CORPUS CALLOSUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Corpus Callosum: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00305-8 1. Corpus Callosum-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on corpus callosum. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CORPUS CALLOSUM ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Corpus Callosum........................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 36 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CORPUS CALLOSUM........................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding Nutrition Studies on Corpus Callosum ......................................................................... 83 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 84 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CORPUS CALLOSUM ................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 87 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 93 General References ....................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CORPUS CALLOSUM ................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Dissertations on Corpus Callosum .............................................................................................. 95 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CORPUS CALLOSUM .............................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Patent Applications on Corpus Callosum.................................................................................... 97 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 100 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 103 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 105 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 109 Associations and Corpus Callosum............................................................................................ 111 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 111 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 113 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 113 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 113 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 119 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 119 CORPUS CALLOSUM DICTIONARY...................................................................................... 121 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 169
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with corpus callosum is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about corpus callosum, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to corpus callosum, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on corpus callosum. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to corpus callosum, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on corpus callosum. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CORPUS CALLOSUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on corpus callosum.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and corpus callosum, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Corpus Callosum Atrophy Is a Possible Indicator of Region- and Cell Type-Specific Neuronal Degeneration in Alzheimer Disease: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Source: Archives of Neurology. 55: 193-198. February 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a study of region-specific corpus callosum atrophy as a possible marker for cortical neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The participants were 14 patients with AD, mean age 64.4 years, from a longitudinal study of the Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, and 22 healthy volunteers, mean age 66.6 years. All participants had minimal white matter changes. The total cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum and areas of five callosal subregions were measured on midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Severity of dementia was measured with the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale. The total callosal area was significantly smaller in the patients with AD, with the greatest changes
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in the rostrum and splenium, and relative sparing of the callosal body. Regional callosal atrophy correlated significantly with cognitive impairment, but not with age or white matter hyperintensities score, in the group with AD. The authors conclude that regionspecific callosal atrophy may serve as a marker of progressive neocortical disintegration in AD. 1 figure, 3 tables, 41 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Corpus Callosum The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to corpus callosum. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to corpus callosum. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore corpus callosum. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for corpus callosum: •
Project Title: ACTIVE VISION IN PRIMATE CORTEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Colby, Carol L.; Neuroscience; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: The idea that vision is an active process has recently attracted considerable interest. Nowhere is the active nature of perception more evident than in the construction of a stable image of the world. As we move our eyes, new images are constantly presented to the brain yet we perceive the world as staying still. The perception stability we experience is thought to depend on a convergence of visual signals and corollary discharges reflecting the generation of voluntary eye movements. The goal of these experiments is to understand the impact of motor action on sensory processing as it relates to spatial constancy. We will ask how a specific motor act, saccadic eye movement, affects the representation of visual stimuli in primate cortex. Neurons in monkey parietal cortex have been shown to remap the presentation of a visual stimulus when the eyes move. This surprising observation has raised numerous questions about the neural mechanism underlying spatial constancy. The proposed experiments are designed to characterize the impact of the behavioral relevance of the stimulus on remapping (Aim 1); to discovered whether similar phenomena occur at earlier stages of the visual hierarchy (Aim 2); to determine how visual information is remapped from one hemisphere to the other (Aim 3); and to explore the interactions among frontal and parietal cortical stages which may underlie the process of updating spatial representations (Aim 4). Findings from these studies will provide a deeper
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
5
understanding of the natural of spatial representation in cortex. Such an understanding is necessary as a step towards designing scientifically based diagnostics and rehabilitation programs for patients who have impair spatial functioning as a result of parietal lobe damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AMPA RECEPTORS IN CALLOSAL SYNAPSES IN DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Huguenard, John R.; Associate Professor; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The AMPA class of glutamate receptors mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. These receptors are specifically implicated in the propagation of seizure activity. One member of the AMPA receptor family, the GluR2 subunit, dominates connections between excitatory neurons in the mature neocortex. The absence of this subunit alters the properties of AMPA receptors such that they become impermeable to calcium ions and show use-dependent facilitation. Down-regulations in GluR2 have been noted in a number of animal epilepsy models and in human epilepsy. This laboratory has recently demonstrated that GluR2 is functionally expressed in pyramidal neuron synaptic receptors at very low levels early in rat neocortical development. Thus it appears that in epileptic cortex there may be a recapitulation of the early postnatal phenotype of GluR2-lacking receptors, which are hypothesized to be epileptogenic in adult brain. In this proposal, whole cell voltageclamp techniques and laser-scanning caged-glutamate photolysis will be used with rat neocortical brain slices to test the generality of the finding regarding developmental GluR2 alterations in pyramidal neurons of different cortical regions and lamina. Further, the functional consequence regarding the ability of excitatory synaptic circuits to sustain repetitive, seizure-like activity will be examined. The hypothesis will be tested that decreased expression of GluR2 subunits in epileptic tissue results in a functional alteration in the synaptic receptors that would allow for increased calcium entry and post-synaptic facilitation, both of which may be important in the development of epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Piven, Joseph; Professor; Psychiatry; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Autism is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder that affects young children with a disability that often continues throughout life. Because of the severe impairment and duration of this disorder, autism often confers a profound burden on autistic individuals, their families and society. Thus, research aimed at uncovering the pathogenesis of autism and potentially leading to rational approaches to prevention or treatment is of great importance. Our research team recently reported the presence of increased total brain volume (TBV) on MRI (including increased tissue and lateral ventricular volume) in autistic individuals. These findings are consistent with multiple reports of autistic individuals showing increased rates of macrocephaly (head circumference greater than or equal to 98th percentile) and post mortem studies showing increased brain weight and size. Head circumference studies by our group and others suggest that although enlarged head size may be present at birth, macrocephaly
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Corpus Callosum
is not present until early childhood (age 4 years). Subsequent analyses of our MRI data suggest that cortical enlargement is the result of an increase in gray matter volume, further supporting our hypothesis that the increased rate of brain growth in autism occurs prior to age 5 years. Subsequent studies by our group and others have revealed a pattern of brain size and shape changes including: enlargement of the temporal, parietal and occipital (but not frontal) cortical lobes, that appears to be localized mostly to the right side of the brain; enlargement of the total cerebellar and caudate volume (proportionate to the increase in TBV); decreased size of some subregions of the corpus callosum; and, no change in size of the hippocampus. Clarification of the timing and pattern of brain growth and organization in autism will provide important insights into the pathogenesis and neural mechanisms underlying this disorder. Therefore we propose to conduct a longitudinal MRI study of the size and shape of the brain in autistic individuals and controls at 18-35 months of age with follow-up MRI brain scans of these same subjects after 24 months to examine the pattern of brain size and shape changes over time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRAIN MORBIDITY IN TREATMENT-NAIVE ALCOHOLICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fein, George; Scientist; Neurobehavioral Research, Inc. Corte Madera, Ca 94925 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Most studies of the impact of alcohol dependence on the brain have examined individuals in treatment. They may embody a bias, called "Berkson?s fallacy", if the association between variables (e.g., alcoholism and brain atrophy or brain function) differ between the population of alcoholics in treatment and alcoholics in the general population. We hypothesize that treatment-naive alcoholics have less psychiatric comorbidity compared to treatment samples, and that this reduced psychiatric morbidity is associated with a lessened severity of impairments in brain structure and function. The major goals of the proposed research are to determine: 1) whether treatment-naive alcoholics differ in brain structure and function from alcoholics recruited from treatment centers, 2) whether treatment-naive alcoholics differ from alcoholics recruited from treatment centers in the presence and severity of comorbid mood and externalizing disorder symptoms and traits, 3) what factors are associated with impairments in brain structure and function in treatment-naive alcoholics and in alcoholics drawn from treatment centers (including presence and severity of comorbid mood, anxiety, and externalizing disorder symptoms and traits, presence of the APOE-4 allele, premorbid headsize as a measure of functional reserve (as indexed by intracranial vault volume on MRI), and the frequency (and severity) of withdrawal symptoms), 4) whether males and females differ in these comparisons, and 5) to follow the treatmentnaive alcoholics for future longitudinal assessment of factors that predict the course of their alcoholism (especially the seeking of treatment, and changes in brain structure and function). We will study 380 subjects over five years: 220 treatment-naive alcoholdependent subjects, 80 alcohol-dependent subjects in outpatient treatment, and 80 lifetime light/non-drinker controls. The treatment sample will be drawn from outpatient treatment centers. The treatment-naive sample will be recruited from the Marin County First Offender Drinking Driver (FODD) program. The light/non-drinker controls will be recruited from the community. Brain structure will be examined using MRI, and will include segmentation of the brain into its? component tissue classes, delineation of specific structures (e.g., the hippocampus, cerebellum, and corpus callosum), and transformation of the images into a standard coordinate system (to
Studies
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facilitate analysis of regional cortical volume differences). Functional assessment will include neuropsychological and behavioral testing and electrophysiological recordings, focusing on inhibitory/disinhibitory processes, executive functions, visuospatial abilities, gait and balance, and processing and memory of emotional stimuli. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRAIN POTENTIALS SEMANTIC PROCESSING AND ATTENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Deacon, Diana L.; Adjunct Professor/Research Scientist; Psychology; City College of New York 138Th St and Convent Ave New York, Ny 10031 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The aim of this proposal is to further understanding of the nature of semantic processing in the left and right cerebral hemispheres, particularly as regards the interaction of semantic and attentional processing. The project will attempt to determine how semantic information is represented in the cerebral hemispheres, how the time courses of automatic and attentionally controlled activation might differ between the hemispheres, and how inhibition might differentially operate within and between the two hemispheres. Event-related potentials and reaction time will serve as dependent measures. The data obtained will be relevant to the study, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of individuals with language impairments due to insult to either cerebral hemisphere, as well as developmental disorders such as dyslexia in which the pattern of errors often resembles right hemisphere reading in neurological patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CELL DEVELOPMENT
ADHESION
MOLECULES
IN
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lemmon, Vance P.; Professor; Neurosciences; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (From the Applicant's Abstract): The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 is found on some classes of migrating neuronal precursors in the developing nervous system and on almost all projection axons in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Not surprisingly, it has been implicated in the fasciculation of axon bundles and in migration of some neural precursors in various in vitro systems. In the early 1990's it was shown that mutations in the L1 gene in humans cause severe mental retardation (corpus callosum hypoplasia, adducted thumbs, spastic paraplegia, and hydrocephalus). We have analyzed individuals with different mutations in the L1 gene and discovered that mutations that lead to a loss of L1 expression are much more severe than mutations that only alter the cytoplasmic domain of L1. However, mutations of the cytoplasmic domain are sufficient to cause axon guidance failures and mental retardation. Recently, we and others have analyzed the L1 knock-out mouse and discovered that it has a phenotype remarkably similar to humans with X-linked hydrocephalus. This includes hydrocephalus, abnormal development of the corticospinal tract, and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and corpus callosum. In this project we propose to test the hypothesis that L1 mediated adhesion is essential for normal development of the cerebellar vermis and that the function of the L1 cytoplasmic domain is essential for development of the corticospinal tract. To do this we will generate new mouse lines with specific alterations in the L1 cytoplasmic domain. We will also analyze mice in which the 6th Ig domain of L1 has been removed, deleting the
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RGD sequence in L1, allowing us to evaluate the difference between L1 homophilic binding and L1-integrin interactions during brain development. Finally, we will undertake the first careful analysis of cerebellar development in mice with altered or absent L1. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHILD NEGLECT--PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES Principal Investigator & Institution: De Bellis, Michael D.; Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: In response to the RFA # OD-99-006, titled Research on Child Neglect, we propose a 5-year cross sectional investigation to non-invasively examine the psychobiological consequences of neglect in children. Child neglect is associated with delays in and deficits of multi-system developmental achievements in behavioral, cognitive and emotional regulation. These findings may be caused by adverse brain development. To this effect, we propose to examine the effects of neglect on the development of biological stress systems, brain maturation and neuropsychological (cognitive) function of prepubertal children. Seventy neglected subjects, age 3 to 10 years, will be enrolled after a recent referral to child protective services (CPS) and who meet pre-determined study criteria for neglect. They will be compared to seventy nonmaltreated sociodemographically similar control children. We are specifically studying this age group because brain maturation measures increase robustly and linearly during this developmental period. Thus, if child neglect is associated with adverse brain development, intervention during this time period could help attenuate these hypothesized brain changes because it is a time of active brain development. 24-hour urinary catecholamine and urinary free cortisol (UFC) concentrations will assess biological stress systems. Brain maturation will be assessed with measures of MRI-based brain morphometry of cerebral volume and cortical myelination (i.e. cortical white matter volume and corpus callosum area). Neuropsychological functioning will assess brain function. Specific aims are to compare measures of biological stress systems, brain maturation, and neuropsychological function in neglected non-physically and nonsexually abused children to non-maltreated sociodemographically similar controls. We hypothesize that compared to controls, neglected non-abused children will show evidence of alterations in biological stress systems and brain maturation and poorer neuropsychological functioning. Secondary aims are to explore clinical summary variable measures of: 1) the subject's neglect, 2) environmental and emotional stimulation, 3) physical growth, and 4) measures of traumatic experiences and symptoms of PTSD, to try and identify the best clinical predictors of outcome measures of biological stress systems, brain maturation and neuropsychological function. Within the neglect group, we expect to identify a subsample with without psychopathology. We will explore these same clinical summary variable measures as well as measures of biological stress systems and brain maturation for protective factors against child psychopathology and delayed neuropsychological function in this resilient subgroup of neglected children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CLINICAL SCHIZOPHRENIA
SYMPTOMS
&
BRAIN
ABNORMALITIES
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Shenton, Martha E.; Professor; Psychiatry; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adopted from the Applicant's Abstract): This is a competitive renewal application for an Independent Scientist award (K02). The Principal Investigator (PI) has previously been funded for a level 1 (K01) and a level (K02) award to investigate brain abnormalities and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia (SZ). Continuation of the K02 will support the PI's research efforts at a crucial time period in her career development. Activities during this time will include: (1) expanding the scope and breadth of understanding of magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging and image processing tools; (2) visiting prominent laboratories outside the current site to increase understanding of different approaches to brain imaging; (3) developing further warping techniques and shape models of regions of interest (ROI) to determine the extent to which automated ROI measures can replace manual measures; (4) presenting research findings at professional meetings to receive feedback from other investigators; (5) applying transcranial magnetic stimulation for the purpose of mapping cognitive speech areas in SZ; (6) delineating further brain abnormalities and their specificity to SZ (see RO1); (7) determining whether brain abnormalities are related to cognitive and clinical symptom clusters (see R01); (8) determining whether any, all, or only some of these abnormalities are static and/or progressive (see RO1); and, (9) determining whether shape deformations are better discriminators than volume measures (see RO1). We will evaluate MRI frontal, temporal, parietal, basal ganglia, thalamus, CSP, PT, cerebellum, fornix, corpus callosum, and sulco-gyral pattern abnormalities in chronic SZ (n=50; 1/2 more positive symptoms and 1/2 more negative symptoms), first episode psychotic patients (n=60 SZs, n=60 bipolar), and controls (n=50 for chronics; n=75 for first episodes). We will conduct MR scans at 1.5 and 3 years to determine which brain regions, in which patient groups, progress over time. It is hypothesized that SZ with more positive symptoms and formal thought disorder will demonstrate MR leftlateralized temporal lobe volume reductions, and cognitive impairments characterized by selective deficits in verbal processes, memory, and associations. In contrast, SZ with more negative/deficit symptoms will demonstrate bilateral temporal and frontal lobe volume reductions that will progress over time, and more cognitive impairments, particularly attention and working memory. Moreover, patients with a greater number and severity of neurodevelopmental abnormalities (e.g., CSP, PT, sulco-gyral pattern) will show a negative symptom pattern (see above), while patients with fewer and less severe neurodevelopmental abnormalities will shoe a positive symptom pattern (see above). We make similar predictions for first episode SZs, though we expect them to show the greatest volume reduction over time. It is expected that these abnormalities and clinical correlates to be specific to SZ and not bipolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMPUTATIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF AGING USING SHAPE ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Davatzikos, Christos; Associate Professor; Radiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The long term goal of this project is to develop the mathematical framework and the computer implementation for quantitatively analyzing brain morphology and characterizing the way it is affected by normal and diseased aging. The basis of this methodological framework is a shape transformation that adapts the morphology of one brain, which is treated as a template, to the morphology of the brain under analysis. This transformation quantifies global and
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local morphological characteristics of the brain under analysis, with respect to the template which serves as a measurement unit. Inter-subject and inter-population comparisons are performed by comparing the corresponding shape transformations. The first specific aim of this project is to develop and validate a geometry-based shape transformation methodology, utilizing anatomical features extracted from MR images. Special emphasis is given to the geometric analysis of the cortical sulci often demarcating the boundaries between different functional cortical regions, and to structural irregularities, such as ventricular expansion and brain atrophy, occurring with aging and brain diseases. The second specific aim is to develop and validate a framework for characterizing shape properties of brain structures, such as local tissue loss and shape abnormalities, utilizing the shape transformation above. Finally, the third specific aim of this project is to test the utility of these methodologies in brain imaging studies, by applying them to a longitudinal study of aging. The goal here is to localize subtle morphological changes occurring in the brain with aging, and to associate such morphological changes with concurrent or subsequent functional and cognitive changes, which might be predictors of Alzheimer's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORPUS CALLOSUM FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH SPINA BIFIDA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hannay, Julia H.; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORPUS CALLOSUM IN MALTREATED CHILDREN WITH PTSD Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaufman, Joan R.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Child abuse occurs at epidemic rates, with victims of abuse comprising a significant proportion of all child psychiatric admissions. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common and often debilitating consequence of early child maltreatment, and currently little is known about the mechanisms that initiate and maintain the symptoms associated with this disorder. Emerging evidence in human and non-human primates suggest that the neurobiological changes associated with early stress may vary at different developmental periods. While much of the preclinical and clinical work on the effects of early stress point to the importance of the hippocampus as a key structure involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD in adults, recent findings suggest that alterations in the corpus callosum may be more prominent in juvenile samples. Consequently, in this study, assessments of the corpus callosum will be obtained using structural and diffusion tensor imaging in three groups of children: 50 maltreated children with PTSD, 50 trauma (e.g., maltreated) controls without psychopathology, and 50 normal controls with no lifetime history of intrafamilial or extrafamilial trauma and no lifetime history of psychopathology. Measures of inter-hemispheric transfer and memory function will also be obtained, together with comprehensive assessments of early trauma, social supports, current life stressors, and family loading for psychopathology. Neuroanatomical assessments will be obtained at baseline, and clinical and psychosocial assessments will be obtained at
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six-month intervals for two years after study intake. It is hypothesized that when compared to trauma and normal controls, maltreated children with PTSD will have reduced cross sectional area of the medial and caudal portions of the corpus callosum, and reduced fractional anisotropy in these regions (e.g., poorer integrity of white matter tracts). No changes in hippocampal volume are expected. A greater loading for anxiety and depressive disorders among first-degree relatives, an absence of positive stable supports, and exposure to ongoing stressors is expected to be associated with more severe PTSD symptomatology at intake, greater persistence of symptoms at follow-up, and more marked neuroimaging abnormalities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CROSS-CULTURAL FASD: BRAIN IMAGING (U24 CORE) Principal Investigator & Institution: Sowell, Elizabeth R.; Assistant Professor; Neurology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overarching goal of this proposed Imaging Core is to understand better the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the structure and function of the developing brain by facilitating the use of advanced brain image processing tools by CIFASD members. One of the key limitations in understanding the role of severe prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing brain has been the limited number of subjects studied by any single research group. It is our intent to use this opportunity to pool structural brain imaging data across multiple research sites by standardizing the imaging protocols used to acquire image data, and standardizing image analysis tools used to compare individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) to controls. We will use our expertise to provide members of the Consortium with access to relatively simple automated image analysis tools that they can use in their laboratories to assess the shape and size of the corpus callosum (CC) and other regularly shaped brain structures. More specialized tools will be developed to assess differences in brain morphology in cortical and subcortical structures and to combine functional and structural MRI data for within-project functional-structural MRI studies. Specifically, our efforts will be directed towards: 1) the standardization of image acquisition protocols and validation of methods for controlling scanner specific geometric distortion through the use of human and mechanical phantom studies; 2) the adaptation of automated image analysis tools for distribution to CIFASD members; 3) adaptation and creation of more sophisticated tools for assessment of brain shape and tissue distribution abnormalities in cortical and subcortical regions, and the refinement of tools designed to facilitate the combination of functional and structural brain imaging data; and 4) the assessment of relationships between brain image data, and data collected by the other CIFASD projects and cores. Consortium members are proposing to collect either functional or structural (or both) brain imaging data from over 470 children and adolescents with FASD and 310 control subjects. The strategies and methods developed within the Imaging Core will for the first time allow the direct comparison of data collected at various sites, dramatically increasing our power to potentially outline diagnostic criteria from brain imaging data, and ultimately to help develop intervention and treatment approaches for FASD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS: FRONTAL LOBE Principal Investigator & Institution: Diamond, Adele D.; Professor, Department of Psychiatry; Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The goals of the proposed research are three:(1) to test children with brain damage localized to frontal cortex on tests (a) which have been linked specifically to frontal cortex function through neuroanatomical and behavioral studies with infant and adult monkeys and (b) on which we know the normal developmental progression in children. Important aspects of this work will be to look for converging evidence from diverse tests all linked to the same subregion of frontal cortex, and to attempt to dissociate performance on these tests from performance on tests linked to other neural circuits. The goal is to develop non-invasive tests capable of detecting frontal cortex damage in infants and young children. Presently such damage often goes undetected for many years because of the lack of such tests. (2) to investigate the relationship of dopamine levels to performance on these tasks, and to begin to investigate the hypothesis that the fundamental maturational change which underlies the emergence of cognitive abilities dependent on frontal cortex during infancy is increasing levels of frontal cortex dopamine. To do this, children with early-treated PKU, who have no known structural brain damage but who are vulnerable to reduced levels of dopamine will be tested. Because their general cognitive functioning is good, if deficits are found they are likely to be selective. If they are selectively impaired on tests of frontal cortex function, this will be the first demonstration in humans of a cognitive deficit on frontal cortex tasks from dopamine depletion alone. Because L-dopa and the dopamine precursor, tyrosine, can be taken orally, there is an excellent chance that if deficits are found, therapeutic interventions will be possible to alleviate any impairments. (3) to better understand the abilities required for success on tasks that depend on frontal cortex function. Hypotheses will be considered that suggest that memory for space, and/or time, or for relational information in general is dissociable from memory for other information and dependent upon frontal cortex function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON THE MOTOR SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalil, Katherine; Professor; Anatomy; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1978; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Interstitial axon branching is an important but little understood mechanism for establishing connections in the developing brain. During development, growth cones, the highly motile tips that explore the environment, direct growing axons into appropriate targets. However, in some tracts of the cerebral cortex, such as the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract, collateral branches extend interstitially from the axon shaft to innervate targets. In previous studies from the principal investigator's laboratory, growth cones of cortical axons were found to undergo pausing and reorganization, leaving behind active regions on the axon from which interstitial branches later developed. Local fragmentation of microtubules was also found to occur at these branch points. The goal of the work in this proposal is to understand the cellular mechanisms that underlie development of interstitial axon branches. In the first specific aim, the influence of target derived cues on branching will be studies by applying FGF-2 either by bath application or locally in the
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form of FGF coated beads to dissociated cultures of developing sensorimotor cortex. Effects on axon outgrowth, growth cones, and branch numbers and locations will be studied by imaging cortical neurons for extended periods of time. In the second aim, reorganization of the cytoskeleton will be studied with high-resolution digital imaging during spontaneous and FGF induced cortical axon branching. Effects on the cytoskeleton and development of branches will also be studied after application of biochemical reagents that experimentally perturb microtubules and actin filaments. To analyze dynamic cytoskeletal changes in developing axon branches and in reorganizing growth cones, microtubules and actin filaments will be labeled by microinjecting cortical neurons with fluorescent probes. Local changes in intracellular calcium levels will also be monitored during branching under normal and experimental conditions. Taken together this work will elucidate mechanisms of axon branching critical for the formation of appropriate connections during development. Results from this work may also have important clinical implications for regenerative sprouting after injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Haznedar, M Mehmet.; Psychiatry; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autism may be due to an abnormal development of a neural network involving-several regions of the brain. The proposed project will be the first to directly examine white matter connectivity in autism. It has been suggested that the dysfunction in the frontal lobe may relate to the characteristic speech problems and that dysfunction in the limbic system, may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the emotional and executive function symptoms of the illness. Compared to control subjects, in the patients with autism the anterior cingulate gyrus, which is a part of the limbic system, showed decreased metabolic rate and structural changes. The anterior cingulate gyrus communicates with many other areas of the brain to coordinate complex behaviors. Communications from this area travel through the axons or white matter of the brain. The axons from the cingulate cortex form the cingulum and this sheaf of communication sweeps up and out of the cingulate. Failure of this communication bundle to systematically find its targets and instead to develop as a tangled and misrouted jumble may explain the disordered executive function and impaired emotional processing in autism. Diffusion tensor imaging makes it possible for the first time to image the direction and alignment of axons in the brain's white matter. This new technique provides a unique opportunity to directly examine quality of white matter connectivity between key brain regions. We propose to collect diffusion tensor MRI scans, anatomical MRI's and PET scans in 30 adult patients with autism spectrum illnesses and 30 healthy control subjects. In the current project along with the cingulum, we will examine the white matter organization in the cerebellar peduncles, striatum, corpus callosum and frontal white matter and will correlate our findings with the clinically distinct presentations of autism spectrum illnesses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EARLY STRESS AND NEURAL SUBSTRATES RELEVANT TO ADDICTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Teicher, Martin H.; Associate Professor; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic repeated stress during childhood has been recognized to be a risk factor for substance abuse and addictive behaviors later in life. At the present time there is little understanding of mechanisms through which this may occur. These studies are designed to test the hypothesis that exposure to chronic repeated stressors during childhood produces a cascade of molecular and cellular events that exert enduring effects on structural and functional brain development, and that these changes are responsible for the enhanced vulnerability to substance use, addiction or relapse. Specifically, 18-22 year old subjects with a history of exposure to harsh stressful corporal punishment (n = 50) will be compared to healthy controls with no history of early stress (n = 50) MRI measures will examine the effects of stress exposure on the morphometry of the corpus callosum, amygdala and cerebellar vermis. Neuronal density/viability in the neocortex and corpus callosum will be assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The corpus callosum will also be assessed using diffusion tensor imaging to provide information on the orientation and quality of nerve fibers passing through the region. T2-relaxometry will be used to assess left-right hemisphere differences in blood flow, and extent of functional activity in the cerebellar vermis. Subjects will receive probe dose challenge of methylphenidate to test the hypothesis that exposure to chronic early stress enhances risk for substance abuse by sensitized dopamine system hemodynamic response to psychostimutants. Subjects will also be exposed to a social stress test to ascertain whether subjects with a history of early repeated stress show enhanced stress responses as late adolescents - early adults. Stress response will be assessed by fluctuations in cortisol, ACTH, vasopressin, oxytocin and heart rate during and following the stressor. Subjects with a history of exposure to repetitive early stress are predicted to have an increased cortisol and ACTH responses to stress, a diminished oxytocin response, and to require a longer recovery period to return to baseline. Overall, these studies will provide new insight into the possible effects of early stress on neural substrates that may mediate substance abuse liability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPERIMENTAL FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Michael W.; Professor and Chair; Neuroscience and Physiology; Upstate Medical University Research Administration Syracuse, Ny 13210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 09-SEP-1991; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The central hypothesis is that prenatal exposure to ethanol induces developmental defects that lead to permanent imbalances in the brain. These imbalances include opposing neurotransmitter systems and ligand-receptor relations. Corollary hypotheses are that the outcomes of ethanol-induced defects are focal hyper-development and mismatches between afferents and their targets. These defects can result from mistiming of developmental events. That is, proper establishment of neural structure is requisite for proper neural function, e.g., behavior and cognition. Prenatal ethanol exposure causes profound deficits in learning and behavior. Indeed, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) affects as many as two of every 100 live births. Human studies point to particular targets of ethanol teratogenicity, however, they are confounded by factors such as the timing, duration and amount of the alcohol exposure, poly-drug use, and nutrition during the pregnancy. A non-human primate model allows us to avoid these confounds and to assess the effects of in utero ethanol exposure per se. The proposed studies will use the brains of monkeys that were exposed to ethanol episodically. Preliminary data show that episodic
