Cretinism: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

CRETINISM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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CRETINISM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cretinism: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00310-4 1. Cretinism-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cretinism. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CRETINISM ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Cretinism ...................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CRETINISM ................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON CRETINISM................................................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 33 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 33 Chapters on Cretinism ................................................................................................................. 34 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 39 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 41 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 45 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 49 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 49 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 55 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 56 CRETINISM DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 59 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 73

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cretinism is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cretinism, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cretinism, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cretinism. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cretinism, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cretinism. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CRETINISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cretinism.

Federally Funded Research on Cretinism The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cretinism. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cretinism. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cretinism. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cretinism: •

Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL NEURODEVELOPMENT

LEAD,

THYROID

FUNCTION

&

Principal Investigator & Institution: Factor-Litvak, Pam R.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: Severe deficiency of thyroid hormone during the prenatal and neonatal periods is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in infancy and childhood. Maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy leads to a lowered production of activated (i.e., iodinated) thyroid hormone (T3) and an increased risk of cretinism (with associated severe mental retardation) in the child. Congenital hypothyroidism and transient hypothyroidism of prematurity are associated with deficits in cognition during early life. In light of these observations, it is appropriate to ask whether suboptimal maternal thyroid function, particularly during the first half of pregnancy when maternal contribution to fetal thyroid hormone is maximal, is associated with neurodevelopment of the child. Recent data suggest that children of mothers with 'lownormal' thyroid function are at risk for small deficits in cognition and increased reports of behavior problems. The overall goal of this project is to assess whether mild deficiencies in maternal thyroid function are associated with adverse neurodevelopment in the child, and, if so, to elucidate possible biologic mechanism. One possible mechanism is through damage to the choroid plexus, the site of production of the brainspecific transport protein for thyroid hormone. Animal studies suggest that the choroid plexus is damaged by exposure to environmental lead, raising the possibility that associations between lead exposure and cognition in the child arise through an effect of lead on transport of thyroid hormone to the brain. The proposed study draws on data from a prospective study designed to examine the associations between pre- and postnatal lead exposure and childhood development. The cohort comprises approximately 300 children, born in 1984-1985 in two towns in Kosovo, Yugoslavia who were followed through age 12. Sera are available to measure thyroid function in the mothers at midpregnancy and in the children at ages 4, 7 and 12. Outcomes, including cognition, motor function, behavior problems and anthropometric measurements, were measured repeatedly during infancy and childhood. This project will expand the findings of the Yugoslavia study to examine first, whether maternal thyroid function in the first half of pregnancy is associated with cognitive, behavioral and growth outcomes and second, whether the associations between Pb and these outcomes are mediated by exposure to thyroid hormone. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THYROID PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES OF INHERITED DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Refetoff, Samuel; Professor of Medicine & Pediatrics; Medicine; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-1979; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The broad objective of this research proposal is to improve our understanding of thyroid physiology through the detailed study of patients with genetic defects at key regulatory processes, in combination with complementary studies in animal models. More specifically, a dual clinical and laboratory approach is proposed to study two hormone resistance syndromes, resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) and resistance to thyrotropin (RTSH), for which the etiologies of important subtypes remain unknown. The etiology of RTH without TH receptor (TR) gene mutations (nonTR-RTH) will be determined. Th hypothesis, based on preliminary data, that nonTR-RTH involves a cofactor common to other nuclear receptors will be examined. 1) Clinical studies will search for resistance to glucocorticoid and sex hormone. 2) Fibroblasts from RTH subjects with and without TR gene mutations will be examined for phenotypic differences in their responses to TH and dexamethasone, using microarrays. 3) Families with nonTR-RTH will be examined for linkage to candidate genes. 4) Cofactors isolated from the fibroblasts of nonTR-RTH

Studies

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subjects by pull down techniques will be analyzed. Furthermore, the involvement of cofactors in the variability of the RTH phenotype will be studied by: 1) Analysis of large families with the same TRB gene mutation, for linkage of the RTH phenotype to candidate cofactor genes. 2) Crossing of mice with a targeted TRJ3 gene mutation with mice Strains of different TH sensitivity in order to identify putative modifiers of the RTH phenotype. RTSH is characterized by an elevated serum TSH level in the presence of a normal or hypoplastic thyroid gland. In the USA and in Europe only 20 percent of subjects with RTSH have loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene. Five large families with dominantly inherited RTSH, in which the involvement of 5 other candidate genes (TSH receptor, Pax8, TTF-1, TTF-2 and GSa) has been ruled out, will be analyzed by genome-wide screening. In the endemic iodine deficient region of the Ubangui (Africa), RTSH manifests as myxedematous agoitrous cretinism despite the presence of a thyroid gland in the normal location and very high serum TSH levels. In contrast, euthyroid subjects have goiters of variable sizes. The cause of this endemic form of RTSH will be determined. The TSH receptor gene will be examined for possible mutations. The possibility for a gain-of-function mutation in the H202 generating-THOX gene will be explored, based on its selection for iodide retention in the heterozygous state that could cause gland destruction in homozygotes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cretinism” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for cretinism in the PubMed Central database: •

Otic Lesions and Congenital Hypothyroidism in the Developing Chick. by Bargman GJ, Gardner LI.; 1967 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=292933

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cretinism, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cretinism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cretinism (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

"Cryptothyroidism", the major cause of sporadic "athyreotic" cretinism. Author(s): Little G, Meador CK, Cunningham R, Pittman JA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1965 December; 25(12): 1529-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4158639

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A comparative study of neurological and myxedematous endemic cretinism in western China. Author(s): Boyages SC, Halpern JP, Maberly GF, Eastman CJ, Morris J, Collins J, Jupp JJ, Jin CE, Wang ZH, You CY. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1988 December; 67(6): 1262-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3056969

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A comparison of the clinical features in endemic cretinism. Author(s): Stanbury J. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1973 October; 179: 66-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4523778

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A controlled trial of iodinated oil for the prevention of endemic cretinism: a longterm follow-up. Author(s): Pharoah PO, Connolly KJ. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1987 March; 16(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3032814

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A note on iodine deficiency and thyroid function in "neurological" cretinism in highland Ecuador. Author(s): Fierro-Benitez R. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662264

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A survey of cretinism in Bohemia and Moravia. I. A study of questionnaire survey. Author(s): Kremenova J, Reisenauer R. Source: Acta Univ Carol [med] (Praha). 1984; 30(1-2): 65-88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6507198

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A survey of cretinism in Bohemia and Moravia. II. Clinical Study. Author(s): Kremenova J, Reisenauer R. Source: Acta Univ Carol [med] (Praha). 1984; 30(7-8): 445-77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6532200

