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654682&dopt=Abstract

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Gingival fluid ciprofloxacin levels at healthy and inflamed human periodontal sites. Author(s): Conway TB, Beck FM, Walters JD. Source: J Periodontol. 2000 September; 71(9): 1448-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022774&dopt=Abstract

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Glyburide-ciprofloxacin interaction with resistant hypoglycemia. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Kaplan R, Frank R, Fore C. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2000 August; 36(2): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918110&dopt=Abstract

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Gonococcal ophthalmia treated with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Price LM, O'Mahony C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 December; 12(12): 829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779376&dopt=Abstract

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Gonorrhoea treatment failure and ciprofloxacin resistance. Author(s): Ng PP, Chan RK, Ling AE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 June; 9(6): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9671244&dopt=Abstract

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gyrA and gyrB mutations are implicated in cross-resistance to Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile. Author(s): Dridi L, Tankovic J, Burghoffer B, Barbut F, Petit JC. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 November; 46(11): 3418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384345&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatitis associated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and/or ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Zaidi SA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 January; 325(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544082&dopt=Abstract

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High incidence of treatment failure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to ciprofloxacin in male gonococcal urethritis in Delhi. Author(s): Chowdhry S, Pandhi D, Vidhani S, Bhalla P, Reddy BS. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 August; 13(8): 564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194741&dopt=Abstract

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High level ciprofloxacin resistant gonorrhoea imported from Russia. Author(s): Lewis DA, Brook MG, Shafi MS. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 August; 73(4): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9389968&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance amongst strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from commercial sex workers in Bangladesh. Author(s): Bhuiyan BU, Miah RA, Rahman M, Rahman KM, Albert MJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 November; 42(5): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848459&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Tel Aviv, Israel: correlation with response to therapy. Author(s): Dan M, Poch F, Sheinberg B. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 46(6): 1671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019074&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of nalidixic acid resistant, ciprofloxacin susceptible phenotype among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. Author(s): Ruiz J, Gomez J, Navia MM, Ribera A, Sierra JM, Marco F, Mensa J, Vila J. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 April; 42(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007443&dopt=Abstract

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High-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: first report from Israel. Author(s): Dan M, Poch F, Shpitz D, Sheinberg B. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266311&dopt=Abstract

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Holding power of bioabsorbable ciprofloxacin-containing self-reinforced poly-L/DLlactide 70/30 bioactive glass 13 miniscrews in human cadaver bone. Author(s): Leinonen S, Suokas E, Veiranto M, Tormala P, Waris T, Ashammakhi N. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2002 March; 13(2): 212-8; Discussion 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000875&dopt=Abstract

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Human aqueous and vitreous humour levels of ciprofloxacin following oral and topical administration. Author(s): Cekic O, Batman C, Yasar U, Basci NE, Bozkurt A, Kayaalp SO. Source: Eye (London, England). 1999 August; 13 ( Pt 4): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10692930&dopt=Abstract

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Human aqueous humor levels of oral ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Author(s): Garcia-Saenz MC, Arias-Puente A, Fresnadillo-Martinez MJ, Carrasco-Font C. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 December; 27(12): 1969-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738912&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging bacterial infection with (99m)Tc-ciprofloxacin (Infecton). Author(s): Britton KE, Wareham DW, Das SS, Solanki KK, Amaral H, Bhatnagar A, Katamihardja AH, Malamitsi J, Moustafa HM, Soroa VE, Sundram FX, Padhy AK. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 November; 55(11): 817-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401818&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging prostatitis with Tc-99m ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Choe W, Chung MH, Kim WH, Kim S, Kan Ryu J, Jin Kang K, Suh JK. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 July; 27(7): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072785&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging seminal vesiculitis with Tc-99m ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Choe W, Kan Ryu J, Kim WH, Chung MH, Suh JK. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 June; 28(6): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917536&dopt=Abstract

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Impairment of ciprofloxacin absorption by calcium polycarbophil. Author(s): Kato R, Ueno K, Imano H, Kawai M, Kuwahara S, Tsuchishita Y, Yonezawa E, Tanaka K. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 July; 42(7): 806-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092748&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro effects of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin on Salmonella typhi within human monocyte-derived macrophages. Author(s): Ekinci B, Coban AY, Durupinar B. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2001 December; 13(6): 661-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806630&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro effects of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin on apoptosis of jurkat T lymphocytes. Author(s): Jun YT, Kim HJ, Song MJ, Lim JH, Lee DG, Han KJ, Choi SM, Yoo JH, Shin WS, Choi JH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604563&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro synergy testing of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in combination with aztreonam, ceftazidime, or piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Author(s): Pendland SL, Messick CR, Jung R. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 January; 42(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821176&dopt=Abstract

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Inability of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin scintigraphy to discriminate between septic and sterile osteoarticular diseases. Author(s): Sarda L, Cremieux AC, Lebellec Y, Meulemans A, Lebtahi R, Hayem G, Genin R, Delahaye N, Huten D, Le Guludec D. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 June; 44(6): 920-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791820&dopt=Abstract

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Increase in MICs of ciprofloxacin in vivo in two closely related clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae. Author(s): Linde HJ, Notka F, Irtenkauf C, Decker J, Wild J, Niller HH, Heisig P, Lehn N. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 April; 49(4): 625-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11909836&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in Canada. Author(s): Sarwal S, Wong T, Sevigny C, Ng LK. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 April 1; 168(7): 872-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668548&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing incidence of gonorrhea in Israel associated with countrywide dissemination of a ciprofloxacin-resistant strain. Author(s): Yagupsky P, Schahar A, Peled N, Porat N, Trefler R, Dan M, Keness Y, Block C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 May; 21(5): 368-72. Epub 2002 May 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072921&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing trend of ciprofloxacin resistance amongst common bacterial isolates at Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital. Author(s): Hossain MA, Musa AK, Shamsuzzaman AK, Mahmud MC. Source: Mymensingh Med J. 2003 January; 12(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715644&dopt=Abstract

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Infecton: a 99mTc-ciprofloxacin radiopharmaceutical for the detection of bone infection. Author(s): Malamitsi J, Giamarellou H, Kanellakopoulou K, Dounis E, Grecka V, Christakopoulos J, Koratzanis G, Antoniadou A, Panoutsopoulos G, Batsakis C, Proukakis C. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588329&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect of NO-releasing ciprofloxacin (NCX 976) on Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival. Author(s): Ciccone R, Mariani F, Cavone A, Persichini T, Venturini G, Ongini E, Colizzi V, Colasanti M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 47(7): 2299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821482&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction between methotrexate and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Dalle JH, Auvrignon A, Vassal G, Leverger G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2002 May; 24(4): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972105&dopt=Abstract

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Intraocular ciprofloxacin levels after oral administration in silicone oil-filled eyes. Author(s): Talwar D, Kulkarni A, Azad R, Gupta SK, Velpandian T, Sharma Y, Rajpal, Biswas NR. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 February; 44(2): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556375&dopt=Abstract

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Intratympanic ciprofloxacin and the human labyrinthine sampling model. Author(s): Becvarovski Z, Kartush JM, Bojrab DI. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 April; 112(4): 686-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150524&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation into the selection frequency of resistant mutants and the bacterial kill rate by levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. Author(s): Gillespie T, Masterton RG. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 May; 19(5): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007845&dopt=Abstract

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In-vitro activity of clinafloxacin compared to ciprofloxacin against Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Nikolaidis P, Metallidis S, Kollaras P, Tsona A, Koumedaki E, Tsaousoglu D, Loumedaki E. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 June; 14(3): 234-6. Erratum In: J Chemother. 2002 December; 14(6): 642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120875&dopt=Abstract

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Is this the next Cipro? Not quite. Author(s): Kluger J. Source: Time. 2001 December 17; 158(26): 45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11778567&dopt=Abstract

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Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction associated with ciprofloxacin administration for tickborne relapsing fever. Author(s): Webster G, Schiffman JD, Dosanjh AS, Amieva MR, Gans HA, Sectish TC. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 June; 21(6): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182387&dopt=Abstract

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Killing of gram-negative bacteria by ciprofloxacin within both healthy human neutrophils and neutrophils with inactivated O2-dependent bactericidal mechanisms. Author(s): Canton E, Peman J, Cabrera E, Velert M, Orero A, Pastor A, Gobernado M. Source: Chemotherapy. 1999 July-August; 45(4): 268-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394010&dopt=Abstract

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Kinetic characterization of secretory transport of a new ciprofloxacin derivative (CNV97100) across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Author(s): Ruiz-Garcia A, Lin H, Pla-Delfina JM, Hu M. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002 December; 91(12): 2511-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434394&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of ability of ciprofloxacin-rifampin prophylaxis to decrease infection-related morbidity in neutropenic patients given cytotoxic therapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplants. Author(s): Hidalgo M, Hornedo J, Lumbreras C, Trigo JM, Gomez C, Perea S, Ruiz A, Hitt R, Cortes-Funes H. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 May; 41(5): 1175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145895&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of bioequivalence of ciprofloxacin when administered with calcium-fortified orange juice: a new twist on an old interaction. Author(s): Neuhofel AL, Wilton JH, Victory JM, Hejmanowsk LG, Amsden GW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 April; 42(4): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936572&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of simultaneously administered didanosine encapsulated enteric bead formulation (Videx EC) on oral absorption of indinavir, ketoconazole, or ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Damle BD, Mummaneni V, Kaul S, Knupp C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 46(2): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796346&dopt=Abstract

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Legionella pneumophila pneumonia successfully treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Haranaga S, Toyama M, Arakaki N, Miyara T, Shinzato T, Koide M, Higa F, Tateyama M, Saito A. Source: Intern Med. 2002 November; 41(11): 1024-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487183&dopt=Abstract

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Levofloxacin compared with imipenem/cilastatin followed by ciprofloxacin in adult patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, openlabel study. Author(s): West M, Boulanger BR, Fogarty C, Tennenberg A, Wiesinger B, Oross M, Wu SC, Fowler C, Morgan N, Kahn JB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 February; 25(2): 485-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749509&dopt=Abstract

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Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a randomized double-blind multicenter study. Author(s): Bundrick W, Heron SP, Ray P, Schiff WM, Tennenberg AM, Wiesinger BA, Wright PA, Wu SC, Zadeikis N, Kahn JB. Source: Urology. 2003 September; 62(3): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946763&dopt=Abstract

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Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin versus lomefloxacin in acute pyelonephritis. Author(s): Richard GA, Klimberg IN, Fowler CL, Callery-D'Amico S, Kim SS. Source: Urology. 1998 July; 52(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9671870&dopt=Abstract

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Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin, flucloxacillin, or vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-susceptible or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Entenza JM, Vouillamoz J, Glauser MP, Moreillon P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 August; 41(8): 1662-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9257737&dopt=Abstract

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Lomefloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Author(s): Naber KG; European Lomefloxacin Prostatitis Study Group. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 July; 20(1): 18-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127707&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term ciprofloxacin treatment for the prevention of biliary stent blockage: a prospective randomized study. Author(s): Sung JJ, Sollano JD, Lai CW, Ismael A, Yung MY, Tumala I, Chung SC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 November; 94(11): 3197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566714&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term treatment of ulcerative colitis with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Turunen U, Farkkila, Valtonen V. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 July; 117(1): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428613&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term treatment of ulcerative colitis with ciprofloxacin: a prospective, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Turunen UM, Farkkila MA, Hakala K, Seppala K, Sivonen A, Ogren M, Vuoristo M, Valtonen VV, Miettinen TA. Source: Gastroenterology. 1998 November; 115(5): 1072-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797360&dopt=Abstract

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Lower dose of ciprofloxacin is adequate for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Author(s): Moodley P, Pillay C, Nzimande G, Coovadia YM, Sturm AW. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 October; 20(4): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385679&dopt=Abstract

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Low-level colonization and infection with ciprofloxacin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in a skilled nursing facility. Author(s): Lee YL, Cesario T, McCauley V, Flionis L, Pax A, Thrupp L. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1998 December; 26(6): 552-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9836837&dopt=Abstract