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prenatal exposure to ethanol can produce two kinds of anatomical changes- decreases and increases. We will perform five studies of the effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol on the structure of the brains of adolescent non-human primates. The proposed studies will examine structures (1) that are increased in size or (2) that are poorly matched with afferent and efferent nuclei following prenatal exposure to ethanol. The effects of ethanol on interactive, overlapping systems that define neuronal communication will be determined. These systems include (3) glutamatergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) neurons key to cortical circuitry and (4) neurotrophins (and their receptors) that support cortical neurons and apparently underlie the subtle plasticity involved in learning and memory. (5) We will examine the effect of timing and duration of the ethanol exposure on outcomes. These will focus on brainstem nuclei with different developmental origins and sequences of gene expression. The five studies will rely on rigorous stereological analyses of light and electron immunohistochemical microscopic preparations. As a unit, they will provide insight into the etiology and outcomes of ethanol teratogenicity and an anatomical basis for ARND. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FRMI STUDIES OF EMOTION AND COGNITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Wexler, Bruce E.; Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a revised application for renewal of a K02 Independent Scientist Award. During the initial award period, the PI gained expertise in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Skill development focused on learning basic aspects of fMRI methodology, increasing knowledge of human neuroanatomy, developing activation tasks for use during fMRI with particular relevance for studying the neuropathology of schizophrenia, and learning to use the image processing and data analysis software developed at the Yale fMRI Center. Skill development during the requested K02 renewal has two goals: 1) to acquire skills necessary to study interregional structural and functional connectivity; and 2) to learn to use image analysis software developed by research groups other than the Yale group with which the PI has been working. Work done during the initial funding period has led to 18 published peer-reviewed research papers and 5 more research papers are currently under review. The PI is first author on 9 of these papers and senior author on 11. During this period he has been the primary research mentor for 9 younger researchers. They have received 1 R01 grant and 3 foundation grants on which he is the senior co-investigator, and 1 BSTART and 5 NARSAD Young Investigator Awards on which he is the primary mentor. Another R01 grant is being resubmitted after an encouraging review. The proposed research comes almost entirely from two funded R01 projects. On one the applicant is the PI; on the other he is the co-investigator and his colleague, Morris Bell, is the PI. The first R01 supports continued work using memory tests, structural MRI and fMRI to subtype schizophrenia. The second project supports continued development and evaluation of computerized exercises to treat the cognitive deficits in people with schizophrenia. Both projects provide opportunities to develop and apply skills in measurement of inter-regional brain connectivity and in use of new analytic software. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GOAL DIRECTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE BRAIN MICRO IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Jacobs, Russell E.; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Autism is a severe developmental disorder of communication. reciprocal social interaction and repetitive, odd behaviors. Asperger syndrome (AS) shares many features with autism, and may therefore have a largely overlapping, but nevertheless distinguishable pathophysiology. While evidence for a biological basis for autism is substantial little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying the behavioral abnormalities seen in this disorder. Neuropathology and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated clear CNS abnormalities seen in patients with autism. Results from neuroirnaging studies in autism and related disorders, however, have often been difficult to interpret because of clinical heterogeneity of the samples studied. confounding effects of mental retardation. lack of neuropsychological evaluations and hypotheses, and lack of appropriate controls. These factors are even more problematic in the case of AS, given its current uncertain nosological status. necessitating, therefore, careful and comprehensive characterization. The proposed investigation attempts to address these limitations by correlating morphometric studies of the brain with neuropsychological, social-emotional and family genetics data to elucidate the pathophysiological basis of these disorders. Specific Aims Collect Neuroimaging data in a large sample of high-functioning autism (HFA), Aspergers (AS) and control subjects. 1. Perform comprehensive morphmetic assessments using structural MRI data to test the following hypotheses: A. The volume of the amygdala is reduced in HFA compared to matched unaffected controls. B. The volume of select frontal lobe regions is reduced in HFA. C. Brain size is significantly larger in HFA. D. Individuals with HFA have a greater frequency of neurodevelopmental abnormalities (e.g. abnormally thickened cortex). E. The cross-sectional area of posterior regions of the corpus callosum are reduced in HFA F. The neocerebellar vermis is reduced in size in HFA. 2. Stratify the HFA and AS patients using structural MRI data to identify more homogenous diagnostic subtypes. 3. Examine structure -function relationships to test hypotheses that deficits in social-emotional processing and executive functioning correlate with structural MRI findings in the amygdala and frontal cortices. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HEMISPERIC: SPECIALIZATION AND INTERACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Zaidel, Eran; Professor; Psychology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1983; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The proposed research program aims to unravel the persisting mystery of hemispheric specialization and interhemispheric interaction in the human mind/brain. We will carry out coordinated experiments with normal subjects, hemisphere damaged patients, and split brain patients, using convergent behavioral and physiological methods. The program addresses general issues in cognitive neuroscience concerning modularity, intermodular communication, and control of parallel processing in independent modules. A core set of three lateralized behavioral experiments will investigate (1) hemispheric specialization and interdependence, (2) explicit and implicit interhemispheric transfer, and (3) interhemispheric control of parallel processing. Each experimental paradigm
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includes an intrahemispheric component for studying hemispheric independence, and an interhemispheric component for studying interhemispheric interaction and control. The same behavioral experiments will be administered to patients with (1) complete cerebral commissurotomy, (2) agenesis of the corpus callosum, and (3) partial callosotomy, both pre- and post-surgically. The first paradigm is dichotic listening to words and accents. It measures complementary left hemispheric specialization for linguistic phonetic analysis and right hemisphere specialization for social/pragmatic aspects of communication. The second paradigm is lexical decision of lateralized targets with distractors in the opposite visual hemifield. It measures independent word recognition, independent error monitoring in the two hemispheres, and implicit priming across the hemispheres. The third paradigm is perceptual matching of letters by shape or by name within and between the hemispheres. It measures the ability of the hemispheres to process information in parallel in complex tasks. Together, the three experimental paradigms developed in this proposal provide a compact but comprehensive and exquisitely sensitive battery of tests of interhemispheric relations. This battery can then be used for studying individual or group differences in interhemispheric relations in normal and pathological populations, such as acquired aphasia, congenital dyslexia and schizophrenia. Results promise better understanding and possible control and reversal of pathology due to abnormal cerebral activation or impaired interhemispheric communication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VIVO 31P SPECTROSCOPY AND MRI IN ADHD Principal Investigator & Institution: Stanley, Jeffrey A.; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 28-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The neurodevelopmental disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), is one of the most prevalent childhood behavioral disorders, affecting approximately 3% to 9% of the population. ADHD is first diagnosed in children with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Numerous genetic, neuroimaging, molecular and neurochemical studies have provided a greater understanding of the neuropathophysiology of ADHD; however, there are many unanswered questions about ADHD. In vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) is a noninvasive technique that can directly assess the metabolism of membrane phospholipids (MPL) and high-energy phosphates in multiple, localized brain regions. Preliminary results show significant alterations in MPL metabolism and high-energy phosphate utilization in regions associated with the neural networks of attention [prefrontal (PF), basal ganglia and superior temporal] of children and adolescents with ADHD compared to controls. When compared to normal neurodevelopmental data, these alterations appear to deviate from the naturally occuring changes. Additionally, MPL metabolites correlated with sustained attention performance in the PF and inferior parietal of both ADHD and control subjects. In all, these biochemical alterations in ADHD provide evidence of a deficit in regions responsible for the function of attention that are due to underdeveloped neuronal processes and synapses. It is, however, unclear if these alterations have a nonprogressive behavior and as a result also would be present at a relatively earlier stage of illness prior to medication treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess cross-sectionally in vivo 31P metabolite differences from 7 different brain regions between 32 medication-naive children with ADHD and 32 healthy age- and gendermatched controls, using a multi-voxel acquisition schemes. MRI structural
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measurements of total grey and white matter volumes and of key structures also will be obtained. Additionally, metabolite levels for each right and left brain region of interest will be correlated with percent grey and white matter and cerebral spinal fluid in the same region and with the structural measurements. While one would not expect new treatments to emerge directly from this study's findings, the increased molecular/biochemical knowledge of ADHD will anchor future efforts to develop specific somatic treatments for ADHD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERGRATED METHODS FOR MEASURING NEUROANATOMY IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Duncan, James S.; Professor; Diagnostic Radiology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Autism is a complex disorder of early onset, involving odd and repetitive movements, severe social disability, deficits in social cognition, and disruption of language. While the multiple signs and symptoms in autism suggest several different brain systems are likely involved in its pathobiology, it remains the fact that most efforts aimed at the analysis of neuroanatomical structure related to autism from (primarily Magnetic Resonance (MR) images have been limited to the measurement of rather gross features, such as overall brain size and cross sectional area, or measurements of the corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis, using fairly small samples. These limitations are in large part because, to date, manual and computer-assisted, semi-automated segmentation/measurement of neuroanatomy is a tedious, labor-intensive, and costly process, subject to human variability. The research proposed here is aimed at the further development of an image analysis strategy that will accurately, reproducibly, robustly and efficiently analyze neuroanatomical structure relevant to autism from 3D high resolution MR images. At the core of this effort are unique mathematical approaches to: i.) segment cortical structure using coupled differential equations to simultaneously locate the gray/white and gray/CSF surfaces; ii.) segment subcortical structure by adding shape and inter-structure spatial relationship priors to an approach that integrates boundary finding and region growing; and iii.) nonlinearly register regional neuroanatomical structure to create atlases and match them to segmented information for the purpose of labeling cortical gyri and guiding the subcortical segmentation process. A key feature of the approach is that the final labeling and measurement that is performed is done by carefully focusing on individual regions of the brain, one at a time. The accuracy and robustness of the individual algorithm components to imaging parameters, field inhomogeneities and noise will be demonstrated by validating segmentation, registration, labeling and measurement algorithm results from synthetic data created using an MR image simulator against gold standard source images. The utility of the image analysis strategy for deriving robust, accurate measures in a variety of cortical and subcortical brain regions relevant to autism will be evaluated by running the algorithm on a cohort of 30 normal control and 30 subjects having autism and/or related conditions, sampled from a large, well characterized and separately NIH-funded subject database. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF AXONAL SPROUTING IN THE ADULT STRIATUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Chesselet, Marie-Francoise S.; Charles H. Markham Professor of Neurolog; Neurology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract): Anatomical plasticity, for example the sprouting of spared axons after a lesion, is likely to play a critical role in functional recovery after brain injury or neurodegeneration. However the mechanisms of anatomical plasticity in the adult brain remain poorly understood. Recent experimental results demonstrated a lesion-specific axonal sprouting from the homotypic contralateral cortex in the dorsolateral (motor) striatum of adult rats after lesions of the sensorimotor cortex. This axonal sprouting was observed after lesions induced by thermocoagulation of pial blood vessels, which produce a local ischemia in the cortex, but not after aspiration lesions. The goal of the present study is to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this sprouting of corticospinal axons. We will take advantage of the fact that comparable cortical lesions made either by thermocoagulation or by aspiration have different effects on axonal sprouting in the striatum. This will allow us to identify those cellular and molecular mechanisms that are specifically associated with the robust anatomical plasticity seen after ischemic lesions. Recent data from our laboratory have shown that both lesions induce markedly different changes in neuronal activity and patterns of gene expression in the contralateral cortex. In a first set of experiments, we will further identify genes that are likely to be critical for the axonal sprouting by comparing patterns of mRNA expression after the two types of lesions. This will be done first by large scale screening with a DNA micoarray method, followed by confirmation with RT-PCR and mapping at the cellular level with in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. In a second set of experiments we will block the changes in cellular activity in the cortex contralateral to the lesion to elucidate its role in 1) the molecular changes observed after the lesion 2) axonal sprouting. This multidisciplinary approach will allow us to identify the contribution of key molecular and cellular effects to axonal sprouting in the motor striatum. The results will help to understand the mechanisms responsible for differences in anatomical plasticity after various types of brain injury in the adult. This has relevance for the treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, two major health concern and leading causes of disability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MICROSTRUCTURAL BRAIN WHITE MATTER IN AGING & HIV Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Clifford A.; Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an emerging technique combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffusion-weighted pulse sequences with tensor mathematics to encode molecular diffusion in 3-dimensions. Microstructural white matter integrity is known to decrease with increasing age, as well as with HIV-infection. Healthy aging and HIV-infection are associated with a pattern of cognitive deficits that are remarkably similar. Microstructural white matter changes may account for these changes, although the specific relationship to HIV-infection and aging remains to be evaluated. This study is designed to characterize the nature and extent of
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microstructural white matter disease associated with aging and HIV-1 infection and to clarify the association between the identified white matter changes associated with HIVinfection and healthy aging to concurrent neurocognitive performance. We will employ a four group, naturalistic design (30 young HIV-seropositive subjects, 30 older seropositive subjects, 30 young healthy controls, and 30 healthy older controls). In addition to completing a battery of cognitive tests known to be sensitive to frontal lobe and corpus callosal function, subjects will receive MRI and high resolution DTI scans evaluating both whole brain white matter and specific areas of interest (frontal forceps and corpus callosum). We will test the interactive and simple effects of HIV-infection and aging on structure and function with the following aims: Aim 1: To examine the relationship of aging and HIV-1 infection on white matter microstructural integrity. This will be accomplished by employing high-resolution diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate subtle white matter disease through both whole brain analysis and the evaluation of specific regions of interest (frontal forceps and corpus callosum). Aim 2: To evaluate the relationship of aging, HIV-1 infection, and cognitive behaviors associated with frontal lobe functioning. This will be accomplished by comparing group performance on a number of neuropsychological measures of putative frontal lobe function. Aim 3: To examine the regional relationship between measures of frontal lobe function and interhemispheric transfer and microstructural white matter integrity. This will be accomplished by relating markers of white matter microstructure (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity) to concurrent neurocognitive performance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MIDLINE GLIA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Richards, Linda J.; Associate Professor; Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): This application proposes to examine the role that three glial cell populations play in the development of the corpus callosum. One of these populations form the glial sling, a group of cells that underlie the corpus callosum forming a "bridge" between the two hemispheres. Two newly discovered populations are the glial wedge, a group of cells near the midline that are proposed to deflect cortical axons medially and the indusium griseum, a group of glial cells located dorsal to the callosum. The three specific aims proposed in this new application are as follows: (1) characterize the role Emx1 plays in regulating the expression of guidance molecules derived from the glial sling; (2) determine whether two other midline glial populations are also important for midline guidance of cortical axons; and (3) examine the development of midline glial cells in mouse mutants exhibiting an acallosal phenotype i.e. the netrin-1 and DCC mutant mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MODELS INTERACTIONS
OF
NORMAL
&
POSTSTROKE
HEMISPHERIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Reggia, James A.; Professor; Computer Science; University of Maryland College Pk Campus College Park, Md 20742 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Current understanding of the origins of cerebral specialization and of hemispheric interactions is fairly limited. For example, it is unclear which recognized
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cortical asymmetries lead to lateralization, whether the net influence of one hemisphere on the other is excitatory or inhibitory, and to the extent to which the intact contralateral hemisphere contributes to recovery following a cortical lesion such as a stroke. The longterm goal of this work is to gain a better understanding of these issues by developing and studying neural models of emergent hemispheric lateralization and of hemispheric interactions as those models recover from simulated cortical lesions. The models consist of networks of paired left and right cortical regions connected by a simulated corpus callosum. The specific aims are: 1. to test the hypothesis that models have excitatory callosal connections and indirect interhemispheric competition can better explain data from biological/behavioral experiments than previous models; 2. to determine how learning one behavioral task can influence the direction/extent of another task's lateralization; 3. to determine how multiple underlying hemispheric asymmetries in a single model interact, altering the direction/extent of lateralization produced by each alone; and 4. to examine lateralization and post-lesion hemispheric interactions in a neurobiologically-grounded model of associative word learning that is directly comparable to behavioral, clinical and functional imaging data. This is the first systematic attempt to better understand cerebral specialization and transcallosal diaschisis using computational models. The results will directly relate to ongoing experimental work, have important implications for current theories of the mechanisms underlying hemispheric functional asymmetries and post-stroke recovery, and may suggest new therapeutic concepts for stroke patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOTOR LEARNING AND MEMORY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Shadmehr, Reza; Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): When one moves their hand from one point to another, the brain guides the arm by relying on neural structures that estimate physical dynamics of the task and transform the desired motion into motor commands. If our hand is holding an object, the subtle changes in the dynamics of the arm are taken into account by these neural structures and this is reflected in the altered motor commands. These observations have suggested that in generating motor commands, the brain strongly relies on internal models that predict physical dynamics of the external world. The internal models are learned with practice, and appear to be a fundamental part of voluntary motor control. However, we know very little about which neural structures in the brain are involved in formation of internal models for motor control and how they learn to represent these models. Our aim here is to combine behavioral and mathematical tools to infer how humans learn internal models, and how the process is affected when there is damage to specific motor structures in the brain. We approach the problem by considering a task where physical dynamics of reaching movements are altered. As people practice the task, we ask how did an error that was experienced in a given movement affect subsequent movements? We arrive at a generalization function that mathematically describes how the brain changes the internal model in response to an error. The shape of the generalization function predicts the receptive field of the elements that took part in representing the internal model with respect to movement kinematics. We study these generalization functions in position, velocity, and acceleration space of the arm. Preliminary results demonstrate a remarkable similarity between these behaviorally inferred bases and typical tuning properties of cells in the primary motor cortex. This suggests that tuning properties of these cells might be
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reflected in human behavior in the way that we learn and generalize patterns of force. We extend the studies to include generalization from one arm to the other. We further extend the studies to movements where dynamics are not dependent only on arm kinematics, but also on other cues: external cues where dynamics are linked to an arbitrary spatial or color cue, internal cues where dynamics depends on position of a movement with in a sequence. We compare how damage to the brain in Huntington's disease vs. cerebellar disease affects this learning. However, motor memories are not static. Their functional properties change within hours after a task is learned. We ask how this change affects the generalization function. Is the brain different in the way it responds to an error after a memory has consolidated vs. early in the learning phase? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEAR INFRARED PROBE FOR LOCALIZATION IN DBS Principal Investigator & Institution: Giller, Cole A.; Associate Professor; Neurological Surgery; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Localization of gray matter/white matter borders is critical to the accurate placement of electrodes for deep brain stimulation (DBS). These neuroanatomical borders are traditionally identified using CT and MR imaging, aided by microelectrode recording (MER) techniques. This project will evaluate the ability of an intracranial probe utilizing near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to identify differences between gray and white matter to localize small targets as required for placement of DBS leads and other stereotactic surgeries. Localization with the NIR probe will be validated with standard MER techniques as well as with perioperative imaging. The time required for use of the NIR probe will be compared to that of MER. If validated, use of this NIR probe would lessen the difficulty of intraoperative localization. There will be three specific aims: (1) the NIR probe will first be used in a rodent model, where pilot data has verified the ability to accurately detect the white matter track of the corpus callosum. Sites with different white matter thickness will be used to test the resolution of the probe, and NIR data will be compared to post-mortem localization of the probe in histologic sections; (2) an NIR probe has been designed for simultaneous microelectrode recording that will be tested in the rodent model to acquire NIR and MER data simultaneously. This probe will then be used in rodents and humans to more precisely define the ability of the NIR probe to provide localization of the fine layers of gray and white matter. In humans, particular attention will be given to localization of layers at the base of the thalamus and pallidum that is required for definitive placement of DBS electrodes; and (3) refine the development of the NIR method. The proposed studies seek to validate and further develop a new method for precise localization of important subcortical structures commonly encountered in stereotactic surgery for Parkinson's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEUROANATOMIC/PSYCHOLOGIC ANALYSES OF FAS/FAE DEFICITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Streissguth, Ann P.; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research proposes to extend the successful work already completed in quantifying the neuroanatomic abnormalities underlying
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neuropsychological deficits among people with brain damage caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Although Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a distinct diagnostic entity, it conceals substantial variability of deficits. Many individuals with substantial prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit dysfunctional behaviors that appear to be CNS-based, but do not have facial manifestations of FAS. These features are sometimes referred to as possible fetal alcohol effects (FAE). In prior work, we developed and demonstrated a new method of shape analysis targeting the corpus callosum (CC) that was above 80% accurate in separating FAS/FAE from controls, using a symmetrical four-quadrant data set of male and female adolescents and adults across three diagnostic groups: FAS, FAE, and age/sex matched non-exposed controls. Using newly developed methods, we now propose to reanalyze these magnetic resonance images for additional brain structures, targeting the cerebellum, and to compare these images with the full battery of neuropsychological tests obtained on our 180 subjects. We hypothesize that these new image analyses will reveal significant differences in mean or variance of brain form between FAS/FAE and controls, that FAS and FAE will not differ from each other, and that distinct profiles of association will be observed between neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. Over three years, we will pursue four aims: (1.) To quantify new morphological data from existing magnetic resonance images, to examine additional curves and shapes on and near the cerebellum that will be combined with CC and gray/white matter volumes in detecting FAS/FAE; (2.) To examine the behavioral phenotype of FAS/FAE, using already collected data augmented with new scores from existing data, to study the other three quadrants of subjects for profiles of Executive Function and Motor Function deficits that were related to different CC shape anomalies in adult males; (3.) To conclude the full four-quadrant neuroanatomic/neuropsychologic analysis, using the new data on cerebellar shape and size combined with the augmented behavioral phenotype data; (4.) To develop a datadriven diagnostic protocol based on the principles already demonstrated and utilizing entire data sets from both imaging and behavior. This will be the first systematic study to move directly from state-of-the-art image analysis techniques and neuropsychological testing, to a diagnostic protocol with practical utility, filling a compelling need for diagnosing fetal alcohol brain damage in adolescents and adults and in the absence of the typical facial characteristics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROANATOMICAL AND NEUROFUNCTIONAL CORRELATES OF COGNITIVE COMPETENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hopkins, William D.; Professor; Georgia State University University Plaza Atlanta, Ga 30303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The proposed studies will examine the neurobiological basis of cognitive functions from a comparative perspective. Both structural and functional differences in brain organization will be investigated in relation to various cognitive functions in primates. The focus of this application is on the emergence of hemispheric specialization in relation to the evolution of overall brain organization and cognitive functions from a comparative primate perspective Specifically, in addition to global changes in size and neocortical organization, the brain has become increasingly lateralized in both function and structure in primate evolution. One aim of the proposed studies is comparatively to examine global brain organization and lateralization relation to cognitive in monkeys and chimpanzees. Neuroanatomic and cognitive data will be collected in the same subjects and will therefore will resolve the existing problem of mixing data sets from
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different investigators. A second aim of this study is to derive measures of functional asymmetry in monkeys and chimpanzees for specific cognitive functions and to map these performance asymmetries onto structural features of asymmetry. A third aim of this research is to determine localized and lateralized cognitive functions in monkeys and chimpanzees using rapid-sequence transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). In addition, individual and species variation in lateralized cognitive functions using rTMS will be correlated with area differences in corpus callosum morphology and neuroanatomical asymmetry. In part, this determination will be made by disrupting attention, executive functioning, or symbolic processing by stimulating specific regions of the cortex in monkeys and chimpanzees. Of particular interest will be the determination of whether langauge-trained chimpanzees have the functional equivalent of Broca's and Wernicke's areas. These studies will elucidate distal mechanisms involved in the evolution of human cognition including language and will provide for a better understanding of neural mechanisms involved in higher-order cognitive functions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROANATOMY OF ADULT ADHD: AN MRI MORPHOMETRIC STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Seidman, Larry J.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: During the last 10-15 years, it has been gradually recognized that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) persists into late adolescence and adult life in a substantial number of cases. While there are pockets of information which provide clues to neurobiologic abnormalities in ADHD at different age periods (structural brain abnormalities in boys, small samples demonstrating functional brain abnormalities in adults), there is very little systematic neurobiological information on ADHD throughout life. In particular, there is a paucity of neurobiological research in adults with the syndrome. The identification and integration of neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, and functional brain abnormalities in ADHD is crucial for identifying neurobiological mechanisms and improving treatment. Such information is necessary to help clarify the neurodevelopmental evolution of the disorder, treatment response, and the meaning of the disorder to patients, families and clinicians. In light of evidence of clinical continuity between pediatric and adult ADHD, we expect similarities in brain dysfunction across the life cycle. We hypothesize that a key brain abnormality in ADHD involves frontalstriatal circuitry reflected in neurocognitive deficits in attention and executive functions (especially working memory and inhibition). A primary goal of this study is to identify brain and neuropsychological abnormalities in ADHD across life, focusing on inhibition, working memory and vigilance, and the brain structures responsible for these functions. We propose to use state-of-the- art morphometric and functional measures (Counting Stroop, "Two- back" and CPT) of magnetic resonance images (MRI) to evaluate adults with ADHD and their ADHD children. These tools will allow a comprehensive and highly detailed analysis of the brain circuitry putatively abnormal in ADHD: dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex, caudate and pallidum, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, anterior cingulate, cerebellum, and corpus callosum. Because ADHD is very heterogeneous, with substantial psychiatric and cognitive comorbidity (i.e., learning disabilities), it is crucial to study a large enough sample to gain a comprehensive understanding of the disorder (n=140 ADHD adults, n=120 adult controls; 75 ADHD offspring, 75 control offspring). The proposed study will enable us to evaluate the effects of comorbidity, family history, gender, and genetic factors on brain abnormalities in
