Coccidioidomycosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET ...

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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Coccidioidomycosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00275-2 1. Coccidioidomycosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on coccidioidomycosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Coccidioidomycosis ....................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS ................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Coccidioidomycosis ...................................................................... 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS ............................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 General References ....................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS ............................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Dissertations on Coccidioidomycosis ........................................................................................... 59 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS .......................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patents on Coccidioidomycosis .................................................................................................... 61 Patent Applications on Coccidioidomycosis................................................................................. 78 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.............................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 83 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 84 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 84 Chapters on Coccidioidomycosis .................................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS ................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 87 Academic Periodicals covering Coccidioidomycosis..................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 91 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 92 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107

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Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 118 COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS DICTIONARY .............................................................................. 119 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with coccidioidomycosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about coccidioidomycosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to coccidioidomycosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on coccidioidomycosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to coccidioidomycosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on coccidioidomycosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on coccidioidomycosis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and coccidioidomycosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Fungal Infections of the Genitourinary System Source: Journal of Urology. Volume 149: 1377-1388. June 1993. Summary: This review article covers fungal infections that have the potential to cause disease of the genitourinary system. Topics covered include taxonomy and pathogenicity; primary infections, including blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis; opportunistic fungi, including aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and candidiasis; and rare and unusual infections, including geotrichosis, hansenula fabianii, paecilomyces, parococcidioidomycosis, phycomycosis, penicillium, pseudallescheria boydii, rhinosporidiosis, sporotrichosis, and trichosporon; and fungal infection and the renal transplant patient. The authors also discuss and summarize antifungal therapy. 6 figures. 181 references.

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Coccidioidomycosis

Federally Funded Research on Coccidioidomycosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to coccidioidomycosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to coccidioidomycosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore coccidioidomycosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for coccidioidomycosis: •

Project Title: A NOVEL YEAST VACCINE AGAINST COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Selitrennikoff, Claude P.; President; Mycologics, Inc. 12635 E Montview Blvd, Ste 131 Aurora, Co 800107336 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Coccidioidomycosis, also known as San Joaquin Valley Fever, is a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis that is endemic in portions of Southern Arizona, central California, southern New Mexico and west Texas. The migration of not only permanent residents, but also agricultural workers to these areas increases exposure to C. immitis spores that lie dormant in the soil, and as the soil is turned, the spores become airborne and are inhaled. Once in the lungs, the arthroconidia transform into spherules. An acute respiratory infection occurs between seven days to three weeks after exposure and often resolves rapidly. However, in a significant number of cases, chronic pulmonary conditions or dissemination to the meninges, bones, and joints can result, leading to acute, life-threatening disease. Migrant laborers who are exposed to C. immitis are a highly mobile and underrepresented population, and unfortunately, this disease goes largely unacknowledged in the medical community. A variety of approaches have been used to fight coccidioidomycosis, including soil treatments, but only a vaccine can completely eliminate this "emerging disease." Currently, there are a number of C. immitis vaccine efforts that use a variety of approaches including selected recombinantly-expressed antigens. Our long-term goal is to develop a safe and effective vaccine against C. immitis. In this SBIR Phase I proposal, we will collaborate with Dr. Garry T. Cole, Dr. John Galgiani, Dr. David A. Stevens, and Dr. R. Duke of Globelmmune, Inc., and use Globelmmune's novel, proprietary recombinant yeast delivery system and test heat-killed yeast cells expressing C. immitis proteins as vaccine candidates. We will accomplish this in two specific aims: Aim One: Engineer yeast cells to express three C. immitis antigens using recombinant DNA technology. Aim Two: Test the in vivo efficacy of each vaccine formulation to protect

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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vaccinated animals against a challenge of C. immitis. This work will be a prelude to work in Phase II that will include detailed testing for in vivo efficacy and safety of each vaccine candidate in several C. immitis infection models. Ultimately, the Phase I and subsequent Phase II/III research will lead to the development of a vaccine against C. immitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST CONTROL IN COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Galgiani, John N.; Director; None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JUN-2004; Project End 31-MAY-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Coccidioidomycosis is a national public health problem with special intensity to Arizona, for patients with AIDS or other immunosuppression, women during pregnancy, and some ethnic minorities. It poses problems for the military and Coccidioides spp. are a potential threat to homeland security. Current therapies are inadequate. The University of Arizona has the only medical school situated within the endemic region, can support research in the biological sciences, and has an ongoing commitment improve our control of coccidioidomycosis. The unifying approach of this MRU proposal is to identify and validate Coccidioides target antigens while studying the adaptive responses of both the infecting organism and the infected host. Project 1 will improve our ability to evaluate vaccine candidates for possible clinical trials. Current assessments are highly dependent upon experimental conditions, making their interpretation ambiguous. Project 1 will use immunohistochemistry, proteomic analyses, and in situ hybridization to determine the histologic patterns of genetic and acquired resistance. We shall also examine similarities between the histological response in humans and mice. Project 2 will focus on how the fungus itself participates in the host's recovery from illness. We hypothesize that a quiescent spherule state is produced by specialized gene expression analogous to the quiescence after conidiation or other dormant saprobic structures. Gene expression will be determined from analysis of long-SAGE libraries of in vitro grown Coccidioides spp. with extension to in vivo studies of susceptible and resistant mice. Selected fungal genes associated with quiescence by these methods will be disrupted using Agrobacterioum tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Gene expression responsible for quiescence could identify novel targets for therapeutic benefit. Project 3 intends to develop an immunologic therapy for patients with widely disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Antigen-specific anergy in coccidioidomycosis can be reversed in vitro with dendritic cells (DC). To translate this advance to practical therapy, similar effects will need to be elicited by defined recombinant antigens. This project will evaluate conditions using DC as a vehicle to deliver recombinant antigens with adjuvants such as CpGs and MPL. We will also analyze the phenotype, function and cytokine profiles of lymphocyte subsets that respond to antigen-pulsed DC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ISOLATION AND EXPRESSION OF COCCIDIOIDES T CELL ANTIGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cole, Garry T.; Professor and Chairman; Veterans Medical Research Fdn/San Diego Foundation of San Diego San Diego, Ca 92161 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Coccidioidomycosis

Summary: Coccidioidomycosis is a disease in which T-cell mediated immunity has been shown to play a critical role in host defense. Both clinical and experimental data support this conclusion. An unusual feature of this mycosis is that high titers of antibody, as detected by complement fixation, are a poor prognostic sign. Therefore, determination of which C. immitis antigens stimulate T-cell responses rather than antibody responses is essential for subsequent isolation of macromolecules of the organism that elicit immunoprotection. In the proposed research, we have used a novel molecular approach to the systematic identification of the recombinant T-cell reactive proteins (RTPs), an evaluation of the immunoprotective properties of these macromolecules in a murine model of coccidioidomycosis. Results of our earlier studies have indicated that potent T-cell reactive proteins are expressed during 1) transition of the saprobic to parasitic phase, 2) isotropic growth of spherules, and 3) endosporulation. On this basis, we will construct three corresponding cDNA expression libraries with mRNA isolated from the above parasitic phases. The libraries will be screened with existing antiserum raised against cell wall and whole cell preparations which have been shown to be T-cell reactive in immune lymph node proliferation (ILNP) assays. Reactive clones are isolated and the C. immitis cDNA of each is ligated into the pCMV mammalian expression vector. BALB/c mice are immunized subcutaneously with the pCMV plus cDNA insert which expresses the C. immitis protein. Mice are monitored by ELISA for production of the antibody against crude C. immitis antigen and then sacrificed for evaluation of their T-cell reactivity in ILNP assays. The cDNA of reactive clones is subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector (e.g., pSE40), and the RTP is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using the corresponding specific murine antiserum obtained as sacrifice, as above. The RTP is further tested for reactivity in murine ILNP assays and Tcell lines, an in patient lymphocyte proliferation assays. The selected cDNAs are used to screen the original expression library, or a C. immitis genomic library, to isolate the fulllength gene. The cDNA from that gene will be used for expression o the RTP for further evaluation of its reactivity as above. Ultimately, this approach will yield multiple RTPs which can be evaluated for immunoprotection in mice against C. immitis challenge. Immunoprotective recombinant proteins obtained by this approach are qualified candidates for a human vaccine against coccidioidomycosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR STRATEGIES TOWARDS A COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS VACCIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Kirkland, Theo N.; Veterans Medical Research Fdn/San Diego Foundation of San Diego San Diego, Ca 92161 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: OVERALL (Adapted from application): Coccidioidomycosis is an important infection in the Southwestern United States responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. Based on skin test conversions, it is estimated that 25,000 to 100,000 new infections occur each year. The incidence of disseminated (extra-pulmonary) infection is high in pregnancy, the immunosuppressed, and some ethnic groups. Second infections are extraordinarily rare, indicating that natural immunity works. The investigators have found two proteins that confer protective immunity in a mouse model of infection. One is a cytoplasmic enzyme; immunization with this protein results in a 10 to 50-fold reduction in the number of organisms per lung. These results provide proof of concept that an effective vaccine for Coccidioides immitis is a realistic goal. The program consists of five projects. Project I focuses on antigen identification, expression, and preliminary testing. Project II will evaluate PRA as a protective antigen in detail. The

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goal is to define T-cell epitopes within PRA that might be more effective vaccines than PRA. Project III will investigate the critical types of lymphocytes and cytokines required for vaccination, using knock-out mice with targeted immune defects. Project IV will evaluate the genetic diversity of C. immitis. The goal of this project is to determine how polymorphic potential vaccine candidates are in the DNA sequence and level of expression. Project V will test antigens, adjutants, and delivery systems that provide protective immunity in the mouse model. Within Project V (and Project I) Dr. Neil Ampel plans to test antigens for their ability to elicit T-cell responses in skin test positive people. The two cores are designed to provide Protein and DNA to the projects (Core A) and administrative support (Core B). This program is a highly interactive, coordinated, and focused effort to design a vaccine to protect mice from experimental coccidioidomycosis. A great deal of emphasis is placed on finding adjuvants and immunization schemes that can be transferred to human beings. The investigators are also interested in defining the critical immune responses and in vitro tests of immunity that correlate with resistance to infection. This information is important to test the immune response to vaccination in people, which would be a crucial step in the evaluation process of a human vaccine for coccidioidomycosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SCH56592 IN CHRONIC ACTIVE PULMONARY OR NON MENINGEAL COCCI Principal Investigator & Institution: Catanzaro, Antonino; Professor of Medicine; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for coccidioidomycosis in the PubMed Central database: •

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Comparison of Methods for Coccidioidomycosis Complement Fixation. by Huppert M, Chitjian PA, Gross AJ.; 1970 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=376934

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Coccidioidomycosis

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COMPLEMENT FIXATION FOR COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS ON SPINAL FLUIDS FILTERED THROUGH MOLECULAR MEMBRANES. by Huppert M, Walker LJ, Bailey JW.; 1962 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=279332

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COMPLEMENT-FIXATION TITERS IN EXPERIMENTAL COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN RABBITS. by Brosbe EA, Kietzman JN, Kurnick NB.; 1964 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=277282

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Course of coccidioidomycosis in intratracheally infected guinea pigs. by Cox RA, Pavey EF, Mead CG.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351363

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Experimental Irradiated Arthrospore Vaccine Against Coccidioidomycosis in Mice. by Pulliam JD, Converse JL, Snyder EM, Esterly JR, Lowe EP.; 1967 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276837

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EXPERIMENTAL PRIMARY CUTANEOUS COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN THE MONKEY. by Converse JL, Pakes SP, Snyder EM, Castleberry MW.; 1964 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276965

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EXPERIMENTAL VIABLE VACCINE AGAINST PULMONARY COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN MONKEYS. by Converse JL, Castleberry MW, Snyder EM.; 1963 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=278564

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Immunization of mice against coccidioidomycosis with a subcellular vaccine. by Pappagianis D, Hector R, Levine HB, Collins MS.; 1979 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414469

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In Vitro Whole-Blood Analysis of Cellular Immunity in Patients with Active Coccidioidomycosis by Using the Antigen Preparation T27K. by Ampel NM, Kramer LA, Li L, Carroll DS, Kerekes KM, Johnson SM, Pappagianis D.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120057

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Multicentric lymphoma and disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a dog. by Jeroski A.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=340022

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Protection against Lethal Murine Coccidioidomycosis by a Soluble Vaccine from Spherules. by Zimmermann CR, Johnson SM, Martens GW, White AG, Zimmer BL, Pappagianis D.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108201

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Recombinant Urease and Urease DNA of Coccidioides immitis Elicit an Immunoprotective Response against Coccidioidomycosis in Mice. by Li K, Yu JJ, Hung CY, Lehmann PF, Cole GT.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98238

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Specificity of immunoglobulin E in coccidioidomycosis and correlation with disease involvement. by Cox RA, Baker BS, Stevens DA.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347576

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with coccidioidomycosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for coccidioidomycosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of coccidioidomycosis diagnosed by exoantigen testing. Author(s): Huber TW, Burrows KR, Steadham JE. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1985 September; 3(5): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3928239

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A case of coccidioidomycosis in Australia. Author(s): Steele T, Kaminski G, Hansman D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1977 June 25; 1(26): 968-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=758033

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A case of coccidioidomycosis with unique clinical features. Author(s): El-Ani AS, Elwood CM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 September; 138(9): 1421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=686936

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A case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis--autopsy report. Author(s): Woo JH, Lee JS, Lee DW, Jin SY, Kim DW, Lee WG. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1996 June; 11(3): 258-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8843009

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A cluster of disseminated coccidioidomycosis cases at a US military hospital. Author(s): Crum NF, Lederman ER, Hale BR, Lim ML, Wallace MR. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 June; 168(6): 460-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834136

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A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake. Author(s): Schneider E, Hajjeh RA, Spiegel RA, Jibson RW, Harp EL, Marshall GA, Gunn RA, McNeil MM, Pinner RW, Baron RC, Burger RC, Hutwagner LC, Crump C, Kaufman L, Reef SE, Feldman GM, Pappagianis D, Werner SB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 March 19; 277(11): 904-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9062329

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A community epidemic of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Roberts PL, Lisciandro RC. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1967 October; 96(4): 766-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6057610

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A fatal case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in Louisiana. Author(s): Babycos PB, Hoda SA. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1990 August; 142(8): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2230522

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A localized outbreak of coccidioidomycosis in southern Texas. Author(s): Teel KW, Yow MD, Williams TW Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1970 July; 77(1): 65-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5465361

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Acquisition of coccidioidomycosis at necropsy by inhalation of coccidioidal endospores. Author(s): Kohn GJ, Linne SR, Smith CM, Hoeprich PD. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1992 August; 15(6): 527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1424506

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Acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in children. Author(s): Richardson HB Jr, Anderson JA, McKay BM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1967 March; 70(3): 376-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6018393

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Acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis mimicking bacterial pneumonia and septic shock: a report of two cases. Author(s): Lopez AM, Williams PL, Ampel NM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 August; 95(2): 236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8356990

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Acute respiratory failure caused by primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Two case reports and a review of the literature. Author(s): Larsen RA, Jacobson JA, Morris AH, Benowitz BA. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 May; 131(5): 797-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4003923

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Adequacy of therapy for coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Stevens DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 November; 25(5): 1211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402383

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Adjunctive corticosteroids therapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome owing to disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Shibli M, Ghassibi J, Hajal R, O'Sullivan M. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2002 August; 30(8): 1896-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12163812

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Adrenal response in children receiving high doses of ketoconazole for systemic coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Britton H, Shehab Z, Lightner E, New M, Chow D. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1988 March; 112(3): 488-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2831330

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Agar-gel precipitin-inhibition test for coccidioidomycosis. I. Preliminary evaluation of the complement-fixation and agar-gel precipitin tests in the serodiagnosis of human coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ray JG Jr. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1967 September; 15(5): 1049-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4965616

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Agar-gel precipitin-inhibition test for coccidioidomycosis. II. Serological test antigen studies in agar-gel. Author(s): Ray JG Jr, Converse JL. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1967 September; 15(5): 1054-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4964065

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Airway coccidioidomycosis--report of cases and review. Author(s): Polesky A, Kirsch CM, Snyder LS, LoBue P, Kagawa FT, Dykstra BJ, Wehner JH, Catanzaro A, Ampel NM, Stevens DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 June; 28(6): 1273-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451165

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Amphotericin B in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Drutz DJ. Source: Drugs. 1983 October; 26(4): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6628269

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An Australian case of coccidioidomycosis? Author(s): Symmers WS. Source: Pathology. 1971 January; 3(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5098157

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An epidemic of coccidioidomycosis among archeology students in northern California. Author(s): Werner SB, Pappagianis D, Heindl I, Mickel A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 March 9; 286(10): 507-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5059262

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An epidemic of coccidioidomycosis in the Pacific beach area of San Diego. Author(s): Ramras DG, Walch HA, Murray JP, Davidson BH. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1970 June; 101(6): 975-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5419981

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An evaluation of the immunodiffusion screening test for coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Warren B. Source: Health Lab Sci. 1965 October; 2(4): 242-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4953823

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An unusual case of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Smith MA, Anderson AE, Kostroff K. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 April; 32(4): 1063-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8027312

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An unusual outbreak of windborne coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Flynn NM, Hoeprich PD, Kawachi MM, Lee KK, Lawrence RM, Goldstein E, Jordan GW, Kundargi RS, Wong GA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 August 16; 301(7): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=460324

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Antibody in cerebrospinal fluid in non-meningitic coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Pappagianis D, Saito M, Van Hoosear KH. Source: Sabouraudia. 1972 July; 10(2): 173-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4625497

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Antigenemia in primary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Galgiani JN, Dugger KO, Ito JI, Wieden MA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1984 July; 33(4): 645-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6476210

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Atypical coccidioidomycosis in an AIDS patient successfully treated with fluconazole. Author(s): Hernandez JL, Echevarria S, Garcia-Valtuille A, Mazorra F, Salesa R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 August; 16(8): 592-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9323471

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Azole antifungal drugs in treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Graybill JR. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1986 March; 1(1): 53-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3317599

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Bilateral isolated adrenal coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Papadopoulos KI, Castor B, Klingspor L, Dejmek A, Loren I, Bramnert M. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1996 March; 239(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8772628

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Bone and gallium scanning in the evaluation of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Boddicker JH, Fong D, Walsh TE, Schillaci RF, Moniot AL, Catanzaro A. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 August; 122(2): 279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7416605

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Bone and joint coccidioidomycosis treated with miconazole. Author(s): Deresinski SC, Stevens DA. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 November; 120(5): 1101-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=507526

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Bronchoesophageal fistulas secondary to coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Richardson V, Valenciano-Vega JI, Valenzuela-Espinoza A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 February; 13(2): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8190546

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Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Comparison of cytology, culture, and transbronchial biopsy. Author(s): DiTomasso JP, Ampel NM, Sobonya RE, Bloom JW. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1994 February; 18(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8062536

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Case discussion of coccidioidomycosis of the ankle. Author(s): Vigorita VJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 November; (332): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8913176

