Dextroamphetamine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

DEXTROAMPHETAMINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Dextroamphetamine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84390-2 1. Dextroamphetamine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on dextroamphetamine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DEXTROAMPHETAMINE ............................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Dextroamphetamine...................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DEXTROAMPHETAMINE ............................................ 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 38 General References ....................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON DEXTROAMPHETAMINE .............................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Dissertations on Dextroamphetamine.......................................................................................... 41 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND DEXTROAMPHETAMINE ........................................................ 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Recent Trials on Dextroamphetamine.......................................................................................... 43 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 44 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DEXTROAMPHETAMINE .............................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 47 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 49 Academic Periodicals covering Dextroamphetamine ................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 51 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 52 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 55 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 57 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 61 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 65 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 65 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 71 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 71 DEXTROAMPHETAMINE DICTIONARY ................................................................................ 73 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 109

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with dextroamphetamine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about dextroamphetamine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to dextroamphetamine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on dextroamphetamine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to dextroamphetamine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on dextroamphetamine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DEXTROAMPHETAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on dextroamphetamine.

Federally Funded Research on Dextroamphetamine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to dextroamphetamine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to dextroamphetamine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore dextroamphetamine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for dextroamphetamine: •

Project Title: CHEMICAL/BEHAVIORAL STUDIES ON HALLUCINOGENIC AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Glennon, Richard A.; Professor; Medicinal Chemistry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2003

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: The long-term goals of this work are to classify the actions of phenyalkylamine (PAA) and indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs of abuse, to elucidate their structure-activity relationships, and to identify (where applicable) their mechanisms of action, in as much as such information should contribute to a greater understanding of drug abuse and result in improved treatment modalities. PAAs can produce three distinct stimulus effects that are classified as amphetamine-(AMPH)-like, hallucinogen(or Dom-) like, and as PMMA-like (PMMA = p-methoxymethamphetamine). Depending upon the presence of various substituent groups in the molecules, PAAs can produce any one or a combination of these effects. A series of studies is described that investigates each of these three types of activities and/or the inter-relationships between the different activities. For example, we propose to develop a radioligand that can be used for SPECT imaging studies involving 5-HT2 serotonin receptors- the currently accepted site of action of hallucinogenic agents. Another study describes investigations with the first example of a PAA 5-HT2 antagonist. The majority of the studies center about investigations of PAA designer drugs, "herbal dietary supplements" (e.g.Herbal Ecstacy) whose major constituents are the phenylpropanolamine ephedrine (i.e., betahydroxy-methamphetamine) and caffeine, and their components. Drug discrimination studies are proposed using rats trained to discriminate either the PAA stimulant (plus) AMPH, the PAA hallucinogen DOM, the PAA designer drugs MDMA and PMMA, and the phenylpropanolamine ephedrine. Preliminary findings suggest (a) that the actions of the designer drug MDMA (Ecstasy) involve a 5-HT1A component that might explain its use in "candy flipping", (b) that caffeine enhances the stimulus effects of ephedrine and might have similar effects on other PAAs, (c) that similarities exist between stimulus generalization profiles obtained with AMPH-trained and ephedrine-trained animals, but that the former, not the latter, recognize methamphet-amine, (d) that PMMA may represent the parent member of the MDMA-family of designer drugs, (e) that distinct PMMA-like structure-activity relationships exist, (f) that it might be possible to separate PMMA-like effects from MDMA-like effects, (g) that certain psychoactive agents previously defying classification possess PMMA-like actions, and (h) that the PAA classification scheme should explain the actions of IAAs. It is proposed to further investigate each of these concepts by synthesizing (where necessary) and evaluating the appropriate agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CNS MECHANISMS THAT MODULATE REWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Carr, Kenneth D.; Psychiatry; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1986; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Previous work in this laboratory indicates that chronic food restriction enhances central sensitivity to the rewarding, motor- and cellular-activating effects of diverse drugs of abuse and direct dopamine receptor agonists. Moreover, the behavioral augmenting effect of food restriction is reversed by 7-12 days of restored ad libitum feeding and recovery of body weight. In Study I of this application, the sustained subnormal levels of insulin and leptin that characterize the food-restricted rat are investigated as possible triggers by determining whether continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of "replacement" hormone reverses the augmenting effect of food restriction on drug reward and motor activation. Studies II-V investigate whether chronic food restriction alters immediate early gene expression and/or signal transduction mediated by multiple dopamine receptor types in limbic forebrain structures that regulate drug reward. Specifically, Study II examines c-fos

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expression induced by individual and combined administration of dopamine receptor type-selective agonists. Study III examines functional coupling between D-2 dopamine receptors and G-protein by measuring quinpirole-stimulated [35S]GTPgS binding. Study IV examines D-1 dopamine agonist-induced stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Study V examines d-amphetamine-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Finally, Study VI seeks to establish whether the neuroadaptations identified in Studies II-V are reversed by the same regimens of restored ad libitum feeding or subchronic i.c.v, hormone administration that reverse the behavioral effects of food restriction. By clarifying the relationship between endocrine adiposity hormones, central neurotransmission, and sensitivity of brain reward circuitry, this work may improve our understanding of organismic variables that affect vulnerability to drug abuse and help explain the high comorbidity of drug abuse and eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: D-AMPHETAMINE MONETARY REINFORCEMENT

AND

EFFICACY

OF

SMOKING

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Higgins, Stephen T.; Professor; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS AMPHETAMINE

OF

MENSTRUAL

CYCLE

ON

RESPONSE

TO

Principal Investigator & Institution: De Wit, Harriet; Associate Professor; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: O'donnell, Patricio; Proffesor; Pharmacology & Neuroscience; Albany Medical College of Union Univ Albany, Ny 12208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The dopaminergic projection to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the mechanisms leading to drug abuse. Upon repeated administration of psychostimulants (i.e., cocaine, d-amphetamine, methamphetamine), animals typically exhibit increased behavioral activation when given a challenge stimulant dose; this phenomenon has been termed "behavioral sensitization" and it has been related to the increased responses addicted subjects exhibit upon repeated drug intake, particularly to the craving for drug upon withdrawal. Our plan is to explore the brain regions involved in the establishment and expression of such sensitization using electrophysiological techniques. The current views on the mechanisms evoking and expressing sensitization have been built upon several separate studies. The expression of behavioral sensitization, for example, involves the activation of dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens. On the other hand, the glutamatergic projection from the prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area (the