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ADHD. Finally, the feasibility and cost effectiveness of the proposed study is quite high because it builds on a large, systematic, ongoing study (MH 57934) which will provide all clinical data on ADHD, and on ongoing relationships between investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROBIOLOGY OF AUTISM & RELATED CONDITIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Levitt, Jennifer; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: New neuroscientific methods are required to better define the relationships of aberrant brain morphology in schizophrenia. Focusing on structures as part of complex functional circuitry is extremely important for isolating pathology in schizophrenic brains. Mapping variability in isolated structures is however necessary to reveal the unique variability within populations and to provide a quantitative measurement of anatomical displacement in diseased brains. Such methods promise to answer questions about the relationships between neuroanatornical structures in schizophrenia and in normal controls. For example, the corpus callosum may not differ across populations by conventional morphometric measurements, including area, length and width. However, analysis of shape, curvature and variability within the structure may reveal that the callosum, is displaced in the vertical axis in schizophrenic patients as compared to normal controls. The curvature too may be different. Such findings imply that the callosum is displaced by the underlying anatomy and this displacement is unique to schizophrenic brains. Furthermore, the altered location of a structure may reciprocally affect the displacement of other structures. Sirnilarly, analysis of regions of variability within the lateral ventricles may reveal subtle complex differences between populations whether or not there is ventricular enlargement. These methods can also point to otherwise indistinguishable asymmetries in neuroanatomy. Variability and displacement maps can therefore provide distinct hypothese s about morphological changes in schizophrenic patients and elucidate the developmental changes that may be causal to the syndrome. These methods along with traditional structural parameter analysis and tissue segmentation can give us invaluable insight into pathological processes in schizophrenia. Such findings can, (1) support links between neuroanatomical abnormalities and behavior; (2) provide clues to timing in anomalous neurodevelopment; (3) guide us to the regions where neuroanatomy is maximally displaced; (4) allow us to follow the progression of neuroanatomical changes in individual schizophrenic patients over time; (5) compare regions of variability between schizophrenia subgroups and their differences from normal populations. Specific neuroanatomic loss of volume may also be located by the relationships of displacement within functional circuitry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEURODEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIENCE: BEHAVIOR, QEEG AND MRI Principal Investigator & Institution: Als, Heidelise; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: The period from 28 to 30 weeks gestation is one of significant neurological reorganization, initiating the beginning of fetal behavioral individually and maintenance of extrauterine survival. Infants born at this transitional stage, the fastest
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growing and largest segment of the PT infant (PT) population, later on exhibit unexpectedly significant brain dysfunction and remain at risk well into school age. Up to 52 percent of such infants present with deficits in psychomotor, cognitive, and attentional function, emotional vulnerability and substandard school performance, all thought to be due to a central deficit in processing complex information and attributable to association cortical frontal systems. It is postulated that such a central deficit may result from increased vulnerability of cerebral white matter during the last trimester of gestation, its phase of most rapid development. Persistent stress due to inappropriate sensory stimulation is thought to contribute to such alteration of early brain structure and function. The aim of the proposed study is to identify specific adaptations of the PT brain in the last 12 weeks of gestation to the transient experience of the NICU environment in order to estimate the potential of such experience in remodeling neuroanatomical structure and neurodevelopmental function. A prospective randomized clinical trial will be conducted. Sixty medically healthy PTs born between 28 and 30 weeks will be randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions, representing measurably different NICU experiences, standard care (SC) and developmental care (DC). They will be compared to 30 healthy full-term infants (FT). All 90 infants will be assessed at 42 w postconceptional age in three neurodevelopmental domains, neurobehavioral function (APIB; Prechtl), neuroelectrophysiological function (qEEG; FVER), and neuroanatomic structure (3D-MRI; DTI). Specific regions of interest investigated will be the early maturing occipital lobe and the later maturing frontal lobe and corpus callosum structures. It is hypothesized that PTs who receive DC will demonstrate regionally specific brain enhancement within domain compared to PTs who receive SC. Furthermore, such PTs will be more similar to FTs that PTs who receive SC. MANOVA will be employed by domain in order to test this hypothesis. Canonical correlations will be used to examine the relationships among and within the domains. It is anticipated that the proposed study will demonstrate for the first time the effect of experience on the remodeling of higher order neurofunctional and neuro structural processes, and will suggest and approach for later deficit amelioration, relevant to the largest segment of the PT population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF AUTISM SPECTRUM CONDITIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schultz, Robert T.; Associate Professor; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect multiple functional systems, including reciprocal social behavior, communication and behavioral regulation. This suggests that multiple brain systems are involved in their pathobiology. This project will use high resolution structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on participants recruited through the Family Genetics study (Project 2) in order to test several current hypotheses about neural systems affected by ASDs. Our preliminary studies show significant brain volume increases, as well as some regionally specific increases and decreases in ASDs. The literature in these areas is not always consistent, and it seems likely that heterogeneity due to ASD subtypes contributes to uncertainty in this area. By adding to our already large, well characterized sample, we will be in good position to stratify subjects along more informative dimensions, which may involve use of Family Genetics data. We rely heavily on results from our ongoing fMRl studies to guide our selection of brain regions for morphometric analyses. DTI will be used to test the integrity of cerebral white matter. Recent studies have suggested that white matter
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abnormalities may figure prominently in the pathobiology of the ASDs. We propose to collect MRI data on 120 persons with an ASD, and 50 controls, yielding a combined total of 95 persons with high functioning autism (HFA), 95 persons with Asperger syndrome (AS) and 30 persons with PDD NOS to test the following hypotheses: - Brain volume is increased in persons with an ASD - Cerebral white matter volume is increased in persons with an ASD - Fractional anisotropy is reduced throughout the cerebral white matter, and at boundaries to key gray matter nodes in our model of the social brain Cross sectional area and fractional anisotropy of the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum is reduced in persons with an ASD, and - The gray matter volume of specific areas of the medial prefrontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and the amygdala are significantly altered in persons with an ASD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROLOGIC & COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF CALLOSOTOMY PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gazzaniga, Michael S.; Director and Professor; Psychological & Brain Scis; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The corpus callosum, which connects the two cerebral hemispheres, is the largest fiber tract in the human brain. This fiber tract is severed in patients who undergo complete callosotomy, resulting in a disconnection of the hemispheres at the cortical level. Lateralized testing of these patients can reveal dramatic hemispheric differences in perceptual and cognitive processing, yet paradoxically, their behavior often appears fully integrated. The purpose of this proposal is to investigate the role of the corpus callosum and non-callosal mechanisms in interhemispheric integration. It has been suggested that intrahemispheric processing is more efficient than interhemispheric processing and therefore processing will tend to occur within one hemisphere when task demands are low. As task demands increase, however, research has demonstrated that the other hemisphere is increasingly recruited, requiring integration of information and resources between the two hemispheres. To determine the role of the corpus callosum in interhemispheric integration, we plan to continue behavioral testing of complete callosotomy patients. In addition, we are expanding our patient population to include those with partial lesions of the corpus callosum in order to characterize the role of callosal subregions in interhemispheric integration. Proposed experiments also incorporate new methodologies, specifically, diffusion tensor imaging, functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological recording of neural activity. Our research proposal centers on four specific aims. The first aim is to investigate the role of specific callosal regions in the binding of visual features into unified object representations. The second aim is to explore the effect of hemispheric specialization and task difficulty on the deployment of processing resources. The third aim is to investigate the effect of hemispheric differences in spatial representation on the integration of perception and movement between the two hemispheres. The fourth aim explores the extent to which the disconnected hemispheres are able to monitor and respond to processing events in the other hemisphere. Taken together, this research will provide important insights into the specialized roles of the two hemispheres and the ways in which they interact via the corpus callosum and non-callosal mechanisms Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOTO-INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Koh, John T.; Associate Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Delaware Newark, De 19716 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many gene products critically involved in development elicit their effects through their unique spatial and temporal patterning in tissues. The complexity of these developmental processes is highlighted by neurogenesis, which involves the actions of dozens of temporally and spatially patterned molecular guidance cues. The co-spatial presentation of multiple molecular cues involved in the guidance of neurons makes controlled study of these molecular interactions in vivo a formidable challenge. We have recently developed a new method to control the spatial and temporal expression of genes in cultured cells (in vitro) in a light-directed manner using photo-caged agonists of nuclear hormone receptors. This method will be used to investigate the effects of spatially and temporally patterned axon guidance cues that cannot be adequately addressed by any current method. NgCAM is the avian homolog of mammalian L1, a biomedically important protein associated with the X-linked mental retardation syndrome CRASH (Corpus callosum agenesis, Retardation, Abducted thumbs, Spastic paraplegia, Hydrocephalus). NgCAM is an important cell surface protein that is involved in guiding axons during brain development. The ability of spatially discrete patterns of NgCAM to direct neurite outgrowth when presented in a biologically relevant manner on cell surfaces in cultured cell monolayers will be explored. The ability of both binary (on/off) patterns and gradients of NgCAM to direct and influence axon extension will be investigated through controlled in vitro co-culture experiments. The unique ability of this light-activated expression system to create transient expression patterns will be used to dissect the role of NgCAM in promoting axon extension versus sustaining extended axons. "Moving" patterns of expressed NgCAM will be used to assess the ability of NgCAM to redirect axons once extended. Because many events in neurogenesis involve the combined actions of multiple genes expressed within the same tissue, light-activated gene expression will be further developed to permit the independent cospatial control of multiple genes products in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REPAIR AND REGENERATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Barres, Ben A.; Assistant Professor; Neurobiology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-JAN-1996; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: We propose to investigate why central visual pathways fail to regenerate after injury and how their repair can be enhanced. We will focus on the mechanisms that normally control the survival and growth of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. The rat optic nerve, which mainly consists of RGC axons, astrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes, will be used as a model system. The survival of RGCs and their axons is normally controlled by peptide signals such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that are released by neighboring cells-tectal target neurons and optic nerve glia-and retrogradely transported to the RGC soma. When RGC axons are cut, their axons degenerate and the RGCs themselves undergo apoptosis, because they fail to get needed survival signals. In addition, we have recently found that electrical activity of RGCs is necessary for responsiveness to these peptide trophic signals and that axotomized RGCs quickly lose responsiveness to peptide trophic
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signals. These findings raise a question: do RGC axons fail to regenerate after injury primarily because RGCs fail to receive and respond to signals necessary to promote their survival and growth? Alternative hypotheses are that RGCs lose the ability to regenerate axons with age or that regrowing axons are inhibited by myelin and other inhibitors. We have developed methods to purify and culture to greater than 99.5 percent purity rodent RGCs, optic nerve astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. RGCs are presently the only CNS neuron that can be highly purified and cultured in defined serum-free conditions, providing us with an unusually good opportunity to investigate the signals that normally promote their survival and growth and how these mechanisms go awry after injury. We have also recently shown that bcl-2 expression is sufficient to promote the survival of purified RGCs in culture in the absence of peptide signals. We will use these methods to ask: (1) What extrinsic signals promote axon growth of surviving RGCs?, (2) Is there an effect of intrinsic neuronal age on the rate of axonal growth of surviving RGCs?, (3) Are surviving RGCs inhibited by myelin and semaphorins?, (4) How do electrical activity and CAMP elevation control trophic responsiveness of RGCs and does axotomy decrease RGC electrical activity?, and (5) Will surviving RGCs regenerate their axons in vivo? Our ultimate goal is to understand why RGCs fail to survive and regenerate after axotomy. This could suggest new ways of promoting their regeneration after injury in ocular diseases including glaucoma, retinal ischemia, optic neuritis, ischemia and neuropathy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNDROME
SCHIZOPHRENIA
PREDISPOSITION
IN
22Q11
DELETION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Shashi, Vandana; Pediatrics; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 05-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by investigator): Schizophrenia is increasingly viewed as a neurodevelopmental disorder, but prospective studies of the etiology and premorbid manifestations are hampered by the lack of a homogeneous study population. Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is an autosomal dominant microdeletion syndrome, associated with congenital abnormalities, cognitive impairment and a markedly increased incidence (40%) of schizophrenia and other major psychoses in late adolescence/adulthood. Due to the relatively recent discovery of the relationship between 22q11DS and psychosis - there is little knowledge regarding the pathogenesis and the clinical course of psychoses in these individuals. We hypothesize that a subset of nonpsychotic children with 22q11DS will exhibit elevated rates of schizophrenic-like cognitive/behavioral/neurodevelopmental deficits. Theoretical evidence suggests that such deficits in nonpsychotic individuals predict a heightened risk of psychosis in late adolescence/adulthood. We propose a cross-sectional study on 35 children with 22q11DS and 35 age and gender matched healthy control subjects. The study will assess medical status, pedigree data, neurodevelopmental history, intellectual ability, psychometric/biobehavioral/neurocognitive measures of risk for schizophrenia and structural brain abnormalities by morphometric analyses. Our preliminary data on 13 children with 22q11DS and 13 control subjects indicate that children with 22q11DS exhibit higher rates of deficits in sustained attention and executive functioning. On brain MRI, midline deviations such as cavum septum pellucidum/vergae are common (7/13 patients). The corpus callosum (CC) area and the area of the isthmus of the CC are increased in the 22q11DS patients. On correlating the neuropsychological and MRI findings, increasing size of the genu of the CC is associated with decreasing verbal IQ
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and verbal learning and memory. Thus, our findings are suggestive of increased rates of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical abnormalities in children with 22q11DS. Further characterization of these abnormalities in the proposed cross-sectional study will form the basis of a future longitudinal study of risk for schizophrenia and other psychoses in these children. The successful characterization of schizophrenic-like deficits should facilitate the identification of individuals at high-risk. The strengths of the proposed study are that we would examine vulnerability associated with a specific genetic abnormality, integrate measures from a variety of medical and psychological domains, and ascertain a sample for longitudinal study of risk for developing schizophrenia and related disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEX SCHIZOPHRENIA II
&
STRUCTURAL
BRAIN
ABNORMALITIES
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldstein, Jill M.; Psychiatry; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The investigators are proposing a 5-year competing continuation study to test the hypothesis that one's sex modifies brain volume abnormalities in schizophrenia (SCZ) in areas that are normally sexually dimorphic and places males at higher risk for more severe cognitive consequences than females with SCZ. Based on preliminary findings in MH56956 and others' work, they predict that males and females will differ in volumetric reductions in specific cortical regions and their associated areas in the corpus callosum, differences will contribute to explaining more severe verbal learning/memory deficits in males. Further predictions that these "sex-specific " cortical reductions in SCZ will more likely be associated with prenatal insults than with peri/postnatal insults. Finally, we will test whether prenatal insults result in similar sex-specific cortical volumetric reductions in subjects with SCZ compared with affective psychoses. A unique opportunity to test the hypotheses using subjects who were originally ascertained from a community sample of pregnancies from the Providence and Boston cohorts of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP). Pregnancies were followed prospectively, bloods were drawn from mothers, and the children were regularly evaluated up to age 7. Serologic assays of exposures are currently being conducted at no cost to this proposal. From the NCPP sample, the investigators have been conducting a case-control study, in which they will have systematically located, recruited and diagnosed 123 DSM-IV psychotic cases, approximately 60 percent with SCZ and 40 percent with affective psychoses, who are now 3340 years of age. Subjects and their parents are evaluated clinically, and family history information (i.e. potential genetic vulnerability) is obtained. Cases are individually matched to normal controls based on age, sex, ethnicity, study site, and history of obstetric insults. In the proposed study, expectations to successfully reascertain 105 of these cases and 105 matched controls to conduct structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a cognitive battery focused on the components of verbal learning/memory. The investigators are using a sophisticated parcellation technique of MR scans that reliably identifies gray and white matter in cortical and subcortical regions. The tests of the hypotheses will provide us with knowledge about the relationships between brain morphology and cognition in SCZ, how one's sex may modify these relationships, the potential role of the timing of insults in producing these abnormalities, and whether the impact of sex is disease-specific or shared by another
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illness, suggesting some robust properties of the normal female and male brain in the face of disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VARIABILITY
SPINA
BIFIDA:
COGNITIVE
AND
NEUROBIOLOGICAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Fletcher, Jack M.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-MAR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Spina bifida meningomyelocele is the major severely disabling birth defect in North America, but our knowledge of the factors responsible for neurobehavioral outcome is fragmentary. The program project aims to make these fragments coherent. The overall objective of this program project is to identify sources of variability-genetic, environmental, and CNS-that explain variations in the neurobehavioral outcomes of children with spina bifida meningomyelocele and hydrocephalus (SBH). To accomplish this objective, we propose to evaluate 583 children with spina bifida and 159 controls in five projects and three cores at two primary data collection sites: the University of Texas-Houston Medical School and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Project 1 (Genetics; Northrup, P.I.) evaluates genetic factors associated with spina bifida and related neural tube defects in Hispanic and Caucasian cohorts. Approximately 100 candidate genes will be tested and a genome-wide search will be initiated that permits testing of 150 of 330 possible markers. Projects 2 (Early Learning; Landry, P.I.) is a longitudinal study of infants with SBH from 7-36 months of age. This study addresses the relationship of core neurobiological deficits and the environment in producing early learning deficits in children with SBH. Project 3 (Cerebellum; Dennis, P.I.) evaluates the role of cerebellum/midbrain dysmorphology in producing the motor, spatial, and attentional deficits associated with SBH. Project 4 (Corpus Callosum; Hannay, P.I.) examines the corpus callosum anomalies characteristic of SBH in relationship to interhemispheric transmission and hemispheric specialization. Project 5 (Discourse and Academic Skills; Barnes, P.I. evaluates factors producing deficits in discourse, reading comprehension, and math in children with SBH. These 5 projects are supported by an Administrative Services Core (A; Fletcher, P.I.), Subject Recruitment and Evaluation Core (B; Fletcher, P.I.), and Database, Computer, and Statistics Core (C; Francis, P.I.) Core B provides for comprehensive medical, neuroimaging and psychometric evaluations of each child. Core C provides databases, project-specific data analyses, and overall data analyses. Altogether, this comprehensive program project should facilitate an integrated, multi-disciplinary understanding of spina bifida, a common and significantly handicapping disability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC BRAIN MRI IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Brandt, Michael E.; Director; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: Increasingly, clinical and non-human primate studies suggest that dysfunction in identified neural networks linking the limbic structures and the prefrontal cortex results in behavioral and emotional patterns that resemble autism. Neuroimaging techniques to date have not consistently identified brain abnormalities associated with autism. This likely due to heterogeneity of autistic populations,
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inadequate control populations and limitations of previous imaging techniques themselves. This project will use technological advances in structural and spectroscopic magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI and 1/H-MRSI and 1/H- MRSI) to investigate abnormalities in identified limbic-prefrontal neural networks and determine their association with autism. Seventy-two children and adolescents with autism aged 7;0 to 18;11 years and a group comparable in age, gender and IQ without autism will receive high resolution sMRI. From the MR images, total and separate brain tissue (white matter/gray matter, cerebrospinal fluid) volume measurements will be performed (a) on the different structures of the limbic regions, i.e. the amygdala and hippocampus and (b) on two regions of the prefrontal cortex, i.e., the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral white/gray matter volume differences in orbitofrontal cortex of all autistic people as compared to control subjects; that volumetric differences in the structures of the MORB/AMYG circuit will correlate more strongly with neuropsychological test indices measuring functions of the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex, and clinical and behavioral measures of autistic symptoms (e.g. severity of autism), than with IQ measures; and that the dorsolateral prefrontal-hippocampal (DL/HIPPO) circuit will be more severely affected in low-functioning children and adolescents with autism than in high-functioning children and adolescents with autism and controls. In addition, a subgroup of subjects including 20 young high- functioning children and adolescents persons with autism, age 11; 0 to 18; 11 years and 20 controls matched for age, gender, IQ, and handedness will receive 1/H-MRSI to assess the chemical composition for identified cerebral areas. In addition, all monkeys with infant and adult lesions in defined cerebral structures will be behaviorally tested (Project III) and imaged using the same technique to identify brain regions affected by the early versus late damage to the amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex. We hypothesize that abnormalities seen in higherfunctioning children and adolescents with autism will be localized in the MORB/AMYG circuit, and those seen in the DL/HIPPO circuit will be associated with intellectual impairment; abnormalities of NAA reflecting alterations in neuronal integrity of the M-ORB-AMYG in autistic people will more strongly correlate with clinical and behavioral traits of autism as well as with scores on neuropsychological tasks measuring function of the M- ORB/AMYG circuit (Project I); in monkeys, we hypothesize that an early (infantile) lesion within the M-ORB/AMYG circuit (Project III) will have functional ramifications in other neural circuits (DL/HIPPO) and that the same lesion performed in adulthood will not have the same widespread impact. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURAL MR ANALYSES OF DRUG EXPOSED BRAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kosofsky, Barry E.; Associate Professor of Neurology; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our group proposes experiments to utilize automated segmentation tools that have been utilized on Adult MRIs to analyze a set of structural MR scans obtained from children exposed to cocaine in utero. The analysis will include both shape and contour analysis of subcortical structures, as well as the analyses of cortical structures including measurement of cortical volume, surface area, thickness, and folding pattern of the entire cortex parcellated in to specific cortical areas. By forming a collaborative imaging alliance at Brown University, our proposal will be focused on studying structural MR data from cocaine and alcohol exposed 8 to 12-yearolds. To date he and his imaging group have collected data from 14 such individuals, which we have analyzed and provide pilot data from, thereby demonstrating the
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feasibility and analytic power of the proposed studies. The biologic hypotheses to be tested on the drug exposed population, supported by per preliminary data, is that cocaine and alcohol induced alterations in brain development produce specific alterations in the size and shape of particular subcortical structures, and in the volume and folding pattern of particular cortical areas. Our study of shape analysis has initially focus on the corpus callosum, which in previous studies by others was shown to be altered in shape as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol. Our morphometric studies have focused on particular cortical (orbito-frontal, frontal, and anterior cingulate) and subcortical (caudate, putamen) structures that we hypothesize are specifically altered by prenatal exposure to cocaine, with resulting functional deficits in attention, reactivity, and responsivity. We additionally propose experiments to validate our automated segmentation and morphometric methods to identify cocaine and alcohol-induced differences in the size, shape and contour brain structures of exposed children. By developing and applying such tools we will not only address a clinically important problem, but we will develop methods that will be of general value to others pursuing pediatric neuroimaging studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Peters, Alan; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: In this resubmission, Project 5 of the original proposal has been deleted, but the study of the age-related changes in layer 1 of cerebral cortex has been retained and is now included in this Project. This Project will define the structural changes that occur with age in the central nervous system. By using middle aged monkeys we will determine when these changes first occur, and because all monkeys are behaviorally tested, we will relate structural changes to cognition. The study of layer 1 is retained because we have found that the age-related thinning and the loss of synapses from layer 1 is the most obvious change in the cortex, and in area 46 we have shown that these changes correlate with both age and cognitive decline. We need to know if these changes are ubiquitous, and so we propose to examine layer 1 in entorhinal cortex and in area 17 to ascertain if age produces similar changes in these cortices and if they also correlate with cognitive decline. We need to know if these changes are ubiquitous, and so we propose to examine layer 1 in entorhinal cortex in area 17 to ascertain if age produces similar changes in these cortices and if they also correlate with cognitive decline. Another major goal is to further pursue the breakdown of myelin sheaths we have shown to occur with age: we believe that this breakdown brings about cognitive decline through alterations in conduction rates, affecting timing in neuronal circuits. The two model systems we have chosen to examine myelin breakdown brings about cognitive decline through alterations in conduction rates, affecting timing in neuronal circuits. The two model systems we have chosen to examine myelin sheaths, nerve fiber loss, and active phagocytosis undertaken by both astrocytes and microglial cells. We will also examine the splenium of the corpus callosum, the vertical nerve fiber bundles in area 46, the optic radiations, and the fornix, for additional information about age-related nerve fiber changes and loss with age. Our data on the myelin breakdown in the cerebral cortex and the splenium will be correlated state of the myelin sheaths whose composition is being examined in Project 2. Another aim is to use antibodies to label microglial cells and oligodendrocytes to determine how these neuroglial types respond to age changes in white matter. We will determine when microglial cells first become
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activated and whether some fiber pathways are more affected than others. For oligodendrocytes, it is intended to determine if they increase in frequency with age, in response to the breakdown of their myelin sheaths. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURAL SUBSTRATES OF SYNAPSE PLASTICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenough, William T.; Swanlund Professor of Psychology,; Psychology; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1983; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): While neuroscience has made rapid advances with regard to the molecular biology of the brain, the lack of knowledge at more molar levels has sometimes been disarmingly surprising, as in the belated recognition of postdevelopmental neurogenesis in at least some regions of the adult brain. Our knowledge of the plasticity of nonneural cells in the CNS is even more limited than our knowledge of neuronal plasticity, aside from studies of single gene mutations and pathology. It is clear from our work that astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and vascular tissue exhibit morphological plasticity in response to experience that often quantitatively equals or exceeds the plasticity seen in neuronal measures such as dendritic field dimensions and synapse numbers. We have found, for example, dramatic increases in myelination of the corpus callosum in adult rats exposed to a complex environment. There is abundant evidence that these supporting cells can affect information processing by neurons in significant ways such as modulating synaptic efficacy in response to propagated calcium waves in astrocytes, selectively increasing axonal conduction and altering gene expression patterns in the neurons they envelop. Moreover, while there is controversy regarding post-developmental neurogenesis in regions outside of the dentate gyrus and basal forebrain-olfactory bulb, there is wide agreement that glial and vascular tissue continue to proliferate into adulthood in at least most brain regions in which this has been investigated. Indeed a principal difficulty in demonstrating neurogenesis has been differentiating it from proliferation of glial and vascular tissues. Yet we know very little about proliferation and plasticity of these support tissues and how they might contribute to brain function. This research proposes to examine the effects of experience upon neurogenesis and non-neuronal cells of the cerebral cortex, to sort out regulatory effects upon proliferation and hypertrophy and the neural mechanisms mediating these regulatory effects. The experiential manipulation to be used, exposure to a complex physical and social environment, has dramatic effects on cerebral cortical organization, nearly doubling, for example, vascular volume per neuron, compared to that of rats reared in individual laboratory cages. Studies are proposed to investigate the effects of experience upon the proliferation and modification of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia and vasculature in the context of experience effects upon the plasticity of neurons and their synapses, using DNA-labeling, protein-impregnating and optical and electron microscopic methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF ALCOHOL INDUCED BRAIN DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Meyerhoff, Dieter J.; Associate Professor; Northern California Institute Res & Educ 4150 Clement Street (151-Nc) San Francisco, Ca 941211545