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Maintenance therapy of melioidosis with ciprofloxacin plus azithromycin compared with cotrimoxazole plus doxycycline. Author(s): Chetchotisakd P, Chaowagul W, Mootsikapun P, Budhsarawong D, Thinkamrop B. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 JanuaryFebruary; 64(1-2): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425157&dopt=Abstract

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Methadone, ciprofloxacin, and adverse drug reactions. Author(s): Herrlin K, Segerdahl M, Gustafsson LL, Kalso E. Source: Lancet. 2000 December 16; 356(9247): 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145498&dopt=Abstract

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Metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin therapy for active Crohn's disease. Author(s): Ishikawa T, Okamura S, Oshimoto H, Kobayashi R, Mori M. Source: Intern Med. 2003 April; 42(4): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729319&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiological and chemical detection of incurred penicillin G, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in bovine and porcine tissues. Author(s): Myllyniemi AL, Rannikko R, Lindfors E, Niemi A, Backman C. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2000 December; 17(12): 991-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271845&dopt=Abstract

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Mixed pharmacokinetic population study and diffusion model to describe ciprofloxacin lung concentrations. Author(s): Breilh D, Saux MC, Maire P, Vergnaud JM, Jelliffe RW. Source: Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2001 May; 31(3): 147-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173053&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular basis of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Denmark from 1995 to 1998. Author(s): Su X, Lind I. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 January; 45(1): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11120953&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular characterization of ciprofloxacin resistance of gonococcal strains in Spain. Author(s): Alcala B, Arreaza L, Salcedo C, Antolin I, Borrell N, Cacho J, De Las Cuevas C, Otero L, Sauca G, Vazquez F, Villar H, Vazquez JA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 May; 30(5): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916129&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular epidemiology and evolution of resistance to quinolones in Escherichia coli after prolonged administration of ciprofloxacin in patients with prostatitis. Author(s): Horcajada JP, Vila J, Moreno-Martinez A, Ruiz J, Martinez JA, Sanchez M, Soriano E, Mensa J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 January; 49(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751767&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular epidemiology and mutations at gyrA and parC genes of ciprofloxacinresistant Escherichia coli isolates from a Taiwan medical center. Author(s): Chen JY, Siu LK, Chen YH, Lu PL, Ho M, Peng CF. Source: Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2001 Spring; 7(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310803&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular epidemiology of endemic ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Liverpool. Author(s): Corkill JE, Komolafe AJ, Neal TJ, Mortimore A, Alawattegama AB, Hart CA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 June; 14(6): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816664&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibiting decreased susceptibility and resistance to ciprofloxacin in Hawaii, 1991-1999. Author(s): Trees DL, Sandul AL, Neal SW, Higa H, Knapp JS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 June; 28(6): 309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403186&dopt=Abstract

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Monotherapy with intravenous followed by oral high-dose ciprofloxacin versus combination therapy with ceftazidime plus amikacin as initial empiric therapy for granulocytopenic patients with fever. Author(s): Giamarellou H, Bassaris HP, Petrikkos G, Busch W, Voulgarelis M, Antoniadou A, Grouzi E, Zoumbos N. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 December; 44(12): 3264-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083625&dopt=Abstract

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Monotherapy with oral ciprofloxacin to treat bacterial peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Barretti P, Montelli A, Caramori J. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1999 July; 52(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442501&dopt=Abstract

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Moxifloxacin activity against clinical isolates compared with the activity of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Aktas Z, Gonullu N, Salcioglu M, Bal C, Ang O. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 September; 20(3): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385698&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter, randomized, double blind clinical trial of short course versus standard course oral ciprofloxacin for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery in children. Author(s): Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, South Africa (Zimbasa) Dysentery Study Group. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 December; 21(12): 1136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488664&dopt=Abstract

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Multiclonal increase in ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Thailand, 19981999. Author(s): Trees DL, Sirivongrangson P, Schultz AJ, Buatiang A, Neal SW, Knapp JS, Kilmarx PH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438903&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple drug allergy syndrome: severe anaphylactic reaction due to topical rifamycin SV in a patient with hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Scala E, Giani M, Pirrotta L, Guerra EC, De Pita O, Puddu P. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 40(9): 603-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737462&dopt=Abstract

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Murine typhus poorly responsive to ciprofloxacin: a case report. Author(s): Laferl H, Fournier PE, Seiberl G, Pichler H, Raoult D. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044280&dopt=Abstract

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Mutant prevention concentration of garenoxacin (BMS-284756) for ciprofloxacinsusceptible or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Zhao X, Eisner W, Perl-Rosenthal N, Kreiswirth B, Drlica K. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1023-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604537&dopt=Abstract

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Mutation patterns in gyrA and parC genes of ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from India. Author(s): Chaudhry U, Ray K, Bala M, Saluja D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 440-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473806&dopt=Abstract

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Nalidixic acid screening test for the detection of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Ciraj AM, Seema DS, Bhat GK, Shivananda PG. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 October; 44(4): 407-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035350&dopt=Abstract

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Nalidixic acid susceptibility test to screen ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Kapil A, Renuka, Das B. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002 February; 115: 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138664&dopt=Abstract

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Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin caused treatment failure: a report from Bangladesh. Author(s): Asna SM, Haq JA, Rahman MM. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 56(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711825&dopt=Abstract

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a London sexually transmitted infection clinic not fully sensitive to quinolones: are isolates imported and how effective is ciprofloxacin as a first-line therapy? Author(s): Ivens D, Martin I, Ison C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 December; 11(12): 774-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138910&dopt=Abstract

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Newcastle upon Tyne 1995-1997: increase in ciprofloxacin resistance. Author(s): Tayal SC, Sankar KN, Pattman RS, Watson PG, Galloway A. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 May; 10(5): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10361916&dopt=Abstract

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Knapp JS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 September; 25(8): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9773436&dopt=Abstract

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to ciprofloxacin: first report in Cuba. Author(s): Llanes R, Sosa J, Guzman D, Gutierrez Y, Llop A, Ricardo O. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 February; 28(2): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234790&dopt=Abstract

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New approach for accurate simulation of human pharmacokinetics in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model: application to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Ba BB, Bernard A, Iliadis A, Quentin C, Ducint D, Etienne R, Fourtillan M, Maachi-Guillot I, Saux MC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 February; 47(2): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157913&dopt=Abstract

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No benefit of long-term ciprofloxacin treatment in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis: a three-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Sieper J, Fendler C, Laitko S, Sorensen H, Gripenberg-Lerche C, Hiepe F, Alten R, Keitel W, Groh A, Uksila J, Eggens U, Granfors K, Braun J. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999 July; 42(7): 1386-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403266&dopt=Abstract

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No interaction between ciprofloxacin and an oral contraceptive. Author(s): Scholten PC, Droppert RM, Zwinkels MG, Moesker HL, Nauta JJ, Hoepelman IM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 December; 42(12): 3266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9835524&dopt=Abstract

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Non-fatal acute liver injury possibly related to high-dose ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Goetz M, Galle PR, Schwarting A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 22(5): 294-6. Epub 2003 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739107&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of single-point gyrA mutations among ciprofloxacin-susceptible Escherichia coli isolates causing urinary tract infections in Latin America. Author(s): Gales AC, Gordon KA, Wilke WW, Pfaller MA, Jones RN. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2000 January; 36(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744370&dopt=Abstract

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Of ciprofloxacin and ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Mantzaris GJ. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 July; 117(1): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428612&dopt=Abstract

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Once versus thrice daily tobramycin alone and in combination with ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and imipenem in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Author(s): Zelenitsky SA, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Kabani A, Zhanel GG. Source: Chemotherapy. 1998 January-February; 44(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9444401&dopt=Abstract

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Once-daily intraperitoneal cefazolin and oral ciprofloxacin as empiric therapy for the treatment of peritonitis. Author(s): Troidle L, Gorban-Brennan N, Kliger A, Finkelstein F. Source: Adv Perit Dial. 1999; 15: 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10682105&dopt=Abstract

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Oral “desensitization” of maculopapular exanthema from ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Bircher AJ, Rutishauser M. Source: Allergy. 1997 December; 52(12): 1246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9450149&dopt=Abstract

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Oral antimicrobial prophylaxis in bone marrow transplant recipients: randomized trial of ciprofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin-vancomycin. Author(s): Ford CD, Reilly W, Wood J, Classen DC, Burke JP. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 June; 42(6): 1402-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9624484&dopt=Abstract

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Oral bioequivalence of three ciprofloxacin formulations following single-dose administration: 500 mg tablet compared with 500 mg/10 mL or 500 mg/5 mL suspension and the effect of food on the absorption of ciprofloxacin oral suspension. Author(s): Shah A, Liu MC, Vaughan D, Heller AH. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 March; 43 Suppl A: 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225572&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ciprofloxacin after a short course of intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a multicenter, randomized study. Author(s): Terg R, Cobas S, Fassio E, Landeira G, Rios B, Vasen W, Abecasis R, Rios H, Guevara M. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2000 October; 33(4): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11059861&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ciprofloxacin as antibacterial prophylaxis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a reappraisal. Author(s): Yeh SP, Hsueh EJ, Yu MS, Wu H, Wang YC. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1999 December; 24(11): 1207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10642810&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ciprofloxacin in the management of children with cancer with lower risk febrile neutropenia. Author(s): Paganini H, Rodriguez-Brieshcke T, Zubizarreta P, Latella A, Firpo V, Casimir L, Armada A, Fernandez C, Caceres E, Debbag R. Source: Cancer. 2001 April 15; 91(8): 1563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301406&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of pseudomonas exacerbations of paediatric cystic fibrosis: clinical efficacy and safety evaluation using magnetic resonance image scanning. Author(s): Redmond A, Sweeney L, MacFarland M, Mitchell M, Daggett S, Kubin R. Source: J Int Med Res. 1998 December; 26(6): 304-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10399112&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ciprofloxacin is ineffective in culture-negative peritonitis. Author(s): Trakarnvanich T, Thitiarchakul S, Kurathong P. Source: Perit Dial Int. 2001 March-April; 21(2): 199-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330568&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ciprofloxacin plus colistin: prophylaxis against bacterial infection in neutropenic patients. A strategy for the prevention of emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Author(s): Prentice HG, Hann IM, Nazareth B, Paterson P, Bhamra A, Kibbler CC. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2001 October; 115(1): 46-52. Erratum In: Br J Haematol 2002 June; 117(4): 1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722408&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intramuscular ceftriaxone as empiric treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in children. Author(s): Leibovitz E, Janco J, Piglansky L, Press J, Yagupsky P, Reinhart H, Yaniv I, Dagan R. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 November; 19(11): 1060-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099086&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftriaxone administered in an outpatient setting for fever and neutropenia in low-risk pediatric oncology patients: randomized prospective trial. Author(s): Petrilli AS, Dantas LS, Campos MC, Tanaka C, Ginani VC, Seber A. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2000 February; 34(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10657866&dopt=Abstract

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Oral vs intravenous ciprofloxacin in the initial empirical management of severe pyelonephritis or complicated urinary tract infections: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Mombelli G, Pezzoli R, Pinoja-Lutz G, Monotti R, Marone C, Franciolli M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 January 11; 159(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892331&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreaks of Staphylococcus aureus infections during treatment of late onset pneumonia with ciprofloxacin in a prospective, randomized study. Author(s): Manhold C, von Rolbicki U, Brase R, Timm J, von Pritzbuer E, Heimesaat M, Kljucar S. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1998 December; 24(12): 1327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9885888&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin in chronic bacterial prostatitis. Author(s): Weidner W, Ludwig M, Brahler E, Schiefer HG. Source: Drugs. 1999; 58 Suppl 2: 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553717&dopt=Abstract

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Outer membrane proteins of Klebsiella pneumoniae after exposure to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Hostacka A, Karelova E. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 May; 287(4): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9638864&dopt=Abstract

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Overlooked in Cipro hype: other anti-anthrax meds. Author(s): Diamond F. Source: Manag Care. 2001 November; 10(11): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761591&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of mutations in target genes in septicemia isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with resistance or reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Fendukly F, Karlsson I, Hanson HS, Kronvall G, Dornbusch K. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 September; 111(9): 857-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14510643&dopt=Abstract