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group of cells from which the dopamine projection to the accumbens originates) is required to elicit sensitization. We have been studying the interactions among the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area from a physiological perspective. These regions exhibit mutual interactions that control their information processing; therefore, we hypothesize that such interactions would be altered in sensitized animals. Recording the electrical activity of these neurons simultaneously is an optimal means to address the role of such interactions in the induction and/or expression of behavioral sensitization. In vivo intracellular recordings will be employed to assess changes upon repeated administration of methamphetamine. Methamphetamine was chosen as the sensitizing agent given its recent growth as an abused substance in the U.S. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HIGH-FIELD FUNCTIONAL MRI OF HUMAN EUPHORIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cowan, Ronald L.; Psychiatry; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Drug abuse and addiction pose major health problems to individuals worldwide. The brain biology of drug addiction is thought to involve a variety of brain structures that evolved to have a role in natural rewards, such as finding food or having sex. Drugs of abuse are used in part because they make an individual "high" or euphoric when they are taken. Much of the evidence learned thus far about drug addiction suggests that regions of the brain, including the ventral tegmental area which uses the neurotransmitter dopamine, and the nucleus accumbens have a major role in reward and the experience of euphoria. Additional evidence indicates that humans reliably develop a high voltage electroencephalographic (EEG) waveform in the alpha band during the experience of euphoria. We propose to use the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) method to study the regional changes in brain activity during the experience of euphoria in humans. Human volunteers will be screened for medical or psychiatric problems that prevent them from participating in the study. Subjects will then be given a dose of dextroamphetamine, and the ongoing activity in their brain will be studied with fMRI BOLD. Subjects will be asked to indicate when they feel euphoric, and we will use statistical analysis to determine which brain regions seem to produce the euphoria, and how they are interconnected to other brain regions. In the future, we plan to combine this method with other methods, including EEG, so that we might begin to develop a detailed understanding of the temporal and spatial changes in brain activity during the euphoric experience. Additionally, we plan to investigate how different drugs of abuse, and some medications that might interfere with the effects of drugs of abuse, affect the human reward system. Eventually, we believe that a better understanding of the brain structures that allow us to get high, and become addicted, will lead to improved awareness and treatment for substance abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HT/DA SYSTEM INTERACTION IN PSYCHOSTIMULANT DRUG EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tancer, Manuel E.; Professor; Psychiatry & Behav Neuroscis; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2004

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Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the subjective, reinforcing effects, and discriminative stimulus effects of psychomotor stimulants have been investigated extensively in nonhumans. In general, these studies have indicated that dopaminergic pathways play a crucial role in drug-taking behavior, particularly those pathways that are part of the reward circuitry. However, laboratory studies in humans, such as those involving the administration of specific dopamine agonists and antagonists, have not replicated animal findings and treatment approaches using dopamine antagonists have not been successful. There is increasing evidence that serotonin systems interact with dopaminergic pathways, modulate dopamine release, and can reduce self-administration of psychostimulants in animals. The main goal of the experiments described in this proposal is to increase our understanding of the interaction between serotonin and dopamine systems in mediating the subjective, discriminative stimulus, and reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs in humans. This proposal will use three primary approaches to study serotonin/dopamine interactions: first, a drug with mixed serotonin/dopamine properties, 3,4,methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), will be compared with drugs with more selective dopamine (e.g. d-amphetamine) vs. serotonin (e.g., d-fenfluramine) mechanisms of action; second, d-amphetamine and d-fenfluramine will be coadministered in such a way as to produce mixed serotonin/dopamine effects which will be compared to the effects of the compounds administered alone; third, serotoninmediated effects will be blocked by fluoxetine or tryptophan depletion in order to isolate the effects of dopamine with the expectation that serotonin blockade will have differential effects on the subjective, reinforcing, behavioral, and neurochemical effects on d-amphetamine, d-fenfluramine, and MDMA. In addition, these studies will provide objective data on the neurochemical, neurohormonal, subjective and reinforcing effects of MDMA under standardized laboratory conditions. Most importantly for the primary goal of this K08 Award, these studies will provide the PI with the opportunity to receive specialized training in substance abuse research methodology, an essential step in the goal of becoming an independent, productive drug abuse researcher. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HUMAN BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY OF DRUG ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bigelow, George E.; Professor and Director; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) This is an application for competitive renewal of Kseries career award support for years 21-25. The focus of the applicant's research career is on the human behavioral pharmacology of drug abuse. The applicant directs a large and multi faceted clinical research program that includes two major components: (1) residential human laboratory studies related to the clinical pharmacology of opioids, of cocaine, and of potential pharmacotherapies for opioid or cocaine dependence; and (2) outpatient controlled clinical trials of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for opioid or cocaine dependence. The research program is also the site of a postdoctoral research training program, which has a history of training productive new scientists as drug abuse researchers, and of which the applicant is director. The applicant proposes to continue as research program director, and as training program director, and to conduct during this renewal period an inter-related series of human laboratory studies and outpatient clinical trials directed toward the behavioral pharmacological understanding and treatment of opioid and cocaine abuse. The opioid clinical pharmacology studies