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A survey of the clinical and metabolic patterns of endemic cretinism. Author(s): Delange F, Costa A, Ermans AM, Ibbertson HK, Querido A, Stanbury JB. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 175-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662267

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Adult cretinism resulting from cryptothyroidism. Author(s): Shah PK, Ahuja MM. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1971 February; 25(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5572993

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Adult cretinism with lingual thyroid and pituitary fossa enlargement. Author(s): Hadden DR, Alexander F. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1968 July; 61(7): 655-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5664279

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Age-related change in pituitary threshold for TSH release during thyroxine replacement therapy for cretinism. Author(s): Sato T, Suzuki Y, Taketani T, Ishiguro K, Nakajima H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1977 March; 44(3): 553-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=402383

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An unusual electrocardiographic response to digitalis in a child with cretinism. Author(s): Ishikawa K, Ueda T. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1972 July; 36(7): 685-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4678254

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Animal model of human disease. Cretinism. Author(s): Schwark WS. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1977 May; 87(2): 473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=851173

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Association of peroxidase enzyme defect and low thyroglobulin content in a case of endemic cretinism. Author(s): Ait Hammou N, Abdelmoumene N, Benmiloud M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1985 June; 8(3): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4031389

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Athyreotic cretinism associated with thymic hypoplasia and amyloidosis of lymphoid tissue. Author(s): DeCoteau WE, Murphy FA, Gerrard JW. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 July 6; 111(1): 51-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4601509

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Athyreotic cretinism in two sisters. Author(s): Bianchine JW, Stambler AA, Harrison HE. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1971 May; 7(6): 264-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5173175

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Autoradiography and ultrastructure of the thyroid gland in endemic cretinism. Author(s): Lupulescu A, Negoescu I, Petrovici A, Nicolae M, Stoian M, Balan M, Stancu H. Source: Acta Anatomica. 1967; 66(3): 331-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6055026

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Balzac and cretinism. Author(s): Bayliss R. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 2000 July-August; 34(4): 398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11005083

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Calcitonin secretion in congenital nongoitrous cretinism. Author(s): Carey DE, Jones KL, Parthemore JG, Deftos LJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1980 April; 65(4): 892-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7358848

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Central cretinism in four successive siblings. Author(s): Isichei UP, Das SC, Egbuta JO. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1990 September; 66(779): 751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2122428

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Changes in serum thyroxine-binding proteins in endemic goitre and endemic cretinism. Author(s): Wellby ML, Pharoah PO, Hetzel BS. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1974 January; 3(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4209839

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Childhood primary hypothyroidism and endemic cretinism. Author(s): Dussault JH. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 6: 107-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9174715

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Chromatographic pattern of serum and urinary amino acids in cretinism. Author(s): Gabr M, el-Gawad ZA, el-Behairy F. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1966 January; 55(1): 79-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5919476

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Clinical pattern and the genetics of the fetal iodine deficiency disorder (endemic cretinism): results of a field study in Highland Ecuador. Author(s): Held KR, Cruz ME, Moncayo F. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 January; 35(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2301474

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Clinical picture of endemic cretinism in central Apennines (Montefeltro). Author(s): Donati L, Antonelli A, Bertoni F, Moscogiuri D, Andreani M, Venturi S, Filippi T, Gasperini L, Neri S, Baschieri L. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1992 Winter; 2(4): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1493369

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Clinical study of endemic cretinism in south Sikkim. Author(s): Sankar R, Pulger T, Rai B, Sankar G, Gyatso TR, Rai BM. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1993 June; 41(6): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8005966

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Comparative study of neurological and myxoedematous cretinism associated with severe iodine deficiency. Author(s): Chaouki ML, Maoui R, Benmiloud M. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1988 April; 28(4): 399-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3191604

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Congenital cretinism. Author(s): Wilkinson RH. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1971 December; 50(6): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5128042

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Congenital goitrous cretinism due to iodide. Author(s): Dawson KP. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 April 11; 2(701): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5420224

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Cretinism after weekly dosing with levothyroxine for treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. Author(s): Rivkees SA, Hardin DS. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 July; 125(1): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8021766

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Cretinism and lingual thyroid presenting in an adult. Author(s): Yeung VT, Loong EP, Cockram CS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987 October; 63(744): 881-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3447115

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Cretinism and the fetal-maternal relationship. Author(s): Stanbury JB. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 487-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4582013

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Cretinism as a cause of respiratory distress in a neonate. Author(s): Gatrad AR. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1982 April; 36(4): 164-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7171437

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Cretinism associated with maternal sodium iodide I 131 therapy during pregnancy. Author(s): Green HG, Gareis FJ, Shepard TH, Kelley VC. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1971 September; 122(3): 247-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5109602

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Cretinism in one of non-identical twins. Author(s): Wrinch JH, Lewall DB. Source: J Can Assoc Radiol. 1969 March; 20(1): 57-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5776290

Studies

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Cretinism with combined hormone deficiency caused by a mutation in the PIT1 gene. Author(s): Tatsumi K, Miyai K, Notomi T, Kaibe K, Amino N, Mizuno Y, Kohno H. Source: Nature Genetics. 1992 April; 1(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1302000

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Cretinism with muscular hypertrophy (Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome). Histochemical and ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle. Author(s): Spiro AJ, Hirano A, Beilin RL, Finkelstein JW. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1970 October; 23(4): 340-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4097646

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Cretinism with ovarian cyst causing precocious puberty. Author(s): Pongpipat D, Anumanrajadhon Y, Suvatte A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1972 January; 55(1): 57-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5013921

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Cretinism, thyroid hormones and selenium. Author(s): Contempre B, Vanderpas J, Dumont JE. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1991 October; 81(1-3): C193-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797579

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Cretinism: a culinary cure for the curriculum. Author(s): Lewis MH. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1986 April; 14(2): 417-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3709955

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Cretinism: early diagnosis and its relation to mental prognosis. Author(s): Raiti S, Newns GH. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1971 October; 46(249): 692-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5118058

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Decreased growth hormone (GH) response to oral clonidine in endemic cretinism: effect of L-T3 therapy. Author(s): Martins MC, Knobel M, Medeiros-Neto G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 July-August; 11(7): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3139739

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Definitive diagnosis in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Author(s): Eugster EA, LeMay D, Zerin JM, Pescovitz OH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2004 May; 144(5): 643-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15127002

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Cretinism

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Disease family trees: the possible roles of iodine in goitre, cretinism, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and cancers of the thyroid, nervous system and skin. Author(s): Foster HD. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1987 November; 24(3): 249-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3320695