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PCR-based detection of Bacillus anthracis in formalin-fixed tissue from a patient receiving ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Levine SM, Perez-Perez G, Olivares A, Yee H, Hanna BA, Blaser MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 November; 40(11): 4360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409432&dopt=Abstract

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Penetration of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin into the aqueous humor of eyes with functioning filtering blebs: a randomized trial. Author(s): Cantor LB, Donnenfeld E, Katz LJ, Gee WL, Finley CD, Lakhani VK, Hoop J, Flarty K. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 September; 119(9): 1254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545629&dopt=Abstract

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Penetration of oral and topical ciprofloxacin into the aqueous humour. Author(s): Ghazi-Nouri SM, Lochhead J, Mearza AA, Qureshi MA, Thompson GM, Cowdrey G, Firth M, Moss R, Karim AK, Firth G. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 31(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580892&dopt=Abstract

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Penetration of topically applied ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin into the aqueous humor and vitreous. Author(s): Yalvac IS, Basci NE, Bozkurt A, Duman S. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 March; 29(3): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663011&dopt=Abstract

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Persistence of Salmonellae in blood and bone marrow: randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol treatments against enteric fever. Author(s): Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, Van Der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, Van Der Meer JW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 May; 47(5): 1727-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709347&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacodynamics of 750 mg and 500 mg doses of levofloxacin against ciprofloxacinresistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Lister PD. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 September; 44(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376030&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin (500 mg/5 mL) oral suspension in critically ill patients with severe bacterial pneumonia: a comparison of two dosages. Author(s): Debon R, Breilh D, Boselli E, Saux MC, Duflo F, Chassard D, Allaouchiche B. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 April; 14(2): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017373&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of ciprofloxacin 250 mg/12 h versus 500 mg/24 h for urinary infections. Author(s): Sanchez Navarro MD, Sayalero Marinero ML, Sanchez Navarro A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 July; 50(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096008&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin as a tool to optimise dosage schedules in community patients. Author(s): Sanchez Navarro MD, Coloma Milano C, Zarzuelo Castaneda A, Sayalero Marinero ML, Sanchez-Navarro A. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2002; 41(14): 1213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405867&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Author(s): Satapathy SK, Dixit RK, Chawla YK, Kumar R, Garg SK, Dhiman RK, Bhargava VK. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 July-August; 21(4): 166-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385555&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in ICU patients on continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration. Author(s): Wallis SC, Mullany DV, Lipman J, Rickard CM, Daley PJ. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 April; 27(4): 665-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398692&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous venovenous haemofiltration: influence of concomitant liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Bellmann R, Egger P, Gritsch W, Bellmann-Weiler R, Joannidis M, Dunzendorfer S, Wiedermann ChJ. Source: Acta Medica Austriaca. 2002; 29(3): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168566&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Dixit RK, Satapathy SK, Kumar R, Dhiman RK, Garg SK, Taneja S, Bhargava VK, Chawla YK. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 March-April; 21(2): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990328&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin during continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. Author(s): Malone RS, Fish DN, Abraham E, Teitelbaum I. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 October; 45(10): 2949-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557500&dopt=Abstract

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Phenotypic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, selected Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after single and multiple in vitro exposures to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin. Author(s): Gilbert DN, Kohlhepp SJ, Slama KA, Grunkemeier G, Lewis G, Dworkin RJ, Slaughter SE, Leggett JE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 March; 45(3): 883-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181375&dopt=Abstract

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Population pharmacokinetics and use of Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate currently recommended dosing regimens of ciprofloxacin in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Montgomery MJ, Beringer PM, Aminimanizani A, Louie SG, Shapiro BJ, Jelliffe R, Gill MA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 December; 45(12): 3468-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709326&dopt=Abstract

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Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric patients. Author(s): Rajagopalan P, Gastonguay MR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 July; 43(7): 698-710. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856383&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary study of ciprofloxacin in active Crohn's disease. Author(s): Arnold GL, Beaves MR, Pryjdun VO, Mook WJ. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2002 January; 8(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837933&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro corneal isolate sensitivity to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trovafloxacin: a comparative study. Author(s): Song A, McCulley TJ, Lam BL, Feuer WJ, Miller D, Alfonso EC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 June; 131(6): 795-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384579&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised comparison of ciprofloxacin suspension and pivmecillinam for childhood shigellosis. Author(s): Salam MA, Dhar U, Khan WA, Bennish ML. Source: Lancet. 1998 August 15; 352(9127): 522-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9716056&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized, double-blind study of ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime axetil for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Bronchitis Study Group. Author(s): Chodosh S, McCarty J, Farkas S, Drehobl M, Tosiello R, Shan M, Aneiro L, Kowalsky S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 October; 27(4): 722-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798024&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized, double-blind study of prulifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Grassi C, Salvatori E, Rosignoli MT, Dionisio P; Prulifloxacin Study Group. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(3): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097764&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae containing multiple gentamicin resistance-associated integrons in a Dutch hospital. Author(s): van Belkum A, Goessens W, van der Schee C, Lemmens-den Toom N, Vos MC, Cornelissen J, Lugtenburg E, de Marie S, Verbrugh H, Lowenberg B, Endtz H. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 September-October; 7(5): 862-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747700&dopt=Abstract

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Rates of torsades de pointes associated with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Author(s): Frothingham R. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 December; 21(12): 1468-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765299&dopt=Abstract

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Regression of skin changes in a patient with systemic sclerosis following treatment for bacterial overgrowth with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Over KE, Bucknall RC. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 June; 37(6): 696. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667627&dopt=Abstract

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Relapse of multiresistant Salmonella typhi after combined therapy with ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Author(s): Dragsted UB, Pedersen P. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 March; 6(3): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168098&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between mutations in parC and gyrA of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and resistance to ciprofloxacin and grepafloxacin. Author(s): Stewart BA, Johnson AP, Woodford N. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1999 December; 48(12): 1103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10591164&dopt=Abstract

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Relative potential for selection of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains by levofloxacin: comparison with ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Drugeon HB, Juvin ME, Bryskier A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 June; 43 Suppl C: 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404339&dopt=Abstract

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Renal abscess: filling in with Tc-99m ciprofloxacin of defects seen on Tc-99m DMSA SPECT. Author(s): Dumarey N, Schoutens A. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 January; 28(1): 68-9. Erratum In: Clin Nucl Med. 2003 May; 28(5): 456. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493973&dopt=Abstract

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Reply to the article “Editorial comments on 'reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in smallcell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study'“, by P. A. Bunn Jr (Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1339-1340). Author(s): Tjan-Heijnen VC, Postmus PE, Ardizzoni A; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Lung Cancer Group. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2002 March; 13(3): 485-6; Author Reply 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996485&dopt=Abstract

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Reply to: Ciprofloxacin susceptibility testing of enterococcal urinary isolates in accordance with BSAC guidelines. Author(s): Andrews JM, Wise R; BSAC Working Party on Sensitivity Training. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 50(3): 433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205073&dopt=Abstract

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Resistance to ciprofloxacin and the new fluoroquinolones. Author(s): Hawkey PM. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2000 January; 12 Suppl 1: 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414380&dopt=Abstract

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Resistance to vancomycin, LY333328, ciprofloxacin and trovafloxacin of communityacquired and nosocomial strains of Enterococcus faecalis isolated in Badajoz (Spain) with and without high-level resistance to streptomycin and gentamicin. Author(s): Sanchez-Silos RM, Perez-Giraldo C, Blanco MT, Moran FJ, Hurtado C, Gomez-Garcia AC. Source: Chemotherapy. 2001 December; 47(6): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786656&dopt=Abstract

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Results of a prospective, randomized, double blind comparison of the efficacy and the safety of sequential ciprofloxacin (intravenous/oral)+metronidazole (intravenous/oral) with ceftriaxone (intravenous)+metronidazole (intravenous/oral) for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Author(s): Starakis I, Karravias D, Asimakopoulos C, Kolaras P, Nikolaidis P, Harlaftis N, Skoutelis A, Bassaris H. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 January; 21(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507837&dopt=Abstract

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Retrospective analysis of the safety profile of oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin in a geriatric population. Author(s): Heyd A, Haverstock D. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 October; 22(10): 1239-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110234&dopt=Abstract

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Rifampicin pharmacokinetics with and without ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Orisakwe OE, Agbasi PU, Afonne OJ, Ofoefule SI, Obi E, Orish CN. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2001 May-June; 8(3): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344382&dopt=Abstract

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Rifaximin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): DuPont HL, Jiang ZD, Ericsson CD, Adachi JA, Mathewson JJ, DuPont MW, Palazzini E, Riopel LM, Ashley D, Martinez-Sandoval F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 December 1; 33(11): 1807-15. Epub 2001 October 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692292&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of recurrent non-typhoid Salmonella bacteraemia after early discontinuation of ciprofloxacin as secondary prophylaxis in AIDS patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Hung CC, Hsieh SM, Hsiao CF, Chen MY, Sheng WH. Source: Aids (London, England). 2001 March 30; 15(5): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317004&dopt=Abstract

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Role of mitochondria in ciprofloxacin induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Author(s): Aranha O, Zhu L, Alhasan S, Wood DP Jr, Kuo TH, Sarkar FH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 March; 167(3): 1288-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832715&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of the new fluoroquinolones compared with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Ball P. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2000 January; 12 Suppl 1: 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414383&dopt=Abstract

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Salivary and urinary excretion and plasma-saliva concentration ratios of isoniazid in the presence of Co-administered ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Ofoefule SI, Obodo CE, Orisakwe OE, Afonne JO, Ilondu NA, Agbasi PU, Anusiem CA, Maduka SO, Ilo CE. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002 January-February; 9(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782814&dopt=Abstract

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Scanning electron microscopic study of a Ciloxan bottle blocked by ciprofloxacin crystals. Author(s): John T. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 December; 15(Pt 6): 786-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827003&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitive LC determination of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids with fluorescence detection. Author(s): Zotou A, Miltiadou N. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 May 15; 28(3-4): 55968. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008135&dopt=Abstract

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Several gene programs are induced in ciprofloxacin-treated human lymphocytes as revealed by microarray analysis. Author(s): Eriksson E, Forsgren A, Riesbeck K. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2003 September; 74(3): 456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949250&dopt=Abstract

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Severe ciprofloxacin-induced acute hepatitis. Author(s): Contreras MA, Luna R, Mulero J, Andreu JL. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 June; 20(6): 434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476450&dopt=Abstract

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Shigella flexneri bacteraemia in an immunocompetent male treated with oral ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Orr D, Hedderwick S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 November; 45(4): 275. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423618&dopt=Abstract

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Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma with ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Maya MT, Goncalves NJ, Silva NB, Morais JA. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 May 5; 755(1-2): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393718&dopt=Abstract

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Single- and multi-step resistance selection study of gemifloxacin compared with trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Nagai K, Davies TA, Dewasse BE, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 September; 48(3): 365-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533001&dopt=Abstract

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Single- and multistep selection study of the antipneumococcal activity of BMS-284756 compared to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin and moxifloxacin. Author(s): Clark CL, Nagai K, Davies TA, Bozdogan B, Dewasse B, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 June; 8(6): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084107&dopt=Abstract

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Single-dose ciprofloxacin versus 3 days of norfloxacin in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Author(s): Auquer F, Cordon F, Gorina E, Caballero JC, Adalid C, Batlle J; Urinary Tract Infection Study Group. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 January; 8(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906502&dopt=Abstract

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Sirolimus inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation is not antagonized by ciprofloxacin and other quinolone antibiotics. Author(s): Yu CC, Kelly PA, Burckart GJ, Zeevi A. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 September; 33(6): 2989-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543824&dopt=Abstract

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Soft tissue concentrations of ciprofloxacin in obese and lean subjects following weight-adjusted dosing. Author(s): Hollenstein UM, Brunner M, Schmid R, Muller M. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 March; 25(3): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319632&dopt=Abstract