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will evaluate the effects of opioids with kappa-receptor agonist activity in comparison to mu-receptor agonists, and will assess and characterize the effects of an opioid antagonist combination product (buprenorphine plus naloxone) that is being developed as an opioid dependence pharmacotherapy. The cocaine clinical pharmacology studies will test potential anti-cocaine pharmacotherapies by assessing whether response to cocaine challenge is altered by pretreatment with various agents (chronic oral cocaine, the opioid kappa agonist enadoline, the serotonergic agent tryptophan). The opioid dependence clinical trials will compare the efficacy and patient acceptability of three opioid agonist substitution pharmacotherapies (methadone, LAAM, buprenorphine). The cocaine dependence clinical trials will evaluate the efficacy of the serotonergic agents tryptophan and fluoxetine in the context of an incentive-based behavior therapy program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: METHYLPHENIDATE-ETHANOL INTERACTION IN ADHD AND COABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Patrick, Kennerly S.; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Appropriate drug therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires special consideration of lifestyle and life span comorbidity. (1) dI-Methylphenidate (MPH) is a drug of choice for ADHD; (2) Substance/alcohol abuse and dependence is over-represented in adolescent and adult ADHD, especially in women; (3) A pilot study revealed a novel MPH-ethanol metabolic drug interaction, wherein ethanol combines with MPH to form ethylphenidate (ETPH); and (4) the ethanol also appeared to inhibit MPH metabolism (especially in the female subjects; women have been reported to exhibit reduced first-pass metabolism of ethanol). Given these considerations, the potential therapeutic and toxicological significance of the MPH-ethanol interaction is proposed for investigation. SPECIFIC AIM 1 is to test the hypothesis that the enantiomers of the metabolite ETPH contribute to the neuropharmacology of concomitant MPH-ethanol. Monoamine transporter inhibition and mouse behavioral screens will be used for this assessment. SPECIFIC AIM 2 will test the hypothesis that ETPH will be formed enantioselectively. Enantiospecific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-negative ion chemical ionization will be used to simultaneously quantitate d-MPH, I-MPH, d-ETPH and IETPH from serial plasma samples. Healthy human volunteers-eight men and eight women--will participate in these pharmacokinetic studies. SPECIFIC AIM 3 (a) will ask what extent the MPH-ethanol interaction increases MPH blood concentrations in men vs. women; (b) will test the prediction that ethanol will not only elevate total plasma MPH levels, but also reduce the plasma d-MPH/I-MPH ratio; and (c) will test the hypothesis that the order of administration of ethanol relative to MPH influences the extent of this drug interaction (in the same order-dependent manner that has been reported for the cocaine-ethanol interaction which forms cocaethylene and can inhibit cocaine metabolism). The findings will serve to broaden our understanding of the toxicological consequences of MPH-ethanol coabuse and contribute to the rational emergency management of this common concomitant drug overdose. Further, the results will be used to support recommendations for optimal drug individualization in the treatment of ADHD, e.g., dextroamphetamine vs. MPH; dI-MPH vs. d-MPH; immediate-release MPH vs. extended-release MPH; or adjustment of MPH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PET IMAGING OF EXTRASTRIATIAL DOPAMINE LEVELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kessler, Robert M.; Professor; Radiation Oncology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dopaminergic neurotransmission in cortex, limbic regions and thalamus is believed to be centrally involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, psychostimulant drug abuse, and attention deficit disorder. While there are PET and SPECT methods for evaluating striatal dopamine (DA) release and baseline extracellular DA levels in man, at present there are no well validated methods for studying DA release and baseline extracellular DA levels in extrastriatal regions in man. [18F] fallypride is an extremely potent and selective dopamine D2 radioligand, i.e., a KD of 31 pM for the dopamine D2 receptor, which can be used do delineate and quantitate striatal, thalamic, limbic and cortical dopamine D2 receptors in man. Studies in primates demonstrate that [18F] fallypride is sensitive to levels of d-amphetamine released dopamine in both striatum and extrastriatal regions. We propose to perform [18F] fallypride PET studies in 12 normal subjects (ages 18-40, 6M, 6F) prior to and following d-amphetamine administration (0.43mg/kg orally) to study d-amphetamine induced dopamine release in extrastriatal regions. This dose of real d-amphetamine produces decrements in striatal [11C] raclopride binding potentials similar to those seen with a 0.2-0.3 mg/kg IV dose of d-amphetamine with similar variability, but with fewer and less severe side effects. We propose to perform additional [18F] fallypride PET studies in 12 normal subjects (ages 18-40, 6M, 6F) prior to and following a 36-hour course of 56.6 mg/kg alphamethylparatyrosine/24 hours (6 grams over 36 hours for a 70 kg subject) to estimate baseline extracellular dopamine levels in extrastriatal regions. The development of methods for estimating DA release and baseline extracellular DA levels in extrastriatal regions will allow important new research studies in a number of psychiatric and neurological disorders which may allow design and evaluation of new therapeutic interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF DECISION-MAKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Bechara, Antoine; Assistant Professor; Neurology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicants abstract): The long term goal of this project is elucidation of the pharmacological basis of decision making, a term which is often referred to in the psychological literature as "executive functions," and the application of the derived knowledge to the treatment and prevention of substance abuse. Both substance abusers and patients with ventromedial prefrontal frontal lobe lesions suffer from impairments in decision-making. Here we plan to study frontal patients and extend the findings to substance abusers. The proposal is guided by a theoretical framework designed to account for the defects in reasoning and decision-making that are so salient in frontal patients. The hypothesis posits that those decision-making defects, specifically those which involve personal and social behavior, are the results of defective activation of somatic markers that normally function as covert or overt signposts for helping with the process of making choices which are advantageous to the organism. In the past few years, we investigated the anatomical, physiological, and cognitive aspects of the neural network presumed to underlie decision-making and somatic marker activation. We found that the failure to enact somatic states results from

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dysfunction in a neural system in which the ventromedial (VM) prefrontal cortex is one critical region. However, other neural regions, including the amygdala and somatosensory cortices (SI, SII, and insula) are also hypothesized to be components of that same neural system. The operation of this system is thought to be influenced by non-specific neurotransmitter systems through direct or indirect anatomical connections. However, the nature of these neurotransmitter systems, has not been elucidated. Using experimental strategies which we perfected in the study of these patients, here we propose to carry out specific neurotransmitter manipulations and investigate their effects on decision-making in normals and in patients with frontal lobe lesions. In addition, we plan to investigate how another frontal lobe function, namely working memory, is affected by the same manipulations, relative to decision-making. Recent evidence has established that substance abusers suffer from decision-making impairments as revealed by the same laboratory tests which we used to study frontal patients. Ongoing investigations are probing further the link between decision-making, the frontal lobe, and substance abuse. Therefore, the results from this project will help the development of pharmacological therapies that assist in the rehabilitation of 1) substance abusers; and 2) many patients who suffer from disturbances of executive function caused by head injury, stroke, and surgical ablation of tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ADDICTION

PHARMACOLOGICAL

SUBSTRATES

OF

AMPHETAMINE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Brauer, Lisa H.; Assistant Research Professor; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR COCAINE DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Grabowski, John G.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cocaine dependence has diverse adverse consequences and has proven difficult to treat. Behavioral interventions, including Community Reinforcement Model and Cognitive Behavior Therapy/Relapse Prevention have proven effective. Medications that might serve as effective adjuncts have been elusive. Recent primate self-administration data (Negus, 2002), several recent reports, and completion/analysis of a recent large clinical trial support further study of the agonist/ replacement approach. Still, target medications, dose, and duration must be further evaluated. This application proposes a large (140 S's, 35/group), long duration (6 month) rigorous blind randomized clinical trial. Sustained release d-amphetamine will be examined across dose range. of PBO, 45 mg, 60 mg, or 80 mg administered in identical capsules. Rigorous compliance measures using riboflavin, urine screens, and MEMS dispensing bottles will be applied. Consent will be followed by a 10 day period in which BZ positive urine screens must be provided and during which Intake and Evaluation will proceed. Medication run-up of 10 days will be followed by 20 weeks of stable medication. A dose reduction period and four weeks of behavior therapy alone will follow, Post treatment follow-up will be at 1 and 3 months. Intake evaluation will include standardized measures (.e.g. ASI, SCID, HAM A/D, Craving Questionnaire;

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HIV, EKG, TB, urine screens). There will be repeated weekly measures with thrice weekly urine screens. EKGs will be bi-weekly. Manual Driven Cognitive Behavior Therapy will be weekly. Blood samples will be obtained at regular intervals during runup, maintenance, dose reduction and in the final three non-medication weeks. This design incorporates both major features and details in accord with NIDA's consensus review (January 2002) on optimal strategies for agonist evaluation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POSTPARTUM