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Effects of iodides on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in neurological endemic cretinism: evidence for compensated thyroidal failure in adult life. Author(s): Medeiros-Neto GA, Hollander CS, Knobel M, Imai I, Kataoka K. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1978 March; 8(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=639333

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Effects of protracted hypothyroidism on pituitary function and structure in endemic cretinism. Author(s): Boyages S, Halpern JP, Maberly GF, Eastman CJ, Carr P, Yu DZ, You CY, Jin CN. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1989 January; 30(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2776353

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Endemic cretinism and endemic goitre in two areas of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Heywood PF, Buttfield IH, Buttfield BL, Anian G. Source: P N G Med J. 1986 June; 29(2): 149-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3465098

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Endemic cretinism in a traditional society in Mali: from the collectivity to the individual. Author(s): Bellis G, Roux F, Chaventre A. Source: Coll Antropol. 1998 June; 22(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10097417

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Endemic cretinism in eastern New Guinea. Author(s): Buttfield IH, Hetzel BS. Source: Australas Ann Med. 1969 August; 18(3): 217-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4187130

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Endemic cretinism in Idjwi Island (Kivu Lake, Republic of Congo). Author(s): Delange F, Ermans AM, Vis HL, Stanbury JB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1972 June; 34(6): 1059-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4111997

Studies

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Endemic cretinism in Idjwi Island (Kivu Lake, Zaire Republic). Author(s): Delange F, Ermans AM, Stanbury JB. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 87-113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662279

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Endemic cretinism in Sicily. Author(s): Squatrito S, Delange F, Trimarchi F, Lisi E, Vigneri R. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1981 July-September; 4(3): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7320434

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Endemic cretinism in Thailand: a multidisciplinary survey. Author(s): Rajatanavin R, Chailurkit L, Winichakoon P, Mahachoklertwattana P, Soranasataporn S, Wacharasin R, Chaisongkram V, Amatyakul P, Wanarata L. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1997 October; 137(4): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9368501

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Endemic cretinism in the Andean region of Ecuador. Author(s): Fierro-Benitez R, Stanbury JB, Querido A, DeGroot L, Alban R, Cordova J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1970 February; 30(2): 228-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4189880

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Endemic cretinism of recent onset in New Guinea. Author(s): Pharoah PO, Hornabrook RW. Source: Lancet. 1974 November 2; 2(7888): 1038-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4138608

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Endemic cretinism. Author(s): Hamilton W. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1976 June; 18(3): 386-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=780178

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Endemic Cretinism. Author(s): Hornabrook RW. Source: Contemp Neurol Ser. 1975; 12: 91-108. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=806417

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Endemic cretinism: possible role for thyroid autoimmunity. Author(s): Boyages SC, Halpern JP, Maberly GF, Eastman CJ, Chen J, Wang ZH, van der Gaag RD, Drexhage HA. Source: Lancet. 1989 September 2; 2(8662): 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2570236

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Endemic cretinism: the Indian scene. Author(s): Dash RJ, Gupta V. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1993 June; 41(6): 329-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8005963

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Endemic cretinism: toward a unifying hypothesis. Author(s): Boyages SC, Halpern JP. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1993 Spring; 3(1): 59-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8499765

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Endemic cretinism--a continuous personal educational experience during 10 years. Author(s): Querido A. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1975 September; 51(599): 591-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1197161

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Endemic goiter and cretinism at the dawn of the third millennium. Author(s): Matovinovic J. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1983; 3: 341-412. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6196041

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Endemic goiter and cretinism in Guizhou. Clinical analysis of 247 cretins. Author(s): Shi ZF, Zeng GH, Zhang JX, Li XT, Hou MT, Lu TZ, Wu JB, Wang GX, Tian ZZ, Liu JL, et al. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1984 September; 97(9): 689-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6443302

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Endemic goiter and cretinism: an update on iodine status. Author(s): Dunn JT. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 14 Suppl 6: 1469-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11837501

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Endemic goiter and endemic cretinism in the Andean region. Author(s): Fierro-Benitez R, Penafiel W, De Groot LJ, Ramirez I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1969 February 6; 280(6): 296-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5762371

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Endemic goitre and cretinism in the Simbai and Tep-Tep areas of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Pharoah PD, Heywood PF. Source: P N G Med J. 1994 June; 37(2): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7771112

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Endemic goitre and cretinism. Author(s): Ibbertson HK. Source: Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979 March; 8(1): 97-128. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=218758

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Endemic goitre and cretinism: public health significance and prevention. Author(s): Stanbury JB, Ermans AM, Hetzel BS, Pretell EA, Querido A. Source: Who Chron. 1974 May; 28(5): 220-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4831598

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Enlargement of the sella turcica in some patients with long standing untreated endemic cretinism, Serum TSH, alpha, TSH-beta, and prolactin responses to TRH. Author(s): Medeiros-Neto GA, Kourides IA, Almeida F, Gomes E, Cavaliere H, Ingbar SH. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1981 July-September; 4(3): 303-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6798094

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Epidemiologic survey of endemic goiter and cretinism in Guizhou. Author(s): Hou MT, Nie SY, Yang SH, Shi ZF, Li XT, Lu TZ, Yu ZH, Lo ZH, Li SL, He ZK, Zeng GH, Tian ZZ, Wu JB, Zhang JX, Zhan GY, Wang GX, Gao SM, Li SG, Kong DM, Zhu XY. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1982 January; 95(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6802583

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Epidemiological study of endemic cretinism in a hyperendemic area. Author(s): Jalil MQ, Mia MJ, Ali SM. Source: Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1997 April; 23(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9363676

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Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of endemic cretinism in Sicily. Author(s): Trimarchi F, Vermiglio F, Finocchiaro MD, Battiato S, Lo Presti VP, La Torre N, Calaciura F, Regalbuto C, Sava L, Vigneri R. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1990 July-August; 13(7): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2229927

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Epidemiology of endemic cretinism in Sikkim, India. Author(s): Sankar R, Pulger T, Rai B, Gomathi S, Gyatso TR, Pandav CS. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1998 March-April; 65(2): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10771977

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Erythropoietic polyploidy 3. Erythropoietic polyploidy in relation to endemic goitre and endemic cretinism. Author(s): Nemec J. Source: Endokrinologie. 1965 March; 47(5): 265-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5852817

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Euthyroid cretinism in an adult with an ectopic thyroid. Author(s): Kirby RW, Kotchen TA. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1982 April; 161(4): 274-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6124519