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Long-term chronic alcohol abuse is associated with structural brain changes and neuro-cognitive impairment. Few studies have shown a convincing correlation between these phenomena and it appears likely that neurosubstrates other than structural alterations underlie the cognitive changes associated with heavy drinking and recovery. The overall goal of this project is to test the hypothesis that axonal/dendritic and membrane phospholipid ( and possibly perfusion) changes in white matter underlie the reversible structural and neurocognitive changes associated with long-term chronic alcohol abuse and recovery. Subjects: 50 light drinkers (LD) and 100 heavy drinkers. LD will be studied at baseline and 9-12 months later, HD will be studied at entry into alcohol abuse treatment (to capture the full extent of brain damage due to heavy drinking), at 2-4 weeks of abstinence, and at 9-12 months after treatment entry during abstinence or relapse. Measurements: Cognition by neuropsychological testing; brain structures by MRI, axonal/dendritic and neuronal viability by 1H MR spectroscopic imaging (N-acetyl aspartate, a putative neuronal/axonal marker); lipids by choline-containing compounds (Cho) and myoinositol (ml) and by phosphorus-31 MRS (via membrane phospholipids and their breakdown products and precursors); regional cerebral blood flow will be measured with exploratory spin-tagged perfusion MRI. The specific focus of the study will be on white matter, but cortical and subcortical gray matter, cerebellum, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and brain stem, intracranial volume and volumes of various brain nuclei will also be assessed. We expect that initially low regional NAA and phospholipid measures and initially high Cho and mI measures correlate with specific measures of cognitive impairment and that these outcome measures will recover during abstinence in association with cognitive improvements; relapse will arrest structural, metabolic, and cognitive improvements. The significance of these results is several fold: First, this project will develop non invasive outcome measures which provide objective quantitative measurements of alcohol-induced brain damage. This may be useful in future clinical trials in which drugs or treatments are used to reduce drinking, or to monitor effects of drugs aimed at reducing brain damage, or facilitating recovery. Second, these results may also provide information, which can lead to the development of specific drug treatments, aimed at preventing brain damage at the neuron or membrane or at facilitating recovery. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ROLE OF FILAMIN IN PERIVENTRICULAR HETEROTOPIAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sheen, Volney L.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Developmental disorders of the human cerebral cortex comprise 15-40 percent of epilepsy cases, most notably intractable pediatric seizures. These disorders have deleterious affects on both the psychological and physical well being of individuals. Identification of the causative genes and characterization of their function will provide necessary insight into the neuropathology of epilepsy as well as extend the current understanding of normal cortical development. Through such a genetic approach, recent findings have shown that mutations in the actin-binding protein filamin I (FLN1) are implicated in the human x-linked disorder, periventricular heterotopia and epilepsy (PVH). This neurogenetic disorder is characterized by the failure of subsets of neurons to migrate from the ventricle during corticogenesis, in association with thinning of the corpus callosum and cerebellar
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hypoplasia. While the filamin proteins are known to regulate cell stability, protrusion and motility across various biologic systems, their potential functions within the central nervous system has only just come to light with the recent association of FLNI to PVH. Thus, the overall goal of this proposal is to analyze the roles of FLN1 and a highly homologous protein, FLN3, in relation to neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and subsequent differentiation. Specific Aim 1 will characterize the temporal and spatial pattern of filamin protein and mRNA expression, to test the hypothesis that the actinbinding proteins localize to appropriate neuronal populations during periods of ongoing cortical neurogenesis, migration and axonal outgrowth. Specific Aim 2 will identify protein-protein interactions between FLN1, FLN3 and other novel and known developmental genes, to test the hypothesis that filamin proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways essential to cortical development. Specific Aim 3 will directly evaluate the functional significance of such interactions through generation of dominant-negative and overexpression constructs. FLN1 mutant mice will also provide an animal model with which to study filamin interactions during the various stages of neuronal development. The candidate has completed training in both medical and graduate programs. His residency training is in Neurology, and he earned his doctoral degree in Neuroscience studying neocortical transplantation paradigms in effecting neuronal specification, migration and directed differentiation during both cortical development and following targeted neuronal degeneration. He now seeks further training under the mentorship of Dr. Chris Walsh, whose research interests center on genetic approaches toward understanding fundamental mechanisms governing development of the cerebral cortex. It is the candidate's intention to combine these newly acquired molecular and genetic approaches with his prior training in transplantation to pursue an academic career in Neurology and the Neurosciences, primarily in the field of cortical development and malformations as they pertain to epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for corpus callosum in the PubMed Central database: •
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Impact of in utero exposure to EtOH on corpus callosum development and paw preference in rats: protective effects of silymarin. by Moreland N, La Grange L, Montoya R.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137600 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Ontophyletics of the nervous system: development of the corpus callosum and evolution of axon tracts. by Katz MJ, Lasek RJ, Silver J.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=390192
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with corpus callosum, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for corpus callosum (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome: delayed myelination and hypoplasia of corpus callosum are other important signs. Author(s): Akaboshi S, Yoshimura M, Hara T, Kageyama H, Nishikwa K, Kawakami T, Ieshima A, Takeshita K. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2000 June; 31(3): 141-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10963101
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A French accent after corpus callosum infarct. Author(s): Hall DA, Anderson CA, Filley CM, Newcombe J, Hughes RL. Source: Neurology. 2003 May 13; 60(9): 1551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743256
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A new X-linked syndrome with agenesis of the corpus callosum, mental retardation, coloboma, micrognathia, and a mutation in the Alpha 4 gene at Xq13. Author(s): Graham JM Jr, Wheeler P, Tackels-Horne D, Lin AE, Hall BD, May M, Short KM, Schwartz CE, Cox TC. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 November 15; 123A(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556245
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A study of three cases of familial related agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Finlay DC, Peto T, Payling J, Hunter M, Fulham WR, Wilkinson I. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2000 December; 22(6): 731-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11320432
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A Turkish case of subcortical/subependymal heterotopia associated with corpus callosum dysgenesis, craniofacial dysmorphism, severe eye abnormalities, and growth-mental retardation. Author(s): Caksen H, Tuncer O, Atas B, Demirok A, Unal O, Ikbal M, Odabas D. Source: Genet Couns. 2003; 14(3): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14577680
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Abnormalities in MRI-measured signal intensity in the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. Author(s): Diwadkar VA, DeBellis MD, Sweeney JA, Pettegrew JW, Keshavan MS. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2004 April 1; 67(2-3): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984888
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Abnormalities of the corpus callosum in first episode, treatment naive schizophrenia. Author(s): Keshavan MS, Diwadkar VA, Harenski K, Rosenberg DR, Sweeney JA, Pettegrew JW. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 June; 72(6): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12023420
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Acute infarct of the corpus callosum: appearance on diffusion-weighted MR imaging and MR spectroscopy. Author(s): Riedy G, Melhem ER. Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2003 August; 18(2): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884339
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Agenesis and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Davila-Gutierrez G. Source: Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2002 December; 9(4): 292-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12523553
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Agenesis of corpus callosum - a rare case. Author(s): Desai AK, Bhide AG, Bhalerao SA. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 January-March; 45(1): 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734328
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Agenesis of corpus callosum: clinical description and etiology. Author(s): Marszal E, Jamroz E, Pilch J, Kluczewska E, Jablecka-Deja H, Krawczyk R. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 June; 15(6): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10868784
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Agenesis of corpus callosum: prenatal diagnosis and prognosis. Author(s): Moutard ML, Kieffer V, Feingold J, Kieffer F, Lewin F, Adamsbaum C, Gelot A, Campistol I Plana J, van Bogaert P, Andre M, Ponsot G. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 August; 19(7-8): 471-6. Epub 2003 July 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845459
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Agenesis of the corpus callosum, camptodactyly and obesity. Author(s): Verloes A, Lesenfants S. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2000 April; 9(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10826621
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Agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Kelkar P, Lovblad KO, O'Callaghan B, Remonda L, Schroth G. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2000 February; 83(1): 16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10769503
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Arteriovenous malformation of the genu of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Bendavid OJ, Khoshyomn S, Wilson JT. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2004 January-February; 40(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15007233
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Associated brain abnormalities in patients with corpus callosum anomalies. Author(s): Tekgul H, Dizdarer G, Yalman O, Sener N, Yunten N, Tutuncuoglu S. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1999 April-June; 41(2): 173-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770655
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Association of partial trisomy 9 (9pter-->q22.3) with corpus callosum dysgenesis, bilateral subependymal cysts, and ventriculomegaly. Author(s): Chen CP, Hsu CH, Lin SP, Ho CS, Lee CC, Wang W. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2003 June; 23(6): 519-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813773
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Association of severe autosomal recessive osteopetrosis and Dandy-Walker syndrome with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Ben Hamouda H, Sfar MN, Braham R, Ben Salah M, Ayadi A, Soua H, Hamza H, Sfar MT. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2001 December; 67(5): 528-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822087
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Atrophy of the corpus callosum correlates with white matter lesions in patients with cerebral ischaemia. Author(s): Meguro K, Constans JM, Courtheoux P, Theron J, Viader F, Yamadori A. Source: Neuroradiology. 2000 June; 42(6): 413-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10929300
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Axonal pathfinding mechanisms at the cortical midline and in the development of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Richards LJ. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2002 December; 35(12): 1431-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12436186
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Bilateral crossed optic ataxia in a corpus callosum lesion. Author(s): Gaymard B, Rivaud S, Rigolet MH, Pierrot-Deseilligny C. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1993 March; 56(3): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8459256
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Bilateral representation of language function. Agenesis of corpus callosum by Wada and PET activation. Author(s): Komaba Y, Senda M, Ohyama M, Mori T, Ishii K, Mishina M, Kitamura S, Terashi A. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1998 October; 8(4): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9780860
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Bilateral sensorineural deafness, partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, and arachnoid cysts in two sisters. Author(s): Hendriks YM, Laan LA, Vielvoye GJ, van Haeringen A. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 September 10; 86(2): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10449658
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Binocular depth perception and the corpus callosum. Author(s): Mitchell DE, Blakemore C. Source: Vision Research. 1970 January; 10(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5435012
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Blepharophimosis, iris coloboma, microgenia, hearing loss, postaxial polydactyly, aplasia of corpus callosum, hydroureter, and developmental delay. Author(s): Buntinx I, Majewski F. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 July; 36(3): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1694631
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Brain dysfunction during motor activation and corpus callosum alterations in schizophrenia measured by cerebral blood flow and magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Gunther W, Petsch R, Steinberg R, Moser E, Streck P, Heller H, Kurtz G, Hippius H. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 March 15; 29(6): 535-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1905162
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Brain malformation associated with neural tube defects. Report of three cases of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and myelomeningocele. Author(s): Ruggiero R, Mongini T, Colangelo M, Schiffer D, Ambrosio A. Source: Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. 1987; 14(3): 287-92. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3440881
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Butterfly lesion of the corpus callosum due to Schilder's disease. Author(s): Kiernan MC, Vonau M, Bullpitt PR, Tohver E, Milder DG. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2001 July; 8(4): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11437583
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Cavernous angioma of the corpus callosum mimicking an astrocytic tumor--case report. Author(s): Harada S, Niimi M, Murakami K, Nakamura T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001 July; 41(7): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11487999
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Characterization of sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum. Author(s): Dubb A, Gur R, Avants B, Gee J. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 September; 20(1): 512-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14527611
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Clinical and diagnostic profile of agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Shevell MI. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 December; 17(12): 896-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12593462
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Clinical progression and genetic analysis in hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum in spastic gait gene 11 (SPG11). Author(s): Winner B, Uyanik G, Gross C, Lange M, Schulte-Mattler W, Schuierer G, Marienhagen J, Hehr U, Winkler J. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 January; 61(1): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732628
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Clinical, neuroimaging and cytogenetic findings in 20 patients with corpus callosum dysgenesis. Author(s): dos Santos AC, Midleton SR, Fonseca RL, dos Santos SR, Llerena JC Jr, Vargas FR. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2002 June; 60(2-B): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131936
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Cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric symptoms in two children with agenesis of the corpus callosum: case report. Author(s): Parraga HC, Parraga MI, Jensen AR. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2003; 33(1): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12906349
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Communicative deficits in agenesis of the corpus callosum: nonliteral language and affective prosody. Author(s): Paul LK, Van Lancker-Sidtis D, Schieffer B, Dietrich R, Brown WS. Source: Brain and Language. 2003 May; 85(2): 313-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735947
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Congenital asymmetric crying facies and agenesis of corpus callosum. Author(s): Voudris KA, Skardoutsou A, Vagiakou EA. Source: Brain & Development. 2003 March; 25(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581812
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Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy and band keratopathy in an infant with corpus callosum agenesis. Author(s): Akhtar S, Bron AJ, Meek KM, Bennett K. Source: Cornea. 2001 July; 20(5): 547-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11413417
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Corpus callosum abnormalities in psychopathic antisocial individuals. Author(s): Raine A, Lencz T, Taylor K, Hellige JB, Bihrle S, Lacasse L, Lee M, Ishikawa S, Colletti P. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 November; 60(11): 1134-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609889
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Corpus callosum and posterior fossa development in monozygotic females: a morphometric MRI study of Turner syndrome. Author(s): Fryer SL, Kwon H, Eliez S, Reiss AL. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2003 May; 45(5): 320-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729146
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Corpus callosum atrophy in adolescents with antecedents of moderate perinatal asphyxia. Author(s): Maneru C, Junque C, Salgado-Pineda P, Serra-Grabulosa JM, Bartres-Faz D, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Bargallo N, Tallada M, Botet F. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2003 November; 17(11): 1003-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14514451
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Corpus callosum atrophy, white matter lesions, and frontal executive dysfunction in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. A community-based study: the Tajiri Project. Author(s): Meguro K, Constans JM, Shimada M, Yamaguchi S, Ishizaki J, Ishii H, Yamadori A, Sekita Y. Source: Int Psychogeriatr. 2003 March; 15(1): 9-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834197
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Corpus callosum development in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Author(s): Keller A, Jeffries NO, Blumenthal J, Clasen LS, Liu H, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2003 July 1; 62(1-2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12765750
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Corpus callosum in first-episode patients with schizophrenia--a magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Bachmann S, Pantel J, Flender A, Bottmer C, Essig M, Schroder J. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 August; 33(6): 1019-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946086
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Corpus callosum shape and neuropsychological deficits in adult males with heavy fetal alcohol exposure. Author(s): Bookstein FL, Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, Connor PD, Barr HM. Source: Neuroimage. 2002 January; 15(1): 233-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771992
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Corpus callosum signal intensity in patients with bipolar and unipolar disorder. Author(s): Brambilla P, Nicoletti M, Sassi RB, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Keshavan MS, Soares JC. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 February; 75(2): 2215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742592
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Corpus callosum, pons, and cortical white matter in alcoholic women. Author(s): Pfefferbaum A, Rosenbloom M, Serventi KL, Sullivan EV. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 March; 26(3): 400-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923595
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Corpus callosum: microsurgical anatomy and MRI. Author(s): Goncalves-Ferreira AJ, Herculano-Carvalho M, Melancia JP, Farias JP, Gomes L. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 2001; 23(6): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11963623
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Corpus callosum: musician and gender effects. Author(s): Lee DJ, Chen Y, Schlaug G. Source: Neuroreport. 2003 February 10; 14(2): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598730
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D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria with absence of corpus callosum and neonatal intracranial haemorrhage. Author(s): Wang X, Jakobs C, Bawle EV. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 2003; 26(1): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872850
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Decline in corpus callosum volume among pediatric patients with medulloblastoma: longitudinal MR imaging study. Author(s): Palmer SL, Reddick WE, Glass JO, Gajjar A, Goloubeva O, Mulhern RK. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 August; 23(7): 1088-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169462
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Decrease in genu of the corpus callosum in medication-naive, early-onset dysthymia and depressive personality disorder. Author(s): Lyoo IK, Kwon JS, Lee SJ, Han MH, Chang CG, Seo CS, Lee SI, Renshaw PF. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 December 15; 52(12): 1134-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488058
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Decreased interhemispheric EEG coherence during sleep in agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Nielsen T, Montplaisir J, Lassonde M. Source: European Neurology. 1993; 33(2): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8467828
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Demyelination and axonal degeneration in corpus callosum assessed by analysis of transcallosally mediated inhibition in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Hoppner J, Kunesch E, Buchmann J, Hess A, Grossmann A, Benecke R. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 1999 April; 110(4): 748-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10378748
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Desynchronization of cortical rhythms following cutaneous stimulation: effects of stimulus repetition and intensity, and of the size of corpus callosum. Author(s): Stancak A, Svoboda J, Rachmanova R, Vrana J, Kralik J, Tintera J. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 October; 114(10): 1936-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14499756
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Determination of indices of the corpus callosum associated with normal aging in Japanese individuals. Author(s): Takeda S, Hirashima Y, Ikeda H, Yamamoto H, Sugino M, Endo S. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 45(8): 513-8. Epub 2003 July 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879325
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Development of the corpus callosum in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. Author(s): Keshavan MS, Diwadkar VA, DeBellis M, Dick E, Kotwal R, Rosenberg DR, Sweeney JA, Minshew N, Pettegrew JW. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 March 8; 70(16): 1909-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12005176
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Development of the human corpus callosum during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Author(s): Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Rajapakse JC, Vaituzis AC, Liu H, Berry YC, Tobin M, Nelson J, Castellanos FX. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1999 May; 23(4): 571-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10390717
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Development of the human fetal corpus callosum: a high-resolution, cross-sectional sonographic study. Author(s): Achiron R, Achiron A. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 October; 18(4): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11778993
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Developmental dyslexia: re-evaluation of the corpus callosum in male adults. Author(s): Robichon F, Bouchard P, Demonet J, Habib M. Source: European Neurology. 2000; 43(4): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10828655
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Dichotic listening and corpus callosum magnetic resonance imaging in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis with emphasis on sex differences. Author(s): Gadea M, Marti-Bonmati L, Arana E, Espert R, Casanova V, Pascual A. Source: Neuropsychology. 2002 April; 16(2): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11949719
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Diffusion anisotropy in the corpus callosum. Author(s): Chepuri NB, Yen YF, Burdette JH, Li H, Moody DM, Maldjian JA. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 May; 23(5): 803-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006281
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Diffusion-weighted and magnetization transfer imaging of the corpus callosum in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Hanyu H, Asano T, Sakurai H, Imon Y, Iwamoto T, Takasaki M, Shindo H, Abe K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1999 August 1; 167(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10500260
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Diffusion-weighted imaging demonstrates transient cytotoxic edema involving the corpus callosum in a patient with diffuse brain injury. Author(s): Takayama H, Kobayashi M, Sugishita M, Mihara B. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2000 September; 102(3): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10996710
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Direction information coordinated via the posterior third of the corpus callosum during bimanual movements. Author(s): Eliassen JC, Baynes K, Gazzaniga MS. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1999 October; 128(4): 573-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10541755
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Division of the corpus callosum into subregions. Author(s): Peters M, Oeltze S, Seminowicz D, Steinmetz H, Koeneke S, Jancke L. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2002 October; 50(1): 62-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12372352
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Do we consider Andermann syndrome in infants with agenesis of corpus callosum. Author(s): Deda G, Caksen H, Icagasioglu D. Source: Genet Couns. 2003; 14(2): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872822
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Dominance of one hand and one brain hemisphere. III. Function of corpus callosum and of partially crossing of afferent and efferent pathways. Interhemispheric disconnection syndrome. Author(s): Hrbek J. Source: Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med. 1976; 80: 41-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1053407
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Dysgenesis of corpus callosum in Lenz-Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism. Author(s): Saraiva JM. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 March 20; 91(3): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10756342
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Ectodermal dysplasia, primary hypothyroidism, and agenesis of the corpus callosum: variable expression of a single syndrome? Author(s): Silengo M, Silvestro L, Capizzi G, Lerone M, Seri M, Rosaia L, Romeo G. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 February; 35(2): 157-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9507398
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Ectopic craniopharyngioma: presentation of a case arising from the corpus callosum. Author(s): Sangiovanni G, Tancioni F, Tartara F, Gaetani P, Rindi G, Passeri F, Rodriguez y Baena R. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1997; 139(4): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9202784
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Ectrodactyly, diaphragmatic hernia, congenital heart defect, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Saal HM, Bulas DI. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1995 July; 4(3): 246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7551162
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Effect of luminance on successiveness discrimination in the absence of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Forster B, Corballis PM, Corballis MC. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2000; 38(4): 441-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10683394
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Effective binocular integration at the midline requires the corpus callosum. Author(s): Saint-Amour D, Lepore F, Lassonde M, Guillemot JP. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(2): 164-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644103
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Effects of corpus callosum section on secondary bilaterally synchronous interictal EEG discharges. Author(s): Spencer SS, Spencer DD, Williamson PD, Mattson RH. Source: Neurology. 1985 December; 35(12): 1689-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4069359
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Effects of early and late transection of the corpus callosum in children. A study of tactile and tactuomotor transfer and integration. Author(s): Lassonde M, Sauerwein H, Geoffroy G, Decarie M. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1986 October; 109 ( Pt 5): 953-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3779375
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Effects of handedness and sex on the morphology of the corpus callosum: a study with brain magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Habib M, Gayraud D, Oliva A, Regis J, Salamon G, Khalil R. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1991 May; 16(1): 41-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1854469
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Electroanatomy of the corpus callosum radiation according to the facts of stereotactic stimulation in man. Author(s): Schaltenbrand G, Spuer H, Wahren W. Source: Z Neurol. 1970; 198(1): 79-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4099399
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Electroencephalographic asymmetry with midline cyst and deficient corpus callosum. Case report. Author(s): Green JB, Russell DJ. Source: Neurology. 1966 June; 16(6): 541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5296015
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Electrophysiological assessment of functional corpus callosum integrity in internal hydrocephalus. Author(s): Rosler KM, Nirkko AC, Hess CW. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1995 July; 18(7): 787-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7783773
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Endoscope-assisted microsurgery of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Guerrero MH, Cohen AR. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 2003 February; 46(1): 54-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640586
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Epignathus, double pituitary and agenesis of corpus callosum. Author(s): Bale PM, Reye RD. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1976 November; 120(3): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1003267
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Epileptic seizures and lipoma of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Grasso E, Gerbino Promis PC, Cognazzo A, Seliak D, Zagnoni P. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1982 July; 3(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7118526
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Episodic aphemia and epileptic focus in nondominant hemisphere: relieved by section of corpus callosum. Author(s): Williamson PD, Spencer DD, Spencer SS, Novelly R, Mattson RH. Source: Neurology. 1985 July; 35(7): 1069-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3925369
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Episodic hyperhidrosis, hypothermia, and agenesis of corpus callosum. Author(s): LeWitt PA, Newman RP, Greenberg HS, Rocher LL, Calne DB, Ehrenkranz JR. Source: Neurology. 1983 September; 33(9): 1122-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6684246
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Evaluation of the corpus callosum in clumsy children born prematurely: a functional and morphological study. Author(s): Mercuri E, Jongmans M, Henderson S, Pennock J, Chung YL, de Vries L, Dubowitz L. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1996 December; 27(6): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9050050
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Evidence for atrophy of the corpus callosum in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Vermersch P, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Steinling M, Leys D. Source: European Neurology. 1994; 34(2): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8174599
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Excision of a cirsoid arteriovenous malformation of the corpus callosum in a 16-yearold boy. Case report. Author(s): Milhorat TH. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1970 September; 33(3): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5457645
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Extent and limits of cerebral adjustment to early section or congenital absence of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Lassonde M, Sauerwein H, McCabe N, Laurencelle L, Geoffroy G. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1988 September 15; 30(2): 165-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3166715
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Factors shaping the corpus callosum. Author(s): Stryker MP, Antonini A. Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2001 May 14; 433(4): 437-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11304709
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Failure of metacontrol: breakdown in behavioural unity after lesion of the corpus callosum and inferomedial frontal lobes. Author(s): Jason GW, Pajurkova EM. Source: Cortex. 1992 June; 28(2): 241-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1499310
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Failure to demonstrate sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum in childhood. Author(s): Bell AD, Variend S. Source: Journal of Anatomy. 1985 December; 143: 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3870720
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Familial progressive sensorimotor neuropathy with agenesis of the corpus callosum (Andermann syndrome): a clinical, neuroradiological and histopathological study. Author(s): Deleu D, Bamanikar SA, Muirhead D, Louon A. Source: European Neurology. 1997; 37(2): 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9058066
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Familial spastic paraplegia with mental impairment and thin corpus callosum. Author(s): Nakamura A, Izumi K, Umehara F, Kuriyama M, Hokezu Y, Nakagawa M, Shimmyozu K, Izumo S, Osame M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1995 July; 131(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7561945
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Familial white matter hypoplasia, agenesis of the corpus callosum, mental retardation and growth deficiency: a new distinctive syndrome. Author(s): Curatolo P, Cilio MR, Del Giudice E, Romano A, Gaggero R, Pessagno A. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1993 April; 24(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8327066
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Fasciculus callosus longitudinalis (bundle of Probst) and its relation to the corpus callosum. Author(s): Stefanko SZ. Source: Patol Pol. 1980 April-June; 31(2): 263-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7422388