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Species-independent pharmacodynamics of gemifloxacin and ciprofloxacin with Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in an in vitro dynamic model. Author(s): Portnoy YA, Vostrov SN, Lubenko IY, Zinner SH, Firsov AA. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 September; 20(3): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385699&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin imaging. Author(s): Larikka MJ, Ahonen AK, Niemela O, Junila JA, Hamalainen MM, Syrjala HP. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 August; 44(8): 1368; Author Reply 1368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902430&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain: clonal diversity and appearance of ciprofloxacin-resistant epidemic clones. Author(s): Alou L, Ramirez M, Garcia-Rey C, Prieto J, de Lencastre H. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 October; 45(10): 2955-7. Erratum In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 December; 45(12): 3678. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557501&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of late onset infection due to multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter Lwoffii in a low birth weight neonate using ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Chotigeat U, Khorana M, Waranawat N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 June; 84(6): 910-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556475&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of multi-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia meningitis with ciprofloxacin in a pre-term infant. Author(s): Lo WT, Wang CC, Lee CM, Chu ML. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 December; 161(12): 680-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12536991&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from Germany to ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Author(s): Wagner J, Jabbusch M, Eisenblatter M, Hahn H, Wendt C, Ignatius R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 47(7): 2358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821499&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis of fluorine-18-labeled ciprofloxacin for PET studies in humans. Author(s): Langer O, Mitterhauser M, Brunner M, Zeitlinger M, Wadsak W, Mayer BX, Kletter K, Muller M. Source: Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2003 April; 30(3): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745020&dopt=Abstract

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Target site concentrations of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses. Author(s): Brunner M, Stabeta H, Moller JG, Schrolnberger C, Erovic B, Hollenstein U, Zeitlinger M, Eichler HG, Muller M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 46(12): 3724-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435668&dopt=Abstract

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The combination of the SH metabolite of erdosteine (a mucoactive drug) and ciprofloxacin increases the inhibition of bacterial adhesiveness achieved by ciprofloxacin alone. Author(s): Dal SM, Bovio C, Culici M, Braga PC. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002; 28(2-3): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224380&dopt=Abstract

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The comparison of in the vitro effect of imipenem or meropenem combined with ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Author(s): Erdem I, Kaynar-Tascioglu J, Kaya B, Goktas P. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 November; 20(5): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431875&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of albumin, globulin, pus and dead bacteria in aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the antibacterial activity of moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Author(s): Rubinstein E, Diamantstein L, Yoseph G, Gruzman G, Rubinovitch B, Barzilai A, Keller N. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 December; 6(12): 678-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284929&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of ciprofloxacin on tendon, paratenon, and capsular fibroblast metabolism. Author(s): Riley G, Fenwick S, Hazleman B. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292056&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of pharmacokinetics on the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and the emergence of resistance. Author(s): Thorburn CE, Edwards DI. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 July; 48(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418508&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of technetium-99m ciprofloxacin (Infecton) imaging in suspected orthopaedic infection: a comparison with sequential bone/gallium imaging. Author(s): Yapar Z, Kibar M, Yapar AF, Togrul E, Kayaselcuk U, Sarpel Y. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 July; 28(7): 822-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504078&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin on human gut colonization by Candida albicans. Author(s): Mavromanolakis E, Maraki S, Cranidis A, Tselentis Y, Kontoyiannis DP, Samonis G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(6): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450873&dopt=Abstract

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The penetration of ciprofloxacin into human pancreatic and peripancreatic necroses in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Author(s): Adam U, Herms S, Werner U, Strubelt H, Makowiec F, Hopt UT, Drewelow B. Source: Infection. 2001 December; 29(6): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787833&dopt=Abstract

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The pharmacodynamics of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin for pneumococci in an in vitro dynamic model: prediction of equiefficient doses. Author(s): Zinner SH, Firsov AA, Gilbert D, Simmons K, Lubenko IY. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 December; 48(6): 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11733466&dopt=Abstract

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Topical ciprofloxacin versus topical gentamicin for chronic otitis media. Author(s): Nawasreh O, Fraihat A. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 January-March; 7(1-2): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596948&dopt=Abstract

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Topical ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone combination therapy after cataract surgery: randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Mohan N, Gupta V, Tandon R, Gupta SK, Vajpayee RB. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 December; 27(12): 1975-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738913&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of staphylococcal implant infection with rifampicin-ciprofloxacin in stable implants. Author(s): Konig DP, Schierholz JM, Munnich U, Rutt J. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2001 May; 121(5): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409564&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates of Campylobacter species in Ireland and the emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Lucey B, Cryan B, O'Halloran F, Wall PG, Buckley T, Fanning S. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2002 September 14; 151(11): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356234&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility and levofloxacin resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in North America. Author(s): Karlowsky JA, Nealy L, Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, Jones ME. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 July; 39(7): 2748-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11446362&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) resistance in enterobacteriaceae from bacteremias, England and Wales, 1990-1999. Author(s): Livermore DM, James D, Reacher M, Graham C, Nichols T, Stephens P, Johnson AP, George RC. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 May; 8(5): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996681&dopt=Abstract

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Ultraviolet recall-like phenomenon occurring after piperacillin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin therapy. Author(s): Krishnan RS, Lewis AT, Kass JS, Hsu S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 June; 44(6): 1045-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369921&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of enoxacin versus norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose. Author(s): Well M, Naber KG, Kinzig-Schippers M, Sorgel F. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1998 April; 10(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9624541&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion and bactericidal activity of intravenous ciprofloxacin compared with oral ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Naber KG, Theuretzbacher U, Moneva-Koucheva G, Stass H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 November; 18(11): 783-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10614952&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary pharmacodynamics of low-dose ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Author(s): Stein GE, Schooley S, McMillan J. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1998 April; 30(4): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9582586&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a LightCycler gyrA mutation assay for identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter coli. Author(s): Carattoli A, Dionisi A, Luzzi I. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 August 27; 214(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204377&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a LightCycler gyrA mutation assay for rapid identification of mutations conferring decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in multiresistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 isolates. Author(s): Walker RA, Saunders N, Lawson AJ, Lindsay EA, Dassama M, Ward LR, Woodward MJ, Davies RH, Liebana E, Threlfall EJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 April; 39(4): 1443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11283069&dopt=Abstract

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Use of antibiotics in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: experience with metronidazole and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Prantera C, Berto E, Scribano ML, Falasco G. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 December; 30(6): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10076781&dopt=Abstract

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Use of ciprofloxacin as a prophylactic agent in urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Moyses Neto M, Costa RS, Reis MA, Ferraz AS, Saber LT, Batista ME, Muglia V, Garcia TM, Figueiredo JF. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1997 October; 11(5 Pt 1): 446-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361939&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin (infecton) scan in diagnosis of chronic orthopedic infections: comparative study with 99mTc-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy. Author(s): Sonmezoglu K, Sonmezoglu M, Halac M, Akgun I, Turkmen C, Onsel C, Kanmaz B, Solanki K, Britton KE, Uslu I. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 April; 42(4): 567-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337543&dopt=Abstract

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Warfarin and ciprofloxacin interaction: case report and controversy. Author(s): Byrd DC, Gaskins SE, Parrish AM, Freeman LB. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1999 November-December; 12(6): 486-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10612367&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CIPRO Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Cipro.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cipro The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Cipro” (or a synonym): •

Effects of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate antacids on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Department of Pharmacokinetics, Miles Inc., West Haven, Connecticut 06516. Source: Frost, R W Lasseter, K C Noe, A J Shamblen, E C Lettieri, J T AntimicrobAgents-Chemother. 1992 April; 36(4): 830-2 0066-4804

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to Cipro; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Food and Diet Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CIPRO Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Cipro. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Cipro and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Cipro: •

A fatal case of erythema necroticans. Author(s): Davis SV, Shenoi SD, Balachandran C, Pai SB. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2002 April-June; 74(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708733&dopt=Abstract

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Activities of trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin, clinafloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model. Author(s): Hershberger E, Rybak MJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 March; 44(3): 598-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10681324&dopt=Abstract

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Altered DNA-cleavage activity of topoisomerase II from WEHI-3B leukemia cells with specific resistance to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Pessina A, Raimondi A, Croera C, Acchini M, Mineo E, Foti P, Neri MG.

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Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2001 June; 12(5): 441-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11395572&dopt=Abstract •

An assessment of cerebral blood flow and metabolism after fleroxacin therapy. Author(s): Gardner SF, Green JA, Bednarczyk EM, Nelson AD, Leisure G, Miraldi F. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 February; 31(2): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1901321&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial activity of Harungana madagascariensis leaf extracts. Author(s): Okoli AS, Okeke MI, Iroegbu CU, Ebo PU. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16(2): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933123&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial activity of meropenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including antibiotic-induced morphological changes and endotoxin-liberating effects. Author(s): Trautmann M, Heinemann M, Zick R, Moricke A, Seidelmann M, Berger D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 November; 17(11): 754-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923514&dopt=Abstract

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of oral isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae from a southern Chinese population. Author(s): Sedgley CM, Samaranayake LP. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 1998 October; 13(5): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9807124&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis and septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila acquired at home. Author(s): Grobusch MP, Gobels K, Teichmann D. Source: Infection. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339474&dopt=Abstract

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Chemoprophylaxis with ciprofloxacin in ovarian cancer patients receiving paclitaxel: a randomized trial. Author(s): Carlson JW, Fowler JM, Mitchell SK, Carson LF, Mayer AR, Copeland LJ. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1997 May; 65(2): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9159346&dopt=Abstract

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Chemoprophylaxis with oral ciprofloxacin in ovarian cancer patients receiving taxol. Author(s): Carlson JW, Fowler JM, Saltzman AK, Carter JR, Chen MD, Mitchell SK, Dunn D, Carson LF, Adcock LL, Twiggs LB.

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Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1994 December; 55(3 Pt 1): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7530677&dopt=Abstract •

Ciprofloxacin and etoposide (VP16) produce a similar pattern of DNA cleavage in a plasmid of an archaebacterium. Author(s): Sioud M, Forterre P. Source: Biochemistry. 1989 May 2; 28(9): 3638-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2751986&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin inhibits cell growth and synergises the effect of etoposide in hormone resistant prostate cancer cells. Author(s): El-Rayes BF, Grignon R, Aslam N, Aranha O, Sarkar FH. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 July; 21(1): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063570&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin: mammalian DNA topoisomerase type II poison in vivo. Author(s): Mukherjee A, Sen S, Agarwal K. Source: Mutation Research. 1993 February; 301(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7678175&dopt=Abstract

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Ciprofloxacin-induced inhibition of topoisomerase II in human lymphoblastoid cells. Author(s): Bredberg A, Brant M, Jaszyk M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 March; 35(3): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1645508&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, Strapac Z, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J, Tomas M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727080&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of lesions induced by intra-articular injections of quinolones and compounds damaging cartilage components in rat femoral condyles. Author(s): Takada S, Kato M, Takayama S. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1994 May; 42(1): 73-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7513367&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effect of temafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or placebo on cerebral blood flow, glucose, and oxygen metabolism in healthy subjects by means of positron emission tomography. Author(s): Bednarczyk EM, Green JA, Nelson AD, Leisure GA, Little D, Adler LP, Berridge MS, Panacek EA, Miraldi FD.