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Coccidioidomycosis among visitors to a Coccidioides immitis-endemic area: an outbreak in a military reserve unit. Author(s): Standaert SM, Schaffner W, Galgiani JN, Pinner RW, Kaufman L, Durry E, Hutcheson RH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 June; 171(6): 1672-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7769316

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Coccidioidomycosis and sarcoidosis. Multiple recurrences. Author(s): Sharma OP, Arora A. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1997 May; 166(5): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9217443

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Coccidioidomycosis as imported atypical pneumonia in Sweden. Author(s): Fohlman J, Sjolin J, Bennich H, Chryssanthou E, Von Rosen M, Petrini B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(4): 440-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959663

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Coccidioidomycosis fungal infection in the hand mimicking a metacarpal enchondroma. Author(s): Huang JI, Seeger LL, Jones NF. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2000 October; 25(5): 475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10991817

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Coccidioidomycosis in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ohashi DK, Ruppe JP, Courrege ML, Kletter GG. Source: N C Med J. 1998 March-April; 59(2): 76-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9558891

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Coccidioidomycosis in adolescents with lupus nephritis. Author(s): Yorgin PD, Rewari M, al-Uzri AY, Theodorou AA, Scott KM, Barton LL. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2001 January; 16(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11198609

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Coccidioidomycosis in Brazil. A case report. Author(s): Martins Mdos A, de Araujo Eda M, Kuwakino MH, Heins-Vaccari EM, Del Negro GM, Vozza Junior JA, Lacaz Cda S. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1997 SeptemberOctober; 39(5): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661310

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Coccidioidomycosis in California: regional outbreak, global diagnostic challenge. Author(s): Olson PE, Bone WD, LaBarre RC, Martin CR, Utz GC, Miller LK, Gresham L. Source: Military Medicine. 1995 June; 160(6): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7659230

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Coccidioidomycosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in Arizona, 1994-1997: incidence, risk factors, and prevention. Author(s): Woods CW, McRill C, Plikaytis BD, Rosenstein NE, Mosley D, Boyd D, England B, Perkins BA, Ampel NM, Hajjeh RA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 April; 181(4): 1428-34. Epub 2000 April 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10753734

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Coccidioidomycosis in Hungary. The first import case. Author(s): Zalatnai A, Zala J, Sandor G. Source: Pathology Oncology Research : Por. 1998; 4(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9654601

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Coccidioidomycosis in liver transplant patients. Author(s): Holt CD, Winston DJ, Kubak B, Imagawa DK, Martin P, Goldstein L, Olthoff K, Millis JM, Shaked A, Shackleton CR, Busuttil RW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 February; 24(2): 216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9114150

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Coccidioidomycosis in New York State. Author(s): Chaturvedi V, Ramani R, Gromadzki S, Rodeghier B, Chang HG, Morse DL. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2000 January-February; 6(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10653565

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Coccidioidomycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: review of 91 cases at a single institution. Author(s): Singh VR, Smith DK, Lawerence J, Kelly PC, Thomas AR, Spitz B, Sarosi GA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 September; 23(3): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879781

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Coccidioidomycosis in pregnancy during an epidemic in California. Author(s): Caldwell JW, Arsura EL, Kilgore WB, Garcia AL, Reddy V, Johnson RH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 February; 95(2): 236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10674586

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Coccidioidomycosis in Tulare County, California, 1991: reemergence of an endemic disease. Author(s): Durry E, Pappagianis D, Werner SB, Hutwagner L, Sun RK, Maurer M, McNeil MM, Pinner RW. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1997 September-October; 35(5): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402524

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Coccidioidomycosis meningitis with massive dural and cerebral venous thrombosis and tissue arthroconidia. Author(s): Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Mazowiecki M, Bonds LA, Cohn DL, Wilson ML. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2000 February; 124(2): 310-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10656747

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Coccidioidomycosis mimicking lung cancer. Author(s): Petrini B, Skold CM, Bronner U, Elmberger G. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2003 NovemberDecember; 70(6): 651-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732800

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Coccidioidomycosis of the prostate gland. Author(s): Niku SD, Dalgleish G, Devendra G. Source: Urology. 1998 July; 52(1): 127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671884

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Coccidioidomycosis of the prostate gland: two cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Truett AA, Crum NF. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 April; 97(4): 419-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15108843

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Coccidioidomycosis osteomyelitis masquerading as a bone tumor. A report of 2 cases. Author(s): Caraway NP, Fanning CV, Stewart JM, Tarrand JJ, Weber KL. Source: Acta Cytol. 2003 September-October; 47(5): 777-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14526678

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Coccidioidomycosis prostatitis associated with prostate cancer. Author(s): Lawrence MA, Ginsberg D, Stein JP, Kanel G, Skinner DG. Source: Bju International. 1999 August; 84(3): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468743

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Coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Galgiani JN. Source: Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1997; 17: 188-204. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9189666

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Coccidioidomycosis: a descriptive survey of a reemerging disease. Clinical characteristics and current controversies. Author(s): Crum NF, Lederman ER, Stafford CM, Parrish JS, Wallace MR. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 2004 May; 83(3): 149-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15118543

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Coccidioidomycosis: a reemerging infectious disease. Author(s): Kirkland TN, Fierer J. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1996 July-September; 2(3): 192-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8903229

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Coccidioidomycosis: the other great imitator. Author(s): Cardone JS, Vinson R, Anderson LL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1995 July; 56(1): 33-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7555099

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Coccidioidomycosis--the airborne assault continues: an unusual presentation with a review of the history, epidemiology, and military relevance. Author(s): Olivere JW, Meier PA, Fraser SL, Morrison WB, Parsons TW, Drehner DM. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1999 August; 70(8): 790-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10447053

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Combating opportunistic infections: coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ampel NM. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2004 February; 5(2): 255-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996623

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Comparison of oral fluconazole and itraconazole for progressive, nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis. A randomized, double-blind trial. Mycoses Study Group. Author(s): Galgiani JN, Catanzaro A, Cloud GA, Johnson RH, Williams PL, Mirels LF, Nassar F, Lutz JE, Stevens DA, Sharkey PK, Singh VR, Larsen RA, Delgado KL, Flanigan C, Rinaldi MG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 7; 133(9): 676-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074900

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Cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in human coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Corry DB, Ampel NM, Christian L, Locksley RM, Galgiani JN. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 August; 174(2): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8699085

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Deep fungal infections in Rhodesia--a 10-year survey of histological material. Part II: mycetoma pseudomycetes phycomycosis mycotic abscess favus rhinosporidiosis histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ross MD, Gelfand M. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1978 November; 24(11): 231-6 Contd. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=743734

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity, in vitro T-cell responsiveness and risk of active coccidioidomycosis among HIV-infected patients living in the coccidioidal endemic area. Author(s): Ampel NM. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1999 August; 37(4): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10421859

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Detection of coccidioidal antibodies by 33-kDa spherule antigen, Coccidioides EIA, and standard serologic tests in sera from patients evaluated for coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Wieden MA, Lundergan LL, Blum J, Delgado KL, Coolbaugh R, Howard R, Peng T, Pugh E, Reis N, Theis J, Galgiani JN. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 May; 173(5): 1273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8627085

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Detection of fungi and other pathogens in immunocompromised patients by bronchoalveolar lavage in an area endemic for coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Sobonya RE, Barbee RA, Wiens J, Trego D. Source: Chest. 1990 June; 97(6): 1349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2161329

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Diabetic ketoacidosis associated with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Westphal SA, Sarosi GA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 June; 18(6): 974-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8086561

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Dinitrochlorobenzene responsivity: difference between patients with severe pulmonary coccidioidomycosis and patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Rea TH, Johnson R, Einstein H, Levan NE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1979 March; 139(3): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=448187

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis associated with extreme eosinophilia. Author(s): Harley WB, Blaser MJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 April; 18(4): 627-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8038321

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis complicated by vasculitis: a cause of fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage in two cases. Author(s): Erly WK, Labadie E, Williams PL, Lee DM, Carmody RF, Seeger JF. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1999 October; 20(9): 1605-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10543628

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis detected by percutaneous liver biopsy in a liver transplant recipient. Author(s): Dodd LG, Nelson SD. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 January; 93(1): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2294693

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis diagnosed by culture of a central venous catheter tip. Author(s): Wagner JA, Keer H, Fredricks DN. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 January; 22(1): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8824997

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a Canadian patient with chronic HIV infection-Ontario. Author(s): Gold WL, Campbell I, Vellend H. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1992 October 16; 18(19): 149-50. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1291005

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Kovacs A, Forthal DN, Kovacs JA, Overturf GD. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1984 March; 140(3): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6710985

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Wolf JE, Little JR, Pappagianis D, Kobayashi GS. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1986 November; 5(4): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3490949

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in AIDS. Author(s): Abrams DI, Robia M, Blumenfeld W, Simonson J, Cohen MB, Hadley WK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 April 12; 310(15): 986-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6700694

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis masquerading as tendinitis. Author(s): Fishco WD, Blocher KS. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2000 NovemberDecember; 90(10): 508-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11107712

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis of an ankle joint. A case study. Author(s): Sprinkle RL 3rd, Kosova LM, Tougas T, Morales LM, DeUgarte R. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1989 June; 79(6): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2746490

Studies

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with chorioretinitis in early infancy. Author(s): Golden SE, Morgan CM, Bartley DL, Campo RV. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 March-April; 5(2): 272-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3952015

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with lung, skin and lymph node involvement: report of a case. Author(s): Chen CH, Shih JF, Hsu YT, Perng RP. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1991 August; 90(8): 788-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1683374

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with peritonitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Prolonged survival associated with positive skin test reactivity to coccidioidin. Author(s): Byrne WR, Dietrich RA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 April; 149(4): 947-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2705848

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with rapid progression to effusive-constrictive pericarditis. Author(s): Oudiz R, Mahaisavariya P, Peng SK, Shane-Yospur L, Smith C, Baumgartner F, Shapiro S. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1995 November-December; 8(6): 947-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8611300

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Jitsukawa K, Sato S, Hayashi Y, Yamao H, Anzai T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1990 February; 17(2): 120-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2329222

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis. The role of cytology in multidisciplinary clinical approach and diagnosis. Author(s): Robertson S, Kovitz KL, Moroz K. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1999 August; 151(8): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10554476

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Unusual manifestations in a cardiac transplantation patient. Author(s): Vartivarian SE, Coudron PE, Markowitz SM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 November; 83(5): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3314500

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Disseminated coccidioidomycosis: clinical, immunologic and therapeutic aspects. Author(s): Danoff D, Munk ZM, Case B, Finlayson M, Gold P. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1978 February 18; 118(4): 390-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=630499

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Donor-related coccidioidomycosis in organ transplant recipients. Author(s): Wright PW, Pappagianis D, Wilson M, Louro A, Moser SA, Komatsu K, Pappas PG. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 November 1; 37(9): 1265-9. Epub 2003 October 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557974

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Early results of targeted prophylaxis for coccidioidomycosis in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation within an endemic area. Author(s): Blair JE, Douglas DD, Mulligan DC. Source: Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 2003 March; 5(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791068

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Endemic coccidioidomycosis in Northern California. An outbreak in the Capay Valley of Yolo County. Author(s): Loofbourow JC, Pappagianis D, Cooper TY. Source: Calif Med. 1969 July; 111(1): 5-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5798012

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Eosinophilia in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Schermoly MJ, Hinthorn DR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 April; 148(4): 895-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3355309

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Eosinophilic meningitis associated with coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ismail Y, Arsura EL. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 March; 158(3): 300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8460518

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Epidemiology and control of coccidioidomycosis in California. Author(s): Rutherford GW, Barrett MF. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1996 October; 165(4): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8987428

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Epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Pappagianis D. Source: Curr Top Med Mycol. 1988; 2: 199-238. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3288356

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Erythema nodosum and coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Whitaker DC, Lynch PJ. Source: Ariz Med. 1979 December; 36(12): 887-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=518353

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Erythema nodosum in pregnant patients with coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Arsura EL, Kilgore WB, Ratnayake SN. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 November; 27(5): 1201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9827269

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Ethnic background and the clinical course of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Pappagianis D, Lindsay S, Beall S, Williams P. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 October; 120(4): 959-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=507518

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Evaluation of a latex particle agglutination test for coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Huppert M, Peterson ET, Sun SH, Chitjian PA, Derrevere WJ. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1968 January; 49(1): 96-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5635281

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Evaluation of five stains in diagnosing human intestinal coccidiosis. Author(s): El Naggar HH, Handousa AE, El Hamshary EM, El Shazly AM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1999; 29(3): 883-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12561927

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Evidence of coccidioidomycosis in the skeleton of an ancient Arizona Indian. Author(s): Harrison WR, Merbs CF, Leathers CR. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 August; 164(2): 436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1856499

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Experience with ketoconazole in three major manifestations of progressive coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Stevens DA, Stiller RL, Williams PL, Sugar AM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1983 January 24; 74(1B): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6295153

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Exposure factors in occupational coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Schmelzer LL, Tabershaw IR. Source: Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1968 January; 58(1): 107-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5688736

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Facts on coccidioidomycosis unearthed. Author(s): Werner SB, Pappagianis D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 July 13; 287(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5031383

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Failure of ketoconazole maintenance therapy for disseminated coccidioidomycosis in AIDS. Author(s): Zar FA, Fernandez M. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 October; 164(4): 824-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1894949

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Fatal coccidioidomycosis in collagen vascular diseases. Author(s): Johnson WM, Gall EP. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1983 February; 10(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6842490

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Fatal coccidioidomycosis. Report of two cases. Author(s): Knapp WA, Seeley TT, Ruebner BH. Source: Calif Med. 1972 March; 116(3): 86-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5014774

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Fatal disseminated coccidioidomycosis following an intestinal bypass operation for obesity. Author(s): Johnson WM. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1981 October; 135(4): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7342461

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Fatal maternal disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a nonendemic area. Author(s): VanBergen WS, Fleury FJ, Cheatle EL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 March 15; 124(6): 661-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1258909

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Fatal relapse of coccidioidomycosis ten years after treatment with amphotericin B. Author(s): Gardner PG, Fuller EW Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1969 October 23; 281(17): 950-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5811426

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Female genital coccidioidomycosis (FGC), Addison's disease and sigmoid loop abscess due to Coccidioides immites; case report and review of literature on FGC. Author(s): Chowfin A, Tight R. Source: Mycopathologia. 1999; 145(3): 121-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685446

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Female genital coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Saw EC, Smale LE, Einstein H, Huntington RW Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 February; 45(2): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1118094

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Fluconazole in the treatment of chronic pulmonary and nonmeningeal disseminated coccidioidomycosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Author(s): Catanzaro A, Galgiani JN, Levine BE, Sharkey-Mathis PK, Fierer J, Stevens DA, Chapman SW, Cloud G. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1995 March; 98(3): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7872341

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Fluconazole in the treatment of persistent coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Catanzaro A, Fierer J, Friedman PJ. Source: Chest. 1990 March; 97(3): 666-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2306969

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Fluconazole therapy for postoperative Candida infections and in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Thadepalli H, Gollapudi S. Source: J Chemother. 1995 November; 7 Suppl 4: 193-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904153

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Focal endemic coccidioidomycosis in Los Angeles County. Author(s): Rao S, Biddle M, Balchum OJ, Robinson JL. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972 March; 105(3): 410-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5011669

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For coccidioidomycosis--a possible source of infectious spores and of therapeutic agents. Author(s): Riker AE. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1968 March 22; 34(2): 155-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5662487

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Fulminant pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in association with Coxsackie B4 infection. Author(s): Gururaj VJ, Marsh WW, Aiyar SR. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1985 July; 24(7): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2988843

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Fungal disease in HIV-infected persons: cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Stansell JD. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1991 September; 6(4): 28-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1942195

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Fungal infection of the lung. The big 3--histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Davies SF, Sarosi GA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 June; 73(6): 242-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6856531

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Fungal infections in AIDS. Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Minamoto G, Armstrong D. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1988 June; 2(2): 447-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3060528

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Fungal pneumonias: pulmonary coccidioidal syndromes (Part 2). Miliary, nodular, and cavitary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis; chemotherapeutic and surgical considerations. Author(s): Bayer AS. Source: Chest. 1981 June; 79(6): 686-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7226957

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Fungus ball--An unusual manifestation of Coccidioidomycosis. A case report. Author(s): Belgrad R. Source: Radiology. 1971 November; 101(2): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5114766

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Gastrointestinal dissemination of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Weisman IM, Moreno AJ, Parker AL, Sippo WC, Liles WJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 July; 81(7): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3717124

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Genitourinary aspects of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Conner WT, Drach GW, Bucher WC Jr. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1975 January; 113(1): 82-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1167609

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Genitourinary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Kuntze JR, Herman MH, Evans SG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1988 August; 140(2): 370-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3294447

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Head and neck manifestations of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Arnold MG, Arnold JC, Bloom DC, Brewster DF, Thiringer JK. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 April; 114(4): 747-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15064635

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Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis in individuals with AIDS. A clinical review. Author(s): Wheat J. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1994 June; 8(2): 467-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8089472

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Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis skin tests in South Vietnamese civilians. Author(s): Welsh JD, Douglas H. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1969 July 3; 281(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5785753

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HIV/AIDS case histories: diagnostic problems. Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Snyder LS, Stopeck AT, Godwin JH. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 1997 August; 11(4): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361843

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How I treat blastomycosis, actinomycosis and coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Goldman L. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1967 July; 42(1): A65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6042972

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Hypercalcemia in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Parker MS, Dokoh S, Woolfenden JM, Buchsbaum HW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1984 February; 76(2): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6607675

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Hypercalcemia in disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Lee JC, Catanzaro A, Parthemore JG, Roach B, Deftos LJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 August 25; 297(8): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=882114

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Hypercalcemia in patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Caldwell JW, Arsura EL, Kilgore WB, Reddy CM, Johnson RH. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2004 January; 327(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722391

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Hyphal forms in the central nervous system of patients with coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Hagman HM, Madnick EG, D'Agostino AN, Williams PL, Shatsky S, Mirels LF, Tucker RM, Rinaldi MG, Stevens DA, Bryant RE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 February; 30(2): 349-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671340

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Identification of coccidioidomycosis of the lung by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Author(s): Freedman SI, Ang EP, Haley RS. Source: Acta Cytol. 1986 July-August; 30(4): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2426892

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Immune responses in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Levine HB. Source: Mykosen Suppl. 1978; 1: 280-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=299487

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Immunoglobulin E in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Cox RA, Arnold DR. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1979 July; 123(1): 194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=448147

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Immunotherapy of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Catanzaro A, Spitler L, Moser KM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1974 September; 54(3): 690-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4604574

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In situ localization of T lymphocytes in disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Modlin RL, Segal GP, Hofman FM, Walley MS, Johnson RH, Taylor CR, Rea TH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 February; 151(2): 314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3155781

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In vitro assessment of cellular immunity in human coccidioidomycosis: relationship between dermal hypersensitivity, lymphocyte transformation, and lymphokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy adults. Author(s): Ampel NM, Bejarano GC, Salas SD, Galgiani JN. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992 April; 165(4): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552200