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Evidence for hypothyroidism in endemic cretinism in Brazil. Author(s): Shenkman L, Medeiros-Neto GA, Mitsuma T, Monteiro K, Penna M, Pupo AA, Hollander CS. Source: Lancet. 1973 July 14; 2(7820): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4123620

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Familial agoitrous cretinism accompanied by musclar hypertrophy. Author(s): Cross HE, Hollander CS, Rimoin DL, McKusick VA. Source: Pediatrics. 1968 February; 41(2): 413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5637792

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Familial goitrous cretinism associated with an abnormal haemoglobin. Author(s): Lloyd HJ. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1975 November; 29(11): 319-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1203157

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Familial goitrous cretinism. Author(s): Vashi N. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1972 November; 9(11): 697-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4658687

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Familial isolated thyrotropin deficiency with cretinism. Author(s): Miyai K, Azukizawa M, Kumahara Y. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971 November 4; 285(19): 1043-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4106196

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Further studies on endemic cretinism in Central Africa. Author(s): Delange F, Ermans AM. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1971 November; 3(6): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4108785

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Geographical variation in the clinical manifestations of endemic cretinism. Author(s): Pharoah PO. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1976 December; 28(4): 259-67. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=797071

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Goitre and cretinism in the high Himalayas. Author(s): Ibberston HK. Source: N Z Med J. 1974 December 11; 80(529): 484-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4375269

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Goitre, cretinism and iodine in South Asia: historical perspectives on a continuing scourge. Author(s): Miles M. Source: Medical History. 1998 January; 42(1): 47-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536623

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Goitrous cretinism in twins due to biosynthetic defect in formation of thyroid hormones. Author(s): Lee GS, Black ML, Chia KB, Welby ML, Hetzel BS. Source: Singapore Med J. 1967 March; 8(1): 2-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6044167

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Goitrous cretinism manifesting as newborn stridor: CT evaluation. Author(s): Optican RJ, White KS, Effmann EL. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1991 September; 157(3): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1872244

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Goitrous cretinism with chromosomal aberration and defect in thyroglobulin synthesis. Author(s): Lizarralde G, Jones B, Seal US, Jones JE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1966 November; 26(11): 1227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4162599

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Hereditary goitrous cretinism. Report of a family. Author(s): Larkander O, Larsson LG, Ottosson JO. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1971; 221: 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4106728

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Himalayan cretinism. Author(s): Ibbertson HK, Tait JM, Pearl M, Lim T, McKinnon JR, Gill MB. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 51-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662277

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History of iodine prophylaxis with regard to cretinism and deaf-mutism. Author(s): Querido A. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 191-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4575618

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Humoral thyroid autoimmunity is not involved in the pathogenesis of myxedematous endemic cretinism. Author(s): Chiovato L, Vitti P, Bendinelli G, Santini F, Fiore E, Tonacchera M, Mammoli C, Capaccioli A, Venturi S, Pretell E, et al. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 May; 80(5): 1509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7744994

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Hypothalamo-pituitary interrelationships in thyroid pathology, with special reference to cretinism. Author(s): Beckers C. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 429-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4196884

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Hypothyroidism in an area of endemic goiter and cretinism in Central Java, Indonesia. Author(s): Goslings BM, Djokomoeljanto R, Docter R, van Hardeveld C, Hennemann G, Smeenk D, Querido A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1977 March; 44(3): 48190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=65359

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Iodine and selenium deficiency associated with cretinism in northern Zaire. Author(s): Vanderpas JB, Contempre B, Duale NL, Goossens W, Bebe N, Thorpe R, Ntambue K, Dumont J, Thilly CH, Diplock AT. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 December; 52(6): 1087-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2239787

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Iodine effects on thyroid function in sporadic goitrous cretinism. Author(s): Zondek H, Leszynsky HE. Source: Nature. 1965 June 19; 206(990): 1258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5879790

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Letter: Endemic goitre and cretinism. Author(s): Hetzel BS. Source: Lancet. 1975 July 26; 2(7926): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=49778

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Letter: Hypothyroidism in endemic cretinism in Brazil. Author(s): Hetzel BS, Pharoah PO. Source: Lancet. 1973 December 8; 2(7841): 1325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4127667

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Letter: Illustrating cretinism. Author(s): Wyatt PR. Source: Lancet. 1974 November 9; 2(7889): 1151. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4139458

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Magnetic resonance imaging of brain and the neuromotor disorder in endemic cretinism. Author(s): Ma T, Lian ZC, Qi SP, Heinz ER, DeLong GR. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1993 July; 34(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8517686

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Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during the first half of gestation in an iodine deficient area with endemic cretinism and related disorders. Author(s): Vermiglio F, Lo Presti VP, Scaffidi Argentina G, Finocchiaro MD, Gullo D, Squatrito S, Trimarchi F. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1995 April; 42(4): 409-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750195

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Mitigation of cretinism by breast-feeding. Author(s): Bode HH, Vanjonack WJ, Crawford JD. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 July; 62(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=683777

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Multicystic disease association with congenital cretinism and infantile diabetes. Author(s): Melam HL, Traisman HS, Lipardo R, Kidd JM. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1970 March; 119(3): 270-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5414820

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Nervous endemic cretinism in Eastern Nepal. Author(s): White NJ. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1977 April; 19(2): 208-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=858448

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Neurological signs in congenital iodine-deficiency disorder (endemic cretinism). Author(s): DeLong GR, Stanbury JB, Fierro-Benitez R. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1985 June; 27(3): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4018426

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Nongoitrous cretinism in monozygotic twins. Author(s): Strickland AL, Bass JW. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1969 December; 118(6): 927-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4187587

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Notes on endemic goitre and cretinism in the upper Isarco valley. Author(s): Platzer S, Riccabona G, Fill H, Ladurner D, Glatzl J, De Sanso G, BrambatiTestori O, Costa A. Source: J Nucl Biol Med. 1975 April-June; 19(2): 65-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1165494

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Occult impaired hearing among 'normal' school children in endemic goiter and cretinism areas due to iodine deficiency in Guizhou. Author(s): Wang YY, Yang SH. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1985 February; 98(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3922695

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Pathogenesis of myxedematous endemic cretinism. Author(s): Boyages SC, Medeiros-Neto G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 April; 81(4): 1671-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8636390

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Perspectives on cretinism and disability. Author(s): Pharoah PO. Source: Lancet. 1996 November 30; 348(9040): 1521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8942810

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Physical growth and development, neurological maturation and behavioral functioning in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter is endemic. I. Outline of the problem of endemic goiter and cretinism. Physical growth and neurological maturation in the adult population of La Esperanza. Author(s): Greene LS. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1973 January; 38(1): 119-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4682523