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Fetal ventriculomegaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum and chromosomal translocation--case report. Author(s): Amato M, Howald H, von Muralt G. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1986; 14(4): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3546665
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Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum. Author(s): Aboitiz F, Scheibel AB, Fisher RS, Zaidel E. Source: Brain Research. 1992 December 11; 598(1-2): 143-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1486477
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Fine mapping the candidate region for peripheral neuropathy with or without agenesis of the corpus callosum in the French Canadian population. Author(s): Howard HC, Dube MP, Prevost C, Bouchard JP, Mathieu J, Rouleau GA. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2002 July; 10(7): 406-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12107814
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Focal lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum in epileptic patients: antiepileptic drug toxicity? Author(s): Tennison M. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1999 January; 20(1): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10348730
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Focal lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum in epileptic patients: antiepileptic drug toxicity? Author(s): Kim SS, Chang KH, Kim ST, Suh DC, Cheon JE, Jeong SW, Han MH, Lee SK. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1999 January; 20(1): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9974067
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Focal lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum on FLAIR MR images: a common finding with aging and after brain radiation therapy. Author(s): Pekala JS, Mamourian AC, Wishart HA, Hickey WF, Raque JD. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 May; 24(5): 855-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12748085
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Forms and measures of adult and developing human corpus callosum: is there sexual dimorphism? Author(s): Clarke S, Kraftsik R, Van der Loos H, Innocenti GM. Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1989 February 8; 280(2): 213-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2925893
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Frameshift mutation of the zinc finger homeo box 1 B gene in syndromic corpus callosum agenesis (Mowat-Wilson syndrome). Author(s): Sztriha L, Espinosa-Parrilla Y, Gururaj A, Amiel J, Lyonnet S, Gerami S, Johansen JG. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2003 December; 34(6): 322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681759
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Frontonasal dysplasia with corpus callosum lipoma. Author(s): Grover SB, Charan KA, Saxena NC. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1999 April; 36(4): 398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10717702
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Frontonasal dysplasia, lipoma of the corpus callosum and tetralogy of Fallot. Author(s): Meguid NA. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1993 August; 44(2): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8275566
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Functioning of the corpus callosum in children with early hydrocephalus. Author(s): Hannay HJ. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2000 March; 6(3): 351-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10824507
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Functions of the corpus callosum: observations from callosotomy performed for intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Censori B, Del Pesce M, Provinciali L, Quattrini A, Mancini S, Papo I. Source: Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1989 January; 65(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2757819
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Fusiform aneurysmal dilatation of pericallosal artery. A sign of lipoma of corpus callosum. Author(s): Eldevik OP, Gabrielsen TO. Source: Acta Radiologica. Supplementum. 1976; 347: 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=207151
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Gelastic epilepsy, hypothalamic hamartoma, precocious puberty, and agenesis of the corpus callosum: a new association. Author(s): Alikchanov AA, Petrukhin AS, Mukhin KYu, Nikanorov AYu. Source: Brain & Development. 1998 June; 20(4): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661969
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Gender- and age-related differences in the morphology of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Suganthy J, Raghuram L, Antonisamy B, Vettivel S, Madhavi C, Koshi R. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2003 September; 16(5): 396-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12903061
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Gender differences in corpus callosum size in first-episode schizophrenics. Author(s): Hoff AL, Neal C, Kushner M, DeLisi LE. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 June 15; 35(12): 913-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8080890
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Gender differences in the corpus callosum of neonates. Author(s): Hwang SJ, Ji EK, Lee EK, Kim YM, Shin da Y, Cheon YH, Rhyu IJ. Source: Neuroreport. 2004 April 29; 15(6): 1029-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15076728
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Genetic epidemiology of sensorimotor polyneuropathy with or without agenesis of the corpus callosum in northeastern Quebec. Author(s): De Braekeleer M, Dallaire A, Mathieu J. Source: Human Genetics. 1993 April; 91(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8386695
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Genetic regulation of regional microstructure of the corpus callosum in late life. Author(s): Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Carmelli D. Source: Neuroreport. 2001 June 13; 12(8): 1677-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11409738
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Genitourinary malformations associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Franco I, Kogan S, Fisher J, Rifkinson-Mann S, Reda E, Levitt S, Roseman B. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 May; 149(5): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8483226
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Geometric morphometrics of corpus callosum and subcortical structures in the fetalalcohol-affected brain. Author(s): Bookstein FL, Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Connor PD. Source: Teratology. 2001 July; 64(1): 4-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11410908
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Giant interhemispheric cysts associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Mori K. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992 February; 76(2): 224-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1730951
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Gorlin's syndrome with a thin corpus callosum and a third ventricular cyst. Author(s): Kantarci M, Ertas U, Alper F, Sutbeyaz Y, Karasen RM, Onbas O. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 June; 45(6): 390-2. Epub 2003 May 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756507
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Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome with dysgenesis of the corpus callosum in a Bedouin family. Author(s): Marafie MJ, Temtamy SA, Rajaram U, al-Awadi SA, el-Badramany MH, Farag TI. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 December 18; 66(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8985483
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Handedness and corpus callosum morphology. Author(s): Preuss UW, Meisenzahl EM, Frodl T, Zetzsche T, Holder J, Leinsinger G, Hegerl U, Hahn K, Moller HJ. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 November 30; 116(1-2): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12426032
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Hemispheric asymmetry and corpus callosum morphometry: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Dorion AA, Chantome M, Hasboun D, Zouaoui A, Marsault C, Capron C, Duyme M. Source: Neuroscience Research. 2000 January; 36(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678527
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Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Dupre N, Howard HC, Mathieu J, Karpati G, Vanasse M, Bouchard JP, Carpenter S, Rouleau GA. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 July; 54(1): 9-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12838516
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Hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with thin corpus callosum. Author(s): Teive HA, Iwamoto FM, Della Coletta MV, Camargo CH, Bezerra RD, Minguetti G, Werneck LC. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2001 September; 59(3-B): 790-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593284
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Hereditary spastic paraplegia with a thin corpus callosum and thalamic involvement in Japan. Author(s): Ueda M, Katayama Y, Kamiya T, Mishina M, Igarashi H, Okubo S, Senda M, Iwabuchi K, Terashi A. Source: Neurology. 1998 December; 51(6): 1751-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9855541
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Hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum and cataract: a clinical description of two siblings. Author(s): Okuda B, Iwamoto Y, Tachibana H. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2002 October; 106(4): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225319
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High myopia, hypertelorism, iris coloboma, exomphalos, absent corpus callosum, and sensorineural deafness: report of a case and further evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance. Author(s): Avunduk AM, Aslan Y, Kapicioglu Z, Elmas R. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2000 April; 78(2): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10794262
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High risk pregnancy in a patient with angioma of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Azzena A, Vasoin F, Braghetto M, Vettorato F, Pitton MA, Dalla Pieta G, Salmaso R. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 22(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7781185
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Hippocampal malrotation with normal corpus callosum in a child with Opitz syndrome. Author(s): Fitoz S, Atasoy C, Deda G, Erden I, Akyar S. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2003 March-April; 27(2): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639770
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Hippocampal malrotation with normal corpus callosum: a new entity? Author(s): Barsi P, Kenez J, Solymosi D, Kulin A, Halasz P, Rasonyi G, Janszky J, Kaloczkai A, Barcs G, Neuwirth M, Paraicz E, Siegler Z, Morvai M, Jerney J, Kassay M, Altmann A. Source: Neuroradiology. 2000 May; 42(5): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10872153
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Holoprosencephaly and agenesis of the corpus callosum: frequency of associated malformations. Author(s): Jellinger K, Gross H, Kaltenback E, Grisold W. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1981; 55(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7348001
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Human corpus callosum in aging and Alzheimer's disease: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Biegon A, Eberling JL, Richardson BC, Roos MS, Wong ST, Reed BR, Jagust WJ. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 1994 July-August; 15(4): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7969715
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Human corpus callosum: a stable mathematical model of regional neuroanatomy. Author(s): Cowell PE, Allen LS, Kertesz A, Zalatimo NS, Denenberg VH. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1994 May; 25(1): 52-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8043266
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Hypergraphia, verbal aspontaneity and post-stroke depression secondary to right cyngulate and corpus callosum infarction. Author(s): Carota A, Annoni JM, Combremont P, Clarke S, Bogousslavsky J. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 April; 250(4): 508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760393
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Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and corpus callosum in thrombocytopenia with absent radius syndrome on MRI studies. Author(s): MacDonald MR, Schaefer GB, Olney AH, Patton DF. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 March 1; 50(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7512789
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Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and growth hormone deficiency in the XXXXY syndrome. Author(s): Haeusler G, Frisch H, Guchev Z, Hadziselimovic F, Neuhold A, Vormittag W. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 September 15; 44(2): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456296
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Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Author(s): Farchione TR, Lorch E, Rosenberg DR. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 July; 17(7): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269734
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Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum associated with adipsic hypernatremia and hypothalamic hypogonadotropinism: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Komatsu H, Miyake H, Kakita S, Ikuta H. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2001 December; 43(6): 683-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737749
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Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Author(s): Palmeri S, Battisti C, Federico A, Guazzi GC. Source: Neuroradiology. 1994; 36(1): 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8107989
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Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum: a study of 445 consecutive MRI scans. Author(s): Bodensteiner J, Schaefer GB, Breeding L, Cowan L. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1994 January; 9(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8151082
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Image-guided, frameless stereotactic sectioning of the corpus callosum in children with intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Hodaie M, Musharbash A, Otsubo H, Snead OC 3rd, Chitoku S, Ochi A, Holowka S, Hoffman HJ, Rutka JT. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 June; 34(6): 286-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11455228
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Images in clinical medicine. A fetus with hypogenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Glastonbury CM, Kennedy AM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 August 7; 349(6): E6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904533
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Improving hand function in chronic stroke: topography of the lesion and role of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Derakhshan I. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 April; 60(4): 640; Author Reply 640-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707086
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In utero disappearance of the corpus callosum secondary to extensive brain injury. Author(s): Weinstein AS, Goldstein RB, Barkovich AJ. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 August; 22(8): 837-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901413
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In vivo imaging of region and cell type specific neocortical neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Perspectives of MRI derived corpus callosum measurement for mapping disease progression and effects of therapy. Evidence from studies with MRI, EEG and PET. Author(s): Hampel H, Teipel SJ, Alexander GE, Pogarell O, Rapoport SI, Moller HJ. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2002 May; 109(5-6): 83755. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111472
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Influence of learning to read and write on the morphology of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Castro-Caldas A, Miranda PC, Carmo I, Reis A, Leote F, Ribeiro C, DuclaSoares E. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 1999 January; 6(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10209345
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Influences of chorion type on measurements of the corpus callosum in adult monozygotic male twins? Author(s): Reed T, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Carmelli D. Source: American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council. 2002 May-June; 14(3): 338-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12001090
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Insights into the functional specificity of the human corpus callosum. Author(s): Funnell MG, Corballis PM, Gazzaniga MS. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 May; 123 ( Pt 5): 920-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10775537
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Integration of brain activities: the roles of the diffusely projecting brainstem systems and the corpus callosum. Author(s): Berlucchi G. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 1999 November 15-December; 50(5-6): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10643449
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Inter- and intra-hemispheric processing of visual event-related potentials in the absence of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Bayard S, Gosselin N, Robert M, Lassonde M. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2004 April; 16(3): 401-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15072676
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Interhemispheric glioependymal cyst associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum--case report. Author(s): Tange Y, Aoki A, Mori K, Niijima S, Maeda M. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000 October; 40(10): 536-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11098642
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Interhemispheric neuroepithelial cyst associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Uematsu Y, Kubo K, Nishibayashi T, Ozaki F, Nakai K, Itakura T. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2000 July; 33(1): 31-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11025420
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Interhemispheric transfer of colour and shape information in the presence and absence of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Forster B, Corballis MC. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2000; 38(1): 32-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617290
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Interhemispheric transfer of visual, auditory, tactile, and visuomotor information in children with hydrocephalus and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Klaas PA, Hannay JH, Caroselli JS, Fletcher JM. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1999 December; 21(6): 837-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10649538
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Interhemispheric transfer time in a patient with a partial lesion of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Tomaiuolo F, Nocentini U, Grammaldo L, Caltagirone C. Source: Neuroreport. 2001 May 25; 12(7): 1469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11388432
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Is a cortical spike discharge "transferred" to the contralateral cortex via the corpus callosum?: An intraoperative observation of electrocorticogram and callosal compound action potentials. Author(s): Ono T, Matsuo A, Baba H, Ono K. Source: Epilepsia. 2002 December; 43(12): 1536-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460256
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Is every sharply defined, symmetrical, necrotic-demyelinating lesion in the corpus callosum an actual manifestation of Marchiafava-Bignami disease? Author(s): Kollar J, Peter M, Fulesdi B, Sikula J. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2001 September; 39(3): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11566241
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Isolated complete agenesis of corpus callosum. Author(s): Lu WH, Chen CC, Chiu PC, Chen YY, Lin SM, Cho FN, Lai PH, Yu CK, Hsieh KS. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2003 January-February; 44(1): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12800376
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Ivemark syndrome with agenesis of the corpus callosum: a case report with a review of the literature. Author(s): Noack F, Sayk F, Ressel A, Berg C, Gembruch U, Reusche E. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 November; 22(11): 1011-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12424766
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Joubert syndrome with associated corpus callosum agenesis. Author(s): Zamponi N, Rossi B, Messori A, Polonara G, Regnicolo L, Cardinali C. Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : Ejpn : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 2002; 6(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11993957
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Ketamine and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Russell IF. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1979 October; 51(10): 983-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=518798
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Konstantin M. Bykov and the discovery of the role of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Kanne SM, Finger S. Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 1999 October; 54(4): 57290. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10575847
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Koro secondary to a tumour of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Kumar HV, Moloney E. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1988 November; 153: 711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3255467
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Koro secondary to a tumour of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Durst R, Rosca-Rebaudengo P. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1988 August; 153: 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3255443
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Landmark analysis of corpus callosum shape in schizophrenia. Author(s): DeQuardo JR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 December 15; 46(12): 1712-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10624557
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Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the corpus callosum and cerebellum: gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Author(s): Strottmann JM, Ginsberg LE, Stanton C. Source: Neuroradiology. 1995 May; 37(4): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7666962
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Lateralization of movement-related potentials and the size of corpus callosum. Author(s): Stancak A Jr, Lucking CH, Kristeva-Feige R. Source: Neuroreport. 2000 February 7; 11(2): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10674480
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Lesions of the corpus callosum in hydrocephalic patients with ventricular drainage--a CT-study. Author(s): Spreer J, Ernestus RI, Lanfermann H, Lackner K. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1996; 138(2): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8686541
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Lesions of the corpus callosum: MR imaging and differential considerations in adults and children. Author(s): Bourekas EC, Varakis K, Bruns D, Christoforidis GA, Baujan M, Slone HW, Kehagias D. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 July; 179(1): 251-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076946
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Less developed corpus callosum in dyslexic subjects--a structural MRI study. Author(s): von Plessen K, Lundervold A, Duta N, Heiervang E, Klauschen F, Smievoll AI, Ersland L, Hugdahl K. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(7): 1035-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11900755
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Linkage of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with mental impairment and thin corpus callosum to chromosome 15A13-15. Author(s): Shibasaki Y, Tanaka H, Iwabuchi K, Kawasaki S, Kondo H, Uekawa K, Ueda M, Kamiya T, Katayama Y, Nakamura A, Takashima H, Nakagawa M, Masuda M, Utsumi H, Nakamuro T, Tada K, Kurohara K, Inoue K, Koike F, Sakai T, Tsuji S, Kobayashi H. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 July; 48(1): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10894224
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Lipoma and agenesis of the corpus callosum with associated choroid plexus lipomas. In utero diagnosis. Author(s): Mulligan G, Meier P. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1989 October; 8(10): 583-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2681831
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Lipoma of corpus callosum associated with dysraphic lesions and trisomy 13. Author(s): Wainwright H, Bowen R, Radcliffe M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1995 May 22; 57(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7645586
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Lipoma of the corpus callosum associated with distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm. A case report. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Kuwabara S, Uozumi T. Source: Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1989 September; 38(3): 157-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2684922
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Lipoma of the corpus callosum associated with frontal and facial anomalies. Author(s): de Villiers JC, Cluver PF, Peter JC. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1991; 53: 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1803864
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Lipoma of the corpus callosum in a neonate: sonographic evaluation. Author(s): Auriemma A, Poggiani C, Menghini P, Bellan C, Colombo A. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1993; 23(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8516045
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Lipoma of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Wallace D. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1976 December; 39(12): 1179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1011028
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Lipomas of the corpus callosum associated with frontal dysraphism. Author(s): Zee CS, McComb JG, Segall HD, Tsai FY, Stanley P. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1981 April; 5(2): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7217446
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Lissencephaly with agenesis of corpus callosum and rudimentary dysplastic cerebellum: a subtype of lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia. Author(s): Miyata H, Chute DJ, Fink J, Villablanca P, Vinters HV. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2004 January; 107(1): 69-81. Epub 2003 October 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566414
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Localization of functional projections from corpus callosum to cerebral cortex. Author(s): Tan YL, Chen BH, Yang JD, Zhang J, Wang YC, Chai SH, Wang ZY, Li QH. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1991 October; 104(10): 851-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1752144
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Loss of left-sided volitional movements caused by a combined lesion of the corpus callosum and right hemisphere:'initiation pseudohemiakinesia'. Author(s): Yokoyama K, Hasegawa C, Kameyama M. Source: European Neurology. 2000; 44(2): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10965159
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Loss of nerve fibres in the corpus callosum of progressive subcortical vascular encephalopathy. Author(s): Yamanouchi H, Sugiura S, Shimada H. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1990 February; 237(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2319266
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Lower interhemispheric coherence in a case of agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Nagase Y, Terasaki O, Okubo Y, Matsuura M, Toru M. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1994 January; 25(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8174290
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Magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography imaging of the corpus callosum: size, shape and metabolic rate in unipolar depression. Author(s): Wu JC, Buchsbaum MS, Johnson JC, Hershey TG, Wagner EA, Teng C, Lottenberg S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 May; 28(1): 15-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8326077
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Magnetic resonance imaging in foetuses with bilateral moderate ventriculomegaly and suspected anomaly of the corpus callosum on ultrasound scan. Author(s): Blaicher W, Prayer D, Mittermayer C, Pollak A, Bernert G, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G. Source: Ultraschall in Der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980). 2003 August; 24(4): 25560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14521152
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Magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Brambilla P, Nicoletti MA, Sassi RB, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 December 1; 54(11): 1294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14643097
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Mapping morphology of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. Author(s): Narr KL, Thompson PM, Sharma T, Moussai J, Cannestra AF, Toga AW. Source: Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2000 January; 10(1): 40-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10639394
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Marchiafava-Bignami disease: magnetic resonance imaging findings in corpus callosum and subcortical white matter. Author(s): Kawarabuki K, Sakakibara T, Hirai M, Yoshioka Y, Yamamoto Y, Yamaki T. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2003 November; 48(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14680909
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Measurement of the corpus callosum using magnetic resonance imaging: analyses of methods and techniques. Author(s): Dorion AA, Capron C, Duyme M. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 June; 92(3 Pt 2): 1075-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11565916
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Measuring the corpus callosum in schizophrenia: a technique with neuroanatomical and cytoarchtectural basis. Author(s): Venkatasubramanian G, Jayakumar PN, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Subbakrishna DK, Keshavan MS. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571000
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Megalocornea, macrocephaly, mental and motor retardation: MMMM syndrome (Neuhauser syndrome) in two sisters with hypoplastic corpus callosum. Author(s): Balci S, Teksam O, Gedik S. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2002 July-September; 44(3): 274-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12405447
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Microcephaly with dysgenesis of corpus callosum and colpocephaly in the survivor after the first-trimester death of a monochorionic co-twin. Author(s): Chen CP, Lin SP, Chiu NC. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 July; 22(7): 634-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12124705
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Midline corpus callosum is a neuroanatomical focus of fetal alcohol damage. Author(s): Bookstein FL, Sampson PD, Connor PD, Streissguth AP. Source: The Anatomical Record. 2002 June 15; 269(3): 162-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12124903
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Midline developmental anomalies with lipomas in the corpus callosum region. Author(s): Kieslich M, Ehlers S, Bollinger M, Jacobi G. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 February; 15(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695892
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Monozygotic twin cases of the agenesis of the corpus callosum with schizophrenic disorder. Author(s): Motomura N, Satani S, Inaba M. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 April; 56(2): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952925
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Morphological studies of the corpus callosum by MRI in children with malformative syndromes. Author(s): Gabrielli O, Salvolini U, Bonifazi V, Ciferri L, Lanza R, Rossi R, Coppa GV, Giorgi PL. Source: Neuroradiology. 1993; 35(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8433784
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Morphology and morphometry of the corpus callosum in Williams syndrome: a T1weighted MRI study. Author(s): Tomaiuolo F, Di Paola M, Caravale B, Vicari S, Petrides M, Caltagirone C. Source: Neuroreport. 2002 December 3; 13(17): 2281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488811
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Morphometric comparison of the human corpus callosum in professional musicians and non-musicians by using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Ozturk AH, Tascioglu B, Aktekin M, Kurtoglu Z, Erden I. Source: Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. 2002 March; 29(1): 2934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11984475
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Morphometry of the corpus callosum in patients with questionable and mild dementia. Author(s): Hensel A, Wolf H, Kruggel F, Riedel-Heller SG, Nikolaus C, Arendt T, Gertz HJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 July; 73(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12082047
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MR imaging of the corpus callosum in pediatric patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Author(s): Dubovsky EC, Booth TN, Vezina G, Samango-Sprouse CA, Palmer KM, Brasseux CO. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2001 January; 22(1): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11158908
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MRI of the brain in the Cohen syndrome: a relatively large corpus callosum in patients with mental retardation and microcephaly. Author(s): Kivitie-Kallio S, Autti T, Salonen O, Norio R. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1998 December; 29(6): 298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10029348
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MRI/MRS of corpus callosum in patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Ranjeva JP, Pelletier J, Confort-Gouny S, Ibarrola D, Audoin B, Le Fur Y, Viout P, Cherif AA, Cozzone PJ. Source: Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 2003 December; 9(6): 554-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14664467
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Multiple intracranial lipomas, hypogenetic corpus callosum and vestibular schwannoma: an unusual spectrum of MR findings in a patient. Author(s): Shah J, Srinivasa P, Gala B, Patkar D, Patankar T, Kale H. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 April-June; 45(2): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734334
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Neural net simulation of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Anninos PA, Cook ND. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1988 February; 38(3-4): 381-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3372153
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Neuroanatomical effects of neonatal transection of the corpus callosum in hamsters. Author(s): Lent R. Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1984 March 10; 223(4): 548-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6715571
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Neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and central auditory assessment. Part III: Corpus callosum and efferent pathways. Author(s): Musiek FE. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1986 December; 7(6): 349-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3792676
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Neurodevelopmental vulnerability of the corpus callosum to childhood onset localization-related epilepsy. Author(s): Hermann B, Hansen R, Seidenberg M, Magnotta V, O'Leary D. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 February; 18(2): 284-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12595183
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Neurofibromatosis and agenesis of the corpus callosum in identical twins: MR diagnosis. Author(s): Atlas SW, Zimmerman RA, Bruce D, Schut L, Bilaniuk LT, Hackney DB, Goldberg HI, Grossman RI. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1988 May-June; 9(3): 598-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3132837