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In vitro modulation of proliferation and cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with various forms of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ampel NM, Christian L. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1997 November; 65(11): 4483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9353023

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In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated responses in coccidioidomycosis. I. Immumologic responses of persons with primary, asymptomatic infections. Author(s): Cox RA, Vivas JR, Gross A, Lecara G, Miller E, Brummer E. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 November; 114(5): 937-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=791035

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Incidence and prevalence of coccidioidomycosis in patients with end-stage liver disease. Author(s): Blair JE, Balan V, Douglas DD, Hentz JG. Source: Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2003 August; 9(8): 843-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884198

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Infection of an arterial prosthesis as the presenting manifestation of disseminated coccidioidomycosis: control of disease with fluconazole. Author(s): Schwartz DN, Fihn SD, Miller RA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 April; 16(4): 486-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8513052

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Influence of host genetics on the severity of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Louie L, Ng S, Hajjeh R, Johnson R, Vugia D, Werner SB, Talbot R, Klitz W. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 September-October; 5(5): 672-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511523

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Initial presentation of coccidioidomycosis during inguinal herniorrhaphy. Author(s): Buchmiller-Crair TL. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2003 June; 7(2): 924. Epub 2003 March 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820032

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Intraocular coccidioidomycosis diagnosed by skin biopsy. Author(s): Cunningham ET Jr, Seiff SR, Berger TG, Lizotte PE, Howes EL Jr, Horton JC. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1998 May; 116(5): 674-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9596507

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Intraocular coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Zakka KA, Foos RY, Brown WJ. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1978 March-April; 22(5): 313-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=653576

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Intrauterine transmission of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Charlton V, Ramsdell K, Sehring S. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 June; 18(6): 561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10391194

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Isolated coccidioidomycosis of the uterus. Author(s): Hart WR, Prins RP, Tsai JC. Source: Human Pathology. 1976 March; 7(2): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1262019

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Itraconazole and fluconazole for treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Stevens DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 March; 18(3): 470. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8011839

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Itraconazole in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Diaz M, Puente R, de Hoyos LA, Cruz S. Source: Chest. 1991 September; 100(3): 682-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1653679

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Itraconazole therapy for nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis: clinical and laboratory observations. Author(s): Tucker RM, Denning DW, Arathoon EG, Rinaldi MG, Stevens DA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 September; 23(3 Pt 2): 593-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2170479

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Itraconazole treatment of coccidioidomycosis. NAIAD Mycoses Study Group. Author(s): Graybill JR, Stevens DA, Galgiani JN, Dismukes WE, Cloud GA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1990 September; 89(3): 282-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2168126

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John F. Fulton, coccidioidomycosis, and penicillin. Author(s): Tager M. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1976 September; 49(4): 391-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=793204

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Ketoconazole for treatment of chronic pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ross JB, Levine B, Catanzaro A, Einstein H, Schillaci R, Friedman PJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 April; 96(4): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6279005

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Ketoconazole for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Catanzaro A, Einstein H, Levine B, Ross JB, Schillaci R, Fierer J, Friedman PJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 April; 96(4): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6279004

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Ketoconazole in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Galgiani JN. Source: Drugs. 1983 October; 26(4): 355-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6313321

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Ketoconazole therapy of progressive coccidioidomycosis. Comparison of 400- and 800-mg doses and observations at higher doses. Author(s): Galgiani JN, Stevens DA, Graybill JR, Dismukes WE, Cloud GA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 March; 84(3 Pt 2): 603-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3279775

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Ketoconazole treatment of nonprimary coccidioidomycosis. Evaluation of 60 patients during three years of study. Author(s): DeFelice R, Galgiani JN, Campbell SC, Palpant SD, Friedman BA, Dodge RR, Weinberg MG, Lincoln LJ, Tennican PO, Barbee RA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1982 April; 72(4): 681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6280499

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Large airway obstruction secondary to endobronchial coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Beller TA, Mitchell DM, Sobonya RE, Barbee RA. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 October; 120(4): 939-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=507516

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Laryngeal coccidioidomycosis causing airway obstruction. Author(s): Hajare S, Rakusan TA, Kalia A, Gibson FB, Strunk CL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1989 January; 8(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2922239

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Laryngeal coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ghosh JS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 July 11; 238(2): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=577279

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Laryngeal coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Platt MA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 March 21; 237(12): 1234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=576463

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Laryngeal involvement in disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Boyle JO, Coulthard SW, Mandel RM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 April; 117(4): 433-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007017

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Letter: Bronchogluteal fistula in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Wyborney VJ, Pappagianis D, Steelquist J. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1974 September; 81(3): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4852710

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Letter: Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a child. Author(s): Winter WG Jr, Larson RK. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1975 October; 129(10): 1237-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1190151

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Limited pulmonary resection for coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Fosburg RG, Baisch BF, Trummer MJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1969 May; 7(5): 420-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5779752

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Lupus nephritis complicated by fatal disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Conger J, Farrell T, Douglas S. Source: Calif Med. 1973 February; 118(2): 60-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4701712

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Macular coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Lamer L, Paquin F, Lorange G, Bayardelle P, Ojeimi G. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1982 June; 17(3): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7116214

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Marked increase in cases of coccidioidomycosis in California: 1991, 1992, and 1993. Author(s): Pappagianis D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 August; 19 Suppl 1: S14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7948566

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Markers of coccidioidomycosis before cardiac or renal transplantation and the risk of recurrent infection. Author(s): Hall KA, Copeland JG, Zukoski CF, Sethi GK, Galgiani JN. Source: Transplantation. 1993 June; 55(6): 1422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8516829

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Measurement of cellular immunity in human coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ampel NM. Source: Mycopathologia. 2003; 156(4): 247-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14682448

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Miconazole for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Unfavorable experience. Author(s): Meyer RD, Sattler FR, Linne SR, Ruskin J. Source: Chest. 1978 June; 73(6): 825-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=657856

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Miconazole in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Levine HB. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 1: 13-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122639

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Miconazole in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Stevens DA. Source: Drugs. 1983 October; 26(4): 347-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6354686

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Miconazole therapy for coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Hoeprich PD, Goldstein E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 November 25; 230(8): 1153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4479523

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Miliary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Goldstein E. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1978 September; 89(3): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=686553

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Miliary coccidioidomycosis in the immunocompetent. Author(s): Arsura EL, Kilgore WB. Source: Chest. 2000 February; 117(2): 404-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10669682

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Miliary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Randle HW. Source: Ariz Med. 1975 May; 32(5): 408-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1147782

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Miliary retinitis in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Glasgow BJ, Brown HH, Foos RY. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 July 15; 104(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3605277

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Modeling valley fever (coccidioidomycosis) incidence on the basis of climate conditions. Author(s): Kolivras KN, Comrie AC. Source: International Journal of Biometeorology. 2003 March; 47(2): 87-101. Epub 2003 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12647095

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MR findings in acute and chronic coccidioidomycosis meningitis. Author(s): Wrobel CJ, Meyer S, Johnson RH, Hesselink JR. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1992 July-August; 13(4): 1241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1636543

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Multi-organ failure caused by reactivated coccidioidomycosis without dissemination in a patient with renal transplantation. Author(s): Cha JM, Jung S, Bahng HS, Lim CM, Han DJ, Woo JH, Koh Y. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 2000 March; 5(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10728738

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Multiple pulmonary calcifications due to coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Sargent EN, Balchum E, Freed AL, Jacobson G. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1970 July; 109(3): 500-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5431495

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Murine models of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis. Author(s): Sorensen KN, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Source: Mycopathologia. 1999; 146(2): 53-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10822504

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Musculoskeletal coccidioidomycosis. A review of 25 cases. Author(s): Kushwaha VP, Shaw BA, Gerardi JA, Oppenheim WL. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 November; (332): 190-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8913163

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Nausea and malaise during treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Lopez F, Hancock EW. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1997 May 15; 32(5): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153134

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Neonatal coccidioidomycosis in a southwestern Pima Indian. Author(s): Westley CR, Haak W. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1974 July; 67(7): 855-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4834745

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Neonatal coccidioidomycosis in premature twins. Author(s): Shafai T. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1978 June; 132(6): 634. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=655150

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New serologic tests for early detection of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Galgiani JN, Grace GM, Lundergan LL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 March; 163(3): 671-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1899877

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Occupational factors in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Johnson WM. Source: J Occup Med. 1981 May; 23(5): 367-74. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7017083

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Ocular coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Stone JL, Kalina RE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 August 15; 116(2): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8352320

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Ocular coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Rodenbiker HT, Ganley JP. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1980 March-April; 24(5): 263-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6988997

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Ocular coccidioidomycosis. A clinicopathologic case report. Author(s): Rainin EA, Little HL. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1972 May-June; 76(3): 645-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4204396

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Ocular coccidioidomycosis. Report of a case presenting as Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome. Author(s): Wood TR. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1967 September; 64(3): Suppl: 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6039080

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Operative management of chronic coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Spebar MJ, Jarstfer BS, Zeigler MG. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1977 December; 134(6): 777-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=596546

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Ophthalmic coccidioidomycosis. Case report and review. Author(s): Olavarria R, Fajardo LF. Source: Arch Pathol. 1971 September; 92(3): 191-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5565881

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Opportunistic coccidioidomycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: prevention issues and priorities. Author(s): McNeil MM, Ampel NM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 August; 21 Suppl 1: S111-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547498

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Otomycosis due to coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Harvey RP, Pappagianis D, Cochran J, Stevens DA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 September; 138(9): 1434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=686941

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Outbreak of coccidioidomycosis in Washington state residents returning from Mexico. Author(s): Cairns L, Blythe D, Kao A, Pappagianis D, Kaufman L, Kobayashi J, Hajjeh R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 January; 30(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10619734

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Pathology case of the month. Occupational hazard? Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis). Author(s): Wu J, Linscott AJ, Oberle A, Fowler M. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2003 July-August; 155(4): 187-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506823

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Pathology consultation. Coccidioidomycosis of the larynx. Author(s): Batsakis JG. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1984 September-October; 93(5 Pt 1): 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6497247

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Pemphigus and coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Lynch PJ, Rather EP, Rutala PJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1978 November; 22(5): 581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=729403

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Peritoneal coccidioidomycosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Jamidar PA, Campbell DR, Fishback JL, Klotz SA. Source: Gastroenterology. 1992 March; 102(3): 1054-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1531643

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Peritoneal coccidioidomycosis diagnosed incidentally at herniorrhaphy. Author(s): Perez JA Jr, Arsura EL. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 April; 158(4): 406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8317133

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Peritoneal coccidioidomycosis: case report and review. Author(s): Phillips P, Ford B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 June; 30(6): 971-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10880320

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Perplexing pericarditis caused by coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Amundson DE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 June; 86(6): 694-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8506496

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Persistent coccidioidal seropositivity without clinical evidence of active coccidioidomycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Arguinchona HL, Ampel NM, Dols CL, Galgiani JN, Mohler MJ, Fish DG. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 May; 20(5): 1281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7620011

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Persistent facial plaque. Coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Ingelman JD, Smith BJ, Rosen T, Tschen JA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 July; 123(7): 937, 940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3606173

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Practice guideline for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Author(s): Galgiani JN, Ampel NM, Catanzaro A, Johnson RH, Stevens DA, Williams PL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 April; 30(4): 658-61. Epub 2000 April 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770727

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Prediction of relapse after treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Oldfield EC 3rd, Bone WD, Martin CR, Gray GC, Olson P, Schillaci RF. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 November; 25(5): 1205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402382

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Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis in childhood. Author(s): O'Brien JJ, Gilsdorf JR. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 July-August; 5(4): 485-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3725662

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Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis treated with itraconazole. Author(s): Bonifaz A, Saul A, Galindo J, Andrade R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 October; 33(10): 720-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002142

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Primary diagnosis of disseminated coccidioidomycosis by fine needle aspiration of a neck mass. A case report. Author(s): Hicks MJ, Green LK, Clarridge J. Source: Acta Cytol. 1994 May-June; 38(3): 422-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7514833

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Primary intrasellar coccidioidomycosis simulating a pituitary adenoma. Author(s): Scanarini M, Rotilio A, Rigobello L, Pomes A, Parenti A, Alessio L. Source: Neurosurgery. 1991 May; 28(5): 748-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1876258

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Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in Japan: case report and review. Author(s): Ogiso A, Ito M, Koyama M, Yamaoka H, Hotchi M, McGinnis MR. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 November; 25(5): 1260-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402404

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Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in Kentucky. Author(s): Woodring JH, Dillon ML. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1996 November; 94(11): 490-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8973079

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Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Batra P. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1992 September; 7(4): 29-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1404543

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Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Catanzaro A. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1980 May; 64(3): 461-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6993811

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Pulmonary manifestations of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Wong JS, Herman SJ, de Hoyos A, Weisbrod GL. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1994 April; 45(2): 87-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8149277

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Quantitative pathology of coccidioidomycosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Graham AR, Sobonya RE, Bronnimann DA, Galgiani JN. Source: Human Pathology. 1988 July; 19(7): 800-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3402972

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Quiz case 2. Coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Spiegel JH, Sudilovsky D. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1999 October; 125(10): 1159, 1161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522512

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Racial susceptibility to coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Sievers ML. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 January 3; 302(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7350404

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Racism in coccidioidomycosis? Author(s): Huppert M. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 October; 118(4): 797-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=707898

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Radiographic findings of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in neonates and infants. Author(s): Child DD, Newell JD, Bjelland JC, Spark RP. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1985 August; 145(2): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3875222

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Rapid diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis with a DNA probe to ribosomal RNA. Author(s): Beard JS, Benson PM, Skillman L. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 December; 129(12): 1589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8250580

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Rapid diagnostic evaluation of bronchial washings in patients with suspected coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Sarosi GA, Lawrence JP, Smith DK, Thomas A, Hobohm DW, Kelley PC. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 2001 December; 16(4): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740824

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Reactivated laryngeal coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Rosen EJ, Newlands SD, Patel J, Kalia A, Friedman NR. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 July; 125(1): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11458233

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Reactivation of coccidioidomycosis in pregnancy. Author(s): Walker MP, Brody CZ, Resnik R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 May; 79(5 ( Pt 2)): 815-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1565375

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Recent developments in serologic methods for the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. 3. A soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test. Author(s): Wallraff EB, Wachs EE. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1971 April; 55(4): 418-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4995082

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Recent developments in serologic methods for the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. I. Diagnostic screening tests and agar gel precipitin inhibition titers. Author(s): Wallraff EB, Wachs EE. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1969 March; 51(3): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4974650

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Recent developments in serologic methods for the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. II. Modification of an agar gel precipitin inhibition test. Author(s): Wachs EE, Wallraff EB. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1969 March; 51(3): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4974651

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Reinfection with coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Salkin D, Said A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 December; 17(6): 1066. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110935

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Relapse of coccidioidomycosis despite immune reconstitution after fluconazole secondary prophylaxis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Mathew G, Smedema M, Wheat LJ, Goldman M. Source: Mycoses. 2003 February; 46(1-2): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12588482

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Report of a pilot study on non-calcified discreet pulmonary coin lesions in a coccidioidomycosis endemic area. Author(s): Cohen SL, Gale AM, Liston HE. Source: Ariz Med. 1972 January; 29(1): 40-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5007930

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Retromastoid cisternal Ommaya reservoir for intrathecal therapy of coccidioidomycosis meningitis. Technical note. Author(s): Wrobel CJ, Alksne JF. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992 September; 77(3): 476-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1506899

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Reversal of coccidioidal anergy in vitro by dendritic cells from patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Richards JO, Ampel NM, Lake DF. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 August 15; 169(4): 2020-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165528

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Review of human and animal cases of coccidioidomycosis diagnosed in Canada. Author(s): Sekhon AS, Isaac-Renton J, Dixon JM, Stein L, Sims HV. Source: Mycopathologia. 1991 January; 113(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2014046

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Risk factors for acute symptomatic coccidioidomycosis among elderly persons in Arizona, 1996-1997. Author(s): Leake JA, Mosley DG, England B, Graham JV, Plikaytis BD, Ampel NM, Perkins BA, Hajjeh RA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 April; 181(4): 1435-40. Epub 2000 April 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10753733

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Risk factors for primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis hospitalizations among United States Navy and Marine Corps personnel, 1981-1994. Author(s): Gray GC, Fogle EF, Albright KL. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 March; 58(3): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546408

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Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. Author(s): Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D, Vugia D, Reingold A, Talbot R, Plikaytis BD, Perkins BA, Hajjeh RA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 March 1; 32(5): 708-15. Epub 2001 February 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229838

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Roentgenographic features of osseous coccidioidomycosis and differential diagnosis. Author(s): Dalinka MK, Dinnenberg S, Greendyk WH, Hopkins R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1971 September; 53(6): 1157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5092803

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Scientific Assembly statement. The use of skin tests and serologic tests in histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and blastomycosis, 1973. Author(s): Chick EW, Baum GL, Furcolow ML, Huppert M, Kaufman L, Pappagianis R. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973 July; 108(1): 156-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4197699

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Septic shock in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Arsura EL, Bellinghausen PL, Kilgore WB, Abraham JJ, Johnson RH. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1998 January; 26(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9428544

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Serology of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Pappagianis D, Zimmer BL. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1990 July; 3(3): 247-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2200605

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Seronegative disseminated coccidioidomycosis in patients with HIV infection. Author(s): Antoniskis D, Larsen RA, Akil B, Rarick MU, Leedom JM. Source: Aids (London, England). 1990 July; 4(7): 691-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2397064

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Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in leprosy and coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Lieberman J, Rea TH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1977 October; 87(4): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=199098

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Serum-mediated suppression of lymphocyte transformation responses in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Cox RA, Pope RM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1987 May; 55(5): 1058-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3552984

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Skeletal coccidioidomycosis: imaging findings in 19 patients. Author(s): Zeppa MA, Laorr A, Greenspan A, McGahan JP, Steinbach LS. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1996 May; 25(4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8737998

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Soft tissue coccidioidomycosis on MRI. Author(s): Garvin GJ, Peterfy CG. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1995 July-August; 19(4): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7622695

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Spectrum of in vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune responses in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Cox RA, Vivas JR. Source: Cellular Immunology. 1977 June 1; 31(1): 130-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=141334

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Spherulin as a complement-fixing antigen in human coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Scalarone GM, Levine HB, Pappagianis D, Chaparas SD. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974 September; 110(3): 324-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4213393

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Successful therapy of coccidioidomycosis of the knee with fluconazole. Author(s): Smith JW, Alder L, Goodrich D. Source: Orthopedics. 1995 February; 18(2): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7746755

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Successful treatment of a critically ill patient with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, using adjunctive interferon-gamma. Author(s): Kuberski TT, Servi RJ, Rubin PJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 March 15; 38(6): 910-2. Epub 2004 February 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999639

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Successful treatment of coccidioidomycosis osteomyelitis in an infant. Author(s): Bickel KD, Press BH, Hovey LM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1993 May; 30(5): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8342934