REWARD

SENSITIVITY

DURING

PREGNANCY

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoffel, Erin C.; Psychology; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A reported 20% of pregnant mothers in the United States in 1992 used nicotine and 5% used an illicit drug of some type during pregnancy. Just under half of the illicit drug use involved a psychostimulant (amphetamine or cocaine). Nicotine, amphetamine and cocaine exposure in utero have been associated with low infant birth weight, premature births, cognitive and other neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Yet drug use during pregnancy still occurs, presumably because of the many neurobiological and psychosocial factors that underlie drug abuse and dependence. The goal of the proposed research is to determine if hormone levels during and after pregnancy modulate the brain reward system and the reinforcing effects of a psychostimulant. In Aim 1, intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds will be used to measure the sensitivity of the brain reward system in female rats administered a regimen of estradiol and progesterone that mimics pregnancy. ICSS thresholds also will be measured during withdrawal from the hormone regimen, to determine if the brain reward system is altered during the postpartum period. In Aim 2, ICSS and conditioned place preference procedures will also used to measure the reinforcing effects of damphetamine during the pregnancy regimen and the subsequent postpartum period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STEPPED PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR AGGRESSIVE YOUTH WITH ADHD Principal Investigator & Institution: Blader, Joseph C.; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award is to promote the candidate's progress toward an independent scientific career focused on treatment strategies for youth with severe disruptive disorders. Didactics and apprenticeship in interventions research skills in Year 1 will prepare the candidate to initiate a study of stepped pharmacotherapy for aggressive youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study, conducted in Years 2, 3 and part of 4, will a) provide the candidate with supervised experience in controlled treatment research, and b) address the critical need for rigorous trials to examine if combined medication approaches improve outcomes over monotherapy in this patient group. Childhood aggressive behavior most often develops alongside other disruptive disorder symptoms, which are highly comorbid with ADHD. Stimulant medication is first-line treatment for ADHD. Yet, for many children receiving stimulant treatment, aggressive behavior and affective instability remain significant

12

Dextroamphetamine

impairments, leading clinicians to layer additional medications in efforts to diminish aggressive dyscontrol. However, the lack of evidence to support any medication combination strategy for these children is a great concern. The proposed study will first optimize open stimulant treatment for aggressive children 6- 12 years old with ADHD and a comorbid disruptive disorder. Children whose ADHD symptoms benefit from stimulant treatment but whose aggression persists will be randomly assigned to the mood stabilizer divalproex sodium or placebo during an 8-week double-blind trial while their stimulant treatment continues. All families will receive structured psychosocial treatment. The study will furnish preliminary data to enable a full-scale efficacy study, supported through an R01 to be submitted in Year 4. Further training activities throughout the award period will equip the candidate with research skills and provide experience in the areas of: a) intervention trial design and statistics, b) development and adoption in clinical settings of treatment strategies, including combined medication and psychosocial treatment, and c) assessment, including observational and laboratory approaches to outcome and mediator measurement. Mentors (N. Schooler, P. Jensen, V. Kafantaris) and consultants (including H. Abikoff, P. Frick, C. Grillon, J. Halperin, J. Kane, D. Kolko, S. Pliszka) will provide expert training and supervision. The proposed program will therefore culminate in the awardee's competence as a well-rounded clinical scientist focused on the complex treatment needs of youth with severe behavior disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for dextroamphetamine in the PubMed Central database: •

3 4

Effects of dextroamphetamine, lithium chloride, sodium valproate and carbamazepine on intraplatelet Ca2+ levels. by Ulrich ML, Rotzinger S, Asghar SJ, Jurasz P, Tanay VA, Dunn SM, Radomski M, Greenshaw A, Silverstone PH.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161732

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with dextroamphetamine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for dextroamphetamine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative study of the driving effects of dextroamphetamine and yogic meditation on muscle control for the performance of balance on balance board. Author(s): Dhume RR, Dhume RA. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991 July; 35(3): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1791060&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of bupropion, dextroamphetamine, and placebo in mixed-substance abusers. Author(s): Miller L, Griffith J. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1983; 80(3): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6412263&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the acute effects of dextroamphetamine and fenfluramine in depression. Author(s): Ward NG, Ang J, Pavinich G. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1985 October; 20(10): 1090-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3899198&dopt=Abstract

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A possible clonidine-trazodone-dextroamphetamine interaction in a 12-year-old boy. Author(s): Bhatara VS, Kallepalli BR, Misra LK, Awadallah S. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1996 Fall; 6(3): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9231313&dopt=Abstract

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A trial of dextroamphetamine in patients with involutional agitated depression. Author(s): Ward NG, Lampe TH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 January; 43(1): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7054155&dopt=Abstract

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Acute psychologic and neuroendocrine effects of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate. Author(s): Brown WA, Corriveau DP, Ebert MH. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1978 July 6; 58(2): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=98790&dopt=Abstract

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An in-flight investigation of the efficacy of dextroamphetamine for sustaining helicopter pilot performance. Author(s): Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1997 December; 68(12): 1073-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9408555&dopt=Abstract

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Antipsychotic effects of pimozide in schizophrenia. Treatment response prediction with acute dextroamphetamine response. Author(s): van Kammen DP, Docherty JP, Marder SR, Schulz SC, Dalton L, Bunney WE Jr. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982 March; 39(3): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7065839&dopt=Abstract

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Augmenting fluoxetine with dextroamphetamine to treat refractory depression. Author(s): Gupta S, Ghaly N, Dewan M. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1992 March; 43(3): 281-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1555827&dopt=Abstract

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Autonomic and behavioral effects of dextroamphetamine and placebo in normal and hyperactive prepubertal boys. Author(s): Zahn TP, Rapoport JL, Thompson CL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1980 June; 8(2): 145-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6995513&dopt=Abstract

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Autonomic effects of dextroamphetamine in normal men: implications for hyperactivity and schizophrenia. Author(s): Zahn TP, Rapoport JL, Thompson CL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1981 February; 4(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6939000&dopt=Abstract

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Case study: antimanic effectiveness of dextroamphetamine in a brain-injured adolescent. Author(s): Max JE, Richards L, Hamdan-Allen G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 April; 34(4): 472-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751261&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the electroencephalogram accompanying the use of stimulant drugs (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) in hyperactive children. Author(s): Surwillo WW. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1977 December; 12(6): 787-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=597528&dopt=Abstract