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Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1991 August; 50(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1868678&dopt=Abstract •

Contribution of permeability and sensitivity to inhibition of DNA synthesis in determining susceptibilities of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Alcaligenes faecalis to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Bedard J, Chamberland S, Wong S, Schollaardt T, Bryan LE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1989 September; 33(9): 1457-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2510591&dopt=Abstract

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Development of a topical suspension containing three active ingredients. Author(s): Chang HC, Li LC, Toongsuwan S, Stephens D, Liu RM, Plichta-Mahmoud H. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2002 January; 28(1): 29-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858522&dopt=Abstract

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Differential selection of multidrug efflux mutants by trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin in an experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute pneumonia in rats. Author(s): Join-Lambert OF, Michea-Hamzehpour M, Kohler T, Chau F, Faurisson F, Dautrey S, Vissuzaine C, Carbon C, Pechere J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 February; 45(2): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158756&dopt=Abstract

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Difloxacin reverses multidrug resistance in HL-60/AR cells that overexpress the multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) gene. Author(s): Gollapudi S, Thadepalli F, Kim CH, Gupta S. Source: Oncology Research. 1995; 7(5): 213-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8534927&dopt=Abstract

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Docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Author(s): Nabholtz JM, Smylie M, Mackey J, Paterson A, Noel D, al-Tweigeri, Janowska A, Delorme F, Riva A. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 1997 June; 11(6 Suppl 6): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9213324&dopt=Abstract

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Editorial comments on 'Reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small-cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study'. Author(s): Bunn PA Jr. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2001 October; 12(10): 1339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762802&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of different classes of inhibitors on DNA gyrase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Author(s): Chatterji M, Unniraman S, Mahadevan S, Nagaraja V. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 October; 48(4): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11581225&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral administration of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. Author(s): Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 December; 51(12): 1391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678493&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of paclitaxel alone or in combination on the intracellular penetration and activity of quinolones in human neutrophils. Author(s): Garcia I, Pascual A, Salvador J, Conejo MC, Perea EJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 November; 38(5): 859-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961056&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of preoperative interventions on outcome following liver resection in a rat model of cirrhosis. Author(s): Moser M, Zhang M, Gong Y, Johnson J, Kneteman N, Minuk GY. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2000 February; 32(2): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10707869&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of topical fluoroquinolones on corneal re-epithelialization after excimer laser keratectomy. Author(s): Moreira LB, Lee RF, de Oliveira C, LaBree L, McDonnell PJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 July-August; 23(6): 845-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292666&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of hepatic stimulator substance, herbal medicine, selenium/vitamin E, and ciprofloxacin on cirrhosis in the rat. Author(s): Zhang M, Song G, Minuk GY. Source: Gastroenterology. 1996 April; 110(4): 1150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8613004&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of order of magnesium exposure on the postantibiotic effect and bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Li RC, Lo KN, Lam JS, Lau PY. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1999 August; 11(4): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465124&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of taraxacum mongolicum on the bioavailability and disposition of ciprofloxacin in rats. Author(s): Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1999 June; 88(6): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350500&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on cell death induced by sodium fluoride and pertussis toxin in the pancreatic beta-cell line, RINm5F. Author(s): Elliott J, Scarpello JH, Morgan NG. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 January; 132(1): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156568&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) secretion by human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Author(s): Cavet ME, West M, Simmons NL. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 August; 121(8): 1567-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283689&dopt=Abstract

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Increased cytotoxicity of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by combining cisplatin with VP-16 and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Haller J, Burgess R, Dawson D. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1993 October; 103(10): 1081-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8412441&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of Sanguisorba officinalis, a mineral-rich plant drug, on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the rat. Author(s): Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 July; 44(1): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459821&dopt=Abstract

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Ionic binding, adaptive resistance and post-antibiotic effect of netilmicin and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Gould IM, Milne K, Harvey G, Jason C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 June; 27(6): 741-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1938684&dopt=Abstract

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Ionophore-mediated uptake of ciprofloxacin and vincristine into large unilamellar vesicles exhibiting transmembrane ion gradients. Author(s): Fenske DB, Wong KF, Maurer E, Maurer N, Leenhouts JM, Boman N, Amankwa L, Cullis PR. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1998 November 11; 1414(1-2): 188-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804953&dopt=Abstract

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Penetration of ciprofloxacin into prostatic fluid, ejaculate and seminal fluid in volunteers after an oral dose of 750 mg. Author(s): Naber KG, Sorgel F, Kinzig M, Weigel DM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 November; 150(5 Pt 2): 1718-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8411457&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of ciprofloxacin 250 mg/12 h versus 500 mg/24 h for urinary infections. Author(s): Sanchez Navarro MD, Sayalero Marinero ML, Sanchez Navarro A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 July; 50(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096008&dopt=Abstract

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Phase Ib trial of pentoxifylline and ciprofloxacin in patients treated with interleukin2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Thompson JA, Bianco JA, Benyunes MC, Neubauer MA, Slattery JT, Fefer A. Source: Cancer Research. 1994 July 1; 54(13): 3436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8012963&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid assessment of ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin susceptibility in exponentially-growing E. coli cells by means of flow cytometry. Author(s): Walberg M, Gaustad P, Steen HB. Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 1997 February 1; 27(2): 169-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9012384&dopt=Abstract

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Reply to the article “Editorial comments on 'reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in smallcell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study'“, by P. A. Bunn Jr (Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1339-1340). Author(s): Tjan-Heijnen VC, Postmus PE, Ardizzoni A; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Lung Cancer Group. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2002 March; 13(3): 485-6; Author Reply 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996485&dopt=Abstract

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Sterilization of infected root-canal dentine by topical application of a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline in situ. Author(s): Sato I, Ando-Kurihara N, Kota K, Iwaku M, Hoshino E. Source: International Endodontic Journal. 1996 March; 29(2): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9206435&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of two ciprofloxacin formulations for experimental Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus keratitis. Author(s): Engel LS, Callegan MC, Hill JM, Folkens AT, Shimomura Y, O'Callaghan RJ.

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Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996; 40(2): 212-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876389&dopt=Abstract •

Transepithelial transport of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin by human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells. Author(s): Cavet ME, West M, Simmons NL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 December; 41(12): 2693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420040&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Cipro; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CIPRO Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Cipro.

Recent Trials on Cipro The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Cipro.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

A Phase II/III Trial of Rifampin, Ciprofloxacin, Clofazimine, Ethambutol, and Amikacin in the Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Infection in HIVInfected Individuals. Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the effectiveness and toxicity of two combination drug treatment programs for the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in HIV seropositive patients. [Per 03/06/92 amendment: to evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin when given in conjunction with either ethambutol or clofazimine as maintenance therapy.] Disseminated M. avium infection is the most common systemic bacterial infection complicating AIDS in the United States. The prognosis of patients with disseminated M. avium is extremely poor, particularly when it follows other opportunistic infections or is associated with anemia. Test tube studies and clinical data indicate that the best treatment program may include clofazimine, ethambutol, a rifamycin derivative, and ciprofloxacin. Test tube and animal studies indicate that amikacin is a bactericidal (bacteria destroying) drug that works better when used with ciprofloxacin. Its role in treatment programs is a key issue because of toxicity and because it must be administered parenterally (by injection or intravenously). Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000641

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Cipro” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CIPRO Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Cipro. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Cipro include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Cipro: •

Disorders of the Genitourinary Tract Source: in AARP Pharmacy Service Prescription Drug Handbook, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons. 1992. p. 914-974. Contact: Available from Virginia Pharmacy Service. P.O. Box 13671, Richmond, VA 23225-6115. (800) 456-2277. PRICE: $12.95 plus $1 shipping and handling. Summary: This text chapter details information concerning the causes, diagnosis, and drug treatment of urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and kidney stones. Information is included for various specific drugs for treating urinary tract infections, covering dosage form and strength, drug profile, what to know before using the drug, food-drug interactions, restrictions during daily living, possible side effects, storage instructions, and ancillary information. Also included are various urinary anti-infectives (Azo Gantanol, Azo Gantrisin, NegGRAM, Trimethoprim, Bactrim, Septra, Methenamine salts, Cipro, Floxin, Noroxin, Macrodantin) and urinary analgesics

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(Pyridium drugs). Topics under urinary incontinence include causes and types (stress, overactive bladder, overflow incontinence), diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and detailed information on specific urinary tract stimulants (Bethanechol drugs) and antispasmodics (Ditropan, Urispas). Uric acid reducers (Allopurinol) and thiazide diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide) used in the treatment of kidney stones also are described.

Chapters on Cipro In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Cipro, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Cipro using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CIPRO Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Cipro.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Cipro is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Cipro. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Cipro” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Cipro: •

Barr amends pact with Bayer on U.S. Cipro sales Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 25, 2003

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Bayer wins FDA approval for new once-daily Cipro Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 28, 2003

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Barr claims partial win in Cipro case Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 21, 2003

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Spectrum generic Cipro application accepted for filing by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 09, 2003

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U.K. asked to investigate 'risky' Cipro drug trial Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 24, 2003

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British government asked to investigate "risky" Bayer Cipro drug trial Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 24, 2003

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Cipro's ability to kill bacteria drops in US Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 19, 2003

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US senator seeks probe of Cipro use for anthrax Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 19, 2002

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Bayer's once-daily Cipro approved by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 16, 2002

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Ranbaxy to get milestone from Bayer for once-daily Cipro -- source Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 30, 2002

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Bayer files to expand potential Cipro XR indications Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 30, 2002

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Bayer says US court upholds Cipro patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 28, 2002

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Internet sold Cipro, questionable anthrax info Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 13, 2002

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DepoMed Q2 net loss widens; firm will partner Ciprofloxacin GR Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 14, 2002

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US court rules against Dr. Reddy's in ciprofloxacin patent case Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 13, 2002

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Dr. Reddy's gets FDA approval for generic ciprofloxacin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 10, 2002

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Bayer reaps windfall profit despite Cipro discount Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 28, 2002

Periodicals and News

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DepoMed Ciprofloxacin GR phase II study shows fewer side effects than Cipro Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 12, 2002

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Cipro resistance shows 'alarming' climb in Calif. Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2002

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Bayer files to sell once-daily Cipro tablet Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 08, 2002

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FDA conditionally approves Teva ANDA for ciprofloxacin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 02, 2002

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Barr says state inquiry into generic Cipro deal closed Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 18, 2001

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Bayer to cut Ranbaxy's Cipro payment to $40 million--source Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 05, 2001

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Many US postal workers report Cipro side effects Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 29, 2001

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CDC: One in five taking Cipro report side effects Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 08, 2001

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Cipro wins anthrax indication in Germany Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 02, 2001

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Bayer defends decision not to give away Cipro Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 02, 2001

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US trade group warns against buying Cipro online Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 01, 2001

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UK doctors condemn Web sites selling Cipro Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 30, 2001

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British Medical Association condemns Web sites offering Cipro Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 30, 2001

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Postal workers told to take Cipro alternative Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 29, 2001

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Bayer says validity of US Cipro patent "beyond doubt" Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 26, 2001

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Survey of scientists shows no urgency for Cipro Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 25, 2001

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Cipro deal masks concerns over patent breaches Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 25, 2001

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Bayer falls on downgrade talk, US Cipro deal Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 25, 2001

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US, Bayer reach deal on emergency Cipro purchase Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 24, 2001

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US offers Bayer under $1 for anthrax drug Cipro Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 24, 2001

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Government, Bayer reach deal on Cipro purchase Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 24, 2001

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HHS negotiating Cipro price with Bayer, Thompson says Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 23, 2001

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Bayer says Canadian govt recognises Cipro patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 23, 2001

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Barr ready to make generic Cipro if needed Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 23, 2001

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US law would allow generic Cipro in crisis: experts Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 22, 2001

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Bayer seeks talks with Canada on Cipro Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 22, 2001

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Sales of ciprofloxacin rise in Taiwan Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 19, 2001

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Canadian government orders generic ciprofloxacin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 19, 2001

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Bayer may produce Cipro with other companies Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 19, 2001

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US in talks with Bayer about relaxing Cipro patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 17, 2001

Periodicals and News

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German supplies of generic ciprofloxacin 'ample' Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 17, 2001

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German supplies of generic ciprofloxacin called ample Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 17, 2001

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Bayer to triple Cipro production; revenues will not make up for lost Baycol profits Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 17, 2001

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Cipro” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Cipro, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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Cipro

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Cipro” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Cipro Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Cipro. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Cipro that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Cipro. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Cipro. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following

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Cipro

drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Cipro: Ciprofloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ciloxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202655.html

Fluoroquinolones •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avelox; Cipro; Cipro I.V.; Floxin; Floxin I.V.; Levaquin; Maxaquin; Noroxin; Penetrex; Tequin; Zagam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202656.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

101

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 6315 11 983 480 0 7789

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “Cipro” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Cipro can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Cipro. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Cipro. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Cipro”:

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•

Other guides Anthrax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html Biodefense and Bioterrorism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html E. Coli Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Cipro. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of TB Contact: Pennsylvania Department of Health, Division of Communicable Disease Control & Surveillance, Tuberculosis Control Section, PO Box 90, Harrisburg, PA, 171080090, (717) 787-6267. Summary: This brochure for persons with tuberculosis (TB) provides information about the therapeutic drug, ciprofloxacin (cipro). Ciprofloxacin is a drug taken by persons suspected of having or infected by TB. The brochure discusses dosage, treatment adherence, side effects, how the drug works, and information individuals should supply to their doctors and nurses. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