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Successful treatment of spinal arachnoiditis due to coccidioidomycosis. Case report. Author(s): Winston DJ, Kurtz TO, Fleischmann J, Morgan D, Batzdorf U, Stern WE. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1983 August; 59(2): 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6306182

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Surgery for coccidioidomycosis in 52 diabetic patients with special reference to related immunologic factors. Author(s): Baker EJ, Hawkins JA, Waskow EA. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1978 May; 75(5): 680-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=642560

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Surgical management of coccidioidomycosis in children. Author(s): Connelly MB, Zerella JT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 November; 35(11): 1633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11083440

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Surgical treatment of multiple skull abscesses associated with coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Baddley JW, Cobbs CS, Pappas PG. Source: Mycoses. 2004 February; 47(1-2): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998403

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Symptomatic coccidioidomycosis following a severe natural dust storm. An outbreak at the Naval Air Station, Lemoore, Calif. Author(s): Williams PL, Sable DL, Mendez P, Smyth LT. Source: Chest. 1979 November; 76(5): 566-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=498830

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Symptoms and routine laboratory abnormalities associated with coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Yozwiak ML, Lundergan LL, Kerrick SS, Galgiani JN. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 October; 149(4): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3227686

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Systemic fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment. I. Coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Knoper SR, Galgiani JN. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1988 December; 2(4): 861-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3062091

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The "doughnut sign" on bone scintigraphy due to coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Nocera R, Nusynowitz ML, Swischuk LE, Merkel M, Luna-Solorzano HG. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1983 October; 8(10): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6228365

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The association of age and mortality in coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Arsura EL. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1997 April; 45(4): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9100732

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The epidemiology and ecology of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. Author(s): Howard DH. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1984 July; 257(2): 219-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6385560

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The first imported case of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in Korea. Author(s): Jang J, Lee HJ, Lee I, Cho YK, Kim HJ, Sohn KH. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1999 April; 14(2): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10331569

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The first two cases of coccidioidomycosis in Finland. Author(s): Alanko K, Kahanpaa A, Patiala J. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1975 September; 198(3): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1180131

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The maternal immune response in coccidioidomycosis. Is pregnancy a risk factor for serious infection? Author(s): Barbee RA, Hicks MJ, Grosso D, Sandel C. Source: Chest. 1991 September; 100(3): 709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1889261

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The occurrence of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a patient with Crohn's disease. Author(s): Moreno AJ, Bohman VD, Hoadley SD, Gunther JS, Weisman I. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1983 August; 5(4): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6886358

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The present status of vaccination against coccidioidomycosis in man. Author(s): Pappagianis D, Levine HB. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1975 July; 102(1): 30-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1155435

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The prevalence of cellular immunity to coccidioidomycosis in a highly endemic area. Author(s): Hicks MJ, Hagaman RM, Barbee RA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1986 April; 144(4): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3716400

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The role of gallium and bone scintigraphy in disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Cohen AJ, Braunstein P, Pais MJ. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1984 September; 9(9): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6237835

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The surgical treatment of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Nelson AR. Source: Current Problems in Surgery. 1974 October; : 1-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4613538

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Therapy for disseminated coccidioidomycosis with transfer factor from a related donor. Author(s): Steele RW, Sieger BE, McNitt TR, Gentry LO, Moore WL Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1976 August; 61(2): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=952298

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Thoracic coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Batra P, Batra RS. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 1996 January; 31(1): 28-44. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838943

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Traveller's coccidioidomycosis: case report of pulmonary infection diagnosed in Israel. Author(s): Lefler E, Weiler-Ravell D, Merzbach D, Ben-Izhak O, Best LA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 May; 30(5): 1304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1583137

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Treatment of coccidioidomycosis infection of bone with local amphotericin B suctionirrigation. Report of a case. Author(s): Stein SR, Leukens CA, Bagg RJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1975 May; (108): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1139821

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Treatment of coccidioidomycosis with SCH 39304. Author(s): Hostetler JS, Catanzaro A, Stevens DA, Graybill JR, Sharkey PK, Larsen RA, Tucker RM, al-Haidary AD, Rinaldi MG, Cloud GA, et al. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1994; 32(2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8064541

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Treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Graybill JR. Source: Curr Top Med Mycol. 1993; 5: 151-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8242799

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Treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Graybill JR. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1988; 544: 481-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3063182

•

Treatment of cranial osteomyelitis from disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Gillespie R. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1986 November; 145(5): 694-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3798920

•

Treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with miconazole. Author(s): Sung JP. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1976 January; 124(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1251606

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•

Ubiquinone systems of Coccidioides immitis, the causative agent of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Fukushima K, Takizawa K, Okada K, Maebayashi Y, Nishimura K, Miyaji M, Brummer PE, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1993 April 1; 108(2): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8486249

•

Unexpected laboratory diagnosis of latent urogenital coccidioidomycosis in a nonendemic area. Author(s): Dunne WM Jr, Ziebert AP, Donahoe LW, Standard P. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1986 March; 110(3): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3080976

•

Unrecognized coccidioidomycosis complicating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and treated with corticosteroids. A report of two cases. Author(s): Mahaffey KW, Hippenmeyer CL, Mandel R, Ampel NM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1993 June 28; 153(12): 1496-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8512440

•

Unusual presentation of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in a traveler. Author(s): Radkar G, Hospenthal D. Source: Hawaii Med J. 2000 June; 59(6): 238-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10916234

•

Unusual syndromes of coccidioidomycosis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations; a report of 10 cases and review of the English literature. Author(s): Bayer AS, Yoshikawa TT, Galpin JE, Guze LB. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1976 March; 55(2): 131-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1256312

•

Update on treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Mirels LF, Stevens DA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1997 January; 166(1): 58-9. Erratum In: West J Med 1997 April; 166(4): 291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9074341

•

Upper airway obstruction due to coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Henley-Cohn J, Boles R, Weisberger E, Ballantyne J. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1979 March; 89(3): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=431241

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•

Upper airway obstruction due to laryngeal coccidioidomycosis in a 5-year-old child. Author(s): Benitz WE, Bradley JS, Fee WE Jr, Loomis JC. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1983 September-October; 4(5): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6638327

•

Urban coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis: Sacramento and Indianapolis. Author(s): Drutz DJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 August 16; 301(7): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=460327

•

Use of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Antony S, Dominguez DC, Sotelo E. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2003 October; 95(10): 982-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620712

•

Utility of bone scanning in disseminated coccidioidomycosis: case report. Author(s): Armbuster TG, Goergen TG, Resnick D, Catanzaro A. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1977 May; 18(5): 450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=870636

•

Value of the concomitant use of complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests in the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Kaufman L, Clark MJ. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1974 October; 28(4): 641-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4213789

•

Vertebra plana: two cases due to disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Nykamp PW. Source: Ariz Med. 1971 March; 28(3): 165-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5578747

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Vertebral coccidioidomycosis presenting as Pott's disease. Author(s): Wesselius LJ, Brooks RJ, Gall EP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 September 26; 238(13): 1397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=578198

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Vertebral coccidioidomycosis: unusual polymorphic disease. Author(s): Santos GH, Cook WA. Source: N Y State J Med. 1972 November 15; 72(22): 2784-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4510714

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and coccidioidomycosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Coccidioidomycosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “coccidioidomycosis” (or a synonym): •

Disseminated coccidioidomycosis associated with hypercalcemia. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Source: Westphal, S A Mayo-Clin-Proc. 1998 September; 73(9): 893-4 0025-6196

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER

3.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to coccidioidomycosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to coccidioidomycosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to coccidioidomycosis: •

Coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Powderly WG. Source: J Int Assoc Physicians Aids Care. 1997 March; 3(3): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11364125

•

Llama dermatology. Author(s): Rosychuk RA. Source: Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1989 March; 5(1): 203-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2647233

•

Proteinase production by the parasitic cycle of the pathogenic fungus Coccidioides immitis. Author(s): Resnick S, Pappagianis D, McKerrow JH.

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Source: Infection and Immunity. 1987 November; 55(11): 2807-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3312014

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to coccidioidomycosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to coccidioidomycosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “coccidioidomycosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coccidioidomycosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Coccidioidomycosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to coccidioidomycosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

An evaluation of the relationships between breeds, coccidiosis control programs, and lighting programs on broiler performance by Bray, Joey Lynn, MS from STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 40 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1416493

•

Evaluation of a recently developed coccidiosis vaccine as compared to ionophore coccidiostats and a commercially available vaccine by Thompson, Seth Anderson, MS from STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 44 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1416504

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “coccidioidomycosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coccidioidomycosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Coccidioidomycosis By performing a patent search focusing on coccidioidomycosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on coccidioidomycosis: •

5-amino or substituted amino imidazoles useful to treat coccidiosis Inventor(s): Chabala; John C. (Westfield, NJ), Fisher; Michael H. (Ringoes, NJ), Patchett; Arthur A. (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 4,659,720 Date filed: November 16, 1983 Abstract: 5-Amino or substituted amino imidazoles are disclosed as having anticoccidial activity. The compounds are useful for controlling cecal and or intestinal coccidiosis when administered in minor quantitites to animals, in particular to poultry, usually in admixture with animal sustenance. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new chemical compounds and the method of the preparation of the same. It relates further to the use of such new compounds for treating and preventing coccidiosis. This invention still more particularly relates to novel 5amino and substituted amino imidazole compounds and substituted derivatives thereof and the use of the same in the control and treatment of coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is a wide-spread poultry disease which is produced by infections of protozoa of the genus Eimeria which causes severe pathology in the intestines and ceca of poultry. Some of the most significant of these species are E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. mivati, E. hagani and E. praecox This disease is generally spread by the birds picking up the infectious organism in droppings on contaminated litter or ground or by way of food or drinking water. The disease is manifested by hemorrhage, accumulation of blood in the ceca, passage of blood to the droppings, weakness and digestive disturbances. The disease often terminates in the death of the animal but the fowl which survive severe infections have had their market value substantially reduced as a result of the infection. Coccidiosis is therefore a disease of great economic importance and extensive work has been done to find new and improved methods for controlling and treating coccidial infections in poultry. This invention is based on the discovery that certain novel 5-amino and substituted amino imidazoles as well as substituted derivatives thereof have a surprisingly and unexpectedly high degree of activity against coccidiosis of poultry. Administration of a small amount of at least one of these compounds preferably by combination with poultry feed is effective in preventing or greatly reducing the incidence of coccidiosis. The compounds are effective against both the cecal form (caused principally by E. tenella) and the intestinal forms (principally caused by E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima and E. necatrix). The coccidiostats of this invention are particularly effective against the species that cause cecal damage in addition to preventing the pathology caused by the coccidia. These compounds also exert an inhibitory effect on the oocysts by greatly reducing the number and or the sporulation of those produced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04659720__

Patents 63

•

Cloned genes coding for avian coccidiosis antigens which induce a cell-mediated immune response Inventor(s): Dame; John B. (Gainesville, FL), Danforth; Harry D. (Severn, MD), Jenkins; Mark C. (Bowie, MD), Lillehoj; Hyun S. (West Friendship, MD), Ruff; Michael D. (Bowie, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,122,471 Date filed: February 9, 1989 Abstract: Disclosed are DnA sequences which code for antigenic proteins, methods for identifying such DNA sequences, and antigens coded for by such DNA sequences.The first step of the method is to provide a multiplicity of DNA sequences. These sequences are then inserted into DNA expression vectors to form recombinant expression vectors. The expression vectors are inserted into suitable hosts to form transformants which express the DNA sequences. The transformants are then contacted with antibodies directed against Eimeria antigens to identify transformants containing DNA sequences which code for Eimeria antigens. These antigens are then produced from the DNA sequences identified as coding for the antigens. The antigens so produced are contacted with white blood cells which effect a cell-mediated immune response, which white blood cells are sensitized to an antigenic Eimeria protein, to thereby identify DNA sequences which code for antigens that induce a cell-mediated immune response to avian coccidiosis.The DNA sequences of the present invention comprise cloned genes or fragments thereof that code on expression for an antigenic protein that activates white blood cells which effect a cell-mediated immune response, which white blood cells are sensitized to an antigenic Eimeria protein. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis, an intestinal disorder of poultry, causes an assortment of problems in the infected host. These problems range from poor feed conversion ratios in light infections to acute death in heavier infections. The disease has been estimated to cost U.S. broiler producers $300 million per year, due in part to unrealized weight gains, loss of skin pigmentation, and poor feed utilization, and in part to the cost of anticoccidial drugs. Coccidiosis is caused by protozoans belonging to the genus Eimeria. The members of this genus have a complicated life cycle which consists of both asexual and sexual stages. The cycle is initiated when birds ingest sporulated oocysts (generally associated with fecal material). These oocysts contain invasive asexual sporozoites which are released into the bird's digestive tract. The sporozoites invade epithelial cells and develop into multinucleate structures called schizonts. Each schizont matures and releases numerous invasive asexual structures, known as merozoites, into the bird's digestive tract, where they in turn invade other epithelial cells. The sexual stage of the coccidiosis life cycle is initiated when merozoites differentiate into gametocytes. The developing asexual and/or sexual stages produce the pathological digestive tract lesions characteristic of coccidiosis. Gametocytes then fuse and the fertilization products, called oocysts, are released in the feces. The formation of oocysts completes the parasite's life cycle. Infection by protozoans of the genus Eimeria can be alleviated, and even prevented, by the administration of anticoccidial agents. However, drug-resistant strains arise at a frequent rate and the cost of development of anticoccidials is quite high. Chickens can be vaccinated against the disease by infection with live attenuated strains of Eimeria or with nonliving parasite material. However, there is an appreciable disease effect using the former approach and a prohibitive amount of material would be required to make the latter useful on a large-scale basis. Furthermore, protection with

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the latter is far from complete. An alternative solution would be to produce, by genetic engineering, the protective antigens of Eimeria parasites. Once developed, these immunogens could be produced in a prokaryotic or even eukaryotic culture system in an unlimited supply and used to vaccinate chickens against subsequent disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05122471__ •

Coccidiosis polypeptide and vaccines Inventor(s): Kuiper; Catharina Maria ('s-Hertogenbosch, NL), Schaap; Theodorus Cornelis ('s-Hertogenbosch, NL), Vermeulen; Arnoldus Nicolaas (Cuyk, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 6,203,801 Date filed: October 4, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to hydrophilic Eimeria polypeptides, DNAfragments encoding those peptides, recombinant DNA molecules comprising such DNA-fragments, live recombinant carriers comprising such DNA-fragments or recombinant DNA molecules and host cells comprising such DNA-fragments, recombinant DNA molecules or live recombinant carriers. Furthermore, the invention relates to antibodies against the polypeptides and to coccidiosis vaccines based upon said polypeptides. The invention also relates to methods for the preparation of such antibodies and vaccines, and to methods for the detection of Eimeria parasites and antibodies against Eimeria parasites. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Eimeria polypeptides, DNA-fragments encoding those peptides, recombinant DNA molecules comprising such fragments, live recombinant carriers comprising such fragments or molecules, host cells comprising such fragments, molecules or carriers, antibodies against the polypeptide and coccidiosis vaccines. The invention also relates to methods for the preparation of such antibodies and vaccines, and to methods for the detection of Eimeria parasites and antibodies against Eimeria parasites. Parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria are the causative agents of intestinal coccidiosis, an enteritis which affects birds. This causes significant economic loss, especially to the poultry industry. (For the purposes of the present application, the term "poultry" is taken to mean birds that serve as sources of eggs or meat. It includes, inter alia, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, pheasants, pigeons and pea fowl). Nowadays, coccidiosis is mainly controlled by the use of antibiotic drugs in the feed. The rapid emergence of drug resistant strains (Chapman H. D. Parasitology Today 9, 159-162 (1993)) and the prohibitive costs of development and registration of a novel drug have led to increased interest in the development of an alternative method of control. The development of effective vaccines has therefore been desirable for many years. However only partial success has been obtained. Currently available vaccination strategies consist of controlled infections with either virulent or live attenuated parasites (Shirley M. W. In: Proceedings of the Vlth. International Coccidiosis Conference (Eds.: J. R. Barta and M. A. Fernando) Moffitt Print Craft Ltd., Guelph. pp. 61-72 (1993)). For reasons of safety and cost, the most desirable method of immunoprophylaxis against coccidiosis appears to be the use of a subunit vaccine. Although many attempts have been made to immunise chickens against coccidiosis with fractions of parasite material (Murray P. K., Bhogal B. S., Crane M. S. J. & MacDonald T. T. In: Research in Avian Coccidiosis. Proceedings of the Georgia Coccidiosis Conference (Eds.: L. R. McDougald, Joyner L. P. and P. L. Long) Athens, University of Georgia. pp. 564-573 (1986), McKenzie M. E. & Long P. L. Poultry Science

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65, 892-897 (1986)) or recombinant Eimeria polypeptides (Danforth H. D., Augustine P. C., Ruff M. D., McCandliss R., Strausberg R. L. & Likel M. Poultry Science 68, 1643-1652 (1989), Jenkins M. C., Augustine P. C., Danforth H. D. & Barta J. R. Infection and Immunity 59, 4042-4048 (1991)) only limited protection against challenge infection could be achieved. The parasite stages responsible for the induction of protective immunity are generally thought to be early asexual developmental stages (Jenkins et al. 1991). Initially, selection of candidate antigens was performed using antibodies from immune chickens but, in view of the fundamental role of cell mediated responses in protective immunity (reviewed in Lillehoj H. S. & Trout J. M. Avian Pathology 22, 3-31 (1993), Rose M. E. In: Poultry Immunology (Ed.: T. F. Davison, T. R. Morris and L. N. Payne), Carfax Publishing Company, Oxfordshire, U. K. pp. 265-299 (1996), attention has now focused, next to B-cell inducing antigens, on screening antigens for their ability to stimulate specific T-cell responses (Dunn P. P. J., Billington K., Bumstead J. M. & Tomley F. M. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 70, 211-215 (1995)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06203801__ •

Coccidiosis poultry vaccine DNA encoding an elmeria 20K antigen Inventor(s): Kok; Jacobus Johannus (DH Nijmegen, NL), van den Boogaart; Paul (SC Oss, NL), Vermeulen; Arnoldus Nicolaas (HH Cuijk, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 5,780,289 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: The invention is concerned with novel Eimeria proteins with immunogenic properties as well as with DNA sequences encoding these proteins. These proteins can be administered to chickens thereby protecting the chickens against coccidiosis. In addition the DNA encoding these proteins can be used for the preparation of a vector vaccine against coccidiosis. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis is a disease which is caused by intracellular parasites, protozoa, of the subphylum Apicomplexa and the genus Eimeria. These parasites multiply in cells which form part of the gastro-intestinal tract and digestive organs. Due to the increase in intensive production, the damage which is caused by these parasites in the poultry industry has risen alarmingly in recent decades. For example, the losses which poultry farmers in the Netherlands suffer every year run into millions of guilders; the loss in 1986 was about 13 million guilders; in the same year a loss of U.S. $ 300 million was suffered in the U.S., despite the use of coccidiostats. The pathogens of coccidiosis in chickens can be subdivided into nine different species, i.e. Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. mivati and E. hagani. However, some people doubt the existence of the last two species. All of these species have only the chicken as host and display a high degree of tissue specificity. The life cycles of the said species are, however, similar. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05780289__