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Neurological and neuroradiological progression in hereditary spastic paraplegia with a thin corpus callosum. Author(s): Okubo S, Ueda M, Kamiya T, Mizumura S, Terashi A, Katayama Y. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 September; 102(3): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10987381
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Neuropathological abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Author(s): Foong J, Maier M, Clark CA, Barker GJ, Miller DH, Ron MA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 February; 68(2): 2424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10644799
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Neuroradiological findings in hereditary spastic paraplegia with a thin corpus callosum. Author(s): Ohnishi J, Tomoda Y, Yokoyama K. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 104(3): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11551243
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Neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels encoded by mRNA from the adult corpus callosum. Author(s): Matute C, Miledi R. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993 April 15; 90(8): 3270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7682696
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New autosomal recessive multiple congenital abnormalities/mental retardation syndrome with craniofacial dysmorphism absent corpus callosum, iris colobomas and connective tissue dysplasia. Author(s): Temtamy SA, Salam MA, Aboul-Ezz EH, Hussein HA, Helmy SA, Shalash BA. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1996 July; 5(3): 231-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8818452
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New X-linked syndrome with seizures, acquired micrencephaly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Proud VK, Levine C, Carpenter NJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 April 15-May 1; 43(1-2): 458-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1605226
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NMR intensity of corpus callosum differs with age but not with diagnosis of autism. Author(s): Belmonte M, Egaas B, Townsend J, Courchesne E. Source: Neuroreport. 1995 June 19; 6(9): 1253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7669980
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No differences in corpus callosum size by sex and aging. A quantitative study using magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Pozzilli C, Bastianello S, Bozzao A, Pierallini A, Giubilei F, Argentino C, Bozzao L. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1994 October; 4(4): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7949560
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No sex-related differences in human corpus callosum based on magnetic resonance imagery. Author(s): Oppenheim JS, Lee BC, Nass R, Gazzaniga MS. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1987 June; 21(6): 604-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3606048
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Normal and abnormal morphology of the corpus callosum. Author(s): McLeod NA, Williams JP, Machen B, Lum GB. Source: Neurology. 1987 July; 37(7): 1240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3601091
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Normal postnatal development of the corpus callosum as demonstrated by MR imaging. Author(s): Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1988 May-June; 9(3): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3132822
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Novel missense mutation in the L1 gene in a child with corpus callosum agenesis, retardation, adducted thumbs, spastic paraparesis, and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Sztriha L, Frossard P, Hofstra RM, Verlind E, Nork M. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 April; 15(4): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10805190
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Obstetrical three-dimensional ultrasound in the visualization of the intracranial midline and corpus callosum of fetuses with cephalic position. Author(s): Wang PH, Ying TH, Wang PC, Shih IC, Lin LY, Chen GD. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2000 June; 20(6): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861721
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Occurrence of Andermann syndrome out of French Canada--agenesis of the corpus callosum with neuronopathy. Author(s): Hauser E, Bittner R, Liegl C, Bernert G, Zeitlhofer J. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1993 April; 24(2): 107-10. Erratum In: Neuropediatrics 1993 August; 24(4): 239. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8292134
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Occurrence of Andermann syndrome out of French Canada--agenesis of the corpus callosum with neuronopathy. Author(s): Battistella PA. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1993 August; 24(4): 239. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8232787
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On the neurons with dendrites intermingling with the fibers of the human corpus callosum: a Golgi picture. Author(s): Malobabic S, Bogdanovic D, Drekic D. Source: Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb. 1984; 130(4): 557-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6208078
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On the role of the corpus callosum in cerebral laterality: a comment on Lassonde, Bryden, and Demers. Author(s): Cook ND, Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T. Source: Brain and Language. 1990 October; 39(3): 471-4; Discussion 475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2285865
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One hundred million years of interhemispheric communication: the history of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Aboitiz F, Montiel J. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2003 April; 36(4): 409-20. Epub 2003 April 08. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700818
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Orofaciodigital syndrome type I associated with polycystic kidneys and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Connacher AA, Forsyth CC, Stewart WK. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1987 February; 24(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3560170
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Outcome in prenatally diagnosed fetal agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Goodyear PW, Bannister CM, Russell S, Rimmer S. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2001 May-June; 16(3): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11316928
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Outcomes and indications of corpus callosum section for intractable seizure control. Author(s): Rayport M, Ferguson SM, Corrie WS. Source: Appl Neurophysiol. 1983; 46(1-4): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6422848
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Overnight polygraphic study of agenesis of the corpus callosum with seizures resembling infantile spasms. Author(s): Horita H, Kumagai K, Maekawa K, Endo S. Source: Brain & Development. 1980; 2(4): 379-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6261603
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Parallel interhemispheric processing in aging and alcoholism: relation to corpus callosum size. Author(s): Schulte T, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(2): 257-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644111
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Partial agenesis of corpus callosum in LEOPARD syndrome. Author(s): Bonioli E, Di Stefano A, Costabel S, Bellini C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 38(11): 855-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583620
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Pathologic quiz case: hypoplastic digit, diaphragmatic hernia, and agenesis of the corpus callosum in a 21(5/7)-week fetus. Fryns syndrome. Author(s): Mengshol SC, Ornvold K. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 November; 127(11): E425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14567736
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Possible phylogenetical significance of the corpus callosum with special reference to the dolphin brain (Stenella graffmani). Author(s): Nieto A, Nieto D, Pacheco P. Source: Acta Anatomica. 1976; 94(3): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1032079
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Posterior corpus callosum and interhemispheric transfer of somatosensory information: an fMRI and neuropsychological study of a partially callosotomized patient. Author(s): Fabri M, Polonara G, Del Pesce M, Quattrini A, Salvolini U, Manzoni T. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2001 November 15; 13(8): 1071-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11784445
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Prenatal diagnosis of hypoplasia of the corpus callosum in association with nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Author(s): Paupe A, Bidat L, Sonigo P, Lenclen R, M M, Ville Y. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 20(6): 616-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493053
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Prenatal diagnosis of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum in a fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia type 2. Author(s): Kalache KD, Lehmann K, Chaoui R, Kivelitz DE, Mundlos S, Bollmann R. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 May; 22(5): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12001196
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Prenatal PCB exposure, the corpus callosum, and response inhibition. Author(s): Stewart P, Fitzgerald S, Reihman J, Gump B, Lonky E, Darvill T, Pagano J, Hauser P. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 October; 111(13): 1670-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14527849
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Problems with interhemispheric transfer of information in complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Joseph RN, Bannister CM. Source: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2001; 15(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11944741
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Progression of corpus callosum atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Teipel SJ, Bayer W, Alexander GE, Zebuhr Y, Teichberg D, Kulic L, Schapiro MB, Moller HJ, Rapoport SI, Hampel H. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2002 February; 59(2): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843695
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Quantification of corpus callosum and ventricles in schizophrenia with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study. Author(s): Rossi A, Stratta P, Gallucci M, Passariello R, Casacchia M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 January; 146(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2912255
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Quantitative determination of MS-induced corpus callosum atrophy in vivo using MR imaging. Author(s): Simon JH, Schiffer RB, Rudick RA, Herndon RM. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1987 July-August; 8(4): 599-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3113196
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Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the corpus callosum in childhood onset schizophrenia. Author(s): Jacobsen LK, Giedd JN, Rajapakse JC, Hamburger SD, Vaituzis AC, Frazier JA, Lenane MC, Rapoport JL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 February 7; 68(2-3): 77-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9104755
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Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Casey BJ, Kozuch P, King AC, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 May; 151(5): 665-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8166306
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Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum in children with neurofibromatosis and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Kayl AE, Moore BD 3rd, Slopis JM, Jackson EF, Leeds NE. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 February; 15(2): 90-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695893
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Rapidly progressive dementia due to bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion with infarction of the total length of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Rabinstein AA, Romano JG, Forteza AM, Koch S. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2004 April; 14(2): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15095565
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Reciprocal fusion transcripts of two novel Zn-finger genes in a female with absence of the corpus callosum, ocular colobomas and a balanced translocation between chromosomes 2p24 and 9q32. Author(s): Ramocki MB, Dowling J, Grinberg I, Kimonis VE, Cardoso C, Gross A, Chung J, Martin CL, Ledbetter DH, Dobyns WB, Millen KJ. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2003 July; 11(7): 527-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825074
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Regional pattern of hippocampus and corpus callosum atrophy in Alzheimer's disease in relation to dementia severity: evidence for early neocortical degeneration. Author(s): Teipel SJ, Bayer W, Alexander GE, Bokde AL, Zebuhr Y, Teichberg D, MullerSpahn F, Schapiro MB, Moller HJ, Rapoport SI, Hampel H. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 85-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493554
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Relation of corpus callosum and hippocampal size to age in nondemented adults with Down's syndrome. Author(s): Teipel SJ, Schapiro MB, Alexander GE, Krasuski JS, Horwitz B, Hoehne C, Moller HJ, Rapoport SI, Hampel H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 October; 160(10): 1870-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14514503
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Relationship between attentional performance and corpus callosum morphometry in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Dorion AA, Sarazin M, Hasboun D, Hahn-Barma V, Dubois B, Zouaoui A, Marsault C, Duyme M. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(7): 946-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11900746
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Relationship between discrimination tasks of the cantab and the corpus callosum morphology in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Dorion AA, Duyme M, Zanca M, Dubois B, Beau J. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 June; 92(3 Pt 2): 1205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11565930
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Relationships between sulcal asymmetries and corpus callosum size: gender and handedness effects. Author(s): Luders E, Rex DE, Narr KL, Woods RP, Jancke L, Thompson PM, Mazziotta JC, Toga AW. Source: Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2003 October; 13(10): 1084-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12967925
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Reversible corpus callosum lesion in legionnaires' disease. Author(s): Morgan JC, Cavaliere R, Juel VC. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 April; 75(4): 651-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15026520
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Role of the corpus callosum in bimanual coordination: a comparison of patients with congenital and acquired callosal damage. Author(s): Serrien DJ, Nirkko AC, Wiesendanger M. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001 December; 14(11): 1897-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11860484
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Role of the corpus callosum in functional connectivity. Author(s): Quigley M, Cordes D, Turski P, Moritz C, Haughton V, Seth R, Meyerand ME. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 February; 24(2): 208-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12591635
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Schizophrenia, neurodevelopment and corpus callosum. Author(s): Innocenti GM, Ansermet F, Parnas J. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2003 March; 8(3): 261-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660799
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Second trimester prenatal alcohol exposure alters development of rat corpus callosum. Author(s): Qiang M, Wang MW, Elberger AJ. Source: Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2002 November-December; 24(6): 719-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460654
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Semiquantitative analysis of corpus callosum injury using magnetic resonance imaging indicates clinical severity in patients with diffuse axonal injury. Author(s): Takaoka M, Tabuse H, Kumura E, Nakajima S, Tsuzuki T, Nakamura K, Okada A, Sugimoto H. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 September; 73(3): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185160
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Sex differences in corpus callosum size: relationship to age and intracranial size. Author(s): Sullivan EV, Rosenbloom MJ, Desmond JE, Pfefferbaum A. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2001 July-August; 22(4): 603-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445261
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Sex differences in the corpus callosum of patients with schizophrenia. Author(s): Panizzon MS, Hoff AL, Nordahl TE, Kremen WS, Reisman B, Wieneke M, Harris D, Goodman C, Espinoza S, Liu W, Lim K. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2003 July 1; 62(1-2): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12765751
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Sexual dimorphism in the corpus callosum: a characterization of local size variations and a classification driven approach to morphometry. Author(s): Pettey DJ, Gee JC. Source: Neuroimage. 2002 November; 17(3): 1504-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414289
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Sister and brother with Vici syndrome: agenesis of the corpus callosum, albinism, and recurrent infections. Author(s): Chiyonobu T, Yoshihara T, Fukushima Y, Yamamoto Y, Tsunamoto K, Nishimura Y, Ishida H, Toda T, Kasubuchi Y. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 April 15; 109(1): 61-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932994
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Size of the human corpus callosum is genetically determined: an MRI study in mono and dizygotic twins. Author(s): Scamvougeras A, Kigar DL, Jones D, Weinberger DR, Witelson SF. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 February 27; 338(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566160
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Social processing deficits in agenesis of the corpus callosum: narratives from the Thematic Appreciation Test. Author(s): Paul LK, Schieffer B, Brown WS. Source: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists. 2004 March; 19(2): 215-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15010087
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Surgical removal of corpus callosum infiltrated by low-grade glioma: functional outcome and oncological considerations. Author(s): Duffau H, Khalil I, Gatignol P, Denvil D, Capelle L. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 March; 100(3): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15035278
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The influence of handedness and gender on the microstructure of the human corpus callosum: a diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Westerhausen R, Walter C, Kreuder F, Wittling RA, Schweiger E, Wittling W. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 November 13; 351(2): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14583391
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The role of the corpus callosum in the coupling of bimanual isometric force pulses. Author(s): Diedrichsen J, Hazeltine E, Nurss WK, Ivry RB. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003 October; 90(4): 2409-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14534269
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The size of corpus callosum and functional connectivities of cortical regions in finger and shoulder movements. Author(s): Stancak A, Lucking CH, Kristeva-Feige R. Source: Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 2002 February; 13(1): 61-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867251
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Therapy-related change of corpus callosum in a young patient with epilepsy. Author(s): Feitova V, Feit J, Krupa P. Source: European Radiology. 2002 February; 12(2): 345-7. Epub 2001 July 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870432
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Thrombocytopenia absent corpus callosum syndrome: third case of a distinct clinical entity. Author(s): Khabbaze Y, Karayalcin G, Paley C, Shende A, Valderrama E, Lipton JM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2001 October; 23(7): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878585
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Transient lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum in acute cerebellitis. Author(s): Kato Z, Kozawa R, Hashimoto K, Kondo N. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 April; 18(4): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760432
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Transient lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum in an epileptic patient. Author(s): Mirsattari SM, Lee DH, Jones MW, Blume WT. Source: Neurology. 2003 June 10; 60(11): 1838-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12796545
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Transient lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum, possibly due to carbamazepine. Author(s): Narita H, Odawara T, Kawanishi C, Kishida I, Iseki E, Kosaka K. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 October; 57(5): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950714
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Transient splenial lesion of the corpus callosum associated with antiepileptic drugs: evaluation by diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Author(s): Maeda M, Shiroyama T, Tsukahara H, Shimono T, Aoki S, Takeda K. Source: European Radiology. 2003 August; 13(8): 1902-6. Epub 2002 October 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942292
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Two cases of Japanese CADASIL with corpus callosum lesion. Author(s): Iwatsuki K, Murakami T, Manabe Y, Narai H, Warita H, Hayashi T, Abe K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2001 October; 195(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846209
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Ullrich-Turner syndrome with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Kimura M, Nakajima M, Yoshino K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 October; 37(2): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2248289
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Unilateral agraphia after section of the posterior half of the truncus of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Sugishita M, Toyokura Y, Yoshioka M, Yamada R. Source: Brain and Language. 1980 March; 9(2): 215-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7363066
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Unilateral calcification in a lipoma of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Craddock WE, Riddervold HO. Source: J Can Assoc Radiol. 1972 September; 23(3): 192-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5084428
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Unilateral photoconvulsive response in agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Brinciotti M, Matricardi M, Trasatti G. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1990 April; 21(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2335038
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Unlayered polymicrogyria and agenesis of the corpus callosum: a relevant association? Author(s): Billette de Villemeur T, Chiron C, Robain O. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1992; 83(3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1557957
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Unusual presentation of gastroesophageal reflux with corpus callosum agenesis, cleft palate and mental retardation. Author(s): Desai BN, Joshi SM, Malik S, Mittal S, Dandge VP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 November; 28(11): 1328-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1808058
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US case of the day. Dandy-Walker variant with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Wilson ME, Lindsay DJ, Levi CS, Ackerman TE, Gordon WL. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1994 May; 14(3): 678-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8066281
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US case of the day. Lipoma and hypogenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Multz MA, Koenigsberg M, Lantos G. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1996 September; 16(5): 1227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8888404
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Value of biplane computerized tomography in agenesis of the corpus callosum. A case history. Author(s): Versluis E, Klinkhamer AC, Veiga-Pires JA, van Waes PF. Source: Radiol Clin (Basel). 1978; 47(5): 346-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=704809
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Variations in human corpus callosum do not predict gender: a study using magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Byne W, Bleier R, Houston L. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 1988 April; 102(2): 222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3365317
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Vascular malformation of the posterior corpus callosum: surgical treatment. Author(s): Kosary IZ, Braham J, Shacked I, Kronenberg Y. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1978 December; 10(6): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=741355
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Ventricular visualization on the brain scan associated with a corpus callosum tumour. Author(s): McKay WJ, Andrews JT. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1976 April; 6(2): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=788695
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Visual discrimination after lesion of the posterior corpus callosum. Author(s): Rubens AB, Risse G, Selnes O. Source: Neurology. 1981 January; 31(1): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7192820
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Visual discrimination after lesion of the posterior corpus callosum. Author(s): Brown JW. Source: Neurology. 1980 November; 30(11): 1251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191524
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Visual discrimination after lesion of the posterior corpus callosum. Author(s): Levine DN, Calvanio R. Source: Neurology. 1980 January; 30(1): 21-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7188631
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What is the role of the corpus callosum in intermanual transfer of motor skills? A study of three cases with callosal pathology. Author(s): Thut G, Halsband U, Regard M, Mayer E, Leenders KL, Landis T. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1997 February; 113(2): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9063723
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When does human brain development end? Evidence of corpus callosum growth up to adulthood. Author(s): Pujol J, Vendrell P, Junque C, Marti-Vilalta JL, Capdevila A. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1993 July; 34(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8517683
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White matter magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensity in Alzheimer's disease: correlations with corpus callosum atrophy. Author(s): Vermersch P, Roche J, Hamon M, Daems-Monpeurt C, Pruvo JP, Dewailly P, Petit H. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1996 March; 243(3): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8936352
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X linked recessive inheritance of agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Kaplan P. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1983 April; 20(2): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6682447
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X-linked lissencephaly with absent corpus callosum and ambiguous genitalia (XLAG): clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and neuropathological findings. Author(s): Bonneau D, Toutain A, Laquerriere A, Marret S, Saugier-Veber P, Barthez MA, Radi S, Biran-Mucignat V, Rodriguez D, Gelot A. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2002 March; 51(3): 340-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891829
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X-linked lissencephaly with absent corpus callosum and ambiguous genitalia. Author(s): Dobyns WB, Berry-Kravis E, Havernick NJ, Holden KR, Viskochil D. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 October 8; 86(4): 331-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10494089
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X-linked mental retardation with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Fryns JP. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1993 February 15; 45(4): 533. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8465865
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X-linked pachygyria and agenesis of the corpus callosum: evidence for an X chromosome lissencephaly locus. Author(s): Berry-Kravis E, Israel J. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1994 August; 36(2): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8053659
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X-linked recessive inheritance of dysgenesis of corpus callosum in a Chinese family. Author(s): Kang WM, Huang CC, Lin SJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 November 15; 44(5): 619-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1481821
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CORPUS CALLOSUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and corpus callosum.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Corpus Callosum The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “corpus callosum” (or a synonym): •
GABA- and glutamate-activated currents in glial cells of the mouse corpus callosum slice. Author(s): Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Berger, T Walz, W Schnitzer, J Kettenmann, H J-Neurosci-Res. 1992 January; 31(1): 21-7 0360-4012
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Heredity and alcohol-induced brain anomalies: effects of alcohol on anomalous prenatal development of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Source: Cassells, B Wainwright, P Blom, K Exp-Neurol. 1987 March; 95(3): 587-604 00144886
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Karyometric studies of glial cells in corpus callosum of rats developing a fat deficient diet. Source: Wender, M Hejduk Hantke, H Godlewski, A Neuropatol-Pol. 1988; 26(3): 403-13 0028-3894
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Maturation of the corpus callosum of the rat: I. Influence of thyroid hormones on the topography of callosal projections. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. Source: Gravel, C Hawkes, R J-Comp-Neurol. 1990 January 1; 291(1): 128-46 0021-9967
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Postnatal development of biotinylated dextran amine-labeled corpus callosum axons projecting from the visual and auditory cortices to the visual cortex of the rat. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee at Memphis, 38163, USA. Source: Ding, S L Elberger, A J Exp-Brain-Res. 2001 January; 136(2): 179-93 0014-4819
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Studies of the ultrastructure and permeability of the blood-brain barrier in the developing corpus callosum in postnatal rat brain using electron dense tracers. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore. Source: Xu, J Ling, E A J-Anat. 1994 April; 184 ( Pt 2)227-37 0021-8782
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CORPUS CALLOSUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to corpus callosum. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to corpus callosum and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to corpus callosum: •
A computational analysis of mental image generation: evidence from functional dissociations in split-brain patients. Author(s): Kosslyn SM, Holtzman JD, Farah MJ, Gazzaniga MS. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 1985 September; 114(3): 311-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3161979
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A gelatin in situ-overlay technique localizes brain matrix metalloproteinase activity in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Author(s): Loy M, Burggraf D, Martens KH, Liebetrau M, Wunderlich N, Bultemeier G, Nemori R, Hamann GF. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2002 May 15; 116(2): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12044662
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A left hemisphere basis for visual mental imagery? Author(s): Farah MJ, Gazzaniga MS, Holtzman JD, Kosslyn SM. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1985; 23(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3974846
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A preliminary single case magnetic resonance imaging investigation into maxillary frontal-parietal manipulation and its short-term effect upon the intercranial structures of an adult human brain. Author(s): Pick MG. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 March-April; 17(3): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8006531
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Alexithymia in an adolescent with agenesis of the corpus callosum and chronic pain. Author(s): Ernst H, Key JD, Koval MS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 October; 38(10): 1212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517052
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Aluminium toxicity in the rat brain: histochemical and immunocytochemical evidence. Author(s): Platt B, Fiddler G, Riedel G, Henderson Z. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2001 May 15; 55(2): 257-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11470325
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Asymmetry of the interhemispheric visuomotor integration in callosal agenesis. Author(s): Di Stefano M, Salvadori C. Source: Neuroreport. 1998 May 11; 9(7): 1331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631424
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Auditory corticocortical interconnections in the cat: evidence for parallel and hierarchical arrangement of the auditory cortical areas. Author(s): Rouiller EM, Simm GM, Villa AE, de Ribaupierre Y, de Ribaupierre F. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1991; 86(3): 483-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1722171
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Bihemispheric malignant glioma: one size does not fit all. Author(s): Bauman GS, Fisher BJ, Cairncross JG, Macdonald D. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 1998 May; 38(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9540061
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Binaural and commissural organization of the primary auditory cortex of the mustached bat. Author(s): Liu W, Suga N. Source: Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. 1997 December; 181(6): 599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9449820
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Binaural noise stimulation of auditory callosal fibers of the cat: responses to interaural time delays. Author(s): Poirier P, Lepore F, Provencal C, Ptito M, Guillemot JP. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1995; 104(1): 30-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7621939
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Brain lesions and hyperbaric oxygen convulsions. Author(s): Gowdey CW, Patel YJ, Stavraky GW. Source: Int J Neuropsychiatry. 1965 August; 1(4): 318-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5863508
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Central core control of developmental plasticity in the kitten visual cortex: I. Diencephalic lesions. Author(s): Singer W. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1982; 47(2): 209-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7117446
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Chronological sequences and blood-brain barrier permeability changes in local injury as assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images from sliced rat brain. Author(s): Asato R, Handa H, Hashi T, Hatta J, Komoike M, Yazaki T. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1983 March-April; 14(2): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6836644
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Clinical management] of canine seizures. Author(s): Parent JM. Source: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 1988 July; 18(4): 947-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3062879
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Cognitive activity of the right hemisphere: possible contributions to psychological function. Author(s): Schiffer F.