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Classroom academic performance: improvement with both methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine in ADHD boys. Author(s): Elia J, Welsh PA, Gullotta CS, Rapoport JL. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1993 July; 34(5): 785-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8340445&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and oculographic response to Dexedrine in a patient with rod-cone dystrophy, exotropia, and congenital aperiodic alternating nystagmus. Author(s): Hertle RW, Maybodi M, Bauer RM, Walker K. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(4): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720591&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive and behavioral effects of the coadministration of dextroamphetamine and haloperidol in schizophrenia. Author(s): Goldberg TE, Bigelow LB, Weinberger DR, Daniel DG, Kleinman JE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 January; 148(1): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1984711&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative abuse liability of sertraline, alprazolam, and dextroamphetamine in humans. Author(s): Zawertailo LA, Busto U, Kaplan HL, Sellers EM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 April; 15(2): 117-24. Erratum In: J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995 June; 15(3): 239. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7782484&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing guanfacine and dextroamphetamine for the treatment of adult attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Taylor FB, Russo J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 April; 21(2): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270920&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of methods for the assessment of central nervous system stimulant response after dextroamphetamine administration to healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Slattum PW, Venitz J, Barr WH. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 November; 36(11): 1039-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973993&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil and dextroamphetamine administered alone or in combination in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Wong YN, Wang L, Hartman L, Simcoe D, Chen Y, Laughton W, Eldon R, Markland C, Grebow P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 October; 38(10): 971-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9807980&dopt=Abstract

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Cortisol response to dextroamphetamine stimulation in depressed outpatients. Author(s): Stewart JW, Quitkin F, McGrath PJ, Liebowitz MR, Harrison W, Rabkin JG, Novacenko H, Puig-Antich J, Asnis GM. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1984 July; 12(3): 195-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6593753&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased motor activity of hyperactive children on dextroamphetamine during active gym program. Author(s): Rapoport JL, Tepsic PN, Grice J, Johnson C, Langer D. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1980 July; 2(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6932064&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine and cortisol in depression. Morning plasma cortisol levels suppressed. Author(s): Sachar EJ, Asnis G, Nathan RS, Halbreich U, Tabrizi MA, Halpern FS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980 July; 37(7): 755-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7190380&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine and dexamethasone suppression test prediction of desipramine response. Author(s): Faber R, Williams K, Prescott D, Bassett D, Bixler G. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1989 March 1; 25(5): 657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2920200&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine and individual susceptibility to reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. Author(s): Gupta BS, Gupta U. Source: The British Journal of Psychology. 1984 May; 75 ( Pt 2): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6733393&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in the treatment of hyperactive-aggressive children. Author(s): Winsberg BG, Press M, Bialer I, Kupietz S. Source: Pediatrics. 1974 February; 53(2): 236-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4590730&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine and placebo practice effects on selective attention in hyperactive children. Author(s): Fisher MA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1978 March; 6(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=632457&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine as a treatment for depression and low energy in AIDS patients: a pilot study. Author(s): Wagner GJ, Rabkin JG, Rabkin R. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1997 April; 42(4): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160280&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine effects on CNV magnitude in type A and B individuals. Author(s): Tecce JJ, Cattanach L, Hill CD, Cole JO. Source: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1987; 40: 549-55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3480176&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine enhances “neural network-specific” physiological signals: a positron-emission tomography rCBF study. Author(s): Mattay VS, Berman KF, Ostrem JL, Esposito G, Van Horn JD, Bigelow LB, Weinberger DR. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1996 August 1; 16(15): 4816-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8764668&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine for cocaine-dependence treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Schmitz J, Stotts A, Daruzska LA, Creson D, Moeller FG. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 October; 21(5): 522-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593078&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine for epilepsy. Author(s): Livingston S, Pauli LL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 July 21; 233(3): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1173843&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine infusions in normals result in correlated increases of plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol immunoreactivity. Author(s): Cohen MR, Nurnberger JI, Pickar D, Gershon E, Bunney WE Jr. Source: Life Sciences. 1981 September 21; 29(12): 1243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6272039&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine modulates the response of the human amygdala. Author(s): Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Fera F, Smith WG, Weinberger DR. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 December; 27(6): 1036-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464460&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate as adjuvants to opioid analgesia for adolescents with cancer. Author(s): Yee JD, Berde CB. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1994 February; 9(2): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7912710&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine treatment for depression in terminally ill patients. Author(s): Burns MM, Eisendrath SJ. Source: Psychosomatics. 1994 January-February; 35(1): 80-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8134533&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine treatment of mania. Author(s): Garvey MJ, Hwang S, Teubner-Rhodes D, Zander J, Rhem C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 October; 48(10): 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3312177&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine with morphine for the treatment of postoperative pain. Author(s): Forrest WH Jr, Brown BW Jr, Brown CR, Defalque R, Gold M, Gordon HE, James KE, Katz J, Mahler DL, Schroff P, Teutsch G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 March 31; 296(13): 712-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=320478&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine with morphine: respiratory effects. Author(s): Bourke DL, Allen PD, Rosenberg M, Mendes RW, Karabelas AN. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 January; 23(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6404951&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine. Its cognitive and behavioral effects in normal and hyperactive boys and normal men. Author(s): Rapoport JL, Buchsbaum MS, Weingartner H, Zahn TP, Ludlow C, Mikkelsen EJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980 August; 37(8): 933-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7406657&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine: cognitive and behavioral effects in normal and hyperactive boys and normal adult males. Author(s): Rapoport JL, Buchsbaum MS, Weingartner H. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1980 January; 16(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7360831&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine: cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys. Author(s): Rapoport JL, Buchsbaum MS, Zahn TP, Weingartner H, Ludlow C, Mikkelsen EJ. Source: Science. 1978 February 3; 199(4328): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=341313&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine-induced arousal in human subjects as a model for mania. Author(s): Jacobs D, Silverstone T. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1986 May; 16(2): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3726006&dopt=Abstract

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Dextroamphetamine-induced changes in regional cerebral blood flow. Author(s): Mathew RJ, Wilson WH. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1985; 87(3): 298-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3936085&dopt=Abstract

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Different pattern of association of beta-endorphin and cortisol responses to dextroamphetamine in postmenopausal women and young men. Author(s): Halbreich U, Goldstein S, Cooper T, Mathe AA. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1985 September; 16(1): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2932759&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine on the motor activity level of hyperactive children. Author(s): Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Cooper TB, Rapoport JL. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989 December; 2(4): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2692588&dopt=Abstract

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Diltiazem, a calcium antagonist, partly attenuates the effects of dextroamphetamine in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Fabian JE, Silverstone PH. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 March; 12(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219047&dopt=Abstract

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Diurnal cortisol responses to dextroamphetamine in normal subjects. Author(s): Halbreich U, Sachar EJ, Asnis GM, Nathan RS, Halpern FS. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1981; 6(3): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7197376&dopt=Abstract