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Coccidiosis vaccine Inventor(s): Galuska; Stefan (North Plainfield, NJ), Murray; Peter K. (Redbank, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 4,639,372 Date filed: June 29, 1984 Abstract: Sporozoites of coccidia fail to develop in chickens which are immune and many are blocked from penetrating host cells. Although previous attempts to immunize chickens with non-viable coccidial antigens have been unsuccessful it has been discovered that extracts from sporozoites or sporulated oocysts of E. tennella induce high levels of protective immunity. These extracts contain at least 15 polypeptides many of which are associated with the surface of the sporozoite and induce good immune responses. Antibody to these polypeptides blocks sporozoite-host cell penetration in vitro and neutralizes sporozoites in vivo. One or more of these polypeptides may be used as an antigen to protect against coccidiosis. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis refers to the disease condition caused by infection with one or more of the many species of coccidia, a subdivision of the phylum Protozoa. The genus Eimeria contains the species of major economic importance in domestic birds. While coccidiosis occurs in practically all kinds of birds, the parasites are host specific and each species occurs in a single or in a limited group of related hosts. On the other hand, avian hosts are known to harbor more than one species of coccidia. The two most important species from the aspect of economic loss are E. tenella and E. acervulina. Additional important species in chickens include E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. mivati and E. brunetti with E. mitis, E. praecox and E. hagani causing infections of lesser importance. Other types of livestock, e.g., cattle, sheep, goats and pigs also can suffer severely from coccidiosis with resultant loss of productivity. Among domesticated birds, chickens are the most susceptible to significant economic losses from coccidiosis, although losses can also occur within turkeys, geese, ducks, and guinea fowl. Coccidiosis has also produced serious losses in pheasants and quail raised in captivity. The effects of a coccidiosis infection can take the highly visible form of devastating flock mortality, but another undesirable effect is morbidity and/or weight loss which results from infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04639372__

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Coccidiosis vaccine Inventor(s): Dijkema; Rein (Oss, NL), Kok; Jacobus J. (Nijmegen, NL), Vermeulen; Arno (Cuyk, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 5,602,033 Date filed: June 27, 1989 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with a polypeptide of Eimeria which can be used for the immunization of poultry against coccidiosis. Furthermore, the invention comprises a DNA fragment of Eimeria coding for said polypeptide. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a DNA fragment and an Eimeria polypeptide coded by this, recombinant DNA which contains the particular DNA fragment, host cells with this recombinant DNA and vaccines against coccidiosis which are based on these

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products. Coccidiosis is a disease which is caused by intracellular parasites, protozoa, of the subphylum Apicomplexa and the genus Eimeria. These parasites multiply in cells which form part of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive organs of their hosts. Due to the increasing intensive production, the damage which is caused by these parasites in the poultry industry has risen alarmingly in recent decades. The losses which poultry farmers in the Netherlands suffer every year run into millions of guilders; the loss in 1986 was about 13 million guilders. In the same year a loss of U.S. $300 million was suffered in the U.S., despite the use of coccidiostats. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05602033__ •

Coccidiosis-relieving agent and feed containing the same Inventor(s): Nakai; Yutaka (Miyagi, JP), Toyomizu; Masaaki (Miyagi, JP) Assignee(s): Takasago International Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,725,894 Date filed: February 22, 1996 Abstract: A coccidiosis-relieving agent comprising cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acids as an active ingredient and a feed for relieving coccidiosis comprising cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acids. Cecal lesions of livestock and poultry, in particular poultry such as fowl, can be relieved by adding cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acids to a feed. The coccidiosis-relieving agent according to the present invention does not completely inactivate Coccidium protozoa, but induces slight infection to immunize an animal, thus achieving a so-called "passive immunological effect". The coccidiosis-relieving agent is efficacious in allowing Coccidium protozoa to grow and imparting sufficient immunological stimuli while relieving lesions to thereby lessen damage to poultry such as fowls. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coccidiosis-relieving agent and a feed containing the same. More particularly, it relates to a coccidiosis-relieving agent containing cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acids as an active ingredient and a feed containing the same. It is known that the pathogenicity of coccidiosis, which is an infectious disease observed in various animals including livestock and poultry, lies in protozoa belonging to EIMERIORINA (the true coccidia) of the Protozoa. However, coccidiosis in livestock (cow, sheep, goat, rabbit, etc.), poultry (fowl, turkey, quail, etc.) and pets (dog, cat, etc.) are mostly caused by infection with protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria or Isospora. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05725894__

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Compositions and methods for controlling coccidiosis Inventor(s): Katagiri; Ken (Ikeda, JP), Kawaguchi; Harumoto (Mie, JP), Kitabatake; Tetsuo (Kobe, JP), Nakamoto; Koji (Higashiosaka, JP), Oikawa; Hiroshi (Kusatsu, JP) Assignee(s): Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,259,321 Date filed: July 24, 1979 Abstract: Compositions and methods for the control of coccidiosis using antibiotic K-41 and its non-toxic salts as the active anti-coccidial agent.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions to control coccidiosis comprising antibiotic K-41 and its non-toxic salts as the active ingredient. Further, it relates to methods for control of coccidiosis using the above compositions. The compositions are used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is a common widespread poultry disease caused by protozoa of the Genus Eimeria such as E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina and the like. One or more species of the protozoa infect and cause poultry to have diarrhoea and lesion of digestive organ leading to malnutrition, growth retardation and finally to death. The term `poultry` herein used includes, for example, chicken, turkey, duck and the like. The economic loss by this infection can not be overlooked. Compounds heretofore used as anti-coccidial agents include sulfonamides, quinolines, anti-thiamine agents, antibiotics and the like. These known anti-coccidial agents, however, suffer from some drawbacks in anti-coccidial activity and toxicity. Further, the appearance of resistant strains is an unavoidable problem. Therefore, it is strongly desired to create a new powerful anti-coccidial agent with low toxicity, hardly producing resistant strains. Antibiotic K-41 was found to satisfy the requirement and studied to be made as an anti-coccidial agent. Several antibiotics have already been used as an effective ingredient of anti-coccidial compositions. Haney et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,501,568 (Mar. 17, 1970), for example, teaches the use of antibiotic A3823 known as monensin to prevent the development of coccidiosis in poultry. Lasalocid is disclosed in Poultry Science 53, 1448 (1974) and salinomycin is in Poultry Science 56, 926 (1977). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04259321__ •

Compositions for treating coccidiosis Inventor(s): Koivistoinen; Mika (Hirvihaara, FI), McNaughton; James L. (Easton, MD), Virtanen; Erkki (Helsinki, FI) Assignee(s): Cultor, Ltd. (Helsinki, FI) Patent Number: 5,876,780 Date filed: June 11, 1997 Abstract: The invention is directed to compositions useful in methods for the treatment of coccidiosis. The compositions are designed to be administered to animals infected with coccidiosis-inducing organisms and contain an osmoprotectant, e.g. betaine, and an anticoccidial agent or coccidiostat. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions, especially animal feeds, for treating coccidiosis in animals, such compositions containing an osmoprotectant, and especially, betaine, with or without coccidiostat. The compositions of the invention are also useful for the treatment of clinical or subclinical coccidiosis symptoms, including such symptoms that arise after vaccination against the disease. Loses due to parasitic diseases are among the chief causes of economic loss to the livestock and poultry industry. The availability of antiparasitic treatments has enabled the development of higher levels of livestock and poultry production. Efficient and economic antiparasitic treatments also facilitate a worldwide supply of relatively cheap protein. Effective parasite prevention and control is especially important in the poultry industry, where the positive economic impact of antiparasitic prophylaxis, treatment and therapy is significant. Coccidiosis is a common disease in domestic food animals, caused by protozoa belonging to the Eimeria family. Coccidiosis is found worldwide, and its economical impact, particularly on poultry farming, is huge. In the U.S. poultry industry alone, coccidiosis causes losses of 200-250 million dollars yearly. World-wide, coccidiosis is estimated to cause one third of all disease and mortality losses in the poultry industry (Trends in Veterinary Research

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and Development, part 6, Anti-coccidials, Lloyd-Evans, L. P. M. (ed.), PJB Publications Ltd., 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05876780__ •

Feed for prevention and/or treatment of coccidiosis Inventor(s): Hatano; Kazuhiro (Tochigi, JP), Arai; Nobuyuki (Tochigi, JP), Azuma; Ryuichi (Tochigi, JP) Assignee(s): Nisshin Feed Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,379,694 Date filed: November 22, 2000 Abstract: Provided in this invention are a feed for animals which comprises, in addition to a cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acid, at least one substance selected from organic zinc compounds, betaines and microorganisms of the genus Bacillus; and a coccidiostat, which comprises, in addition to a cashew nut shell oil and/or anacardic acid, at least one substance selected from organic zinc compounds, betaines and microorganisms of the genus Bacillus.The coccidiostat and animal feed of the present invention have excellent safety, are free from problems such as side effects, do not undergo a deterioration in their effect which otherwise occurs due to acquisition of drug resistance and exhibits high preventive or remedial effects against coccidiosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a feed for prevention and treatment of animal coccidiosis, a coccidiostat, and a method for preventing or treating coccidiosis by supplying an animal with this feed or coccidiostat. Coccidiosis of poultry such as chicken, turkey, quail and guinea fowl, domestic animals such as rabbit, cow, sheep, goat and pig, and pets such as dog and cat is a disease caused by infection with a certain kind of protozoan parasite and it is frequently found worldwide. Coccidiosis is known to be caused by, in chickens, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mivati, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria precox or Eimeria hagani; while, in turkeys, by Eimeria meleagrimitis, Eimeria adenoides or Eimeria gallopovonis. As is apparent from the above description, species of parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria differ between chicken and turkey. The parasitization of protozoa of the genus Eimeria is host specific. Species parasitic on chicken are not parasitic on another bird or animal, but their life cycles are much in common. Described specifically, when an animal ingests a mature oocyst with food or the like from the external world, the wall of the oocyst is broken down inside the gizzard and 4 sporocysts are liberated from one oocyst. These sporocysts are carried to the intestine, at which 2 sporozites are discharged from one sporocyst by the action of an enzyme. These two sporozoites invade the intestinal mucosa cell. By repetition of fission, sporozites each becomes a schizont embracing several to several hundreds merozites in 1 or 2 days. These merozites are released from the broken cell membrane of the schizont and penetrate through the cell of the intestinal membrane. Most of the merozites undergo sexual reproduction into microgametos (male) and macrogametos (female). They are joined and fertilized into oocysts, which are excreted into feces, dropping from the intestinal mucosa. At the time when the oocysts are discharged from the body, they are still immature and not infectious, but in several days, they become mature oocysts equipped with infectiousness. The above-described life cycle is thereafter repeated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379694__

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Genetically engineered coccidiosis sporozoite 21.5 Kb antigen, ac-6b Inventor(s): Augustine; Patricia C. (Laurel, MD), Danforth; Harry D. (Severn, MD), Jacobson; James W. (Rockville, MD), Pope; Sharon H. (Gaithersburg, MD), Ruff; Michael D. (Bowie, MD), Strausberg; Robert L. (Silver Spring, MD), Strausberg; Susan L. (Silver Spring, MD), Wilson; Susan D. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): Enzon Corp. (S. Plainfield, NJ), U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,273,901 Date filed: September 12, 1990 Abstract: This invention relates to novel recombinant antigenic proteins of avian coccidiosis, and fragments thereof containing antigenic determinants, and to the genes that encode the antigenic peptides. This invention also relates to vaccines made using the novel antigenic proteins of avian coccidiosis and to methods of immunizing chickens against avian coccidia. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of avian coccidiosis and is directed to recombinant antigenic proteins of avian coccidia and to the genes that encode the proteins. These antigenic proteins may be used in a vaccine against avian coccidia. Coccidiosis is a disease of both invertebrates and vertebrates, including man, caused by intracellular parasitic protozoa which generally invade the epithelial cells lining the alimentary tract and the cells of associated glands. The crowded conditions under which many domestic animals are raised have contributed to increased incidence of the disease. Virtually every domestic animal is susceptible to infection, and distribution of the parasite is worldwide. Coccidiosis is therefore the cause of significant economic loss throughout the world. Of the nine genera of coccidia known to infect birds, the genus Eimeria contains the most economically important species. Various species of Eimeria infect a wide range of hosts, including mammals, but nine species have been recognized as being pathogenic to varying degrees in chickens: Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. hagani, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. brunetti and E. tenella. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05273901__

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Live vaccine for coccidiosis utilizing coccidial sporozoites Inventor(s): Bhogal; Balbir S. (Midlothian, VA) Assignee(s): A. H. Robins Company, Inc. (Richmond, VA) Patent Number: 4,808,404 Date filed: January 11, 1988 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed for vaccinating warm-blooded animals against coccidiosis utilizing suspensions of excysted coccidial sporozoites in physiologically balanced medium containing water-soluble polymeric stabilizers selected from gels, gelatins, polysaccharide gums, cellulose or cellulose derivatives which extend viability or storage, additional extension of viability in storage being attained when the suspensions are finely divided and the polymeric stabilizers are hardened to form microcapsules.

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Excerpt(s): 5.8 Example 4. Stabilizing Effect of Sodium Alginate on E. tenella Sporozoites. 5.9 Example 5. Vaccination Potential Using Microcapsules Having Capsule Wall Modified With Citrate. 1. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04808404__ •

Method for controlling coccidiosis Inventor(s): Ostlind; Dan A. (Watchung, NJ), Tamas; Tamas (East Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,646,135 Date filed: March 12, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved method for controlling coccidiosis in poultry which comprises administering to poultry on shuttle medication an additional medication prior to switching from the starter compound to the grower compound, and continuing the additional medication for a period after the switching. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis is a widespread poultry disease which is produced by infections with protozoans of the genus Eimeria which cause severe pathology in the intestines and ceca of poultry. Some of the most significant of these species are E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. maxima. This disease is generally spread by the birds picking up the organism at its infectious stage in droppings on contaminated litter or ground, or by way of food or drinking water. The disease is manifested by hemorrhage, accumulation of blood in the ceca, passage of blood in the droppings, weakness and digestive disturbances. The disease often terminates in the death of the animal, but the fowl which survive severe infections have had their market value substantially reduced as a result of the infection. Coccidiosis is, therefore, a disease of great economic importance and extensive work has been done to find new and improved methods for controlling and treating coccidial infections in poultry. In the poultry industry it is common practice to include anticoccidial agents in poultry feed for most of the bird's life. Because the continuous administration of an anticoccidial agent promotes the likelihood of resistance to the agent, most poultry growers have adopted a so-called "shuttle program." In this medication strategy two or more anticoccidial agents are used sequentially during the broiler growout period. In a typical shuttle program the chickens are fed a first anticoccidial product (starter compound) for 21 days, and then switched to a ration containing a different anticoccidial product (grower compound). There may be a finisher product applied towards the end of the growout, and/or a 5-10 day drug withdrawal period. The principal objective of shuttle programs is to prevent or delay the emergence of drug-resistant coccidial strains that may be selected by continuous medication, as well as to control the disease itself. The present inventors have found that the sequential use of anticoccidial agents leaves windows of compromised efficacy during or shortly after switching compounds, as manifested in increased lesions and oocyst shedding and decreased anticoccidial indices. This finding accords with industry observations that litter counts in commercial operations peak during the fourth week of the growout period, i.e. a week following the switch from starter to grower products in shuttle programs. Thus, even though the "shuttle" program may slow down resistance development, and/or the disease, it does not represent the optimal medication strategy in view of the gap of efficacy that may result from the switching of drugs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05646135__

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Method for the control of coccidiosis in poultry Inventor(s): Davis; Paul J. (Felmersham, GB2), Reynolds; James F. (Souldrop, GB2) Assignee(s): Internationale Octrooi Maatschappij "Octropa" B.V. (Rotterdam, NL) Patent Number: 4,544,548 Date filed: April 27, 1983 Abstract: Effective immunity against coccidiosis can be imparted to poultry if the birds are reared on a regular diet containing added viable sporulated coccidia oocysts at a level sufficient only to induce sub-clinical infection. Preferably the oocyst-containing diet is presented to the birds as soon as they are able to ingest solid food, and contains from 10 to 10,000 oocysts per kg of nutrient feed material. The simultaneous administration of an anti-coccidial drug at a curative level can help to control the immunity-producing infection. The oocyst-containing feedstuff of the invention can be prepared using solid free-flowing pre-mixes or aqueous concentrates, containing appropriate numbers of oocysts together with edible thickening agents. The oocysts can be protected against loss of viability through dehydration by being encapsulated. Growth of the immunized birds is sustained even when they are exposed to a severe oocyst challenge sufficient to induce serious infection in unimmunized birds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. In this specification, the term "poultry" is used to denote birds of the order Galliformes such as the ordinary domestic fowl or chicken (Gallus domesticus), turkeys (Meleagris), pheasants (Phasianus), partridges (Perdix), grouse (Lagopus), guinea fowl (Numida) and peacocks (Pavo), and also birds of the order Anseriformes such as ducks (Anas) and geese (Anser). Coccidial infections are encountered in all poultry species that are reared by man. Such infections are particularly troublesome when they occur in flocks of birds reared under modern intensive husbandry conditions. Infection can spread rapidly throughout the flock, and at the very least can cause poor growth. Severe infection can lead to death of the birds. Thus for many years considerable effort has been expended in attempts to find reliable prophylactic measures against such infections, and in particular to find ways in which birds can be immunised effectively against the incidence of such infections. The practical benefit of any effective immunising technique will be to promote the growth of poultry to which immunity is imparted, at least in the sense that the negative effects on growth caused by coccidial infection will be counteracted thereby. It has already been established that poultry which have survived infection by coccidiosis retain some degree of immunity against further infection. This effect has been put to practical use in a procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,147,186 wherein sub-clinical infection is induced in poultry by the administration of a single oral inoculum containing 100-800 viable sporulated coccidia oocysts per bird. The resulting infection, re-inforced by secondary and tertiary cycles of infection caused when the birds pick up further viable sporulated oocysts resulting from those excreted by infected birds, imparts immunity to the flock as a whole. The efficiency of this technique is enhanced if an anti-coccidial drug is administered to the poultry at a sub-curative level, so reducing the pathogenic effects of the coccidia while still permitting the life cycle of the organism to produce further viable sporulated oocysts in the litter which can be ingested by other members of the flock. An oral liquid inoculum of viable sporulated coccidia oocysts for this purpose is available commercially. While this is undoubtedly an effective technique for imparting immunity to poultry, it requires the poultry farmer to conduct a specific inoculating procedure over and above all of the normal tasks that need to be performed in conventional poultry rearing. Moreover, in unskilled hands, there is the risk that in