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Pituitary cretinism in two sisters. Author(s): Kohno H, Watanabe N, Ootsuka M, Kajiwara M, Gohya N. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1980 September; 55(9): 725-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7436542

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Possible role of cyanide and thiocyanate in the etiology of endemic cretinism. Author(s): Ermans AM, Delange F, Van der Velden M, Kinthaert J. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 455-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4582012

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Prenatal treatment of cretinism: preliminary studies of its value in postnatal development. Author(s): Bacon GE, Lowrey GH, Carr EA Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1967 November; 71(5): 654-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4168020

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Preventable endemic cretinism. Author(s): Liebowitz MR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1969 April 10; 280(15): 841. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5773649

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Primary pediatric hypothyroidism and endemic cretinism. Author(s): Boyages SC. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 5: 94-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7704810

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Radioiodine treatment during pregnancy: chromosomal aberrations and cretinism associated with maternal iodine-131 treatment. Author(s): Goh KO. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1981 August; 36(8): 262-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6268681

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Regression of pituitary enlargement after thyroxine replacement therapy in cretinism-a case report. Author(s): Pan CH, Ryu SJ, Hsi MS, Huang MJ, Lui CC. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1986 May; 85(5): 495-506. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3463657

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Reversibility of severe hypothyroidism with supplementary iodine in patients with endemic cretinism. Author(s): Vanderpas JB, Rivera-Vanderpas MT, Bourdoux P, Luvivila K, Lagasse R, Perlmutter-Cremer N, Delange F, Lanoie L, Ermans AM, Thilly CH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 September 25; 315(13): 791-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3018564

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Roentgenologic aspects of adult cretinism. Two case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Borg SA, Fitzer PM, Young LW. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975 April; 123(4): 820-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1147150

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Role of the placenta and of plasma hormone binding in the pathogenesis of cretinism. Author(s): Pretell EA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4196886

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Seasonality of birth in sporadic cretinism. Author(s): Miyai K, Ichihara K, Amino N, Nose O, Yabuuchi H, Tsuruhara T, Oura T, Kurimura T. Source: Early Human Development. 1979 March; 3(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=527523

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Selenium deficiency as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of myxoedematous endemic cretinism. Author(s): Goyens P, Golstein J, Nsombola B, Vis H, Dumont JE. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1987 April; 114(4): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3577581

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Serum and urinary acid mucopolysaccharides in cretinism. Author(s): Khafagy EZ, Kotb A, Gabr M, Osman HG. Source: Gaz Egypt Paediatr Assoc. 1974 April; 22(2): 163-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4281402

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Serum protein-bound iodine and electroencephalography as diagnostic aids in cretinism. Author(s): Viukari M. Source: J Ment Defic Res. 1965 December; 9(4): 260-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4160105

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Serum pseudo and R.B.C's true cholinesterase activity in cretinism. Author(s): Gabr M, el-Hawary MF, el-Maraghi S, Abdin M. Source: Gaz Egypt Paediatr Assoc. 1973 July; 21(3): 89-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4805750

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Similarities and differences between sporadic and endemic cretinism. Author(s): Hetzel BS. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 119-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4676934

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Skeletal and dental development in the endemic goitre and cretinism areas of Ecuador. Author(s): Israel H, Fierro-Benitez R, Garces J. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1969 May; 72(5): 105-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5769207

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Skeletal muscle structure in endemic cretinism. Author(s): Vickery AL Jr, Fierro-Benitez R, Kakulas BA. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1966 July; 49(1): 193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5944760

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Sporadic cretinism and juvenile hypothyroidism. Author(s): Ahuja MM, Chopra IJ, Sridhar CB. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1969 June; 18(6): 488-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4181951

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Sporadic cretinism. Author(s): Hamilton W. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1976 June; 18(3): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=939352

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Strategy of goitre and cretinism control in Central Africa. Author(s): Thilly CH, Delange F, Ramioul L, Lagasse R, Luvivila K, Ermans AM. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1977 March; 6(1): 43-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=197032

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Studies of endemic cretinism in Papua New Guinea: digital and palmar dermatoglyphic patterns. Author(s): Larrick JW, Plato CC, Hornabrook RW. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1983 June; 61(2): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6881322

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Studies on endemic goiter and endemic cretinism in Guizhou: observations on iodine metabolism and pituitary thyroid axis functional status. Author(s): Zhu XY, Lu TZ, Shi ZF, Hou MT. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1981 September; 94(9): 555-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6793321

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Studies on hearing loss in a community with endemic cretinism in Central Java, Indonesia. Author(s): Goslings BM, Djokomoeljanto R, Hoedijono R, Soepardjo H, Querido A. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1975 April; 78(4): 705-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1173960

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Supplementary iodine fails to reverse hypothyroidism in adolescents and adults with endemic cretinism. Author(s): Boyages SC, Halpern JP, Maberly GF, Collins J, Jupp J, Eastman CJ, Jin CE, Gu YH, Zhou L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 February; 70(2): 336-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2153694

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The aetiology and prophylaxis of endemic goitre and cretinism. The New Zealnd experience. Author(s): Purves HD. Source: N Z Med J. 1974 December 11; 80(529): 477-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4532198

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The biochemistry of endemic cretinism: roles of iodine and selenium deficiency and goitrogens. Author(s): Dumont JE, Corvilain B, Contempre B. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1994 April; 100(1-2): 163-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7520008

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The clinical pattern of cretinism as seen in highland Ecuador. Author(s): Fierro-Benitez R, Ramirez I, Garces J, Jaramillo C, Moncayo F, Stanbury JB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1974 May; 27(5): 531-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4823774

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The clinical pattern of cretinism as seen in highland Ecuador. Author(s): Stanbury JB. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 3-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662275

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The clinical pattern of cretinism as seen in northern Italy. Author(s): Costa A. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 31-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662271

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The clinical pattern of cretinism as seen in Switzerland. Author(s): Koenig MP. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 19-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662268

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The clinical pattern of endemic cretinism in Papua, New Guinea. Author(s): Pharoah PO. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 71-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662278

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The effect of iodine prophylaxis on the incidence of endemic cretinism. Author(s): Pharoah PO, Buttfield IH, Hetzel BS. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 201-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4350935

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The epidemiology, pathogenesis and control of endemic goitre and cretinism in New Guinea. Author(s): Hetzel BS. Source: N Z Med J. 1974 December 11; 80(529): 482-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4375268