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Diurnal growth hormone responses to dextroamphetamine in normal young men and post-menopausal women. Author(s): Halbreich U, Asnis GM, Halpern F, Tabrizi MA, Sachar EJ. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1980 December; 5(4): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7193892&dopt=Abstract

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Dopamine receptor sensitivity after chronic dopamine agonists. Striatal 3Hspiroperidol binding in mice after chronic administration of high doses of apomorphine, N-n-propylnorapomorphine and dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Riffee WH, Wilcox RE, Vaughn DM, Smith RV. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1982; 77(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6812131&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate on calcium and magnesium concentration in hyperactive boys. Author(s): Schmidt ME, Kruesi MJ, Elia J, Borcherding BG, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, McFarlin KE, Hamburger S. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1994 November; 54(2): 199-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7761553&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of psychotomimetics (LSD and dextroamphetamine) on the use of figurative language during psychoanalysis. Author(s): Natale M, Kowitt M, Dahlberg CC, Jaffe J. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1978 December; 46(6): 1579-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=730927&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of psychotomimetics (LSD and dextroamphetamine) on the use of primary- and secondary-process language. Author(s): Natale M, Dahlberg CC, Jaffe J. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1978 April; 46(2): 352-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=649815&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dextroamphetamine and contingency management on a preschooler with ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder. Author(s): Speltz ML, Varley CK, Peterson K, Beilke RL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1988 March; 27(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3360719&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dextroamphetamine on cognitive performance and cortical activation. Author(s): Mattay VS, Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Heaton I, Frank JA, Coppola R, Berman KF, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Source: Neuroimage. 2000 September; 12(3): 268-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10944409&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dextroamphetamine on depression and fatigue in men with HIV: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Wagner GJ, Rabkin R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 June; 61(6): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10901342&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dextroamphetamine on psychomotor skills. Author(s): Evans MA, Martz R, Lemberger L, Rodda BE, Forney RB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1976 June; 19(6): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1269217&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dextroamphetamine on the cognitive and social play of a preschooler with ADHD. Author(s): Alessandri SM, Schramm K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1991 September; 30(5): 768-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1938792&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dextroamphetamine, lithium chloride, sodium valproate and carbamazepine on intraplatelet Ca2+ levels. Author(s): Ulrich ML, Rotzinger S, Asghar SJ, Jurasz P, Tanay VA, Dunn SM, Radomski M, Greenshaw A, Silverstone PH. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2003 March; 28(2): 115-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670128&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of intravenous dextroamphetamine on brain metabolism in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Preliminary findings. Author(s): Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, Liebenauer L, Fitzgerald GA, Cohen RM. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1994; 30(2): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7831459&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of marihuana-dextroamphetamine combination. Author(s): Evans MA, Martz R, Rodda BE, Lemberger L, Forney RB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1976 September; 20(3): 350-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=782773&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of operationally effective doses of dextroamphetamine on heart rates and blood pressures of army aviators. Author(s): Caldwell JA Jr. Source: Military Medicine. 1996 November; 161(11): 673-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961722&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of scopolamine and dextroamphetamine on human performance. Author(s): Schmedtje JF Jr, Oman CM, Letz R, Baker EL. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1988 May; 59(5): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3390096&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of modafinil compared to dextroamphetamine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Author(s): Taylor FB, Russo J. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000 Winter; 10(4): 31120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191692&dopt=Abstract

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Emotional symptomatology in obese patients treated with fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Rickels K, Hesbacher P, Fisher E, Perloff MM, Rosenfeld H. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1976 November; 6(4): 623-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=794895&dopt=Abstract

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Exacerbation by dextroamphetamine of spasticity in a patient with motor neuron disease. Author(s): Rundell JR, Cassem EH, Murray GB. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 April; 8(2): 146. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3372709&dopt=Abstract

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Fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine treatment of childhood hyperactivity. Clinical and biochemical findings. Author(s): Donnelly M, Rapoport JL, Potter WZ, Oliver J, Keysor CS, Murphy DL. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989 March; 46(3): 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2645848&dopt=Abstract

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Growth hormone response to dextroamphetamine in depressed patients and normal subjects. Author(s): Halbreich U, Sachar EJ, Asnis GM, Quitkin F, Nathan RS, Halpern FS, Klein DF. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982 February; 39(2): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7065832&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of hyperkinetic children taking methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, or imipramine/desipramine. Author(s): Millichap JG. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 January; 61(1): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=263851&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of hyperkinetic children taking methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, or imipramine/desipramine. Author(s): Gross MD. Source: Pediatrics. 1976 September; 58(3): 423-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=958770&dopt=Abstract

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Hormonal responses to dextroamphetamine in depressed and normal adolescents. Author(s): Waterman GS, Ryan ND, Puig-Antich J, Meyer V, Ambrosini PJ, Rabinovich H, Stull S, Novacenko H, Williamson DE, Nelson B. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1991 May; 30(3): 415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2055877&dopt=Abstract

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Hypersensitivity to methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine: a report of two cases. Author(s): Sverd J, Hurwic MJ, David O, Winsberg BG. Source: Pediatrics. 1977 January; 59(1): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=840528&dopt=Abstract

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Hyporesponsivity of chronic schizophrenic patients to dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Kornetsky C. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1976 December; 33(12): 1425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=793562&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction between ethanol and dextroamphetamine: effects on psychomotor performance. Author(s): Perez-Reyes M, White WR, McDonald SA, Hicks RE. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1992 February; 16(1): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1558306&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous dextroamphetamine and brain glucose metabolism. Author(s): Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik J, Schmidt M, Jons PH, Liebenauer LL, Hardy KK, Cohen RM. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997 December; 17(6): 391-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9397427&dopt=Abstract

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Ischemic colitis associated with dextroamphetamine use. Author(s): Beyer KL, Bickel JT, Butt JH. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1991 April; 13(2): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2033228&dopt=Abstract

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Levoamphetamine vs dextroamphetamine in minimal brain dysfunction. Replication, time response, and differential effect by diagnostic group and family rating. Author(s): Arnold LE, Huestis RD, Smeltzer DJ, Scheib J, Wemmer D, Colner G. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1976 March; 33(3): 292-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=769721&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term pimozide pretreatment differentially affects behavioral responses to dextroamphetamine in schizophrenia. Further exploration of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Author(s): van Kammen DP, Docherty JP, Marder SR, Rayner JN, Bunney WE Jr. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982 March; 39(3): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6802100&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal use of dextroamphetamine and growth of the fetus. Author(s): Naeye RL. Source: Pharmacology. 1983; 26(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6844388&dopt=Abstract

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Medical prescription of dextroamphetamine during pregnancy. Author(s): Joffe GM, Kasnic T. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1994 July-August; 14(4): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965226&dopt=Abstract