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error a dangerous overdose of oocysts could be administered to the birds, leading to severe and perhaps fatal infection. Finally, conditions of temperature and moisture in the litter must be carefully controlled to ensure the sporulation of excreted oocysts necessary to induce the progressive cycles of immunising infection. One embodiment of the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,147,186 is the administration of the single oral inoculum of oocysts via the drinking water or the feedstuff given to the poultry. Nevertheless, neither of these variants overcomes the problems of the additional task imposed on the poultry farmer or the possible risk of overdose, as it still remains the responsibility of the farmer to prepare the inoculated water or feedstuff and to administer it at the correct time. A further disadvantage acknowledged in U.S. Pat. No. 3,147,186 in relation to administration of the single inoculum via a specially prepared feedstuff is that it is best to wait until the poultry have learned to eat before presenting them with the inoculated feedstuff. Thus by implication the dangerous post-hatching period during which the chicks have no immunity against coccidial infection could be prolonged unduly through delayed administration of the inoculum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04544548__ •

Method for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis in warm-blooded animals Inventor(s): Bartsch; Robert C. (Phoenix, AZ), Greene; Russell T. (Phoenix, AZ) Assignee(s): Novartis Corporation (Summit, NJ) Patent Number: 5,837,734 Date filed: May 1, 1996 Abstract: This invention relates to the use of acyl urea compounds for the treatment or prophylaxis of Coccidioides immitis infections in warm-blooded animals. The invention has particular application in the treatment, prophylaxis or reduction of coccidioidomycosis. Excerpt(s): Acyl ureas, including processes for their preparation, are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No, 5,420,163. The class of acyl urea compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,163 is described as parasitidal. Endoparasites and ectoparasites such as fleas, mange mites and helminths are among the illustrative parasites. There is no reference to activity against fungi such as Coccidioides immitis or diseases such as coccidioidomycosis. Coccidioides immitis (C. immitis) is a geophilic, dimorphic fungus that is endemic to the southwestern United States, including parts of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. C. immitis is also widespread in parts of Mexico and in Central and South America. Active growth of the free-living mycelial phase of C. immitis in the soil follows winter rains and produces arthroconidia. Infection of warm-blooded animals is most likely to occur in the summer months when hot, dry conditions favor inhalation of C. immitis arthroconidia spread by wind or by physical disturbance of infected soil. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837734__

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Method of treating coccidiosis with antibiotic A-32887K Inventor(s): Hamill; Robert L. (Greenwood, IN), Hoehn; Marvin M. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 4,303,647 Date filed: February 22, 1980 Abstract: Methods and compositions for treatment of coccidiosis in poultry with antibiotic A-32887 (K-41). Antibiotic A-32887 is produced by submerged aerobic fermentation of Streptomyces albus NRRL 11109. Excerpt(s): New, improved antibiotics are continually in demand. In addition to antibiotics which are useful for human diseases, improved antibiotics are also needed in the veterinary field. Coccidiosis is one disease important to veterinary science, especially to the poultry industry. Coccidiosis results from infection by one or more species of Eimeria or Isopora (for a summary see Lund and Farr in "Diseases of Poultry," 5th ed., Biester and Schwarte, Eds., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1965, pp 10561096). Economic losses due to coccidiosis are great, and known anticoccidial agents have many disadvantages. Improved anticoccidial agents continue to be needed. K-41 was known to be useful as a Grampositive antibiotic. The fact that K-41 is useful for the treatment of coccidiosis in poultry, however, was not previously recognized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04303647__

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Polyether antibiotic MI215-NF3 substance, production process thereof, and agent for control of chicken coccidiosis Inventor(s): Hamada; Masa (Naito, JP), Naganawa; Hiroshi (Tokyo, JP), Sato; Kiyoshi (Hatano, JP), Takahashi; Yoshikazu (Tama, JP), Takeuchi; Tomio (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Hokko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP), Zaidan Hojin Biseibutsu Kagaku Kenkyu Kai (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,215,981 Date filed: July 1, 1991 Abstract: In this invention, a new microbial strain which is a strain of Actinomycetes and belongs to the genus Actinomadura, namely Actinomadura sp. MI215-NF3 strain is cultured, and MI215-NF3 substance, a novel antibiotic classifiable as a polyether antibiotic, is recovered from the resultant culture. MI215-NF3 substance and its salts obtained according to this invention are useful for therapeutic treatment of chicken coccidiosis and also have useful antibacterial activities against certain species of bacteria. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel antibiotic substance MI215-NF3 and salts thereof and also relates to a process for production of the MI215-NF3 substance or salts thereof. This invention further relates to agent for control of chicken coccidiosis, which contains the MI215-NF3 substance or a salt thereof as an active ingredient. Furthermore, the present invention also pertains to a new microorganism, Actinomadura sp. MI215NF3 strain which has characteristic capable of producing MI215-NF3 substance. Various antibiotics of polyether type are known to have antibacterial activities. Monensin (see Japanese Patent Publication No. 113/70) and salinomycin (see "The Journal of Antibiotics", 27, 814-821), which belong to the polyether antibiotics, are used as agents for control of chicken coccidiosis. Coccidiosis provides a serious problem in the poultry

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farming. There has hence been a continued desire for the discovery or development of a new compound which can exhibit superior anticoccidial activity and properties to the compounds previously known or used to date. Investigations are now made to achieve this end. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05215981__ •

Quinoxalinedione compounds useful for controlling coccidiosis Inventor(s): Hass; D. Kendall (Modesto, CA) Assignee(s): International Minerals & Chemical Corp. (Terre Haute, IN) Patent Number: 4,659,713 Date filed: October 1, 1984 Abstract: Quinoxalinedione compounds are effective coccidiostats when administered to animals. The compounds are conveniently incorporated into standard animal feeds. The compounds are particularly effective for controlling coccidiosis in poultry. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to quinoxalinedione compounds useful for the control of coccidiosis in animals. U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,378 discloses quinoxalinedione compounds useful as hypnotic agents. In particular, 7-chloro-5-nitro-2(1H),3(4H)quinoxalinedione; 5-nitro-7-trifluoromethyl-2(1H),3(4H)-quinoxalinedione; and 5-nitro2(1H)-quinoxalinedione are disclosed. Heretofore, the present quinoxalinedione compounds have not been disclosed as being effective for the control of coccidiosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04659713__

•

Recombinant and native group B eimeria tenella immunogens useful as coccidiosis vaccines Inventor(s): Liberator; Paul A. (Holmdel, NJ), Profous-Juchelka; Helen (Staten Island, NY), Turner; Mervyn J. (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,824,656 Date filed: June 2, 1995 Abstract: Genes coding for novel Group B Eimeria tenella protein immunogens have been isolated and inserted into a novel expression vector which in turn has been used to transform appropriate hosts. The transformed host cells produce recombinant Group B E. tenella proteins which are capable of inducing immunity in chickens to coccidiosis. Excerpt(s): Coccidiosis is a disease caused by infection with one or more of the many species of coccidia. Coccidia are intracellular parasites which can infect a wide range of hosts and may result in severe economic loss to the sheep, goat, cattle, swine and poultry industry. Indeed, coccidiosis resulting from infection with Eimeria species has caused economically devastating losses to the poultry industry. Among domesticated birds, chicken production is the most susceptible to the economic losses from coccidiosis, although losses also occur with turkeys, geese, ducks, and guinea fowl. Coccidiosis also produces serious losses in pheasants and quail raised in captivity. Coccidiosis may be acute and characterized by devastating flock mortality or the disease may be chronic and characterized by lack of weight gain. Poultry are infected by

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coccidia following ingestion of the vegetative stage of the parasite, the sporulated oocyst. The infective stage, the sporozoite, is released in the intestine where it rapidly invades epithelial cells subsequently under-going several generations of rapid intracellular asexual multiplication (schizogony) before entering the stage of sexual differentiation and mating (gametogony) leading to the formnation of immature oocysts. Immature oocysts are shed in droppings; the immature oocysts then undergo an extracellular sporulation process (sporogony) resulting in the generation of mature oocysts. Low level infection with any of the Eimeria species (spp.), E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. hagani, E. necatrix, E. maximal, E. brunetti and E. tenella results in a protective immunity to reinfection. There may be as many as twelve distinct cell types involved in the development of the parasite, each morphologically and antigenically different. At least three of these cell types have been shown to induce a protective immune response in the host. Both the sporozoite as well as the first and second generation schizont appear to contain antigens which elicit an immunizing effect in chickens. Unlike the sporozoite surface of other parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum which is composed of a single dominant antigen, the sporozoite surface of the Eimeria spp. generally and, in particular, E. tenella sporozoite surface, is antigenically complex. Because the sporozoite stage cannot be cultivated in vitro and large amounts of sporozoite material would be necessary for conventional biochemical analysis and for subunit vaccine evaluation, the purification of these antigens has posed a problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05824656__ •

Steroidal sapogenins for the control of coccidiosis in animals Inventor(s): Walker; Reuben D. (Naperville, IL) Assignee(s): Distributors Processing, Inc. (Porterville, CA) Patent Number: 6,569,843 Date filed: July 20, 2000 Abstract: Steroidal sapogenins and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, useful in the prevention of coccidiosis in animals and methods of administering an effective amount of steroidal sapogenin or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in the diet or drinking water of the animal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of steroidal sapogenins in the feed or water of animals to control disease (coccidiosis) caused by species of the coccidia Eimeria. Coccidiosis is a common disease in animals, resulting in intestinal lesions, diarrhea, enteritis and death. Coccidiosis is an economically important disease in domestic livestock production. As a result of extensive research with plant extracts the inventor has attained the following invention. According to the present invention steroidal sapogenins extracted from plants belonging to the Lilliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Dioscoraceae families have been discovered to effective control the damaging effects of the disease coccidoisis and its negative effects on the animal when added to the feed or water of the animal. The following examples of steroidal sapogenins extracted from plants are given merely as illustrative of the present invention and are not to be considered limiting. Agavogenin, Chlorogenin, 9-Dehydrohecogenin, 9Dehydromanogenin, Digitogenin, Disosgenin, Gitogenin, Hectogenin, Kammogenin, Kryptogenin, Lilagenin, Manogenin, Markogenin, Mexogenin, Neotigogenin, Nologenin, Pennogenin, Rockogenin, Samogenin, Sarsasapogenin, Smilagenin, Texogenin, Tigogenin, Yamogenin and yuccagenin. This invention is further illustrated

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by the following examples, which are not to be construed as imposing any limitation on the scope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had various other embodiments, modifications and equivalents thereof which readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention and/or the scope of the appended claims. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569843__ •

Treatment or prevention of coccidiosis Inventor(s): Canning; Peter C. (Terre Haute, IN), Evans; Nigel A. (East Lyme, CT), Hassfurther; Renee L. (Sullivan, IN) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,608,033 Date filed: August 1, 2000 Abstract: Coccidiosis in a bovine animal is prevented by administration of an effective amount of a macrolide antibiotic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in bovine animals that are susceptible to coccidia infection. Coccidiosis is an intestinal disease that affects several animal species. The disease, however, represents a particularly important problem in the raising of poultry and cattle. In cattle, coccidiosis is primarily a disease of the young where there is crowding, stress, and/or nonimmune animals. Older cows act as a reservoir and shed oocysts into the environment. Shipping, weaning, dietary changes, and steroid therapy can precipitate coccidiosis. Even cattle immune to their own endemic species of coccidia can become ill when exposed to different species. Coccidiosis may result in death. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608033__

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Vaccines for coccidiosis comprising live sporulated oocysts from strains of eimeria species Inventor(s): McDonald; Vincent (Cambridge, GB), Shirley; Martin W. (Buckden, GB) Assignee(s): National Research Development Corporation (London, GB) Patent Number: 5,055,292 Date filed: April 9, 1990 Abstract: Vaccines active against coccidiosis in domestic fowls contain attenuated precocious strains of Eimeria species. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns vaccines active against coccidiosis in domestic fowls and attenuated lines of Eimeria for use in such vaccines. Coccidiosis of domestic fowls, especially the domestic chicken Gallus domesticus (referred to hereinafter simply as chickens), is an economically important disease caused by any of seven species of Eimeria which by developing and multiplying within the epithelial cells of the intestine cause lesions therein. Most poultry producers use prophylactic drugs to prevent outbreaks of the disease, typical signs of which are anorexia, loss of weight, diarrhoea and blood in the faeces. Despite the use of such drugs, however, coccidiosis remains a major problem and its annual cost to the poultry industry has been estimated at $500

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million, of which half is attributed to the cost of medication. However, the life of many anticoccidial drugs has proved to be relatively short due to the emergence of resistant strains or to lack of activity against all the strains or species of Eimeria. In birds other than broilers, medication is permitted with only one drug (amprolium) during egg production. Furthermore, such treatments during the rearing period often interfere with acquisition of immunity, thus rendering the birds susceptible when the drugs are withdrawn. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05055292__ •

Vivo methods for treating coccidiosis Inventor(s): Alroy; Joseph (Newton, MA), Pereira; Miercio E. A. (Chestnut Hill, MA) Assignee(s): Trustees of Tufts College (Medford, MA) Patent Number: 5,141,925 Date filed: April 23, 1990 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of living animals susceptible to infection by at least one parasite able to cause Coccidiosis. The methodology utilizes the ability of each genus and species of infectious parasite as producing its own unique, biochemically distinct, specific lectin composition in vivo as part of the normal life cycle. The method of treatment administers a composition comprising at least one sugar to the living animal, this sugar comprising compound being able to bind selectively with the specific lectin composition of the parasite in vivo. Use of this method causes a loss of parasite infectivity and a subsequent excretion of the infectious parasite into the environment at large. Excerpt(s): The investigations described hereinafter were supported by Tufts University. The present invention is concerned generally with the veterinary treatment of diseases in domesticated animals; and is particularly directed to effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of coccidiosis in fowl, cattle, sheep, swine, and other animals bred and maintained for human consumption. Coccidiosis is a generic name applied to a diseased condition of the digestive tract caused by parasitic protozoa of Phylum Apicomplexa, Order Coccidia. Although the order Coccidia includes the genera Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, and Besnoitia, these genera typically cause diseases in the parenteral rather than in the intestinal organs of animals. In contrast, coccidiosis is typically limited to diseases of the digestive tract and are caused by different pathogenic species within the genera Eimeria and Isospora. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05141925__

Patent Applications on Coccidioidomycosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to coccidioidomycosis: 9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Coccidiosis vaccines Inventor(s): Schetters, Theodorus Petrus Maria; (Sering, NL), Vermeulen, Arnoldus Nicolaas; (Korhoederveld, NL) Correspondence: William M. Blackstone; Akzo Nobel; #206; 1300 Piccard Drive; Rockville; MD; 20850-4373; US Patent Application Number: 20010005910 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to coccidiosis strains and, in another embodiment to microbiological cultures comprising such strains. Another embodiment of the invention relates to vaccines based thereon. Still other embodiments relate to the use of such strains for the preparation of vaccines for the protection against coccidiosis and to methods for the preparation of such vaccines. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to coccidiosis strains, microbiological cultures comprising such strains, vaccines based thereon, use of such strains for the preparation of such vaccines and methods for the preparation of such vaccines. Coccidiosis is a highly contagious disease that has been known since long. Coccidiosis is known to occur in many economically important animal species such as chickens, cattle, sheep, rabbits, goats and turkeys. The causative agent of this disease is a parasite of the genus Eimeria. This parasite is a member of the coccidia. Especially poultry coccidiosis is a problem world-wide. High stocking densities and specific housing conditions of the modern poultry industry facilitate the spread of coccidia as there is little or no separation between animals and faecal matter. Since the oocysts are extremely resistant, surviving even partial desiccation, bleaching and chemical treatment with most disinfectants, it is extremely difficult to avoid environmental contamination with oocysts. The parasites cause an enteritis in the gut in general, more specifically in poultry. The infection severely attacks the epithelium of the intestines. Therefore, the first clinical signs of infection with the parasite are i.a. diarrhoea. Later in infection a broader scale of clinical signs becomes manifest including reduced food intake, malabsorbtion, decrease in feed conversion efficiency and reduced weight gain. In the worst case the infection is lethal. (Gregory M. W. Pathology of coccidial infections. In: Coccidiosis of man and domestic animals (Ed.: P. L. Long) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. Pp. 235-261 (1990)). Ruff, M.D. Pathophysiology and coccidial infections. In: Coccidiosis of man and domestic animals (Ed.: P. L. Long) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. Pp. 263-280 (1990)). Even when the infection develops non-lethal and the animal recovers, the economic losses due to reduced weight gain are large world-wide, especially in the many countries where poultry is an important food source. Costs involved in controlling the disease are estimated to exceed USD 600.000.000 yearly. Apart from factors such as housing conditions, general state of health, age, immune status and genetic make-up of the host, the degree of pathogenicity depends primarily on the Eimeria species. (Ruff, M. D. In: Proceedings of the VI.sup.th International Coccidiosis Conference (Eds.: J. R. Barta and M. A. Fernando) Moffit Print Craft Ltd., Guelph. Pp. 73-79 (1993). The genus Eimeria comprises at least seven named species: E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. brunetti, E. acervulina, E. mitis and E. praecox. Of these, tenella and necatrix are the most pathogenic, followed by maxima and brunette. (Rose, M. E. and Long, P. L. Vaccination against coccidiosis in chickens. In: Vaccines against parasites. (Eds.: A. E. R. Taylor, and R. Muller) Blackwell Scientific Publication, Ltd., Oxford, U.K. pp. 57-74 (1980)). Infection with E. tenella and E. necatrix leads to haemorrhage, and in heavy infections to anaemia and death due to blood loss and shock.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

IN OVO VACCINATION AGAINST COCCIDIOSIS Inventor(s): EVANS, NIGEL A; (EAST LYME, GB), FINDLY, ROBERT CRAIG; (WETHERSFIELD, CT), WEBER, FREDERICK H.; (TERRE HAUTE, IN) Correspondence: Paul H. Ginsberg; Pfizer INC.; 235 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017-5755; US Patent Application Number: 20020031530 Date filed: December 1, 1997 Abstract: The Invention relates to a method of vaccinating a domesticated bird against coccidiosis comprising administering in ova an effective itmmunwning dose of live Ekneria sporozoites or merozoites, or a mixture thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the domesticated bird that is vaccinated is a chicken or turkey. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of vaccinating domesticated birds against coccidiosis. In particular, the invention relates to the in ovo administration of live Eimeria spp sporozoites or merozoites, or mixtures thereof, into the developing eggs of domesticated birds in order to immunize the hatched chicks against coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is an enteric disease of domesticated birds caused by infection with intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. Coccidiosis is the most economically devastating parasitic disease of domesticated birds. It is estimated that anticoccidial medications and losses due to coccidiosis cost the poultry industry hundreds of millions of dollars every year. Various attempts to vaccinate domesticated birds against coccidiosis have been reported since the early 1950's. Current vaccination methods include administering live Eimeria oocysts to birds through feed or water. These methods, however, are inconvenient and inefficient because not all birds get the intended oocyst dose and many are either unprotected by the vaccine or receive a pathogenic infection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Recombinant coccidiosis vaccines Inventor(s): Altenburger, Werner; (Muenchenstein, CH), Binger, Mary-Helen; (Hopewell, NJ), Chizzonite, Richard Anthony; (South Kent, CT), Kramer, Richard Allen; (West Orange, NJ), Lomedico, Peter Thomas; (Montclair, NJ), McAndrew, Stephen J.; (Meriden, CT) Correspondence: Stephen M. Haracz, ESQ.; Bryan Cave Llp; 245 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 10167-0034; US Patent Application Number: 20030175311 Date filed: October 9, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides DNA sequences coding for Eimeria surface antigens, recombinant vectors containing such DNA sequences, transformed microorganisms containing such vectors and methods for producing the antigens using the transformed microorganisms. Methods are also provided for protecting poultry against coccidiosis using the Eimeria surface antigens. The surface antigens can be administered for such