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The genetics of endemic cretinism. Author(s): Held KR, Cruz ME, Moncayo F. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985; 200: 207-18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4080739

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The iodine-selenium connection: its possible roles in intelligence, cretinism, sudden infant death syndrome, breast cancer and multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Foster HD. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1993 January; 40(1): 61-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8455469

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The longitudinal course of two cases with cretinism diagnosed after adolescence. Author(s): Hirayama T, Niho K, Fujino O, Murakami M. Source: Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 2003 April; 70(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12802380

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The neurology of endemic cretinism. A study of two endemias. Author(s): Halpern JP, Boyages SC, Maberly GF, Collins JK, Eastman CJ, Morris JG. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1991 April; 114 ( Pt 2): 825-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2043952

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The pathogenesis of endemic cretinism. Author(s): Stanbury JB. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1984 August; 7(4): 409-19. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6389662

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The pathology of the ear in endemic cretinism. Author(s): Koenig MP, Neiger M. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 325-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662272

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The prevalence of goitre and cretinism in a population of the west Ivory Coast. Author(s): Kouame P, Bellis G, Tebbi A, Gaimard M, Dilumbu I, Assouan A, Roux F, Mayer G, Chastin I, Diarra N, Chaventre A. Source: Coll Antropol. 1998 June; 22(1): 31-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10097418

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The results of prophylaxis of endemic cretinism with iodized oil in rural Andean Ecuador. Author(s): Ramirez I, Fierro-Benitez R, Estrella E, Gomez A, Jaramillo C, Hermida C, Moncayo F. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 223-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4354737

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The role of thyroid dysgenesis in non-goitrous cretinism and juvenile myxoedema. Author(s): Murray IP, McGirr EM, Thomson JA, Hutchison JH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1966 July 2; 2(1): 6-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5944130

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The varied manifestations of endemic cretinism. Author(s): Stanbury JB, Delange F, Ermans A, Fierro-Benitez R. Source: Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1973; 85(0): 6-17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4804099

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Thiocyanate in food and iodine in milk: from domestic animal feeding to improved understanding of cretinism. Author(s): Laurberg P, Andersen S, Knudsen N, Ovesen L, Nohr SB, Bulow Pedersen I. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 October; 12(10): 897-902. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487772

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Thyroid atrophy in myxedematous endemic cretinism: possible role for growthblocking immunoglobulins. Author(s): Tsuboi K, Lima N, Ingbar SH, Medeiros-Neto G. Source: Autoimmunity. 1991; 9(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1777553

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Thyroid autoimmunity and endemic cretinism. Author(s): Medeiros-Neto G, Tsuboi K, Lima N. Source: Lancet. 1990 January 13; 335(8681): 111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1967392

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Thyroid function of subjects with goitre and cretinism in an endemic goitre area of rural China after use of iodized salt. Author(s): Pang XP, An OY, Su TS, Hershman JM. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1988 July; 118(3): 444-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3394475

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Thyroid function tests in endemic cretinism. Author(s): Hershman JM. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 161-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4122801

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Thyroxine biosynthesis in human goitrous cretinism. Author(s): Alexander NM, Burrow GN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1970 March; 30(3): 30815. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4189569

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Timing of vulnerability of the brain to iodine deficiency in endemic cretinism. Author(s): Cao XY, Jiang XM, Dou ZH, Rakeman MA, Zhang ML, O'Donnell K, Ma T, Amette K, DeLong N, DeLong GR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 December 29; 331(26): 1739-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7984194

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TSH secretion and regulation in endemic goiter and endemic cretinism. Author(s): Medeiros-Neto G. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983; 116: 119-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6304776

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Ultrastructural aspects of the thyroid in a case of human congenital goitre with cretinism. Author(s): Ketelbant-Balasse P, Glinoer D, Neve P. Source: Pathol Eur. 1975; 10(2): 155-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=171610

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CRETINISM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cretinism. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cretinism and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cretinism” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cretinism: •

Biocultural belief and iodine prophylaxis. Author(s): Lellep Fernandez R. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1988; 27(6): 587-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3067358

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Effect of selenium supplementation in hypothyroid subjects of an iodine and selenium deficient area: the possible danger of indiscriminate supplementation of iodine-deficient subjects with selenium. Author(s): Contempre B, Dumont JE, Ngo B, Thilly CH, Diplock AT, Vanderpas J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1991 July; 73(1): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2045471

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Effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid hormone metabolism in an iodine and selenium deficient population. Author(s): Contempre B, Duale NL, Dumont JE, Ngo B, Diplock AT, Vanderpas J.

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Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1992 June; 36(6): 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1424183 •

Intellectual assessment in primitive societies, with a preliminary report of a study of the effects of early iodine supplementation on intelligence. Author(s): Trowbridge FL. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 30: 137-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4662265

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Iodine deficiency disorders. Author(s): Elliott TC. Source: Health Technol Dir. 1987; 7(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12343033

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Iodine supplementation and the prevention of cretinism. Author(s): Dunn JT. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1993 March 15; 678: 158-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8494259

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Iodine-supplementation trials. Author(s): Pharoah PO. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 February; 57(2 Suppl): 276S279S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8427204

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Maternal iodine supplements in areas of deficiency. Author(s): Mahomed K, Gulmezoglu AM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000135. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796152

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Oral iodine supplementation does not reduce neutralizing antibody responses to oral poliovirus vaccine. Author(s): Taffs RE, Enterline JC, Rusmil K, Muhilal, Suwardi SS, Rustama D, Djatnika, Cobra C, Semba RD, Cohen N, Asher DM. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1999; 77(6): 484-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10427933

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Persistence of iodine deficiency 25 years after initial correction efforts in the Khumbu region of Nepal. Author(s): Murdoch DR, Harding EG, Dunn JT.