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Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: are there true nonresponders? Author(s): Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1991 February; 36(2): 141-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2017529&dopt=Abstract

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Methylphenidate versus dextroamphetamine in ADHD. Author(s): Efron D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 May; 38(5): 500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230180&dopt=Abstract

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Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes' analysis. Author(s): Arnold LE, Christopher J, Huestis R, Smeltzer DJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1978 April; 35(4): 463-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=365123&dopt=Abstract

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Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and levamfetamine. Effects on schizophrenic symptoms. Author(s): Janowsky DS, Davis JM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1976 March; 33(3): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=769722&dopt=Abstract

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Minimal effects of dextroamphetamine on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in humans. Author(s): Martinez R, Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Thompson K, Martinson H, Latham G, Weingartner H, Sunderland T. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 January 1; 41(1): 50-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988795&dopt=Abstract

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Noradrenergic mechanisms in the response to dextroamphetamine in humans. Author(s): Jacobs D. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1986 July; 1(3): 199-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3031154&dopt=Abstract

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Norepinephrine metabolism and clinical response to dextroamphetamine in hyperactive boys. Author(s): Shekim WO, Dekirmenjian H, Chapel JL, Javaid J, Davis JM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1979 September; 95(3): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=469661&dopt=Abstract

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Paradoxical cortisol responses to dextroamphetamine in endogenous depression. Author(s): Sachar EJ, Halbreich U, Asnis GM, Nathan RS, Halpern FS, Ostrow L. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1981 October; 38(10): 1113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7197513&dopt=Abstract

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Paradoxical dextroamphetamine response. Author(s): Arnold LE. Source: Psychosomatics. 1981 September; 22(9): 805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7313058&dopt=Abstract

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Placebo-controlled evaluation of amphetamine mixture-dextroamphetamine salts and amphetamine salts (Adderall): efficacy rate and side effects. Author(s): Ahmann PA, Theye FW, Berg R, Linquist AJ, Van Erem AJ, Campbell LR. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 January; 107(1): E10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134474&dopt=Abstract

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Probing brain reward system function in major depressive disorder: altered response to dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Tremblay LK, Naranjo CA, Cardenas L, Herrmann N, Busto UE. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 May; 59(5): 409-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982444&dopt=Abstract

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Recovery sleep and performance following sleep deprivation with dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Caldwell JL, Caldwell JA. Source: Journal of Sleep Research. 1997 June; 6(2): 92-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9377539&dopt=Abstract

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Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention deficithyperactivity disorder: a comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Author(s): Pelham WE Jr, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton M, Murphy DA, Greenstein JJ, Gnagy EM, Guthrie KJ, Hoover MD, Dahl RE. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 August; 86(2): 226-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2196522&dopt=Abstract

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Seizures caused by concomitant use of lindane and dextroamphetamine in a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Cox R, Krupnick J, Bush N, Houpt A. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2000 August; 41(8): 690-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10974795&dopt=Abstract

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Separate mechanisms for behavioral, cardiovascular, and hormonal responses to dextroamphetamine in man. Author(s): Nurnberger JI Jr, Simmons-Alling S, Kessler L, Jimerson S, Schreiber J, Hollander E, Tamminga CA, Nadi NS, Goldstein DS, Gershon ES. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1984; 84(2): 200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6239300&dopt=Abstract

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Side effects of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children--a brief review. Author(s): Golinko BE. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1984; 8(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6539485&dopt=Abstract

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Steady-state pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil administered alone or in combination with dextroamphetamine in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Hellriegel ET, Arora S, Nelson M, Robertson P Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 April; 42(4): 450-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936571&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulants, urinary catecholamines, and indoleamines in hyperactivity. A comparison of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Zametkin AJ, Karoum F, Linnoila M, Rapoport JL, Brown GL, Chuang LW, Wyatt RJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1985 March; 42(3): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2579615&dopt=Abstract

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Subjective responses and excretion patterns of dextroamphetamine after the administration of therapeutic doses. Author(s): Evans MA, Wimbish G, Griffis L, Martz R, Brown DJ, Rodda BE, Lemberger L, Forney RB. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1977 January; 22(1): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=263938&dopt=Abstract

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The combined effect of marihuana and dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Forney R, Martz R, Lemberger L, Rodda B. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1976; 281: 162-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=798521&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of oral dextroamphetamine on plasma cortisol in major depressive disorder. Author(s): Myers ED. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1989 October; 26(6): 634-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2675990&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of oral dextroamphetamine on prolactin secretion in man. Author(s): Wells B, Silverstone T, Rees L. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1978 December; 17(12): 1060-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=745694&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of the dopamine receptor blocking drug pimozide on the stimulant and anorectic actions of dextroamphetamine in man. Author(s): Silverstone T, Fincham J, Wells B, Kyriakides M. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1980 December; 19(12): 1235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6108535&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of the stimulant drugs, dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate, on secretion of growth hormone in hyperactive children. Author(s): Aarskog D, Fevang FO, Klove H, Stoa KF, Thorsen T. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 January; 90(1): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=318680&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of chlorpromazine and dextroamphetamine sulfate on the visual stimulation preference of extraverts and introverts. Author(s): Bartol CR. Source: Psychophysiology. 1975 January; 12(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1114206&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of dextroamphetamine on kinesthetic figural aftereffects. Author(s): Gupta BS, Kaur S. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1978 March 1; 56(2): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=417372&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of hyperbaric air in combination with ethyl alcohol and dextroamphetamine on serial choice-reaction time. Author(s): Hamilton K, Fowler B, Porlier G. Source: Ergonomics. 1989 April; 32(4): 409-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2753017&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of LSD-25 and dextroamphetamine on the use of defensive language. Author(s): Dahlberg CC, Jaffe J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1979 April; 35(2): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=457881&dopt=Abstract

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The neuroendocrine and behavioral response to dextroamphetamine in normal individuals. Author(s): Dommisse CS, Schulz SC, Narasimhachari N, Blackard WG, Hamer RM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1984 September; 19(9): 1305-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6149772&dopt=Abstract

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The neuroendocrine response to oral dextroamphetamine in normal subjects. Author(s): Jacobs D, Silverstone T, Rees L. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 April; 4(2): 135-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2501383&dopt=Abstract

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The prolactin response to intravenous dextroamphetamine in normal young men and postmenopausal women. Author(s): Halbreich U, Sachar EJ, Asnis GM, Nathan RS, Halpern FS. Source: Life Sciences. 1981 May 21; 28(21): 2337-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7253823&dopt=Abstract

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The state-dependent effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Aman MG, Sprague RL. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1974 April; 158(4): 268-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4819605&dopt=Abstract