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protection either as purified proteins or in the form of DNA encoding the proteins in a suitable viral vector such as vaccinia virus. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/202,721, filed Jun. 3, 1988, now pending. This application relates to the use of recombinant DNA technology to produce antigens of Eimeria protozoan parasites. These recombinantly produced antigens can be used, through various routes of administration, to protect poultry against coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is a costly disease of poultry caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. The disease is endemic in the large, intensive poultry breeding establishments in this country, and the estimated cost of control of the disease through chemotherapy exceeds $100 million each year. Resistance to the anti-coccidial drugs develops, necessitating a continuing development of new agents, at a time when drug development is becoming increasingly expensive and consumer acceptance of drug residues in food animals is diminishing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with coccidioidomycosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on coccidioidomycosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning coccidioidomycosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to coccidioidomycosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on coccidioidomycosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on coccidioidomycosis: •

Oral and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hematogenously Disseminated Systemic Infections: A Monograph Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo, Inc. 1993. 79 p. Contact: Available from Glaxo-Wellcome Education Resource Center. 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. (800) 824-2896. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number GVL251. Summary: This monograph describes oral and dermatologic manifestations resulting from systemic infections. Written as a continuing education tool for physicians, the monograph features 26 sections, each of which includes a description of dermatologic manifestations, other clinical features, laboratory findings, and epidemiologic factors. Diseases covered include AIDS, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcoses, erythema infectiousum (Fifth disease), gonococcemia, gram-negative

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bacterial sepsis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, infective endocarditis, Kawasaki syndrome, leprosy, lyme disease, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, roseola, rubella (German measles), rubeola (measles), scarlet fever, secondary (disseminated) syphilis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, typhoid fever, varicella (chickenpox), and Vibrio vulnificus infection. Each section is illustrated with full-color photographs depicting patients with manifestations of the disease under consideration. The monograph includes a glossary of illustrations to help with diagnosis and classification. The monograph concludes with a self-test and instructions for receiving continuing medical education credits. A subject index is also included. 12 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “coccidioidomycosis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “coccidioidomycosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “coccidioidomycosis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Coccidioidomycosis: Current clinical and diagnostic status : a comprehensive reference for the clinician and investigator : selected papers from the T. Coccidioidomycosis Symposium, Tucson, Arizona; ISBN: 0883720957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0883720957/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

10

Abstracts of the tenth Annual Coccidioidomycosis Conference. Author: sponsored by Tuberculosis and Health Association of California, California Thoracic Society, Tuberculosis and Health Association of Los Angeles County; [editor, Leroy Hyde]; Year: 1967

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

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Transactions of the Coccidioidomycosis Study Group Meeting, Newport Beach, California, April 1973. Author: Coccidioidomycosis Study Group Meeting (1973: Newport Beach); Year: 1973

Chapters on Coccidioidomycosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to coccidioidomycosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and coccidioidomycosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on coccidioidomycosis: •

Socioeconomic, Ethnic and Geographical Health Issues Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 529-547. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: This chapter on socioeconomic, ethnic, and geographical health issues is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. The authors discuss mainly the relevant imported diseases, problems related to social deprivation, and those which religious or ethnic groups may present during oral health care. Topics include infections, including typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, nonvenereal treponematoses, yaws (framboesia), granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), lymphogranuloma vereneum, blood-borne viruses, arboviruses, arenaviruses, rhabdoviruses (Ebola, rabies), systemic mycoses, Aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, rhinosporidiosis, sporotrichosis, systemic candidosis, parasitic infestations, scabies, lice, fleas, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, trichinosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, myiasis, larva migrans, filariasis, trichuriasis, gnathostomiasis, and oral submucous fibrosis. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 9 tables. 45 references.

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7.

PERIODICALS AND COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover coccidioidomycosis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on coccidioidomycosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to coccidioidomycosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for coccidioidomycosis: •

CDC suspects coccidioidomycosis outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 13, 2001

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Being black among risk factors for coccidioidomycosis in HIV-infected patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 23, 2000 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to coccidioidomycosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

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Academic Periodicals covering Coccidioidomycosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to coccidioidomycosis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering coccidioidomycosis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for coccidioidomycosis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with coccidioidomycosis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to coccidioidomycosis: Amphotericin B •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amphocin; Fungizone Intravenous http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202032.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Not commercially available http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202033.html

Headache Medicines, Ergot Derivative-Containing •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafergot; Cafertine; Cafetrate; D.H.E. 45; Ercaf; ErgoCaff; Ergomar; Ergostat; Gotamine; Migergot; Wigraine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202216.html

Ketoconazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Nizoral A-D Shampoo; Nizoral Cream; Nizoral Shampoo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202317.html

Talc •

Intrapleural-Local - U.S. Brands: Sclerosol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203587.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2219 41 31 50 4 2345

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on coccidioidomycosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to coccidioidomycosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to coccidioidomycosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “coccidioidomycosis”:

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Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Botulism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/botulism.html Candidiasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.html Dengue http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dengue.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Hemorrhagic Fevers http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemorrhagicfevers.html Meningitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/meningitis.html Peptic Ulcer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pepticulcer.html Streptococcal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/streptococcalinfections.html Traveler's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on coccidioidomycosis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Fungal Infections Contact: AIDS Treatment Data Network, 611 Broadway Ste 613, New York, NY, 10027, (212) 260-8868, http://www.atdn.org.

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Summary: This information sheet presents information on fungal infections for human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV)-positive persons. It describes the conditions, symptoms, and treatments of the following infections: thrush, oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to coccidioidomycosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to coccidioidomycosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with coccidioidomycosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about coccidioidomycosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “coccidioidomycosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “coccidioidomycosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “coccidioidomycosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “coccidioidomycosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on coccidioidomycosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Coccidioidomycosis AIDS Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm Chlamydia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001345.htm Coccidioidomycosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001322.htm Coccidioidomycosis - acute (primary) pulmonary Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000094.htm Coccidioidomycosis - chronic pulmonary Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000096.htm Coccidioidomycosis - disseminated Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000095.htm

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Meningitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000680.htm •

Signs & Symptoms for Coccidioidomycosis Ankle, feet, and leg swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003104.htm Arthralgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Change in mental status Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Cyanosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hemoptysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Hepatomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm

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Joint stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Joint swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003262.htm Leg swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003104.htm Lethargy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle aches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Neck stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Nodules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003230.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Pustules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003234.htm Rales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sensitivity to light Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003041.htm Shoulder stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm

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Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sore throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Splenomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003276.htm Sweating, excessive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Swelling of a joint Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003262.htm Tachycardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Coccidioidomycosis Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Bone marrow biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003934.htm Bronchoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003857.htm Bronchoscopy with transtracheal biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003859.htm

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CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Coccidioides complement fixation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003547.htm Coccidioidin or spherulin skin test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003843.htm Coccidioidin skin test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003843.htm Complement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003456.htm CSF cell count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003625.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm Eosinophils Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003649.htm Liver biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003895.htm Open lung biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003861.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm Skin lesion biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Sputum culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003723.htm Sputum smear (KOH test or Papanicolaou stain) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003736.htm Sputum smear (KOH test) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003736.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

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Background Topics for Coccidioidomycosis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Asymptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002217.htm Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Concomitant Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002313.htm Endemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002362.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Spores Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002307.htm Titer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002328.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actinomycosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU]

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Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amprolium: 1-((4-Amino-2-propyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-2-methylpyridinium chloride. Veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with thiamine metabolism. It may cause thiamine deficiency. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Ankle Joint: The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia, the malleolar articular surface of the fibula, and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory

Dictionary 121

and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH]

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Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Sciences: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from biology, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH]

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Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are

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made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye

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between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coccidia: A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: Eimeriida and Eucoccidiida. [NIH]

Coccidioidin: A sterile solution containing the by-products of growth products of Coccidioides immitis, injected intracutaneously as a test for coccidioidomycosis. [NIH] Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Coccidiostats: Agents useful in the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in man or animals. [NIH]

Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative

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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal

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replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU]

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Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Echinococcosis: An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Eimeria: A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass Coccidia. Various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals. [NIH] Eimeria tenella: A species of coccidian protozoa that mainly infects domestic poultry. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH]

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Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Enchondroma: A benign (noncancerous) growth of cartilage in bones or in other areas where cartilage is not normally found. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH]

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Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH]

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Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Library: A large collection of cloned DNA fragments from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (genomic library) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genitourinary system: The parts of the body that play a role in reproduction, getting rid of waste products in the form of urine, or both. [NIH] Genomic Library: A form of gene library containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH]

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Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Herniorrhaphy: An operation to repair a hernia. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

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Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic

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acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory

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stimuli. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large

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intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other

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material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lupus Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is classified into four histologic types: mesangial, focal, diffuse, and membranous. [NIH] Lyme Disease: An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transformation: Morphologic alteration of small lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It

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may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection and chronic myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mange: Sarcoptic infestation of human skin, particularly a contagious skin disease caused by invasion of the epidermis with Sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

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Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]

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Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Myiasis: The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH]

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Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paecilomyces: A mitosporic fungal genus occasionally causing human diseases such as pulmonary infections, mycotic keratitis, endocarditis, and opportunistic infections. Its teleomorph is Byssochlamys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parasitization: The act or state of infestation by one or more parasites. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillium: A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. Several species (but especially Penicillium chrysogenum) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH]

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Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytohemagglutinins: Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture. [NIH] Piedra: Either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. Black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by Piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, moustache and genital areas and is caused by Trichosporon beigelii. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together

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chemically. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible precipitation occurs when a soluble antigen reacts with its antibody. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with

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formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudallescheria: Ascomycetous fungi, family Microascaceae, order Microascales, commonly found in the soil. They are causative agents of mycetoma, maduromycosis, and other infections in humans. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and

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interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU]

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Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Schizogony: Reproduction by fission. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU]

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Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Pigmentation: Coloration of the skin. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH]

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Sporocyst: A stage in the life-cycle of many protozoa and of trematoda. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Sporozoite: In the sporozoa the product of schizogony of the zygote. [NIH] Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: A disease of infants due to group 2 phage type 17 staphylococci that produce an epidermolytic exotoxin. Superficial fine vesicles and bullae form and rupture easily, resulting in loss of large sheets of epidermis. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trematoda: Class of parasitic flukes consisting of three subclasses, Monogenea, Aspidogastrea, and Digenea. The digenetic trematodes are the only ones found in man. They are endoparasites and require two hosts to complete their life cycle. [NIH]

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Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Trichosporon: A mitosporic fungal genus causing opportunistic infections, endocarditis, fungemia, and white piedra (T. beigelii). [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH]

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Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]

Dictionary 153

Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

155

INDEX A Abdominal, 30, 119, 143 Abdominal Pain, 119, 143 Abscess, 18, 25, 119 Acanthocephala, 119, 133 Acidosis, 119, 136 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 21, 40, 119 Actinomycosis, 27, 119 Acyl, 73, 119 Adenoma, 39, 119 Adverse Effect, 119, 147 Aerobic, 74, 119 Aerosol, 119, 149 Agar, 11, 41, 42, 119, 127, 134, 143 Agarose, 119, 134 Airway, 12, 32, 49, 50, 119 Airway Obstruction, 32, 49, 50, 119 Algorithms, 119, 122 Alimentary, 70, 119, 142 Alternative medicine, 88, 120 Amino Acid Sequence, 120, 121 Amino Acids, 120, 142, 143, 144, 151 Ammonia, 120, 151 Amprolium, 78, 120 Anaemia, 79, 120 Anaesthesia, 120, 135 Anal, 120, 131 Analogous, 5, 120, 150 Anaphylatoxins, 120, 126 Anemia, 120, 139 Anergy, 5, 42, 120 Anesthesia, 119, 120 Ankle, 14, 20, 114, 120 Ankle Joint, 20, 120 Anorexia, 77, 120 Antibacterial, 74, 121, 148 Antibiotic, 64, 67, 68, 74, 77, 121, 131, 142, 148 Antibodies, 19, 63, 64, 121, 134, 143 Antibody, 6, 13, 41, 66, 121, 125, 134, 135, 144, 148 Antifungal, 3, 13, 121, 131, 136, 140 Antigen, 5, 6, 8, 11, 19, 41, 44, 65, 66, 70, 76, 121, 125, 127, 133, 134, 135, 144 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 121, 125 Antigen-presenting cell, 121, 127 Antiserum, 6, 121

Aqueous, 72, 121, 122, 127, 129 Arterial, 29, 121, 144 Arteries, 121, 122 Artery, 121, 142 Articular, 120, 121 Aspergillosis, 3, 85, 105, 121, 136 Aspiration, 28, 39, 121 Asymptomatic, 29, 118, 121, 131 Atopic, 15, 121 Attenuated, 63, 64, 77, 121 Atypical, 13, 14, 121, 135 Autopsy, 9, 121 Avian, 63, 64, 66, 70, 122 B Bacteria, 74, 119, 121, 122, 130, 132, 140, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151 Base, 122, 136 Benign, 118, 119, 122, 129, 141, 146 Bilateral, 13, 122, 141, 146 Bile, 122, 138, 149 Biochemical, 65, 76, 122, 137, 140 Biological response modifier, 122, 135 Biological Sciences, 5, 122 Biophysics, 122 Biopsy, 14, 19, 28, 30, 116, 117, 122, 142 Biotechnology, 7, 9, 84, 88, 99, 122 Bladder, 122, 144, 151 Blastomycosis, 3, 26, 27, 35, 43, 46, 83, 85, 105, 122, 136 Blood vessel, 122, 123, 124, 130, 132, 133, 138, 148, 150, 151 Body Fluids, 122, 123, 148 Bone Marrow, 122, 125, 134, 138 Bone scan, 50, 123 Bowel, 120, 123, 129, 136, 137, 143 Breeding, 81, 123 Bronchi, 123, 150 Bronchial, 41, 123 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 19, 123 Buccal, 123, 138 Bypass, 24, 123 C Calcium, 123, 125, 133 Candidiasis, 3, 83, 104, 105, 123, 131 Candidosis, 85, 123 Carbohydrate, 123, 126, 143 Carbon Dioxide, 123, 131 Carcinogenic, 123, 149

156

Coccidioidomycosis

Cardiac, 21, 33, 123, 129, 149 Case report, 11, 15, 25, 26, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 48, 50, 123, 130 Catheter, 20, 123 Cell, 6, 7, 18, 29, 44, 63, 65, 66, 69, 76, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143, 145, 146, 152, 153 Cell Count, 117, 124 Cell Cycle, 124, 152 Cell Division, 122, 124, 143 Cell membrane, 69, 124 Central Nervous System, 28, 124, 141 Cerebral, 16, 124, 139 Cerebrospinal, 13, 124 Cerebrospinal fluid, 13, 124 Cerebrum, 124 Cervical, 124, 146 Chemotactic Factors, 124, 126 Chemotherapy, 81, 118, 124 Chickenpox, 84, 124 Chin, 124, 140 Chlorophyll, 124, 131 Cholera, 85, 124, 152 Cholesterol, 122, 124, 137, 147, 149 Chorioretinitis, 21, 124, 146 Choroid, 124, 146 Chromatin, 125, 129, 139 Chronic, 4, 20, 25, 31, 35, 37, 75, 113, 118, 122, 125, 135, 137, 139, 149, 150 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 125, 139 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 99, 125, 128, 146 Cloning, 122, 125 Coccidia, 62, 66, 67, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 125, 128 Coccidioidin, 21, 117, 125 Coccidiosis, 23, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 125 Coccidiostats, 59, 62, 65, 67, 75, 125 Cofactor, 125, 144 Collagen, 24, 125, 144 Colloidal, 125, 149 Complement, 6, 7, 11, 44, 50, 117, 120, 125, 126, 132 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 58, 126 Complementary medicine, 57, 126 Computational Biology, 99, 126 Concomitant, 50, 118, 126 Congestion, 126, 130

Connective Tissue, 122, 125, 126, 130, 138, 142, 150 Constipation, 126, 143 Constitutional, 126, 146 Consultation, 37, 126 Contamination, 79, 126 Contraindications, ii, 126 Cortex, 126, 141, 144 Corticosteroid, 126, 149 Cowpox, 127, 151 Cowpox Virus, 127, 151 Cranial, 48, 127, 141, 142 Crowding, 77, 127 Cryptococcosis, 3, 26, 85, 127 Culture Media, 119, 127 Curative, 72, 127, 150 Cutaneous, 17, 38, 39, 83, 122, 123, 127, 137, 138, 147, 149, 151 Cytokine, 5, 18, 29, 127 Cytoplasm, 124, 127, 129, 132, 139 D Deamination, 127, 151 Dehydration, 72, 124, 127 Dementia, 119, 127 Dendrites, 127 Dendritic, 5, 42, 127 Dendritic cell, 5, 42, 127 Deprivation, 85, 127 Dermatitis, 15, 127 Dermatology, 17, 21, 31, 38, 39, 41, 49, 57, 127 Dermatosis, 127, 131 Desensitization, 127, 134 Desiccation, 79, 128 Diagnostic procedure, 61, 88, 128, 147 Diarrhea, 76, 128 Diarrhoea, 68, 77, 79, 128 Diffusion, 128, 134 Digestion, 119, 122, 123, 128, 136, 138, 149 Digestive tract, 63, 78, 128, 148 Diploid, 128, 143 Direct, iii, 91, 128, 142, 146 Domesticated, 66, 75, 78, 80, 128 Double-blind, 18, 128 Drug Interactions, 92, 128 Drug Resistance, 69, 128 Drug Tolerance, 128 Dura mater, 128, 140, 142 E Echinococcosis, 85, 128 Effector, 125, 128 Efficacy, 4, 71, 128