Patient Resources

•

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FAQ--Cipro (Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride) for Inhalation Anthrax Summary: From the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, this fact sheet provides answers to questions consumers may have about the use of ciprofloxacin to treat inhalation anthrax. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6355 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Cipro. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Cipro. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Cipro. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Cipro. For more information, see the

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NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Cipro” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Cipro”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Cipro” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Cipro” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

112 Cipro

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CIPRO DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU]

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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anesthesia. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory

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distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antispasmodics: Medicines that help reduce or stop muscle spasms in the intestines. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-klo-meen) (Bentyl) and atropine (AH-tro-peen) (Donnatal). [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the

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pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with grampositive organisms. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form

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salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blebs: Cysts on or near the surface of the lungs. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH]

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Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and

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formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of cephalexin. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by betalactamases. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Ceftazidime: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. [NIH]

Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH]

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Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH]

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Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix

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'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH]

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Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Crystalluria: The excretion of crystals in the urine, producing renal irritation. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU]

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Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or

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acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dosage schedule: A scheme set up to determine and regulate size, frequency and number of doses. [EU] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent,

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and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting

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the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enoxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Its clinical efficacy has been confirmed in a variety of systemic infections and particularly in urinary tract infections. The drug is well tolerated by adults, but should not be used in children and pregnant women. [NIH]

Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Infectiosum: Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals,

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or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Exanthema: Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (erythema infectiosum), and sixth (exanthema subitum) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fleroxacin: A third-generation fluoroquinolone derivative with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase which may account for its antibacterial activity. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and

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displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

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Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glanders: A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-

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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]

Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hematogenous: Originating in the blood or spread through the bloodstream. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, with pathological finding of thrombotic microangiopathy in kidney and renal cortical necrosis. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic

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alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH]

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Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH]

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Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH]

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Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthine: A vestibular nystagmus resulting from stimulation, injury, or disease of the labyrinth. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol,

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and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Maculopapular: Both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. [EU]

Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of

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the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melioidosis: A disease of humans and animals that resembles glanders. It is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and may range from a dormant infection to a condition that causes multiple abscesses, pneumonia, and bacteremia. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]

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Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiological Techniques: Techniques used in microbiology. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the

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drugs less effective. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]

Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norfloxacin: Quinoline-derived synthetic antibacterial agent with a very broad spectrum of action. Oral administration yields highly bactericidal plasma, tissue, and urine levels. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase and is used in gastrointestinal, eye, and urinary infections. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may

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also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overactive bladder: A condition in which the patient experiences two or all three of the

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following conditions: [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxytetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]

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Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pefloxacin: An orally administered broad spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is effective against urinary tract infections as well as against many other systemic infections. The drug is well tolerated in adults, but should not be given to children and pregnant women. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillinase: A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the

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convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics. [NIH]

Piperacillin-tazobactam: A combination of drugs used to fight infections in people who have cancer. Piperacillin is a synthetic penicillin; tazobactam enhances the effectiveness of piperacillin. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH]

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Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH]

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Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU]

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Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH]

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Renal Replacement Therapy: Procedures which temporarily or permanently remedy insufficient cleansing of body fluids by the kidneys. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respirators: These enable the wearer to breathe in atmospheres polluted by dust, poisonous vapors, smoke, etc., and are therefore used in certain industries or in warfare; they consist essentially of a mask, a metal frame with outlet and inlet valves, and a socket. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rifabutin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Roxithromycin: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH]

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Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation,

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maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to

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induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Sulbactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in

Dictionary 157

which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Terbium: Terbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces

158 Cipro

tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsades de Pointes: A ventricular tachycardia characterized by periodic twisting of the points of the QRS complexes and rates between 200 and 250 beats per minute. It may be selflimited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which

Dictionary 159

cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

160 Cipro

Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU]

Dictionary 161

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

163

INDEX A Abdominal, 27, 61, 119, 140, 147, 148, 159 Abdominal Pain, 119, 148, 159 Abscess, 5, 12, 29, 60, 119, 136 Acute renal, 57, 119, 137 Adaptability, 119, 125 Adenosine, 119, 149, 157 Adjuvant, 119, 120 Adverse Effect, 119, 154 Aerobic, 3, 11, 17, 65, 119, 138, 144, 151 Aerosol, 8, 119 Affinity, 119, 154 Airway, 22, 82, 119 Albumin, 65, 119, 149 Algorithms, 120, 123 Alkaline, 120, 124 Allergen, 120, 130 Allogeneic, 39, 54, 120 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 54, 120 Alopecia, 120, 129 Alternative medicine, 95, 120 Aluminum, 72, 120, 156 Aluminum Hydroxide, 72, 120 Amebiasis, 120, 143 Amikacin, 7, 11, 18, 50, 85, 120 Amino Acids, 120, 133, 148, 150, 151, 158, 159 Amoxicillin, 41, 120 Ampicillin, 7, 8, 20, 21, 22, 33, 43, 120, 149 Anaerobic, 11, 65, 120, 133, 137, 138, 155 Analgesics, 89, 120 Analog, 5, 120, 125, 127 Analogous, 10, 120, 132, 158 Anaphylactic, 50, 120 Anaphylaxis, 120 Anatomical, 121, 139, 153 Anemia, 85, 121, 137 Anesthesia, 119, 120, 121 Anions, 119, 121 Antagonism, 121, 157 Anthrax, 25, 29, 55, 92, 93, 94, 108, 109, 121 Antibacterial, 8, 14, 54, 65, 76, 121, 125, 127, 133, 134, 138, 140, 145, 146, 148, 155, 156, 159 Antibodies, 121, 142 Antibody, 119, 121, 127, 138, 139, 143 Antifungal, 121, 135, 141

Antigen, 119, 120, 121, 128, 138, 139, 143 Anti-infective, 89, 121 Anti-inflammatory, 121, 131, 136 Antineoplastic, 121, 129, 132, 147, 150, 160 Antispasmodics, 90, 121 Apoptosis, 16, 30, 43, 62, 121 Aqueous, 42, 56, 122, 123, 126, 129, 141, 142 Aqueous humor, 42, 56, 122, 126 Arterial, 26, 122, 151 Arteries, 122, 124, 129, 143 Articular, 77, 122 Aseptic, 122, 146, 156 Assay, 10, 14, 15, 23, 63, 68, 122, 138, 153, 158 Asymptomatic, 120, 122, 136, 147 Atropine, 121, 122 Autodigestion, 122, 147 Azithromycin, 9, 21, 22, 24, 31, 33, 48, 77, 85, 122 Aztreonam, 43, 122 B Bacillus, 20, 56, 121, 122, 124, 127 Bacteraemia, 62, 63, 122, 136 Bacteremia, 122, 143 Bacterial Infections, 6, 122, 141 Bactericidal, 11, 12, 16, 32, 45, 66, 67, 68, 79, 85, 122, 145 Bacteriostatic, 122, 133 Bacterium, 122, 137, 154, 158 Base, 122, 130, 135, 140, 159 Basophils, 123, 141 Beta-Lactamases, 122, 123, 125, 138, 156 Bile, 123, 135, 138, 142, 156 Bile Ducts, 123 Biliary, 9, 20, 47, 123, 131, 147 Biliary Tract, 9, 20, 123, 147 Bilirubin, 119, 123 Binding agent, 4, 123 Bioavailability, 19, 27, 28, 72, 80, 123, 139 Biochemical, 123, 135, 141 Biofilms, 12, 14, 123 Biological Transport, 123, 131 Bioluminescence, 123, 142 Biopsy, 26, 38, 123 Biotechnology, 6, 23, 95, 103, 123 Bladder, 62, 122, 123, 138, 139, 150, 152, 159

164 Cipro

Blebs, 56, 123 Blennorrhoea, 123, 136 Bloating, 123, 136 Blood Coagulation, 124, 153 Blood pressure, 124, 154 Blood vessel, 124, 137, 142, 152, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160 Body Fluids, 124, 146, 153, 154 Bone Marrow, 19, 20, 25, 39, 53, 54, 56, 124, 142, 155 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 25, 39, 54, 124 Bowel, 15, 24, 58, 124, 131, 140, 148, 156, 159 Bowel Movement, 124, 131, 156 Branch, 115, 124, 142, 147, 155, 157 Broad-spectrum, 30, 120, 124, 125, 133, 146, 149, 153, 157 Bronchi, 124, 133, 157 Bronchial, 124, 157 Bronchiectasis, 15, 40, 124 Bronchiseptica, 124, 148 Bronchitis, 6, 14, 59, 124, 126 C Cadaver, 27, 42, 124 Calcium, 43, 46, 72, 73, 124, 127 Calcium Carbonate, 72, 124 Candidiasis, 124, 135 Capsular, 66, 125 Carcinogen, 125, 143 Carcinoma, 30, 81, 125 Cardiac, 5, 125, 133, 145 Case report, 51, 69, 125, 127 Cataract, 35, 36, 42, 56, 67, 79, 125 Catheters, 4, 125 Cefaclor, 33, 125 Cefazolin, 34, 53, 125 Cefixime, 13, 125 Cefotaxime, 10, 16, 29, 31, 125 Ceftazidime, 11, 12, 18, 22, 43, 50, 53, 81, 125 Ceftriaxone, 10, 11, 16, 29, 55, 60, 61, 125 Cefuroxime, 12, 22, 59, 125 Cell Cycle, 125, 126, 134, 151 Cell Death, 80, 121, 125, 134, 145 Cell Division, 122, 125, 134, 144, 149 Cell membrane, 123, 125, 127 Cell Respiration, 125, 144 Cell Size, 126, 135 Central Nervous System, 9, 126, 157 Cephalexin, 125, 126 Cephaloridine, 125, 126

Cerebral, 76, 77, 126, 130, 133, 147, 151 Cerebrum, 126 Character, 126, 130 Chemical Warfare, 126, 130 Chemical Warfare Agents, 126, 130 Cholera, 13, 126, 154 Chromatin, 122, 126, 133, 145 Chromosomal, 126, 149 Chronic, 6, 9, 10, 14, 31, 33, 47, 55, 59, 66, 69, 77, 120, 126, 133, 138, 139, 141, 147, 154, 156, 159 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 33, 126 Chronic prostatitis, 31, 77, 126 Cilastatin, 46, 126, 138 Ciliary, 122, 126, 144 Ciliary processes, 122, 126 Cisplatin, 80, 126 Clarithromycin, 13, 16, 21, 22, 34, 127 Clavulanic Acid, 41, 127 Clindamycin, 26, 65, 127 Clinical Medicine, 127, 150 Clinical study, 127, 128 Clinical trial, 4, 50, 61, 85, 86, 103, 127, 129, 144, 152 Cloning, 10, 123, 127 Colistin, 54, 127 Colitis, 127 Collagen, 127, 134, 149 Colloidal, 119, 127, 132 Colorectal, 30, 127 Combination Therapy, 9, 13, 18, 50, 67, 127 Complement, 127, 128, 149 Complementary and alternative medicine, 75, 83, 128 Complementary medicine, 75, 128 Computational Biology, 103, 128 Conception, 128, 134, 156 Concomitant, 57, 128 Congestion, 128, 133 Conjugated, 128, 129 Conjunctiva, 36, 128 Connective Tissue, 124, 127, 128, 134, 142 Consciousness, 120, 128, 130 Constipation, 128, 148 Contamination, 128, 146 Contraceptive, 19, 52, 128 Contraindications, ii, 128 Controlled clinical trial, 67, 128 Controlled study, 47, 52, 129 Cornea, 26, 122, 129, 140, 153