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Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1996 September-October; 4(3): 126-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9384985 •
Competitive neuronal interactions underlying amblyopia. Author(s): Cynader MS. Source: Hum Neurobiol. 1982 March; 1(1): 35-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6764458
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Complete response of a recurrent, multicentric malignant glioma in a patient treated with phenylbutyrate. Author(s): Baker MJ, Brem S, Daniels S, Sherman B, Phuphanich S. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2002 September; 59(3): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241121
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Conditions for interhemispheric transfer of initially lateralized visual engrams in hooded rats. Author(s): Buresova O, Bures J, Rustova M. Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1971 May; 75(2): 200-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5087376
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Continuous c-fos expression precedes programmed cell death in vivo. Author(s): Smeyne RJ, Vendrell M, Hayward M, Baker SJ, Miao GG, Schilling K, Robertson LM, Curran T, Morgan JI. Source: Nature. 1993 May 13; 363(6425): 166-9. Erratum In: Nature 1993 September 16; 365(6443): 279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8483500
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Corpus callosum morphometry and dichotic listening performance: individual differences in functional interhemispheric inhibition? Author(s): Clarke JM, Lufkin RB, Zaidel E. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1993 June; 31(6): 547-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8341413
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Deafferentation of the visual cortex: the effect on cortical cells in normal and in early monocularly deprived cats. Author(s): Yinon U, Podell M, Goshen S. Source: Experimental Neurology. 1984 March; 83(3): 486-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6698154
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Defective revisualization: dissociation between cognitive and imagistic thought case report and short review of the literature. Author(s): Botez MI, Olivier M, Vezina JL, Botez T, Kaufman B.
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Source: Cortex. 1985 September; 21(3): 375-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4053625 •
Deficient brain development following colcemid treatment in postnatal rats. Author(s): Petit TL, Isaacson RL. Source: Brain Research. 1977 August 26; 132(2): 380-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=890489
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Demonstration of amoeboid and ramified microglial cells in pre- and postnatal bovine brains by lectin histochemistry. Author(s): Hewicker-Trautwein M, Schultheis G, Trautwein G. Source: Anat Anz. 1996 January; 178(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8717324
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Dichotic studies. II. Two questions. Author(s): Studdert-Kennedy M. Source: Brain and Language. 1975 April; 2(2): 123-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1102062
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Differences in binocular interactions between cortical areas 17 and 18 and superior colliculus of Siamese cats. Author(s): Antonini A, Berlucchi G, Di Stefano M, Marzi CA. Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1981 August 20; 200(4): 597-611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7263961
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'Direct' and 'crossed' modulation of human motor cortex excitability following exercise. Author(s): Bonato C, Zanette G, Manganotti P, Tinazzi M, Bongiovanni G, Polo A, Fiaschi A. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1996 September 27; 216(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904792
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Impact of in utero exposure to EtOH on corpus callosum development and paw preference in rats: protective effects of silymarin. Author(s): Moreland N, La Grange L, Montoya R. Source: Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine [electronic Resource]. 2002 November 11; 2(1): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427259
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Impaired sensory and motor differentiation with corpus callosum agenesis: a lack of callosal inhibition during ontogeny? Author(s): Dennis M.
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Source: Neuropsychologia. 1976; 14(4): 455-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=995239 •
Interhemispheric integration of sensory and motor functions in agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Sauerwein HC, Lassonde MC, Cardu B, Geoffroy G. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1981; 19(3): 445-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7266837
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Karyometry and cytophotometry of oligodendroglial DNA in the corpus callosum of rats treated with vicristine during the second part of foetal life. Author(s): Kozik MB, Godlewski A. Source: J Hirnforsch. 1983; 24(3): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6886395
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Long latency evoked potentials in a case of corpus callosum agenesia. Author(s): Aiello I, Sotgiu S, Sau GF, Manca S, Conti M, Rosati G. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1994 December; 15(9): 497-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7721553
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Postnatal development of the visual corpus callosum: the influence of activity of the retinofugal projections. Author(s): Murphy EH, Grigonis AM. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1988 September 15; 30(2): 151-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3166714
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Speech perception and auditory P300 potentials after section of the posterior half of the truncus of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Kaga K, Shindo M, Gotoh O, Tamura A. Source: Brain Topography. 1990 Fall; 3(1): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2094305
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Visual imagery and the corpus callosum: a theoretical note. Author(s): Prigatano GP. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1983 February; 56(1): 296-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6844074
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CORPUS CALLOSUM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to corpus callosum. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “corpus callosum” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on corpus callosum, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Corpus Callosum ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to corpus callosum. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Idiom comprehension: Typical development, and atypical function and relations with corpus callosum dysmorphology in children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus by Huber Okrainec, Joelene Frieda Harder, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA), 2003, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78051
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Inhibition of information transfer across the corpus callosum : neuropsychological investigation of motivated forgetting by Hwryluk, Garry A; PhD from THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35841
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Maternal environment and deficiency of corpus callosum in BALB/c mice by BulmanFleming, Mary Barbara; PhD from UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO (CANADA), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45386
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Plasticity of neural projections from cerebral cortex in mice with hereditary agenesis of corpus callosum : a lesion-degeneration study by Jones, George Brian; PhD from UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO (CANADA), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK42369
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Sex differences in the corpus callosum of Macaca fascicularis and Pan troglodytes by Broadfield, Douglas C., PhD from CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, 2001, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024765
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The production and fate of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the brain of the adult and aged mouse as shown by radioautography of the corpus callosum following pulse injection and continuous 3H-thymidine infusion by McCarthy, Gerald Francis; PhD from MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL24047
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CORPUS CALLOSUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “corpus callosum” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on corpus callosum, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Corpus Callosum As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to corpus callosum:
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Novel gene useful for diagnosis and treatment of aplasia of corpus callosum and aspermatogenesis and use thereof Inventor(s): Hageshita, Hiroaki; (Zama, JP), Hayasawa, Hirotoshi; (Zama, JP), Nomaguchi, Kouji; (Zama, JP), Suzu, Shinya; (Zama, JP), Yamada, Muneo; (Zama, JP) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030119778 Date filed: December 6, 2002 Abstract: Aplasia of the corpus callosum or aspermatogenesis is diagnosed by investigating existence or expression of the BT-IgSF gene with use of a primer for PCR or probe for hybridization comprising a DNA coding for a novel cell adhesion molecule (BT-IgSF) defined in the following (A) or (B) or a partial sequence thereof:(A) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of the amino acid numbers 1 to 409 of SEQ ID NO: 2;(B) a protein comprising an amino acid sequence of the amino acid numbers 1 to 409 of SEQ ID NO: 2 including substitution, deletion, insertion or addition of one or several amino acids and having a function as a cell adhesion molecule. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel protein estimated to be a cell adhesion molecule involved in development of the corpus callosum and spermatogenesis and a gene coding for the same as well as use of the protein and the gene. The protein and the gene of the present invention are useful in pharmaceutical and diagnostic fields. It is well known that, upon development of various organs of organisms, protein molecules on surfaces of cells constituting organs (cell adhesion molecules) play an important role. It has been found that these cell adhesion molecules are closely associated with important reactions in organisms such as recognition of immune cells, inflammation and metastasis of cancer. The cell adhesion molecules are primarily classified into integrin, cadherin, selectin, immunoglobulin superfamily and CD44 family depending on their structures. Of these, the immunoglobulin superfamily is a group of molecules that have a structure similar to immunoglobulin, and an enormous number of proteins belong to this family and exert a wide variety of functions. For example, molecules that carry out signal transduction associated with cell adhesion are known. There are also protein molecules known as cytokine receptors and protein molecules known as virus receptors. Some are also known as protein molecules existing on cell surfaces that regulate cell functions, typically immunological functions. Further, many proteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily are expected to play important roles in morphogenesis and development of organs in organisms as cell adhesion molecules. However, tissues or cells constituting a tissue in which each protein is expressed significantly differ depending on individual proteins and cannot be easily inferred by analysis of primary sequence (amino acid sequence) of the proteins. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel human Delta3 compositions and therapeutic and diagnostic uses therefor Inventor(s): Gearing, David P.; (East Doncaster, AU), McCarthy, Sean A.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, INC.; 75 Sidney Street; Cambridge; MA; 02139; US Patent Application Number: 20030180784 Date filed: April 17, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides nucleic acids encoding Delta3 proteins. Also provided are derivatives of Delta3 nucleic acids, polypeptides encoded thereby, and antibodies. Delta3 therapeutics, which are either antagonists or agonists of a Delta3 activity and which are capable of modulating the growth and/or differentiation of a cell, e.g., endothelial cell, are also provided herein. Furthermore, methods for treating or preventing diseases associated with an aberrant Delta3 activity and/or associated with abnormal cellular growth and/or differentiation, e.g., neurological disease or vascular disease, such as Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum with Peripheral Neuropathy (ACCPN), as well as diagnostic methods for detecting these diseases are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/568,218 filed May 9, 2000 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/872,855 filed Jun. 11, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/832,633 filed Apr. 4, 1997, abandoned, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Notch, first identified in Drosophila, is the founding member of a family of transmembrane receptor proteins that mediate cell responses to intrinsic and/or extrinsic developmental cues. The cellular response to Notch signaling can be differentiation, proliferation and/or apoptosis depending on the specific developmental program. In addition to its role as a signal-transducing cell surface protein, Notch can exert its function by directly regulating gene transcription. The Notch signaling pathway comprises Notch proteins: Drosophila Notch, LIN-12 and GLP-1 in C. elegans and Notch 1-4 in mammals; ligands: Delta, Delta-1, Delta-like 1 and 3, Jagged 1 and Jagged 2 (Serrate 1 and 2 in Drosophila, respectively); intracellular effectors: CBF-1, Deltex and NF-kappa B; target genes: HES, bHLH and TLE; processing molecules: Kuzbanian; and modifiers: lunatic fringe, manic fringe, radical fringe, numb, numb-like and disheveled 1,2 3. Structural conservation of Notch family members and their ligands are seen throughout phylogeny suggesting a conserved role for this signaling pathway in various species. The product of the Delta gene, acting as a ligand, and that of the Notch gene, acting as a receptor, are key components in a lateral-inhibition signaling pathway that regulates the detailed patterning of many different tissues in Drosophila (Bray (1998) Semin Cell Dev Biol 9:591). In humans, it has recently been shown that the Notch3 gene, located on chromosome 19, is mutated in CADASIL (for cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) patients (Joutel et al., (1996) Nature 383: 707-710). CADASIL causes a type of stroke and dementia whose key features include recurrent subcortical ischemic events, progressive vascular dementia, craniofacial paralysis, migraine and mood disorders with severe depression (Chabriat et al. (1995) Lancet 346: 934-939). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with corpus callosum, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on corpus callosum. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning corpus callosum. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 8913 38 11 5 232 9199
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on corpus callosum can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to corpus callosum. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to corpus callosum. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “corpus callosum”:
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Brain Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html Epilepsy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/epilepsy.html Head and Brain Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbraininjuries.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to corpus callosum. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Associations and Corpus Callosum The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to corpus callosum: •
Agenesis of Corpus Callosum (ACC) Network Telephone: (207) 581-3119 Fax: (207) 581-3120 Email:
[email protected] Background: The Agenesis of Corpus Callosum (ACC) Network is a not-for-profit selfhelp organization dedicated to providing information and support to families of children with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum. This is a rare condition characterized by absence of the thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. Established in 1990, the Agenesis of Corpus Callosum Network also provides support to families of children with other disorders or conditions that are similar to ACC. The Agenesis of Corpus Callosum Network enables affected families to exchange information, support, and resources through its networking programs.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to corpus callosum. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with corpus callosum. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about corpus callosum. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “corpus callosum” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.
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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “corpus callosum”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “corpus callosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “corpus callosum” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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CORPUS CALLOSUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the
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complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agraphia: A pathological lack or loss of the ability to write, usually resulting from a brain lesion. [NIH] Albinism: General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair. [NIH] Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This
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is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amoeboid: Cells capable of active migration by the throwing out and retraction of pseudopodia. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angioma: A tumor composed of lymphatic or blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
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Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH]
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Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Axotomy: Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an
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understanding of nervous system disease. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH]
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Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]
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Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU]
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Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public,
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interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Coloboma: Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with
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lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]
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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Craniopharyngioma: A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. [NIH] Cribriform: Pierced with small holes as in a sieve. Refers to the appearance of a tumor when viewed under a microscope. The tumor appears to have open spaces or small holes inside. [NIH]
Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH]
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Cytophotometry: A method for the study of certain organic compounds within cells, in situ, by measuring the light intensities of the selectively stained areas of cytoplasm. The compounds studied and their locations in the cells are made to fluoresce and are observed under a microscope. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demyelinating Diseases: Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Depth Perception: Perception of three-dimensionality. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH]
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Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Diffusivity: Of a reverberant sound field. The degree to which the directions of propagation of waves are random from point to point. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for
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its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Dwarfism: The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (pituitary dwarfism). [NIH]
Dysgenesis: Defective development. [EU] Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may be read but not understood. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of electrons. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]
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Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]
Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which
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covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Abnormalities: Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary. [NIH] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciculation: A small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament.
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[EU]
Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]
Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower
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esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH]
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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth Cones: Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of the limbic system. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hamartoma: A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. [NIH] Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]
Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the
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entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homotypic: Adhesion between neutrophils. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroureter: Abnormal enlargement of the ureter caused by any blockage that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise. [NIH] Hypertelorism: Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid. [NIH]
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Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical
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signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Internal Capsule: White matter pathway, flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interorbital: Between the orbits. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH]
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Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lateral Ventricles: Cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle. [NIH] Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukoencephalopathy: A condition with spongy holes in the brain's white matter. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined
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functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]
Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macroglia: A type of neuroglia composed of astrocytes. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH]
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Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Medulloblastoma: A malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the brain and can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET). [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH]
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Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microsurgery: Surgical procedures on the cellular level; a light microscope and miniaturized instruments are used. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH]
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Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath investing many axons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (Schwann cells in the peripheral and oligodendroglia in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in demyelinating diseases is a serious clinical problem. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in
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emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the nervous system to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations. [NIH]
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Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: NMRI. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Also called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the
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information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Olfactory Nerve: The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of olfactory receptor neurons which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the olfactory bulb. [NIH] Oligodendroglia: A class of neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal satellite cells according to their location. The most important recognized function of these cells is the formation of the insulating myelin sheaths of axons in the central nervous system. [NIH] Oligodendroglial: A cell that lays down myelin. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or
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anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Osteopetrosis: Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures, osteitis, splenomegaly with infarct, anemia, and extramedullary hemopoiesis. [NIH]
Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core
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pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylbutyrate: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called differentiating agents. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant
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effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled
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cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Primitive neuroectodermal tumors: PNET. A type of bone cancer that forms in the middle (shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH]
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Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudopodia: A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
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Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive
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substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial
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remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Reverberant: The sound field prevailing in a large enclosure with moderately reflecting surfaces. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed