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Source: N Z Med J. 1999 July 23; 112(1092): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472889 •

The emergence of endocrinology. Author(s): Welbourn RB. Source: Gesnerus. 1992; 49 Pt 2: 137-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1398153

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The papal bull of Paul 3 (1537), supposedly relating to cretinism. Author(s): Greenwald I. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1971 March-April; 45(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4932201

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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Cretinism

The following is a specific Web list relating to cretinism; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopausal Symptoms (Other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thyroid Hormone Alternative names: Armour Thyroid, S-P-T, Thyrar Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thyroid Hormones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

33

CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON CRETINISM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cretinism. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cretinism include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “cretinism” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cretinism” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “cretinism” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Towards the Eradication of Endemic Goiter, Cretinism and Iodine Deficiency (Scientific Pub No 502) by John T Dunn, et al; ISBN: 9275115028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9275115028/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “cretinism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”

34

Cretinism

From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Cretins and cretinism: a prize thesis of the University of Edinburgh. Author: by George S. Blackie; Year: 1855

•

Endemic goiter and cretinism: continuing threats to world health: report of the IV Meeting of the PAHO Technical Group on Endemic Goiter held in Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil, 14-18 October 1973. Author: compiled and edited by John T. Dunn, Geraldo A. Medeiros-; Year: 1974

•

Endemic goiter and endemic cretinism: iodine nutrition in health and disease. Author: edited by John B. Stanbury, Basil S. Hetzel; Year: 1980

Chapters on Cretinism In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cretinism, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cretinism using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cretinism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cretinism: •

Thyroid Disease Source: in Little, J.W., et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Science. 2002. p. 283-302. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science. Customer Service Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146 (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 535-9935. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $56.95. ISBN: 323011713. Summary: The patient with thyroid disease is of concern to the dentist from several aspects. The dentist may detect early signs and symptoms of thyroid disease and refer the patient for medical evaluation and treatment. Patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis may be in danger if the dentist performs surgical or operative procedures. In addition, patients with thyroid cancer will benefit from the early detection and treatment of their tumors. This chapter on thyroid disease is from a resource text that helps dental professionals work with medically compromised patients. The chapter emphasizes disorders involving hyperfunction of the gland (hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis), hypofunction of the gland (hypothyroidism or myxedema or cretinism), thyroiditis, and the detection of lesions that may be cancerous. For each condition, the chapter provides a brief overview of the basic disease process, epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and

7

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

35

symptoms, laboratory findings, currently-accepted medical therapy, prevention of medical complications, and recommendations for specific dental treatment planning. 15 figures. 7 tables. 27 references.

37

APPENDICES

39

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

40

Cretinism

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

41

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

42

Cretinism

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cretinism” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1296 78 73 1 37 1485

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “cretinism” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

43

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

45

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cretinism can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cretinism. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cretinism. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cretinism”:

46

Cretinism

Adrenal Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Hearing Problems in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingproblemsinchildren.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cretinism. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

47

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cretinism. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cretinism. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cretinism. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cretinism” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cretinism”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cretinism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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Cretinism

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cretinism” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

49

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

50

Cretinism

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

51

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

53

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

55

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on cretinism: •

Basic Guidelines for Cretinism Congenital hypothyroidism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001193.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Cretinism Constipation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003125.htm Floppy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003298.htm Hypotonia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003298.htm Jaundice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm

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Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Poor feeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003022.htm Short stature Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003271.htm Sutures - separated Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003307.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Cretinism Serum TBG level Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003374.htm Serum TSH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003684.htm T3 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003687.htm T4 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003517.htm Thyroid scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003829.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm X-ray of the skull Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003802.htm

•

Background Topics for Cretinism Choking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000047.htm Long bones Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002249.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

Online Glossaries 57

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

59

CRETINISM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some

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types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anthropometric measurements: Measurements of human body height, weight, and size of component parts, including skinfold measurement. Used to study and compare the relative proportions under normal and abnormal conditions. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived

Dictionary 61

constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and

Dictionary 63

theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dysgenesis: Defective development. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other health-

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related event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]

Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9.

Dictionary 65

[NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypophysis: A remnant of the entodermal pouch of Rathke beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx, which shows pituitary tissue. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH]

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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodides: Inorganic binary compounds of iodine or the I- ion. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iodine-131: Radioactive isotope of iodine. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Levothyroxine: Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU]

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Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and

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peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyploidy: The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of chromosomes; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc. [NIH]

Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body,

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secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Iodide: Sodium iodide (NaI). A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function determinants. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]

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Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine-Binding Proteins: A group of proteins that includes thyroxine-binding globulin, a glycoprotein that serves as the major and specific carrier of thyroxine in plasma, accounting for 70-75% of the bound thyroxine; thyroxine-binding prealbumin, an albumin that serves as the secondary carrier, accounting for between 20 and 25% of the bound thyroxine; and serum albumin, which accounts for the remaining bound thyroxine. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU]

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Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] World Health: The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Adolescence, 26, 59 Adrenal Glands, 59, 60 Aetiology, 24, 59 Affinity, 59, 70 Albumin, 59, 71 Algorithms, 59, 61 Alternative medicine, 59 Amino Acids, 9, 59, 67, 68, 69 Amyloidosis, 8, 59 Anatomical, 60, 61, 65, 69 Animal model, 4, 7, 60 Anthropometric measurements, 4, 60 Antibodies, 60, 65 Antibody, 30, 59, 60, 62 Antigen, 59, 60, 62 Anti-infective, 60, 66 Anti-inflammatory, 60, 63, 64 Arterial, 60, 69 Atrophy, 27, 60 Autoimmune disease, 60, 67 Autoimmunity, 14, 18, 27, 60 B Bacteria, 60, 67, 72 Base, 60, 66 Biosynthesis, 27, 60 Biotechnology, 5, 34, 41, 60 Bladder, 61, 67, 72 Blastocyst, 61, 68 Blood pressure, 61, 67, 70 Blood vessel, 61, 66, 71, 72 Body Fluids, 61, 70 C Carbon Dioxide, 61, 68 Cardiotonic, 61, 63 Case report, 22, 61 Cell, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72 Central Nervous System, 61, 64, 67 Cerebrospinal, 61 Cerebrospinal fluid, 61 Chin, 61, 66 Choroid, 4, 61, 69 Choroid Plexus, 4, 61 Chromosomal, 17, 21, 61, 68 Chromosome, 61, 66 Clinical trial, 3, 41, 61 Cloning, 61, 62 Cofactor, 4, 62, 69

Cognition, 4, 62 Collagen, 62, 64 Complement, 62 Complementary and alternative medicine, 29, 32, 62 Complementary medicine, 29, 62 Computational Biology, 41, 62 Contraindications, ii, 63 Coordination, 63, 67 Corticosteroids, 63, 64 Cortisone, 63 Cyanide, 21, 63 Cyst, 11, 63 D Decidua, 63, 68 Dexamethasone, 4, 63 Diagnostic procedure, 63 Digitalis, 7, 63 Direct, iii, 63, 69 Dysgenesis, 26, 63 E Ectopic, 16, 63 Electroencephalography, 23, 63 Electrolyte, 63, 70 Endocrine System, 63 Endocrinology, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 63 Environmental Health, 40, 42, 63 Enzyme, 8, 63, 64, 67 Epidemic, 63, 71 Estrogen, 64, 69 Expectorant, 64, 70 Extracellular, 64, 70 Extracellular Matrix, 64 F Family Planning, 41, 64 Fat, 64, 66, 67 Fetus, 64, 68 Fibroblasts, 4, 64 Fibrosis, 64, 69 Fossa, 7, 64 Fourth Ventricle, 61, 64 G Ganglia, 64, 67 Gastrin, 64, 65 Gene, 4, 11, 34, 61, 64, 65 Genetics, 9, 11, 25, 64 Genotype, 64, 68