Index 165

Coronary, 129, 143 Coronary Thrombosis, 129, 143 Cortex, 129, 146 Cortical, 129, 137, 154 Cortisol, 119, 129 Cortisone, 129, 131 Co-trimoxazole, 29, 129 Cryptosporidiosis, 122, 129 Crystalluria, 27, 129 Curative, 129, 157 Cutaneous, 121, 124, 129, 136, 140 Cyclic, 127, 129, 149, 157 Cyclophosphamide, 25, 78, 129 Cytochrome, 25, 129 Cytokine, 129, 148 Cytoplasm, 122, 123, 125, 129, 133, 145 Cytotoxic, 18, 46, 130 Cytotoxicity, 80, 126, 130 D Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 130 Daunorubicin, 130, 132 Decontamination, 39, 130 Degenerative, 5, 130, 137 Dehydration, 126, 130, 154 Deletion, 16, 23, 122, 130 Delirium, 33, 130 Delusions, 130, 151 Density, 130, 135, 142, 146 Dental Caries, 130, 135, 155 Dental implant, 28, 130 Dentifrices, 120, 130 Desensitization, 53, 130 Detergents, 127, 130 Dexamethasone, 67, 131 Diagnostic procedure, 95, 131 Diarrhea, 3, 31, 32, 55, 61, 120, 129, 131, 154 Dicyclomine, 121, 131 Didanosine, 18, 46, 131 Dideoxyadenosine, 131 Diffusion, 22, 48, 123, 131 Digestion, 123, 124, 131, 136, 140, 142, 148, 156 Digestive system, 86, 131 Digestive tract, 131, 154, 155 Dilatation, 5, 124, 131, 150 Direct, iii, 39, 97, 127, 131, 136, 152 Disorientation, 130, 131 Disposition, 79, 80, 131 Diuresis, 131, 157 Dosage schedule, 57, 131 Dosimetry, 28, 131

Doxorubicin, 78, 132 Doxycycline, 16, 24, 48, 132 Drug Design, 5, 132 Drug Interactions, 89, 98, 132 Dura mater, 132, 143, 147 Dyes, 123, 132, 135, 145 Dysentery, 50, 120, 132 E Efficacy, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 26, 33, 36, 54, 61, 66, 85, 132, 133, 138 Ego, 132, 146, 152 Electrolyte, 130, 132, 146, 155, 159 Electrophoresis, 19, 132 Emphysema, 126, 132 Empiric, 18, 30, 32, 50, 53, 55, 132 Empirical, 55, 132 Encapsulated, 8, 18, 46, 132 Endemic, 49, 126, 132, 155 Endocarditis, 5, 11, 14, 18, 47, 124, 132, 136 Endocardium, 132, 133 Endotoxin, 76, 133 Enoxacin, 21, 67, 133 Enterobacteriaceae, 21, 38, 41, 58, 59, 67, 133 Environmental Health, 77, 102, 104, 133 Enzymatic, 124, 128, 130, 131, 133 Enzyme, 132, 133, 136, 137, 149, 151, 158, 160 Eosinophils, 133, 141 Epidemic, 9, 18, 22, 64, 133, 155 Epidermoid carcinoma, 133, 155 Epinephrine, 133, 159 Epithelial, 22, 25, 39, 80, 82, 123, 133, 138 Epithelial Cells, 25, 133, 138 Erythema, 75, 133, 134 Erythema Infectiosum, 133, 134 Erythrocytes, 121, 124, 133, 152 Erythromycin, 21, 31, 65, 122, 127, 133, 153 Esophagitis, 133, 156 Esophagus, 131, 133, 134, 152, 156 Etoposide, 77, 134 Exanthema, 53, 134 Excimer laser, 79, 134 Excitation, 134, 135 Exogenous, 4, 5, 134 Extracellular, 123, 128, 134, 154 Extracellular Matrix, 128, 134 F Family Planning, 103, 134 Fat, 124, 134, 141, 155 Fatty acids, 119, 134 Febrile, 35, 38, 54, 60, 78, 81, 134

166 Cipro

Femoral, 77, 134 Femur, 134 Fetus, 10, 134 Fibrin, 124, 134, 148 Fibroblasts, 24, 134 Fibronectin, 17, 134 Fibrosis, 11, 20, 21, 30, 45, 54, 58, 134, 153 Fleroxacin, 17, 20, 28, 76, 134 Flow Cytometry, 81, 134 Fluconazole, 39, 135 Fluorescence, 62, 135 Fluorescent Dyes, 135 Fluorine, 65, 135 Fosfomycin, 11, 135 Frameshift, 135, 159 Frameshift Mutation, 135, 159 Fungi, 4, 121, 123, 135, 143, 144, 155, 159, 161 G Gallbladder, 119, 123, 131, 135 Gallium, 66, 135 Gangrene, 23, 135 Gangrenous, 135, 154 Gas, 131, 135, 138, 145, 160 Gastric, 120, 122, 135, 136, 148 Gastric Acid, 120, 135 Gastric Emptying, 135, 136 Gastrin, 135, 138 Gastritis, 136, 156 Gastrointestinal, 126, 131, 133, 136, 145, 155, 156 Gastrointestinal tract, 136, 155 Gastroparesis, 7, 136 Gastrostomy, 9, 136 Gene, 10, 15, 19, 62, 78, 123, 136 Genital, 126, 136, 153, 159 Genotype, 136, 149 Geriatric, 61, 136 Giardiasis, 136, 143 Gland, 129, 136, 142, 147, 150, 153, 157 Glanders, 136, 143 Glomeruli, 136, 152 Glottis, 136, 148 Glucocorticoid, 131, 136 Glucose, 77, 136, 137, 138 Glutathione Peroxidase, 136, 154 Glycoprotein, 134, 136 Gonorrhea, 12, 44, 125, 136 Gonorrhoea, 40, 41, 136 Governing Board, 136, 150 Grafting, 137, 139

Gram-negative, 3, 27, 37, 45, 48, 122, 124, 125, 126, 133, 137, 138, 145, 146, 148, 151, 158 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 45, 137, 145, 158 Gram-positive, 6, 122, 125, 126, 133, 137, 138, 145, 146, 148, 155, 156 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 133, 137, 146, 148 Growth, 77, 121, 122, 125, 137, 142, 146, 149, 151, 157, 158 Gyrase, 14, 15, 17, 21, 79, 134, 137, 145 H Haemophilus, 10, 24, 37, 64, 125, 137 Half-Life, 125, 137 Hematogenous, 16, 137 Heme, 123, 129, 137 Hemodialysis, 124, 137 Hemoglobin, 121, 133, 137 Hemolytic, 31, 137 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, 31, 137 Hemorrhage, 137, 156 Hepatic, 79, 119, 130, 137, 142 Hepatitis, 32, 41, 63, 137 Hepatocytes, 138 Heredity, 136, 138 Heterotrophic, 135, 138 Hormone, 77, 129, 133, 135, 138, 143, 157 Humour, 42, 56, 138 Hydrogen, 123, 131, 136, 138, 144, 147 Hydrolysis, 123, 125, 126, 138, 150 Hydronephrosis, 27, 138 Hypersensitivity, 50, 120, 130, 138 Hypoglycaemia, 130, 138 Hypoglycemia, 40, 138 Hypoxia, 130, 138 I Id, 72, 82, 109, 114, 116, 132, 138 Imipenem, 11, 21, 46, 53, 65, 126, 138 Immune response, 18, 119, 121, 129, 138, 156 Immune system, 138, 139, 142, 160 Immunoassay, 34, 138 Immunologic, 138, 139, 148 Immunosuppressive, 129, 136, 139 Immunotherapy, 130, 139 Impairment, 43, 130, 139, 143, 151 Implantation, 5, 128, 139 In situ, 81, 139 In vitro, 4, 5, 11, 14, 16, 19, 22, 25, 33, 37, 40, 43, 52, 53, 58, 64, 66, 75, 139, 153, 156 In vivo, 4, 5, 16, 43, 77, 131, 139 Incision, 139, 140 Incontinence, 89, 131, 139

Index 167

Incubation, 139, 148 Incubation period, 139, 148 Indicative, 139, 147, 159 Indinavir, 18, 46, 139 Infarction, 129, 139, 143 Ingestion, 121, 139, 150 Inhalation, 109, 119, 139, 150 Initiation, 139, 156 Inner ear, 125, 139, 159 Inoculum, 5, 21, 139 Inorganic, 126, 140, 142, 144, 155 Intensive Care, 18, 27, 29, 30, 45, 55, 57, 140 Intensive Care Units, 29, 140 Interleukin-2, 81, 140 Intermittent, 140, 148 Intestinal, 13, 17, 39, 80, 129, 140 Intestine, 124, 140, 141, 156 Intoxication, 130, 140, 160 Intracellular, 13, 79, 139, 140, 143, 154 Intracellular Membranes, 140, 143 Intramuscular, 55, 140 Intraperitoneal, 53, 140 Intravenous, 18, 20, 22, 27, 29, 34, 46, 50, 54, 55, 61, 65, 68, 140 Invasive, 38, 39, 55, 140 Invertebrates, 140, 142 Irritants, 132, 140 Isoniazid, 14, 62, 140 J Jejunostomy, 9, 140 Jejunum, 140 Joint, 14, 122, 126, 140, 157 K Kanamycin, 120, 140 Kb, 102, 140 Keratectomy, 79, 140 Keratitis, 26, 40, 81, 140 Ketoconazole, 18, 46, 141 Kidney Disease, 86, 102, 138, 141 Kidney stone, 89, 138, 141 Kinetics, 19, 141 L Labyrinth, 139, 141 Labyrinthine, 45, 141 Large Intestine, 131, 140, 141, 152, 154 Lectin, 141, 143 Lens, 122, 125, 141, 160 Lethal, 122, 141 Leukemia, 75, 132, 141 Leukocytes, 13, 36, 123, 124, 133, 141, 145 Library Services, 114, 141

Life cycle, 135, 141 Ligament, 141, 150 Lincomycin, 127, 141 Linkages, 131, 137, 141 Lipid, 141, 142 Lipopolysaccharide, 137, 141 Lipoprotein, 137, 141 Liposome, 8, 142 Liver, 52, 57, 58, 79, 119, 123, 129, 131, 135, 137, 138, 142 Liver Cirrhosis, 57, 58, 142 Localized, 5, 130, 132, 139, 142, 146, 149, 159 Luminescence, 33, 142 Lymph, 26, 138, 142 Lymph node, 142 Lymphadenopathy, 26, 142 Lymphatic, 139, 142, 155 Lymphatic system, 142, 155 Lymphocyte, 64, 121, 142, 143 Lymphokine, 81, 142 M Maculopapular, 53, 142 Maintenance therapy, 48, 85, 142 Malignant, 38, 121, 142 Malnutrition, 119, 142 Manic, 142, 151 Manic-depressive psychosis, 142, 151 Mastitis, 142, 154 Mediator, 140, 142 MEDLINE, 103, 143 Melanin, 143, 149, 159 Melioidosis, 48, 143 Membrane, 15, 55, 125, 128, 134, 137, 143, 144, 146, 148, 153 Membrane Proteins, 55, 143 Memory, 130, 143 Meninges, 122, 125, 126, 132, 143 Meningitis, 34, 64, 135, 136, 143 Mental Disorders, 87, 143, 151 Mercury, 135, 143 Metabolite, 65, 131, 143 Metastasis, 143 Metastatic, 78, 81, 143 Metronidazole, 24, 26, 39, 48, 61, 68, 81, 143 MI, 76, 117, 143 Microbe, 143, 158 Microbiological, 5, 8, 48, 144 Microbiological Techniques, 5, 144 Microbiology, 30, 32, 33, 37, 41, 43, 44, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 63, 65, 67, 68, 76, 123, 144

168 Cipro

Microcirculation, 142, 144 Microorganism, 144, 147, 160 Microtubules, 144, 147 Minocycline, 24, 25, 81, 144 Mitochondria, 62, 144 Mitosis, 122, 144 Mitotic, 134, 144 Modeling, 13, 132, 144 Modification, 18, 131, 144 Molecular, 18, 49, 103, 105, 120, 123, 128, 132, 144 Molecule, 121, 123, 128, 134, 138, 141, 144, 147, 149, 158 Monocyte, 43, 144 Morphological, 76, 144 Morphology, 125, 144 Mucins, 144, 153 Mucociliary, 144, 154 Mucosa, 136, 144, 156 Mucus, 123, 132, 144, 159 Multicenter study, 47, 144 Multidrug resistance, 6, 78, 144 Mupirocin, 13, 34, 145 Musculoskeletal System, 145, 146 Myocardium, 143, 145 N Nalidixic Acid, 19, 41, 145 Nausea, 136, 145, 159 NCI, 1, 86, 101, 145 Nebramycin, 145, 158 Necrosis, 122, 137, 139, 143, 145 Need, 3, 6, 89, 90, 110, 119, 145 Neonatal, 29, 136, 145 Nerve, 121, 136, 143, 145, 146, 147, 153, 157 Netilmicin, 80, 145 Neutropenia, 38, 54, 55, 145 Neutrophils, 45, 79, 141, 145 Nitrogen, 129, 145 Norfloxacin, 14, 21, 63, 66, 67, 145 Nosocomial, 6, 46, 61, 145 Nucleic acid, 131, 145, 146 Nucleus, 122, 123, 126, 129, 133, 145, 146 Nutritional Support, 136, 146 Nystagmus, 141, 146 O Obsession, 28, 146 Ocular, 13, 146 Ofloxacin, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22, 26, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60, 66, 68, 146 Oncology, 35, 44, 55, 60, 76, 77, 78, 81, 146