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pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of forebrain and brainstem areas including the hippocampus, the lateral hypothalamus, the tegmentum, and the amygdala. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus
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callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the
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large intestine. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central
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deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]
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Subependymal: Below the ependyma (the membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord). [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Teratogenicity: The power to cause abnormal development. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Thanatophoric Dysplasia: A severe form of neonatal dwarfism with very short limbs. All
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cases have died at birth or in the neonatal period. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU]
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Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]
Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH]
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Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verbal Learning: Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual Pathways: Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the retina, optic nerve, optic tract, and geniculocalcarine tract. [NIH]
Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH]
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Vomeronasal Organ: A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Aberrant, 25, 99, 121 Acetylcholine, 121, 129, 150 Actin, 13, 35, 121, 156 Action Potentials, 60, 121 Adaptability, 121, 128 Adaptation, 11, 121, 154 Adenosine, 121, 154 Adjustment, 50, 121 Adolescence, 24, 29, 45, 121 Adrenal Cortex, 121, 132 Adrenal Medulla, 121, 128, 136, 150 Adrenergic, 121, 135, 136, 164 Adverse Effect, 121, 122, 135, 154 Afferent, 15, 47, 121, 143, 151, 155, 160 Affinity, 121, 122, 125 Agonist, 122, 135 Agraphia, 78, 122 Albinism, 76, 122 Alexia, 122, 135 Algorithms, 122, 126 Alkaline, 122, 123, 127 Alkaloid, 122, 130 Allylamine, 122 Alpha Particles, 122, 157 Alternative medicine, 122 Amblyopia, 90, 122 Amine, 84, 122 Amino Acid Sequence, 98, 122, 124, 139 Amino Acids, 98, 122, 123, 139, 152, 153, 155, 156 Ammonia, 122, 123 Amoeboid, 91, 123 Amphetamines, 123, 130 Amygdala, 14, 16, 27, 32, 123, 126, 145, 160, 164 Anal, 15, 33, 123, 145 Anatomical, 10, 13, 15, 19, 25, 65, 123, 125, 129, 142, 147, 160 Anemia, 123, 152 Aneurysm, 62, 123 Angioma, 41, 56, 123 Animal model, 36, 123 Anions, 123, 143 Anisotropy, 11, 20, 27, 46, 123 Anomalies, 23, 31, 39, 63, 65, 84, 123 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 62, 123, 129 Anterior chamber, 123, 144
Antibacterial, 123, 162 Antibiotic, 123, 162 Antibodies, 33, 99, 124, 142, 154 Antibody, 122, 124, 130, 141, 142, 146, 148, 158, 162 Anticoagulant, 124, 156 Anticonvulsant, 124, 127, 153 Antiepileptic, 51, 52, 77, 124 Antigen, 122, 124, 131, 141, 142, 146, 147 Antioxidant, 124, 161 Antiviral, 124, 152 Anus, 123, 124, 143 Anxiety, 6, 11, 124 Aorta, 124, 167 Aphasia, 17, 124 Aplasia, 41, 98, 124 Apoptosis, 28, 99, 124 Aqueous, 124, 126, 133, 144 Arterial, 122, 124, 125, 129, 156 Arteries, 124, 127 Arterioles, 124, 127 Arteriovenous, 39, 50, 125 Artery, 53, 73, 123, 124, 125, 135, 157 Aspartate, 35, 125 Asphyxia, 43, 125 Aspiration, 19, 125 Astrocytes, 28, 33, 34, 96, 125, 145, 147 Ataxia, 40, 125, 141, 164 Atmospheric Pressure, 125, 141 Atrium, 125, 167 Atrophy, 3, 6, 10, 40, 43, 50, 72, 73, 80, 125, 149 Atypical, 95, 125 Auditory, 59, 67, 84, 88, 89, 92, 125, 155 Auditory Cortex, 89, 125 Autoimmune disease, 125, 148 Autonomic Nervous System, 125, 153 Avian, 28, 125 Axons, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20, 28, 84, 125, 133, 134, 140, 148, 149, 151, 157, 159 Axotomy, 29, 125 B Bacteria, 123, 124, 126, 135, 147, 162, 166 Bacterial Physiology, 121, 126 Bactericidal, 126, 137 Basal Ganglia, 9, 17, 125, 126, 127, 138, 145, 151, 157 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 125, 126
170
Corpus Callosum
Base, 22, 126, 139, 144, 157, 164 Benign, 126, 127, 132, 138, 140, 145, 149, 158, 160 Benign tumor, 126, 145 Bifida, 31, 126 Bilateral, 9, 39, 40, 64, 73, 126, 152 Bile, 126, 138, 145, 163 Bile Acids, 126, 138, 163 Biochemical, 13, 17, 126, 144, 161 Biological Transport, 126, 134 Biotechnology, 36, 37, 105, 126 Bipolar Disorder, 9, 64, 126 Bladder, 126, 141, 142, 148, 149, 166 Blood Coagulation, 126, 127, 165 Blood Platelets, 126, 161, 165 Blood pressure, 127, 142, 148 Blood vessel, 19, 123, 127, 129, 136, 140, 144, 145, 153, 163, 165, 166 Blood-Brain Barrier, 84, 89, 127, 144 Bone scan, 127, 159 Bowel, 123, 127, 149 Brachytherapy, 127, 143, 157 Brain Diseases, 10, 110, 127, 152 Brain Neoplasms, 127, 141, 164 Brain Stem, 35, 127, 129 C Calcification, 78, 127 Calcium, 5, 13, 34, 127, 130, 146, 147, 161 Carbamazepine, 77, 127 Carcinogenic, 127, 143, 163 Cardiac, 122, 127, 136, 137, 163 Carotene, 128, 159 Case report, 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 57, 59, 60, 62, 90, 128 Cataract, 55, 128 Catecholamine, 8, 128, 134 Cations, 128, 143 Caudal, 11, 128, 142, 151, 155 Caudate Nucleus, 123, 126, 128, 149, 151 Causal, 25, 128 Cell Adhesion, 7, 98, 128 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 98, 128 Cell Death, 90, 124, 128, 149 Cell Differentiation, 128, 161 Cell membrane, 126, 128, 133, 148, 154 Cell proliferation, 128, 161 Central Nervous System Infections, 128, 140, 141 Cerebellar, 6, 7, 13, 14, 18, 22, 23, 35, 57, 63, 125, 128, 158 Cerebellum, 6, 9, 23, 24, 31, 35, 61, 63, 127, 128, 129, 132, 138, 155, 158
Cerebral Cortex, 12, 33, 34, 35, 63, 64, 74, 96, 125, 127, 129, 137, 138, 143, 149, 157, 167 Cerebral hemispheres, 7, 27, 111, 126, 127, 129, 144, 164 Cerebral Infarction, 129, 141 Cerebral Palsy, 129, 162 Cerebrospinal, 32, 129, 141 Cerebrospinal fluid, 32, 129, 141 Cerebrum, 129, 132, 164 Chin, 129, 147 Choline, 35, 129 Chorion, 58, 129 Choroid, 62, 129, 144, 159 Choroid Plexus, 62, 129, 144 Chromatin, 124, 129, 150, 162 Chromosomal, 51, 129 Chromosome, 29, 62, 81, 99, 129, 166 Chronic, 9, 14, 35, 58, 88, 129, 134, 136, 142, 155, 163 Chronic renal, 129, 155 CIS, 129, 159 Clamp, 5, 130 Cleft Palate, 78, 130 Clinical Medicine, 58, 130, 155 Clinical trial, 4, 35, 105, 130, 132, 156, 158 Cloning, 126, 130 Coca, 130 Cocaine, 32, 130 Cognition, 14, 18, 24, 30, 33, 35, 47, 48, 56, 130 Collagen, 130, 137, 146 Coloboma, 37, 41, 55, 130 Comorbidity, 6, 24, 130 Complement, 130, 131 Complementary and alternative medicine, 87, 93, 131 Complementary medicine, 87, 131 Computational Biology, 105, 131 Computed tomography, 131, 159 Computerized axial tomography, 131, 159 Computerized tomography, 79, 131 Conception, 131, 138 Conduction, 33, 34, 131, 148 Cones, 12, 131, 159 Confounding, 16, 131 Connective Tissue, 68, 130, 131, 132, 138 Connective Tissue Cells, 131, 132 Consciousness, 132, 133, 134, 156 Constriction, 132, 144 Contraindications, ii, 132 Contralateral, 19, 21, 60, 132, 151, 158
171
Contrast Sensitivity, 132, 151 Controlled study, 28, 132 Convulsions, 89, 124, 132 Coordination, 74, 129, 132, 148 Cortex, 4, 5, 12, 13, 16, 19, 24, 32, 33, 36, 50, 60, 91, 122, 132, 136, 155 Cortices, 16, 33, 84, 132 Cortisol, 8, 14, 132 Cranial, 129, 132, 137, 140, 143, 149, 151, 153, 162 Craniocerebral Trauma, 126, 132, 140, 141, 164 Craniopharyngioma, 47, 132 Cribriform, 132, 151 Cues, 12, 22, 28, 99, 132 Cultured cells, 28, 132 Curative, 132, 165 Cutaneous, 45, 132 Cyst, 48, 54, 59, 132 Cytokine, 98, 132 Cytophotometry, 92, 133 Cytoplasm, 124, 128, 133, 140, 150 Cytoskeleton, 13, 133, 147 Cytotoxic, 46, 133, 158, 161 D Data Collection, 31, 133 Deletion, 29, 98, 124, 133 Delusions, 133, 157 Dementia, 3, 66, 73, 99, 133, 134 Demyelinating Diseases, 133, 148 Dendrites, 70, 133, 140, 150, 151, 157 Dendritic, 34, 35, 133, 159 Dentate Gyrus, 34, 133, 140 Depolarization, 133, 161 Depressive Disorder, 11, 133 Deprivation, 122, 133 Depth Perception, 41, 133 Dextroamphetamine, 133, 147 Diagnostic procedure, 97, 134 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 75, 134 Diffusion, 10, 13, 14, 19, 26, 27, 38, 46, 68, 76, 77, 126, 134 Diffusivity, 20, 134 Dilation, 134, 141 Diploid, 134, 154, 166 Direct, iii, 11, 12, 28, 91, 130, 134, 135, 158, 164 Discrete, 28, 134 Discrimination, 48, 74, 79, 134 Disease Progression, 58, 134 Disinfectant, 134, 137 Dissociation, 90, 121, 134
Dissociative Disorders, 134 Distal, 24, 62, 134, 138, 153, 156, 159 Dominance, 47, 134, 144 Dopa, 12, 134, 144 Dopamine, 12, 14, 130, 133, 134, 144, 150, 153 Dorsal, 20, 135, 136, 155, 160, 163 Dorsum, 135, 138 Drug Toxicity, 51, 52, 135 Dwarfism, 47, 135, 164 Dysgenesis, 38, 39, 42, 47, 54, 65, 81, 135 Dyslexia, 7, 17, 46, 135 Dysphoric, 133, 135 Dysplasia, 47, 52, 68, 135 Dystrophy, 42, 135 E Edema, 46, 135, 143 Efferent, 15, 47, 67, 135, 143, 148, 160 Efferent Pathways, 47, 67, 135 Efficacy, 34, 135 Elastic, 53, 135, 162 Electric Conductivity, 123, 135 Electrons, 124, 126, 135, 143, 145, 157, 158 Elementary Particles, 135, 145, 150, 156 Embolus, 135, 142 Embryo, 128, 135, 155 Encephalocele, 136, 149 Encephalopathy, 64, 136 Endogenous, 134, 136, 156 Endorphins, 136, 150 Endothelial cell, 99, 127, 136, 165 End-stage renal, 129, 136, 155 Enkephalins, 136, 150 Entorhinal Cortex, 33, 136, 141 Environmental Health, 72, 104, 106, 136 Enzymatic, 127, 128, 131, 136, 146, 159 Enzyme, 136, 161, 165, 167, 168 Ependyma, 136, 164, 165 Epidemic, 10, 136, 163 Epinephrine, 121, 134, 136, 150, 166 Epithalamus, 136, 145 Epithelium, 136, 144, 151 Esophagus, 137, 138, 145, 153, 163 Ethanol, 14, 137 Ethmoid, 137, 151 Eukaryotic Cells, 137, 142 Evoke, 137, 163 Excitability, 91, 137 Excitation, 123, 137, 150 Excitatory, 5, 15, 21, 137, 139 External-beam radiation, 137, 157 Extracellular, 125, 131, 132, 137, 146
172
Corpus Callosum
Extracellular Matrix, 131, 132, 137, 146 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 137, 146 Extrapyramidal, 134, 137 Extremity, 137, 152 Eye Abnormalities, 38, 137 Eye Movements, 4, 137 F Facial, 23, 63, 137 Family Planning, 105, 137 Fasciculation, 7, 137 Fat, 84, 128, 135, 138, 145, 148 Fetus, 58, 71, 72, 138, 155, 166 Fissure, 130, 133, 138, 155 Foetal, 92, 138 Fold, 35, 138 Foramen, 129, 138, 144 Fornix, 9, 33, 138, 161 Fossa, 43, 129, 138 Fourth Ventricle, 129, 138, 165 Free Radicals, 124, 134, 138 Frontal Lobe, 9, 13, 16, 20, 26, 50, 123, 129, 138, 148, 155 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 15, 138 G Gadolinium, 61, 138 Gait, 7, 42, 138 Gamma Rays, 138, 157, 158 Ganglia, 121, 126, 138, 149, 153 Ganglion, 138, 159 Gas, 123, 134, 138, 141, 150 Gastric, 138 Gastrin, 138, 141 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 78, 138 Gastrointestinal, 136, 137, 139, 161, 164 Gastrointestinal tract, 137, 139, 161 Gene, 7, 15, 19, 28, 34, 37, 42, 52, 69, 98, 99, 126, 134, 139, 154 Gene Expression, 15, 19, 28, 34, 139 Genetic Code, 139, 151 Genetics, 16, 26, 31, 37, 40, 41, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 62, 68, 70, 73, 76, 78, 80, 81, 134, 139 Genotype, 139, 153 Germ Cells, 139, 146, 162 Gestation, 25, 130, 139, 153 Gland, 121, 139, 160, 163, 165 Glioma, 76, 88, 90, 139 Globus Pallidus, 126, 139, 157 Glomeruli, 139, 151 Glucose, 139, 143 Glutamate, 5, 84, 139
Glutamic Acid, 139, 150 Glycerol, 139, 154 Glycerophospholipids, 139, 154 Glycine, 139, 150 Glycoproteins, 128, 139, 143 Governing Board, 140, 155 Gp120, 140, 152 Grade, 76, 140 Granule, 133, 140 Granulocytes, 140, 161 Growth Cones, 12, 140 Growth factors, 140, 147 Gyrus Cinguli, 123, 140, 145 H Haematoma, 140 Haemorrhage, 44, 140 Hamartoma, 53, 140 Handedness, 32, 48, 54, 74, 76, 140 Headache, 140, 141 Hemorrhage, 132, 140, 157, 163 Hereditary, 42, 55, 62, 68, 96, 137, 140, 149 Heredity, 84, 139, 140 Hernia, 47, 71, 140 Heterogeneity, 16, 26, 31, 122, 140 Hippocampus, 6, 10, 32, 35, 73, 133, 138, 140, 145, 157, 160, 164 Histiocytosis, 61, 141 Homogeneous, 29, 141 Homologous, 36, 141, 164 Homotypic, 19, 141 Hormonal, 125, 141 Hormone, 28, 57, 132, 135, 136, 138, 141, 152, 161, 165 Hybrid, 141 Hybridization, 98, 141 Hydrocephalus, 7, 28, 31, 49, 52, 59, 69, 95, 141, 143 Hydrogen, 122, 126, 137, 141, 148, 150, 151, 156 Hydroureter, 41, 141 Hyperbaric, 89, 141 Hyperbaric oxygen, 89, 141 Hyperhidrosis, 49, 141 Hypertelorism, 55, 141 Hypertrophy, 34, 142 Hypoplasia, 7, 36, 37, 51, 57, 63, 72, 142 Hypotension, 132, 142 Hypothalamic, 53, 57, 142 Hypothalamus, 125, 127, 132, 142, 145, 160, 165 Hypothermia, 49, 142
173
I Immune response, 124, 125, 142, 164, 167 Immunohistochemistry, 19, 142 Impairment, 4, 5, 29, 32, 35, 51, 62, 125, 142, 147, 157 Implant radiation, 142, 143, 157 In situ, 19, 87, 133, 142 In Situ Hybridization, 19, 142 In vitro, 7, 28, 142 In vivo, 17, 28, 29, 58, 66, 72, 90, 142 Incision, 142, 143 Incompetence, 138, 142 Incontinence, 141, 142 Infancy, 12, 142 Infantile, 32, 71, 142 Infarction, 56, 73, 129, 142 Infection, 19, 125, 142, 145, 150, 163 Inflammation, 98, 142, 149, 151, 154 Infusion, 96, 143 Inguinal, 141, 143 Initiation, 63, 143 Inositol, 35, 143 Inotropic, 135, 143 Insight, 14, 15, 25, 35, 143 Insulator, 143, 148 Internal Capsule, 123, 143 Internal radiation, 143, 157 Interorbital, 141, 143 Interstitial, 12, 127, 143 Intestines, 139, 143, 160 Intoxication, 143, 168 Intracellular, 13, 99, 142, 143, 146, 161 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 141, 143, 164 Intracranial Hypertension, 140, 141, 143, 152 Intraocular, 130, 143 Intravenous, 143 Intrinsic, 29, 99, 122, 143 Invasive, 12, 35, 49, 143, 145 Ion Channels, 125, 143, 153 Ions, 5, 126, 134, 141, 143 Iris, 41, 55, 68, 123, 144, 157 Ischemia, 19, 29, 87, 125, 144 K Kb, 104, 144 L Lactation, 144, 152 Latency, 92, 144 Lateral Ventricles, 25, 144, 160, 165 Laterality, 70, 144 Lectin, 91, 144 Lens, 128, 144
Lesion, 19, 21, 32, 40, 41, 50, 51, 52, 58, 60, 63, 74, 77, 79, 96, 122, 144, 145, 161 Lethargy, 141, 144 Leukoencephalopathy, 99, 144 Levo, 134, 144 Levodopa, 134, 144 Lice, 84, 144 Life cycle, 24, 144 Ligands, 99, 128, 144 Light microscope, 144, 147 Limbic, 13, 31, 123, 140, 144, 155 Limbic System, 13, 123, 140, 144, 155 Lipid, 129, 139, 145, 148 Lipoma, 49, 52, 53, 62, 63, 78, 79, 145 Liver, 126, 145, 147, 159 Liver scan, 145, 159 Lobe, 20, 129, 145 Localization, 22, 63, 67, 142, 145 Localized, 6, 12, 17, 24, 32, 140, 141, 142, 145, 154 Longitudinal study, 3, 10, 30, 31, 145 Loop, 140, 145 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 139, 145 Lymph, 136, 145 Lymphatic, 123, 142, 145 Lymphoid, 124, 145 M Macroglia, 145, 147 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 14, 17, 145 Malformation, 39, 41, 50, 79, 140, 146 Malignant, 88, 90, 127, 132, 141, 146, 149, 158, 160 Malnutrition, 125, 146 Mammogram, 127, 146, 147 Mania, 146 Manic, 99, 126, 146, 157 Manic-depressive psychosis, 146, 157 Matrix metalloproteinase, 87, 146 Maxillary, 88, 146 Medial, 11, 27, 137, 139, 140, 146, 151, 160, 162 Mediate, 5, 14, 99, 128, 134, 146 Mediator, 134, 146, 161 MEDLINE, 105, 146 Medullary, 146, 157 Medulloblastoma, 44, 146 Meiosis, 146, 164 Melanin, 144, 146, 153, 166 Membrane, 17, 35, 125, 128, 129, 131, 133, 136, 137, 140, 143, 146, 153, 154, 159, 160, 161, 164
174
Corpus Callosum
Membrane Lipids, 146, 154 Memory, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 22, 24, 30, 133, 146 Meninges, 128, 132, 147, 163 Mental, iv, 4, 7, 16, 28, 37, 38, 51, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 78, 80, 87, 88, 104, 106, 129, 130, 133, 134, 142, 146, 147, 156, 157, 160 Mental Disorders, 147, 156, 157 Mental Processes, 134, 147, 156 Mental Retardation, 7, 16, 28, 37, 38, 51, 66, 68, 78, 80, 147 Metabolite, 17, 147 Metastasis, 98, 128, 146, 147 Methylphenidate, 14, 147 Microbe, 147, 165 Microbiology, 121, 125, 147 Microcalcifications, 127, 147 Microglia, 34, 125, 147 Microorganism, 147, 167 Microsurgery, 49, 147 Microtubules, 12, 147 Migration, 7, 36, 123, 147 Milk Thistle, 147, 161 Mitosis, 124, 147 Modification, 34, 148 Molecular, 14, 17, 19, 28, 34, 36, 75, 105, 107, 126, 131, 133, 148, 166 Molecule, 7, 98, 124, 126, 131, 134, 137, 140, 144, 148, 151, 158, 161 Monitor, 27, 35, 148, 150 Monoclonal, 148, 158 Mood Disorders, 99, 148 Morphogenesis, 98, 148 Morphological, 10, 23, 25, 34, 49, 66, 135, 148 Morphology, 9, 11, 24, 25, 30, 48, 53, 54, 58, 64, 66, 69, 73, 74, 128, 148 Motility, 36, 148, 161 Motor Activity, 132, 148 Motor Cortex, 21, 91, 148, 158 Motor nerve, 137, 148, 153 Motor Skills, 80, 148 Mucositis, 148, 165 Multiple sclerosis, 45, 46, 67, 148, 151 Muscular Diseases, 148, 152 Myelin, 29, 33, 133, 148, 151 Myelin Sheath, 33, 148, 151 Myopia, 55, 148, 149, 158 N Narcolepsy, 133, 147, 149 Nearsightedness, 148, 149 Necrosis, 124, 129, 142, 149
Neocortex, 5, 14, 149 Neonatal, 44, 67, 149, 164 Neonatal period, 149, 165 Neoplasm, 140, 149, 166 Neostriatum, 128, 149, 157 Nerve Fibers, 14, 111, 149, 167 Nerve Growth Factor, 149, 150 Nervous System, 7, 33, 36, 37, 39, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133, 135, 138, 139, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 161, 164, 167 Networks, 17, 21, 31, 149 Neural tube defects, 31, 41, 149 Neuritis, 149, 152 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 134, 149 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 19, 126, 149 Neurologic, 136, 141, 149 Neuromuscular, 121, 149, 152 Neuronal, 3, 7, 14, 15, 17, 19, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 90, 125, 140, 149 Neuronal Plasticity, 34, 149 Neurons, 4, 5, 13, 15, 28, 34, 35, 70, 130, 133, 137, 138, 144, 149, 150, 151, 157, 164 Neuropathy, 29, 50, 55, 150, 153 Neurophysiology, 45, 67, 76, 133, 150 Neuropsychological Tests, 23, 150 Neuropsychology, 23, 46, 76, 150 Neurotransmitter, 14, 68, 121, 134, 139, 143, 150, 161, 164 Neurotrophins, 15, 150 Neutrons, 122, 150, 157 Neutrophils, 140, 141, 150 Nitrogen, 122, 137, 150 Norepinephrine, 121, 134, 150 Nuclear, 28, 72, 89, 126, 135, 137, 138, 143, 145, 149, 150, 159, 164 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, 72, 150 Nuclei, 15, 35, 122, 123, 135, 136, 145, 147, 150, 151, 154, 156, 160 Nucleic acid, 99, 139, 141, 142, 150 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 141, 151 Nucleus, 24, 124, 125, 129, 133, 135, 137, 138, 139, 146, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160, 164 Nucleus Accumbens, 24, 151 O Occipital Lobe, 26, 151, 167 Ocular, 29, 73, 151 Olfactory Bulb, 34, 151, 168 Olfactory Nerve, 151 Oligodendroglia, 148, 151
175
Oligodendroglial, 92, 151 Opacity, 128, 151 Opsin, 151, 159 Optic Chiasm, 142, 151 Optic disc, 151 Optic Nerve, 28, 122, 151, 159, 160, 167 Optic Neuritis, 29, 151 Orbit, 152 Orbital, 24, 151, 152 Osteopetrosis, 40, 152 Outpatient, 6, 152 Ovum, 139, 144, 152 Oxytocin, 14, 152 P Palate, 130, 152 Palliative, 152, 165 Pancreatic, 138, 152 Pancreatic Juice, 138, 152 Paralysis, 99, 152, 162 Paraparesis, 69, 152 Paraplegia, 7, 28, 42, 51, 55, 62, 68, 152 Parasitic, 144, 152 Parietal, 4, 6, 9, 17, 88, 123, 152 Parietal Lobe, 5, 123, 152 Pathologic, 71, 124, 127, 152, 159, 163 Pathologic Processes, 124, 152 Pathophysiology, 10, 16, 152 Pedigree, 29, 152 Peptide, 28, 152, 155, 156 Peptide T, 28, 152 Perception, 4, 27, 92, 133, 153, 160 Perfusion, 35, 153, 165 Perinatal, 30, 43, 51, 153 Perineal, 141, 153 Perioperative, 22, 153 Peripheral Nervous System, 7, 133, 136, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 160, 164 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 152, 153 Peripheral Neuropathy, 51, 99, 153 Perivascular, 147, 151, 153 Petechiae, 140, 153 Phagocytosis, 33, 147, 153 Phantom, 11, 153 Pharmacologic, 153, 165, 166 Pharynx, 139, 153 Phenotype, 5, 7, 20, 23, 153 Phenylalanine, 153, 166 Phenylbutyrate, 90, 153 Phenytoin, 127, 153 Phosphates, 17, 154 Phospholipases, 154, 161
Phospholipids, 17, 35, 138, 143, 146, 154 Phosphorus, 17, 35, 127, 154 Photoreceptors, 131, 154 Phylogeny, 99, 154 Physiologic, 122, 134, 154, 158, 159 Physiology, 14, 89, 125, 150, 154 Pigment, 122, 154 Pilot study, 72, 154 Plants, 122, 129, 130, 139, 144, 148, 150, 154, 166, 167 Plasma, 124, 128, 154, 165 Plasma cells, 124, 154 Plasticity, 15, 19, 34, 89, 96, 154 Platelet Activation, 154, 161 Pleomorphic, 151, 154 Pneumonia, 132, 154 Poisoning, 135, 143, 154 Polycystic, 70, 154 Polymorphic, 133, 155 Polypeptide, 122, 130, 141, 155, 156, 168 Pons, 44, 127, 138, 155, 159 Posterior, 16, 43, 46, 71, 78, 79, 92, 123, 125, 129, 135, 136, 143, 144, 151, 152, 155, 160, 162 Postnatal, 5, 30, 69, 84, 91, 92, 155 Postsynaptic, 155, 161 Post-synaptic, 5, 155 Potentiation, 155, 161 Practice Guidelines, 106, 155 Preclinical, 10, 155 Precursor, 12, 129, 134, 136, 144, 150, 153, 155, 166 Prefrontal Cortex, 24, 27, 31, 155 Prenatal, 11, 14, 23, 30, 33, 39, 60, 65, 69, 72, 75, 84, 135, 155 Prenatal Diagnosis, 39, 60, 65, 69, 72, 155 Presynaptic, 150, 155 Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 146, 155 Probe, 14, 22, 98, 155 Progression, 12, 25, 42, 68, 72, 123, 155 Progressive, 4, 9, 17, 50, 64, 73, 99, 128, 129, 133, 149, 154, 155, 166 Projection, 7, 150, 151, 155, 157, 158 Prophase, 156, 164 Prospective Studies, 29, 156 Prospective study, 145, 156 Protein Binding, 156, 165 Protein C, 98, 123, 156 Protein Conformation, 123, 156 Protein S, 126, 139, 156 Protocol, 23, 156
176
Corpus Callosum
Protons, 122, 141, 145, 156, 157 Proximal, 134, 155, 156, 160 Pseudopodia, 123, 156 Psychiatric, 6, 10, 24, 42, 147, 156 Psychic, 147, 156, 160 Psychoactive, 156, 168 Psychology, 7, 16, 34, 87, 134, 150, 156 Psychopathology, 8, 10, 156 Psychophysiology, 150, 156 Psychosis, 29, 157 Puberty, 53, 157 Public Policy, 105, 157 Publishing, 36, 157 Pulmonary, 127, 157, 167 Pulmonary Artery, 127, 157, 167 Pulse, 19, 96, 148, 157 Punishment, 14, 157 Pupil, 134, 151, 157 Purpura, 140, 157 Putamen, 33, 123, 126, 149, 157 Pyramidal Cells, 133, 157 R Race, 134, 147, 157 Racemic, 134, 157 Radiation, 48, 52, 135, 137, 138, 141, 143, 153, 157, 158, 159, 168 Radiation therapy, 52, 137, 141, 143, 157 Radioactive, 127, 141, 142, 143, 145, 150, 157, 158, 159 Radiolabeled, 158 Radiotherapy, 127, 158, 163 Randomized, 26, 135, 158 Randomized clinical trial, 26, 158 Reaction Time, 7, 158 Reality Testing, 157, 158 Receptor, 5, 14, 99, 121, 124, 134, 140, 151, 153, 158, 161 Recurrence, 126, 146, 158 Red Nucleus, 125, 158 Refer, 1, 130, 136, 145, 150, 157, 158, 160, 167 Reflex, 137, 158 Refraction, 123, 148, 158, 162 Refractive Errors, 122, 158 Refractive Power, 148, 158 Regeneration, 29, 158 Regimen, 135, 158 Regurgitation, 139, 158 Relapse, 14, 35, 158 Remission, 126, 146, 158 Resorption, 141, 159 Respiration, 148, 159
Retina, 129, 131, 144, 148, 151, 159, 167 Retinal, 28, 151, 159 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 28, 151, 159 Retinol, 159 Retraction, 123, 159 Retrobulbar, 152, 159 Reverberant, 134, 159 Rhodopsin, 151, 159 Risk factor, 14, 156, 159 Rod, 130, 159 S Scans, 3, 6, 9, 13, 20, 30, 32, 57, 159 Scatter, 153, 160 Schizoid, 160, 168 Schizophrenia, 9, 15, 17, 25, 29, 30, 38, 41, 43, 61, 64, 65, 68, 72, 73, 75, 160, 168 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 160, 168 Schwannoma, 67, 160 Sclera, 129, 160 Sclerosis, 67, 148, 160 Screening, 19, 130, 160 Secondary tumor, 147, 160 Secretion, 135, 144, 147, 160 Segmentation, 6, 18, 25, 32, 160 Seizures, 35, 49, 68, 71, 89, 127, 153, 160 Septal, 123, 145, 160 Septal Nuclei, 123, 145, 160 Septum, 29, 144, 160, 168 Septum Pellucidum, 29, 144, 160 Sequela, 134, 161 Sequence Homology, 152, 161 Serotonin, 150, 161 Serum, 29, 130, 161 Sex Characteristics, 121, 157, 161 Shock, 161, 166 Signal Transduction, 36, 98, 143, 161 Signs and Symptoms, 18, 158, 161 Silymarin, 36, 91, 147, 161 Skeletal, 130, 135, 148, 161 Skeleton, 121, 161 Skull, 132, 136, 149, 152, 161, 164 Small intestine, 141, 143, 161, 167 Social Behavior, 26, 162, 168 Social Environment, 34, 162 Social Support, 10, 162 Solvent, 137, 139, 162 Soma, 28, 157, 162 Somatic, 18, 121, 145, 146, 147, 153, 155, 162 Sound wave, 131, 162 Spastic, 7, 28, 42, 51, 55, 62, 68, 69, 162 Spasticity, 162
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Specialist, 111, 134, 162 Species, 24, 99, 136, 141, 146, 147, 148, 152, 157, 161, 162, 164, 166, 167, 168 Specificity, 9, 59, 122, 162, 165 Spectroscopic, 32, 35, 145, 162 Spectrum, 11, 13, 26, 67, 147, 162 Sperm, 129, 162, 166 Spermatogenesis, 98, 162 Spermatozoa, 162 Sphenoid, 141, 162 Spina bifida, 31, 95, 149, 162 Spinal cord, 125, 127, 128, 129, 136, 138, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 158, 163, 164 Spinal Cord Diseases, 152, 163 Spinal Nerves, 153, 163 Splenomegaly, 152, 163 Sporadic, 149, 163 Staging, 159, 163 Steel, 130, 163 Stereotactic, 22, 48, 57, 163 Steroid, 132, 163 Stimulant, 133, 147, 163 Stimulus, 4, 45, 122, 137, 143, 144, 157, 158, 163, 165, 167 Stomach, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143, 145, 153, 161, 163 Stress, 8, 10, 14, 26, 125, 128, 132, 163 Striatum, 13, 19, 139, 149, 151, 163 Stroke, 19, 21, 56, 58, 89, 99, 104, 163 Stroma, 144, 163 Subacute, 142, 163 Subclinical, 142, 160, 163 Subcutaneous, 135, 163 Subependymal, 38, 39, 164 Subiculum, 140, 164 Subspecies, 162, 164 Substance P, 147, 160, 164 Sympathomimetic, 133, 135, 136, 150, 164 Symptomatology, 11, 164 Synapse, 34, 121, 155, 164, 166 Synapsis, 164 Synaptic, 5, 34, 150, 161, 164 Systemic, 124, 127, 136, 142, 143, 157, 164 T Telencephalon, 126, 129, 164 Temporal, 6, 9, 17, 27, 28, 36, 123, 125, 140, 164 Temporal Lobe, 9, 123, 125, 164 Teratogenicity, 14, 164 Thalamic, 55, 125, 136, 164 Thalamic Diseases, 125, 164 Thalamus, 9, 22, 24, 127, 136, 145, 155, 164
Thanatophoric Dysplasia, 72, 164 Therapeutics, 88, 99, 165 Thermal, 123, 134, 150, 165 Third Ventricle, 136, 142, 144, 164, 165 Threonine, 152, 165 Threshold, 137, 165 Thrombin, 156, 165 Thrombocytopenia, 57, 77, 165 Thrombomodulin, 156, 165 Thrombosis, 156, 163, 165 Thymidine, 96, 165 Thyroid, 84, 165, 166 Thyroid Gland, 165 Thyroid Hormones, 84, 165, 166 Tissue, 5, 6, 10, 11, 25, 28, 32, 34, 98, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168 Tissue Distribution, 11, 165 Tomography, 63, 64, 145, 165 Tooth Preparation, 121, 165 Topical, 137, 165 Torsion, 142, 165 Toxic, iv, 122, 150, 165, 166 Toxicity, 88, 165 Toxicology, 106, 166 Toxins, 122, 124, 142, 166 Trachea, 153, 165, 166 Traction, 130, 166 Transduction, 161, 166 Transfection, 126, 166 Translocation, 51, 73, 166 Transmitter, 121, 125, 134, 143, 146, 150, 166 Transplantation, 36, 129, 166 Trauma, 10, 149, 166 Trisomy, 39, 62, 166 Trophic, 28, 166 Tubercle, 151, 166 Tubulin, 147, 166 Tumour, 61, 79, 138, 166 Tyrosine, 12, 134, 166 U Urinary, 8, 141, 142, 166 Urine, 126, 141, 142, 166 Uterine Contraction, 152, 166 Uterus, 166 V Vaccine, 156, 166 Vascular, 34, 64, 79, 99, 122, 129, 142, 163, 165, 166
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Corpus Callosum
Vasodilator, 135, 166 Vegetative, 134, 167 Vein, 123, 125, 143, 150, 167 Venous, 125, 129, 156, 167 Ventral, 142, 151, 155, 163, 167 Ventricle, 35, 123, 128, 140, 144, 151, 157, 167 Ventricular, 5, 10, 25, 54, 61, 79, 141, 167 Venules, 127, 167 Verbal Learning, 30, 167 Vertebral, 126, 162, 167 Vestibular, 67, 167 Vestibule, 167 Veterinary Medicine, 105, 167 Villi, 141, 167 Villous, 129, 167 Virulence, 165, 167 Virus, 98, 128, 140, 166, 167 Viscera, 162, 167
Visceral, 125, 145, 167 Visual Cortex, 84, 89, 90, 122, 167 Visual Pathways, 28, 167 Vitamin A, 143, 159, 167 Vitro, 28, 167 Vivo, 17, 167 Vomeronasal Organ, 151, 168 W Windpipe, 153, 165, 168 Withdrawal, 6, 168 Wound Healing, 128, 146, 168 X Xenograft, 123, 168 X-ray, 131, 138, 146, 150, 157, 158, 159, 163, 168 Y Yeasts, 153, 168 Z Zymogen, 156, 168
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180
Corpus Callosum