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Gestation, 19, 64, 68 Gland, 5, 34, 46, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71 Glucocorticoid, 4, 63, 64 Glutathione Peroxidase, 64, 70 Glycoprotein, 65, 71 Goiter, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 33, 34, 65 Governing Board, 65, 68 H Health Status, 65, 72 Hereditary, 18, 65, 67 Heredity, 64, 65 Homozygotes, 5, 65 Hormonal, 60, 65 Hormone, 4, 11, 17, 22, 29, 32, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71 Hyperthyroidism, 34, 65 Hypertrophy, 11, 16, 65 Hypophysis, 65, 70 Hypoplasia, 8, 65 Hypothalamic, 12, 65 Hypothalamus, 65, 68 I Immune system, 60, 65, 67, 72 Immunoglobulins, 27, 65 Immunosuppressive, 64, 65 Impairment, 65, 67 Induction, 65, 69 Infancy, 4, 65 Infantile, 19, 65 Insulator, 65, 67 Internal Medicine, 63, 65 Intracellular, 66, 70 Involuntary, 66, 71 Iodides, 12, 66 Iodine, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 66, 70 Iodine-131, 21, 66 Ischemia, 60, 66 K Kb, 40, 66 L Lactation, 66, 69 Larynx, 66, 71, 72 Lethal, 63, 66 Levothyroxine, 10, 66 Linkage, 4, 66 Lipid, 66, 67 Liver, 59, 60, 66 Localized, 59, 66, 68 Lutein Cells, 66, 69 Lymphatic, 66, 68, 71 Lymphocytes, 60, 66, 71, 72

Lymphoid, 8, 60, 63, 66 M Malnutrition, 59, 60, 66 MEDLINE, 41, 66 Membrane, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69 Mental, iv, 3, 4, 11, 40, 42, 61, 62, 66, 67, 69 Mental Health, iv, 3, 40, 42, 67, 69 Mental Retardation, 4, 67 Microorganism, 62, 67 Molecular, 11, 24, 41, 43, 61, 63, 67, 69 Molecule, 60, 62, 67, 69 Monitor, 67 Mucosa, 67, 69 Multiple sclerosis, 12, 25, 67 Mutism, 18, 67 Myelin, 67 Myxedema, 34, 67 N Neonatal, 4, 67 Neonatal period, 4, 67 Nervous System, 12, 61, 67, 71 Neurology, 11, 13, 19, 20, 23, 26, 67 Nuclear, 4, 67 O Ovum, 63, 64, 67, 69 P Parturition, 67, 69 Pathophysiology, 34, 67 Peptide, 67, 68, 69, 71 Perennial, 67, 72 Peroxidase, 8, 67 Peroxide, 64, 68 Pharmacologic, 68, 72 Phenotype, 5, 68 Physiologic, 60, 68, 69 Physiology, 4, 63, 68 Pituitary Gland, 68, 70 Placenta, 22, 68, 69 Plants, 61, 63, 68, 72 Plasma, 22, 59, 60, 68, 70, 71 Plexus, 4, 68 Pneumonia, 63, 68 Polypeptide, 62, 68, 69 Polyploidy, 16, 68 Posterior, 61, 68, 69, 70 Postnatal, 21, 68 Practice Guidelines, 42, 68 Prenatal, 4, 21, 68 Prevalence, 26, 68 Progesterone, 68, 69 Progression, 60, 69 Prolactin, 15, 69

75

Prophylaxis, 18, 24, 25, 26, 29, 69 Prospective study, 4, 69 Protein S, 34, 61, 69 Proteins, 59, 60, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 Psychic, 66, 69 Puberty, 11, 69 Public Health, 15, 42, 69 Public Policy, 41, 69 Publishing, 5, 69 R Radioactive, 66, 67, 69, 70 Receptor, 4, 60, 69 Refer, 1, 34, 62, 69 Retina, 61, 69 Risk factor, 69 S Sclera, 61, 69 Sclerosis, 12, 67, 69 Screening, 5, 61, 70 Secretion, 8, 28, 66, 70 Selenium, 11, 18, 22, 24, 25, 29, 70 Sella, 15, 68, 70 Sella Turcica, 15, 68, 70 Serum, 5, 9, 15, 22, 23, 56, 59, 62, 70, 71 Serum Albumin, 70, 71 Sex Characteristics, 59, 69, 70 Signs and Symptoms, 34, 70 Skeletal, 11, 23, 70 Skeleton, 70 Skull, 56, 70 Small intestine, 65, 70 Sodium, 10, 70 Sodium Iodide, 10, 70 Somatic, 59, 70 Specialist, 47, 70 Sphenoid, 70 Spinal cord, 61, 67, 70 Spleen, 60, 66, 71 Sporadic, 6, 19, 22, 23, 71 Steroids, 63, 64, 71 Stimulus, 71 Stomach, 64, 65, 70, 71

Stridor, 17, 71 Substance P, 70, 71 Supplementation, 29, 30, 71 Synergistic, 69, 71 Systemic, 59, 61, 71 T Threshold, 7, 71 Thrombosis, 69, 71 Thyroid Gland, 5, 8, 65, 67, 71 Thyroid Hormones, 11, 17, 32, 71 Thyroiditis, 34, 71 Thyrotoxicosis, 34, 71 Thyrotropin, 4, 16, 71 Thyroxine, 7, 9, 22, 27, 59, 66, 71 Thyroxine-Binding Proteins, 9, 71 Tic, 71 Tissue, 8, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72 Toxic, iv, 63, 70, 72 Toxicology, 42, 72 Trachea, 64, 66, 71, 72 Transfection, 61, 72 Trees, 12, 72 U Urinary, 9, 22, 72 Urine, 61, 72 V Vaccine, 30, 72 Vascular, 61, 68, 71, 72 Vein, 67, 72 Venous, 69, 72 Veterinary Medicine, 41, 72 Villous, 61, 72 Viruses, 67, 72 W White blood cell, 60, 66, 72 Windpipe, 71, 72 World Health, 30, 34, 56, 72 X Xenograft, 60, 72 X-ray, 56, 67, 72 Y Yeasts, 68, 72

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Cretinism: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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