157

Eimeria, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 128 Eimeria tenella, 69, 75, 128 Elastin, 125, 128 Emaciation, 119, 128 Embryo, 129, 135 Emulsion, 129, 131 Encapsulated, 72, 129, 137 Enchondroma, 14, 129 Endemic, 4, 5, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 25, 42, 47, 73, 77, 81, 118, 124, 129, 139 Endocarditis, 84, 123, 129, 142, 151 Endocardium, 129 Endotoxins, 126, 129 Enteritis, 64, 76, 79, 129 Enterocolitis, 129 Environmental Health, 98, 100, 129 Enzymatic, 123, 126, 129 Enzyme, 6, 44, 69, 128, 129, 130, 144, 152 Eosinophilia, 19, 22, 129 Eosinophils, 117, 129, 132 Epidemic, 10, 12, 16, 129 Epidemiologic Factors, 83, 129 Epidermis, 129, 139, 145, 149 Epithelial, 63, 70, 76, 77, 119, 125, 128, 130, 140 Epithelial Cells, 63, 70, 76, 77, 125, 128, 130, 140 Epithelium, 79, 130 Erythema, 23, 83, 114, 130 Erythrocytes, 120, 122, 130, 143 Esophagus, 128, 130, 149 Ethanol, 130 Ethnic Groups, 6, 85, 130 Eukaryotic Cells, 130, 134 Exhaustion, 130, 139 Exotoxin, 130, 149 Extracellular, 76, 126, 130, 148 Exudate, 124, 130 F Facial, 38, 130, 142 Faecal, 79, 128, 130 Family Planning, 99, 130 Fat, 122, 126, 130, 136, 137, 148 Fatal Outcome, 130, 145 Feces, 63, 69, 126, 130 Fermentation, 74, 130 Fetus, 130, 151 Fibrin, 130, 143 Fibrosis, 85, 130, 131, 147 Fibula, 120, 131, 150 Filariasis, 85, 131

Fistula, 32, 131 Fixation, 6, 7, 11, 50, 117, 131 Fleas, 73, 85, 131 Fluconazole, 13, 18, 25, 29, 30, 42, 45, 131 Fold, 6, 131 Fovea, 131 Fungemia, 131, 151 Fungus, 5, 26, 57, 73, 123, 127, 131, 141 G Gallium, 13, 47, 131 Gas, 120, 123, 128, 131, 141, 146, 149 Gas exchange, 131, 146 Gastrointestinal, 26, 67, 130, 131, 139, 152 Gastrointestinal tract, 67, 130, 131 Gels, 70, 132 Gene, 5, 6, 84, 122, 132, 136 Gene Expression, 5, 132 Gene Library, 132 Genetic Engineering, 64, 122, 125, 132 Genetics, 29, 132 Genital, 25, 132, 143, 151 Genitourinary, 3, 27, 132, 151 Genitourinary system, 3, 132 Genomic Library, 6, 132 Genotype, 132, 143 Gland, 126, 132, 138, 142, 144 Glomerulus, 132, 141 Goats, 66, 79, 132 Gonadal, 132, 149 Governing Board, 132, 144 Graft, 132, 139 Graft Rejection, 132, 139 Gram-negative, 83, 132, 152 Granulocytes, 132, 153 Granuloma, 85, 133, 139 Granuloma Inguinale, 85, 133, 139 Groin, 133, 135 H Haematoma, 133 Haemorrhage, 79, 133 Haploid, 133, 143 Helminths, 73, 133, 135, 141 Hemorrhage, 19, 62, 71, 133, 145 Hepatitis, 133, 135 Heredity, 132, 133 Hernia, 30, 133 Herniorrhaphy, 30, 38, 133 Hormone, 126, 133, 144 Hydrolysis, 133, 143, 144 Hydrophilic, 64, 133 Hydroxylysine, 125, 133 Hydroxyproline, 125, 133

158

Coccidioidomycosis

Hypercalcemia, 27, 28, 54, 133 Hypersensitivity, 18, 29, 127, 133 Hypnotic, 75, 133 I Idiopathic, 133, 147 Imidazole, 62, 133, 140 Immune response, 7, 28, 44, 47, 63, 66, 76, 120, 121, 127, 132, 133, 134, 148, 151, 152 Immune Sera, 134 Immune system, 121, 133, 134, 151, 153 Immunity, 6, 8, 29, 33, 44, 47, 58, 65, 66, 72, 75, 76, 78, 119, 134, 140, 150 Immunization, 6, 8, 66, 134 Immunocompromised, 19, 134 Immunodeficiency, 15, 16, 37, 38, 49, 105, 119, 134 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 105, 134 Immunodiffusion, 12, 50, 119, 134 Immunoelectrophoresis, 119, 134 Immunogenic, 65, 134 Immunohistochemistry, 5, 134 Immunologic, 5, 22, 45, 124, 134 Immunologic Factors, 45, 134 Immunosuppression, 5, 134, 138, 141 Immunosuppressive, 134 Immunosuppressive Agents, 134 In situ, 5, 28, 134 In Situ Hybridization, 5, 134 In vitro, 5, 7, 18, 29, 42, 44, 66, 76, 135 In vivo, 4, 5, 29, 44, 66, 78, 135, 138, 139 Incision, 135, 136 Induction, 65, 135 Infancy, 21, 135 Infectious Mononucleosis, 84, 135 Infestation, 128, 135, 139, 142, 152 Inflammation, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151 Infusion, 135, 140 Ingestion, 76, 135 Inguinal, 30, 135, 139 Inhalation, 10, 73, 119, 135, 149 Inoculum, 72, 135 Interferon, 45, 135 Interferon-alpha, 135 Interleukins, 134, 135, 138 Interstitial, 136, 141 Intestinal, 23, 24, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 76, 77, 78, 125, 129, 136, 140 Intestinal Mucosa, 69, 129, 136 Intestine, 69, 76, 77, 123, 129, 136, 149 Intoxication, 136, 153

Intracellular, 65, 67, 70, 75, 80, 81, 133, 135, 136 Intramuscular, 136, 142 Intrathecal, 42, 136 Intravenous, 92, 131, 135, 136, 140, 142 Introns, 132, 136 Invasive, 63, 134, 136 Invertebrates, 70, 125, 136 Irrigation, 48, 136 Itraconazole, 18, 30, 31, 39, 136 K Kb, 70, 98, 136 Keratitis, 136, 142 Ketoacidosis, 19, 136 Ketoconazole, 11, 23, 24, 31, 32, 92, 136 Ketone Bodies, 136 Ketosis, 136 L Labile, 125, 136 Large Intestine, 128, 136, 146, 148 Larva, 85, 137 Larva Migrans, 85, 137 Laryngeal, 32, 41, 50, 137 Larynx, 37, 137, 150 Latent, 49, 137 Laxative, 119, 137 Lectin, 78, 137 Leishmaniasis, 85, 137 Leprosy, 44, 84, 137 Lesion, 68, 116, 117, 122, 133, 137, 138 Lethal, 8, 79, 137 Lice, 85, 137 Life cycle, 63, 65, 69, 72, 78, 137, 150 Ligament, 137, 144 Lipopolysaccharide, 132, 137 Lipoprotein, 132, 137 Liposomal, 50, 137 Litter, 62, 71, 72, 137 Liver, 15, 19, 22, 29, 117, 119, 122, 125, 128, 129, 130, 133, 138, 147, 151 Liver Transplantation, 22, 29, 138 Localization, 28, 134, 138 Localized, 10, 119, 129, 131, 133, 135, 138, 141, 143 Locomotion, 138, 143 Loop, 25, 133, 138 Lupus, 15, 33, 138, 150 Lupus Nephritis, 15, 138 Lyme Disease, 84, 138 Lymph, 6, 21, 124, 135, 138, 139, 146, 147 Lymph node, 6, 21, 124, 138, 146, 147 Lymphadenopathy, 135, 138

159

Lymphatic, 135, 138, 146, 148, 150 Lymphatic system, 138, 146, 148, 150 Lymphocyte Count, 119, 138 Lymphocyte Depletion, 134, 138 Lymphocyte Subsets, 5, 138 Lymphocyte Transformation, 29, 44, 138 Lymphocytes, 7, 28, 119, 121, 127, 134, 135, 138, 139, 143, 148, 150, 153 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 133, 139 Lymphoid, 121, 139 Lymphokine, 29, 139 Lymphoma, 8, 139 Lytic, 139, 147, 152 M Maintenance therapy, 24, 139 Malaise, 35, 115, 139 Malaria, 85, 139 Malaria, Falciparum, 139 Malaria, Vivax, 139 Malignant, 119, 139, 141 Malnutrition, 68, 139 Mange, 73, 139 Manifest, 79, 139 Mannans, 131, 139 Meat, 64, 139, 151 Medial, 120, 140, 150 MEDLINE, 99, 140 Membrane, 69, 124, 126, 130, 132, 137, 140, 146, 149, 152 Memory, 120, 127, 140 Meninges, 4, 124, 128, 140 Meningitis, 16, 22, 35, 42, 104, 105, 114, 131, 136, 140 Mental, iv, 4, 98, 100, 114, 124, 127, 140, 145, 147 Mental Health, iv, 4, 98, 100, 140, 145 Miconazole, 13, 33, 34, 48, 140 Microbe, 140, 150 Microbiological, 79, 140 Microbiology, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20, 44, 48, 49, 121, 140 Microorganism, 74, 125, 140, 142, 152 Migration, 4, 140 Modification, 42, 132, 140 Molecular, 6, 65, 99, 101, 122, 126, 140 Molecule, 121, 122, 125, 128, 133, 137, 140, 146, 147, 152, 153 Monensin, 68, 74, 140 Mononuclear, 18, 29, 133, 135, 140 Morphological, 129, 131, 140 Mucocutaneous, 137, 140 Mucolytic, 123, 140

Mucosa, 69, 138, 140, 149 Mycosis, 6, 141 Mycotic, 18, 141, 142 Myiasis, 85, 141 N Necrosis, 131, 141, 147 Nematoda, 133, 141 Neoplasms, 119, 141 Nephritis, 33, 141 Nervous System, 124, 138, 141, 145, 152 Neuroretinitis, 141, 146 Nitrogen, 119, 131, 141, 151 Nuclei, 132, 136, 141, 146 Nucleic acid, 134, 141 Nucleus, 125, 127, 129, 130, 139, 140, 141 O Ophthalmology, 30, 34, 36, 131, 141 Opportunistic Infections, 18, 119, 141, 142, 151 Optic Nerve, 141, 142, 146 Oral Health, 85, 141 Osteomyelitis, 17, 45, 48, 141 Overdose, 73, 141 Ovum, 137, 141, 144, 153 P Pachymeningitis, 140, 142 Paecilomyces, 3, 142 Palliative, 142, 150 Parasite, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 76, 78, 79, 142 Parasitic, 6, 57, 64, 68, 69, 70, 78, 80, 85, 119, 125, 128, 131, 133, 135, 137, 142, 150 Parasitic Diseases, 68, 142 Parasitization, 69, 142 Parenteral, 78, 142 Parotid, 142, 147 Particle, 23, 142 Pathogen, 135, 142 Pathologic, 119, 122, 123, 133, 142 Patient Education, 104, 108, 110, 118, 142 Pelvic, 142, 144 Pelvis, 142, 151 Penicillin, 31, 142 Penicillium, 3, 142 Peptide, 142, 143, 144 Percutaneous, 19, 142 Pericarditis, 21, 38, 142 Pericardium, 142, 150 Peripheral blood, 18, 29, 135, 142 Peripheral Nerves, 137, 142 Peritoneum, 143 Peritonitis, 21, 143 Petechiae, 133, 143

160

Coccidioidomycosis

Phallic, 131, 143 Pharmacologic, 120, 143, 150 Pharyngitis, 143, 147 Phenotype, 5, 143 Physiology, 122, 143 Phytohemagglutinins, 138, 143 Piedra, 143, 151 Pilot study, 42, 143 Plana, 50, 143 Plants, 76, 122, 123, 137, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152 Plaque, 38, 143 Plasma, 121, 124, 143, 147 Plasma cells, 121, 143 Platyhelminths, 133, 143 Pneumonia, 11, 14, 49, 126, 143 Polymorphic, 7, 51, 143 Polypeptide, 64, 66, 120, 125, 143 Polysaccharide, 70, 119, 121, 143 Postoperative, 25, 131, 144 Practice Guidelines, 100, 144 Precipitation, 144 Precipitin Tests, 11, 144 Prevalence, 29, 47, 144 Probe, 41, 144 Progesterone, 144, 149 Progression, 21, 144 Progressive, 18, 23, 31, 73, 127, 128, 141, 144 Proline, 125, 133, 144 Prophylaxis, 22, 42, 68, 73, 144, 151 Prostate, 17, 144, 146 Prostate gland, 17, 144 Prostatitis, 17, 144 Prosthesis, 29, 144 Protein C, 120, 132, 137, 144, 151 Protein S, 84, 122, 144 Proteolytic, 125, 144 Protozoa, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 78, 128, 137, 140, 145, 148, 149 Protozoal, 145 Protozoan, 69, 80, 81, 125, 128, 139, 145 Pruritic, 145, 147 Pseudallescheria, 3, 145 Psychiatry, 17, 49, 131, 145 Psychic, 140, 145 Psychoactive, 145, 153 Public Health, 5, 24, 100, 145 Public Policy, 99, 145 Publishing, 7, 65, 145 Purpura, 133, 145 Pyogenic, 141, 145

Q Quiescent, 5, 145 R Rabies, 85, 145 Race, 140, 145 Radiation, 134, 145 Radioactive, 123, 145 Radiological, 142, 145 Randomized, 18, 128, 146 Receptor, 121, 146 Recombinant, 4, 5, 6, 8, 63, 64, 66, 70, 75, 80, 81, 146, 152 Recombinant Proteins, 6, 146 Rectum, 128, 131, 136, 144, 146, 148 Refer, 1, 123, 125, 131, 138, 146 Regimen, 128, 146 Reinfection, 42, 76, 146 Relapse, 24, 39, 42, 146 Remission, 139, 146 Reproductive system, 144, 146 Resection, 33, 146 Respiratory distress syndrome, 11, 146 Respiratory failure, 11, 146 Retina, 124, 125, 141, 146, 152 Retinitis, 34, 146 Rigidity, 143, 146 Risk factor, 15, 43, 47, 88, 146 Rubella, 84, 146 Ruminants, 132, 147 S Saline, 123, 147 Sapogenins, 76, 147 Saponin, 147 Sarcoidosis, 14, 147 Scabies, 85, 147 Scarlet Fever, 84, 147 Schizogony, 76, 147, 149 Schizoid, 147, 153 Schizophrenia, 147, 153 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 147, 153 Screening, 12, 41, 65, 125, 147 Semen, 144, 147 Sepsis, 84, 131, 147 Septic, 11, 43, 147 Serologic, 19, 36, 41, 42, 43, 144, 147 Serologic Tests, 19, 36, 43, 147 Serum, 44, 120, 121, 125, 134, 138, 143, 147 Shock, 11, 43, 79, 84, 147 Side effect, 69, 91, 119, 147, 150 Sigmoid, 25, 147, 148 Sigmoid Colon, 147, 148 Signs and Symptoms, 146, 148

161

Skeleton, 23, 148, 150 Skin Pigmentation, 63, 148 Skin test, 6, 21, 27, 43, 117, 148 Skull, 45, 148 Small intestine, 129, 133, 136, 148 Smallpox, 148, 151 Sodium, 71, 140, 148 Soft tissue, 44, 122, 148 Specialist, 105, 148 Species, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 127, 128, 133, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 Specificity, 9, 65, 148 Spectrum, 44, 136, 148 Sphincter, 137, 148 Spinal cord, 124, 128, 136, 140, 141, 142, 148 Spirochete, 138, 148, 149 Spleen, 138, 147, 148 Splenomegaly, 116, 135, 148 Spores, 4, 25, 118, 135, 148 Sporocyst, 69, 149 Sporotrichosis, 3, 85, 149 Sporozoite, 66, 70, 76, 149 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, 84, 149 Sterile, 125, 149 Steroid, 77, 147, 149 Steroid therapy, 77, 149 Stomach, 119, 128, 130, 131, 133, 136, 147, 148, 149 Streptococci, 147, 149 Stress, 77, 149 Subacute, 135, 139, 149 Subarachnoid, 19, 149 Subclinical, 68, 135, 149 Subcutaneous, 142, 149 Submucous, 85, 149 Subspecies, 148, 149, 151, 153 Suction, 48, 149 Suppression, 44, 127, 149 Suspensions, 70, 149 Symphysis, 124, 144, 149 Symptomatic, 43, 46, 149 Syphilis, 84, 149 Systemic, 11, 46, 83, 85, 92, 123, 135, 138, 147, 150, 151, 153 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 138, 150 T Talus, 120, 150 Therapeutics, 93, 150 Thiamine, 68, 120, 150

Thrombosis, 144, 150 Thrush, 105, 123, 150 Thymus, 134, 138, 150 Tibia, 120, 131, 150 Ticks, 135, 138, 150 Tonsillitis, 147, 150 Toxic, iv, 67, 68, 84, 130, 134, 150 Toxicity, 68, 128, 150 Toxicology, 100, 150 Toxins, 121, 129, 135, 150 Toxoplasmosis, 85, 150 Trachea, 123, 137, 150 Transfection, 122, 150 Transfer Factor, 47, 134, 150 Transplantation, 21, 22, 29, 33, 35, 134, 138, 150 Trematoda, 143, 149, 150 Trichinosis, 85, 151 Trichosporon, 3, 143, 151 Tryptophan, 125, 151 Tuberculosis, 84, 138, 151 Tunica, 140, 151 Typhoid fever, 84, 151 U Urea, 73, 151 Urethra, 144, 151 Urinary, 132, 151 Urine, 35, 122, 132, 136, 151 Urogenital, 49, 132, 151 Uterus, 30, 124, 144, 146, 151 V Vaccination, 7, 47, 64, 68, 71, 79, 80, 151 Vaccine, 4, 5, 6, 8, 59, 64, 65, 66, 70, 76, 80, 151 Vaccinia, 81, 151 Vaccinia Virus, 81, 151 Vagina, 123, 146, 151 Vaginal, 105, 151 Vaginitis, 123, 151 Varicella, 84, 151 Variola, 151 Vascular, 24, 124, 135, 151 Vasculitis, 19, 151 Vector, 6, 65, 75, 142, 151, 152 Vegetative, 76, 152 Vein, 136, 142, 152 Venereal, 149, 152, 153 Venous, 16, 20, 144, 152 Venous Thrombosis, 16, 152 Ventricles, 124, 152 Vertebral, 50, 51, 143, 152 Veterinary Medicine, 99, 152

162

Coccidioidomycosis

Vibrio, 84, 124, 152 Vibrio cholerae, 124, 152 Viral, 81, 145, 152 Viral vector, 81, 152 Virulence, 121, 150, 152 Virulent, 64, 152 Virus, 15, 16, 37, 38, 49, 119, 124, 127, 132, 135, 143, 146, 148, 151, 152 Viscera, 137, 152 Visceral, 137, 143, 152 Visceral Larva Migrans, 137, 152 Vitreous, 124, 146, 152 Vitreous Body, 124, 146, 152 Vitro, 5, 8, 152

Vivo, 5, 78, 138, 153 W White blood cell, 63, 121, 125, 135, 138, 139, 143, 153 Withdrawal, 71, 153 Womb, 146, 151, 153 Y Yaws, 85, 153 Yeasts, 123, 131, 143, 153 Z Zinc Compounds, 69, 153 Zoonoses, 145, 153 Zygote, 149, 153

163

164

Coccidioidomycosis

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