Oophoritis, 136, 146 Opacity, 125, 130, 146 Ophthalmic, 26, 98, 146 Opportunistic Infections, 85, 146 Organ Culture, 13, 146 Orgasm, 146, 154 Orthopaedic, 66, 67, 146 Osmotic, 119, 146 Osteomyelitis, 10, 32, 146 Otitis, 36, 38, 66, 146 Otitis Media, 36, 66, 146 Ototoxic, 120, 146 Outpatient, 34, 38, 55, 146 Overactive bladder, 90, 146 Overexpress, 78, 147 Oxidation, 129, 136, 147 Oxytetracycline, 48, 147 P Pachymeningitis, 143, 147 Paclitaxel, 76, 79, 147 Paediatric, 30, 54, 147 Palliative, 147, 157 Pancreas, 119, 131, 147 Pancreatic, 66, 80, 147 Pancreatitis, 66, 147 Papule, 142, 147 Paranasal Sinuses, 147, 154 Parasitic, 129, 132, 147 Parietal, 27, 147, 148 Parietal Lobe, 147 Paroxysmal, 147, 148, 160 Particle, 142, 147 Patch, 5, 39, 147 Pathogen, 139, 147, 156 Pathologic, 122, 123, 129, 138, 147, 148 Pathologic Processes, 122, 148 Patient Education, 108, 112, 114, 117, 148 Pefloxacin, 11, 16, 148 Pelvic, 148, 150 Penicillin, 7, 10, 16, 18, 25, 48, 75, 120, 121, 148, 149 Penicillinase, 12, 148 Pentoxifylline, 81, 148 Peptic, 148, 156 Peptide, 127, 148, 150, 151 Peptide Chain Elongation, 127, 148 Periodontitis, 28, 148 Peripheral blood, 18, 46, 148 Peritoneal, 50, 140, 148 Peritoneal Cavity, 140, 148 Peritoneal Dialysis, 50, 148 Peritoneum, 148

Index 169

Peritonitis, 50, 53, 54, 136, 148 Pertussis, 16, 80, 148, 160 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 62, 149 Pharmacodynamic, 20, 39, 52, 53, 57, 81, 149 Pharmacokinetic, 13, 20, 30, 39, 48, 57, 81, 149 Pharmacologic, 121, 137, 149, 158 Phenotype, 41, 149 Phenylalanine, 149, 159 Phosphodiesterase, 148, 149 Phosphorus, 124, 149 Piperacillin, 9, 11, 12, 16, 26, 43, 67, 149 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 16, 149 Plague, 23, 149 Plants, 122, 136, 141, 144, 149, 151, 155, 158 Plasma, 39, 62, 63, 119, 121, 125, 134, 137, 145, 149, 154 Plasma protein, 119, 149 Plasmid, 8, 77, 149 Platelet Aggregation, 148, 149 Platinum, 126, 150 Podophyllotoxin, 134, 150 Poisoning, 82, 130, 140, 143, 145, 150, 154 Polymers, 123, 150, 151 Polypeptide, 127, 150 Practice Guidelines, 104, 150 Precursor, 13, 129, 133, 149, 150, 159 Prevalence, 8, 15, 17, 41, 150 Probe, 92, 150 Progression, 5, 150 Progressive, 137, 145, 150, 152 Prophylaxis, 12, 18, 19, 26, 38, 46, 53, 54, 62, 150, 153 Prospective study, 26, 150 Prostate, 77, 126, 150, 151, 154 Prostate gland, 126, 150 Prostatitis, 42, 47, 49, 55, 151 Protease, 127, 139, 151 Protein C, 119, 141, 151 Protein S, 123, 127, 133, 151, 156, 157 Proteins, 11, 17, 120, 121, 125, 126, 127, 133, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 158, 159 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 147, 151 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 147, 151 Protozoa, 123, 132, 144, 151, 155, 159 Protozoal, 129, 151 Pseudomonas Infections, 149, 151 Psychic, 151, 154 Psychomotor, 130, 151

Psychosis, 25, 151 Public Policy, 103, 151 Publishing, 6, 151 Purulent, 119, 136, 151 Putrefaction, 135, 152 Pyelonephritis, 16, 24, 36, 47, 55, 152 Pyogenic, 146, 152, 154 Q Quinolones, 7, 24, 25, 39, 49, 51, 77, 79, 83, 152 R Radiation, 135, 143, 152 Radioactive, 130, 137, 138, 139, 152, 157, 159 Radiopharmaceutical, 44, 152 Randomized, 9, 19, 20, 24, 34, 46, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 61, 67, 76, 132, 152 Randomized clinical trial, 24, 55, 152 Reality Testing, 151, 152 Rectum, 124, 127, 131, 135, 139, 141, 150, 152 Red blood cells, 133, 137, 152 Refer, 1, 127, 135, 145, 151, 152, 160 Reflux, 152, 156 Refraction, 152, 155 Refractory, 39, 152 Regimen, 132, 152 Remission, 142, 152 Renal failure, 130, 152, 159 Renal pelvis, 141, 152 Renal Replacement Therapy, 21, 58, 153 Resection, 79, 153 Respirators, 5, 153 Retina, 141, 153, 160 Reversion, 153, 158 Rheology, 148, 153 Rhinitis, 124, 153, 154 Rifabutin, 22, 153 Risk factor, 150, 153 Ristocetin, 153, 159 Rod, 122, 133, 137, 151, 153 Roxithromycin, 16, 35, 43, 60, 78, 81, 153 S Saliva, 62, 153 Salivary, 62, 131, 153 Salivary glands, 131, 153 Salmonellosis, 38, 153 Salpingitis, 136, 153 Sclera, 128, 153 Sclerosis, 59, 153 Screening, 51, 127, 153 Secretion, 39, 80, 131, 138, 144, 153, 154

170 Cipro

Secretory, 46, 153 Seizures, 35, 130, 147, 154 Selenium, 79, 154 Semen, 150, 154 Seminal fluid, 81, 154 Semisynthetic, 120, 125, 126, 127, 134, 138, 144, 145, 149, 153, 154 Sepsis, 20, 30, 154 Septic, 43, 122, 154 Septicaemia, 154 Septicemia, 56, 76, 154 Serologic, 138, 154 Serotypes, 33, 154 Serum, 13, 38, 119, 120, 125, 127, 148, 154 Shigellosis, 59, 154 Side effect, 89, 93, 97, 108, 119, 129, 131, 154, 158 Sinusitis, 34, 154 Small intestine, 123, 136, 138, 140, 154 Sneezing, 148, 154 Sodium, 80, 154, 155 Sodium Fluoride, 80, 155 Soft tissue, 34, 64, 124, 155 Solid tumor, 132, 155 Spasmodic, 148, 155 Specialist, 110, 155 Species, 13, 64, 67, 120, 122, 132, 133, 137, 144, 147, 151, 155, 156, 158, 160 Spectrum, 3, 29, 92, 134, 138, 141, 145, 148, 153, 155, 156 Sperm, 154, 155 Sporadic, 9, 155 Spores, 139, 155 Squamous, 80, 133, 155 Squamous cell carcinoma, 80, 133, 155 Squamous cells, 155 Stem Cells, 120, 155 Stent, 47, 155 Sterile, 43, 122, 155 Sterility, 129, 155 Stimulants, 90, 156 Stomach, 119, 122, 131, 134, 135, 136, 138, 145, 148, 152, 154, 156 Stool, 139, 141, 156, 157 Streptococci, 145, 156 Streptomycin, 14, 61, 156 Stress, 9, 90, 129, 145, 156 Striatum, 12, 156 Stroke, 87, 102, 156 Subacute, 139, 154, 156 Subclinical, 139, 154, 156 Subcutaneous, 4, 135, 156

Subspecies, 155, 156 Substance P, 133, 143, 153, 156 Sucralfate, 17, 156 Sulbactam, 33, 156 Superinfection, 122, 156 Suppression, 25, 156 Suppurative, 135, 136, 157 Symphysis, 150, 157 Symptomatic, 147, 157 Systemic, 13, 59, 85, 98, 121, 124, 130, 133, 139, 148, 154, 156, 157 T Tachycardia, 122, 157, 158 Technetium, 37, 66, 157 Tenesmus, 132, 157 Terbium, 33, 157 Terminator, 131, 157 Tetracycline, 10, 65, 132, 144, 157 Theophylline, 13, 157 Therapeutics, 24, 26, 37, 39, 46, 61, 62, 78, 98, 157 Thigh, 134, 157 Thrombocytopenia, 137, 157 Thrombosis, 151, 156, 157 Thyroid, 157, 159 Thyroxine, 119, 149, 157 Tinnitus, 146, 157 Tobramycin, 11, 12, 53, 67, 157 Tomography, 77, 158 Topical, 25, 36, 42, 50, 56, 66, 67, 78, 79, 81, 158 Torsades de Pointes, 59, 158 Toxic, iv, 6, 122, 127, 130, 150, 154, 158, 159 Toxicity, 85, 132, 143, 145, 153, 156, 158 Toxicology, 77, 104, 158 Toxins, 121, 139, 154, 158 Toxoplasmosis, 122, 158 Trace element, 135, 158 Transcriptase, 131, 158 Transfection, 123, 158 Translation, 133, 158 Translocation, 127, 133, 158 Trauma, 67, 130, 134, 145, 147, 157, 158 Treatment Failure, 29, 40, 41, 51, 158 Trichomoniasis, 143, 158 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 8, 36, 158 Tuberculosis, 10, 13, 14, 44, 108, 140, 158 Tuberculostatic, 140, 158 TYPHI, 32, 43, 51, 60, 158 Typhimurium, 8, 14, 23, 32, 68, 158

Index 171

Typhoid fever, 29, 158, 159 Tyrosine, 80, 159 U Ulcer, 156, 159 Ulcerative colitis, 47, 53, 159 Unconscious, 138, 159 Uraemia, 147, 159 Uranium, 157, 159 Ureter, 138, 152, 159 Urethra, 150, 159 Urethritis, 41, 136, 159 Urinary tract, 3, 24, 29, 35, 36, 53, 55, 63, 68, 89, 125, 131, 133, 145, 148, 159 Urinary tract infection, 3, 24, 29, 35, 36, 53, 55, 63, 68, 89, 133, 145, 148, 159 Urine, 8, 51, 123, 125, 129, 131, 138, 139, 141, 145, 152, 159 Urogenital, 136, 159 V Vaccines, 120, 159 Valves, 5, 153, 159 Vancomycin, 10, 14, 16, 18, 19, 47, 53, 61, 159 Vascular, 4, 5, 121, 139, 142, 144, 159 Vasculitis, 147, 160 VE, 37, 42, 160

Vein, 140, 160 Venous, 57, 151, 160 Ventricular, 158, 160 Ventricular fibrillation, 158, 160 Vertigo, 146, 160 Vestibular, 141, 160 Veterinary Medicine, 5, 103, 160 Vinca Alkaloids, 160 Vincristine, 80, 160 Viral, 131, 160 Virulence, 156, 158, 160 Viruses, 144, 159, 160 Vitreous Humor, 13, 160 Vitro, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 40, 45, 65, 160 Vivo, 4, 8, 16, 38, 160 W Wakefulness, 130, 160 White blood cell, 121, 141, 142, 144, 145, 160 Whooping Cough, 149, 160 Withdrawal, 130, 160 Wound Healing, 145, 161 Y Yeasts, 135, 149, 161

172 Cipro

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