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The use of dextroamphetamine to counteract sedation for patients on a morphine drip. Author(s): McManus MJ, Panzarella C. Source: J Assoc Pediatr Oncol Nurses. 1986; 3(1): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3637241&dopt=Abstract

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The use of dextroamphetamine to treat obesity and hyperphagia in children treated for craniopharyngioma. Author(s): Mason PW, Krawiecki N, Meacham LR. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 September; 156(9): 887-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197795&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance to dextroamphetamine sulfate in hyperactive children: assessment using an empirical neuropsychological paradigm--a pilot study. Author(s): Golinko BE, Rennick PM, Glaros AG. Source: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. 1980; 4(6): 601-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7220674&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of chronic post-traumatic organic brain syndrome with dextroamphetamine: first reported case. Author(s): Lipper S, Tuchman MM. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1976 May; 162(5): 366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1262859&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of mania with dextroamphetamine. Author(s): Clower CG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1988 July; 49(7): 283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3391982&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary dextroamphetamine in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Poklis A. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1997 March-April; 21(2): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9083840&dopt=Abstract

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Use of dextroamphetamine in epilepsy. Author(s): Appleby JG. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1985 May; 81(5): 281-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3925241&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE DEXTROAMPHETAMINE

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to dextroamphetamine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to dextroamphetamine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to dextroamphetamine: •

(+)Amphetamine-stimulus generalization to an herbal ephedrine product. Author(s): Glennon RA, Young R. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2000 April; 65(4): 655-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10764918&dopt=Abstract

•

14 C-5-hydroxytryptamine and 3 H-D-amphetamine: uptake and contraction by the rat stomach fundus in vitro. Author(s): Vaccari A, Vertua R. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1970 June; 19(6): 2105-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4998464&dopt=Abstract

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•

A comparative study of the driving effects of dextroamphetamine and yogic meditation on muscle control for the performance of balance on balance board. Author(s): Dhume RR, Dhume RA. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991 July; 35(3): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1791060&dopt=Abstract

•

A comparison of bupropion hydrochloride with dexamphetamine and amitriptyline in healthy subjects. Author(s): Peck AW, Bye CE, Clubley M, Henson T, Riddington C. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 May; 7(5): 469-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=475943&dopt=Abstract

•

A high-precision ultrasonic system for vertical movement counts in rats. Author(s): Lin MT, Chen YB, Li YC, Young MS. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1994 October; 56(4): 781-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7800748&dopt=Abstract

•

A neuroleptic-like effect of ceronapril on latent inhibition. Author(s): Weiner I, Smith AD, Rawlins JN, Feldon J. Source: Neuroscience. 1992 July; 49(2): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1359453&dopt=Abstract

•

Abolition of latent inhibition by a single 5 mg dose of d-amphetamine in man. Author(s): Gray NS, Pickering AD, Hemsley DR, Dawling S, Gray JA. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1992; 107(2-3): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1615140&dopt=Abstract

•

Action potential bursts in central snail neurons elicited by d-amphetamine: roles of ionic currents. Author(s): Chen YH, Tsai MC. Source: Neuroscience. 2000; 96(1): 237-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683428&dopt=Abstract

•

Amino acid supplementation as therapy for attention deficit disorder. Author(s): Nemzer ED, Arnold LE, Votolato NA, McConnell H. Source: J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1986 July; 25(4): 509-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3528266&dopt=Abstract

•

Amphetamine as a protective agent against oxygen-induced convulsions in mice. Author(s): Criborn CO, Clemedson CJ, Henriksson C.

Alternative Medicine 33

Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1986 August; 57(8): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3753361&dopt=Abstract •

Amphetamine effects in man: paradoxical drowsiness and lowered electrical brain acitivity (CNV). Author(s): Tecce JJ, Cole JO. Source: Science. 1974 August 2; 185(149): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4841149&dopt=Abstract

•

Amphetamine withdrawal: a behavioral evaluation. Author(s): Kokkinidis L, Zacharko RM, Anisman H. Source: Life Sciences. 1986 April 28; 38(17): 1617-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3702594&dopt=Abstract

•

Amphetamine-produced attenuation of latent inhibition is modulated by stimulus preexposure duration: implications for schizophrenia. Author(s): De la Casa LG, Ruiz G, Lubow RE. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1993 May 15; 33(10): 707-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8353165&dopt=Abstract

•

An evaluation of l-ephedrine neurotoxicity with respect to hyperthermia and caudate/putamen microdialysate levels of ephedrine, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. Author(s): Bowyer JF, Newport GD, Slikker W Jr, Gough B, Ferguson SA, Tor-Agbidye J. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2000 May; 55(1): 133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10788568&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of rocking behavior. Author(s): Hollis JH. Source: Monogr Am Assoc Ment Defic. 1978; (3): 1-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=750911&dopt=Abstract

•

Apomorphine, d-amphetamine, strychnine and yohimbine do not alter prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Author(s): Davis M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1988; 95(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3137590&dopt=Abstract

•

Auditory cue preceding intracranial stimulation induces event-related potential in rat frontal cortex: alterations by amphetamine. Author(s): Pirch JH, Corbus MJ, Napier TC.

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Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 1981 October; 7(4): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7296311&dopt=Abstract •

Auditory sensory gating in hippocampus and reticular thalamic neurons in anesthetized rats. Author(s): Krause M, Hoffmann WE, Hajos M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 February 1; 53(3): 244-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559658&dopt=Abstract

•

Barbiturate and amphetamine activity in rats fed a magnesium-deficient diet. Author(s): Holl JE, Resurreccion AV, Park LE, Caster WO. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1978 December; 22(3): 501-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=734230&dopt=Abstract

•

Behavior and binding: correlations between alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of acoustic startle and alpha 1-adrenoceptor occupancy and number in rat lumbar spinal cord. Author(s): Astrachan DI, Davis M, Gallager DW. Source: Brain Research. 1983 January 31; 260(1): 81-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6297685&dopt=Abstract

•

Behavioral evidence implicating dopamine in sensorimotor arousal and norepinephrine in the sedative effects of antidepressant drugs. Author(s): Kokkinidis L, McCarter BD. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1990; 100(4): 542-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2320716&dopt=Abstract

•

Bursting firing of action potentials in central snail neurons elicited by damphetamine: role of the electrogenic sodium pump. Author(s): Tsai MC, Chen YH. Source: Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1995 May; 111(1): 13141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7656181&dopt=Abstract

•

Central 5-HT and the respiratory response to acoustic stimulation in awake rats: effects of PCPA, 5-HTP and 8-OH-DPAT. Author(s): Ahlenius S, Criborn CO, Henriksson C. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1985; 63(3-4): 285-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2933488&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in blood-brain permeability resulting from D-amphetamine, hydroxydopamine and pimozide measured by a new technique. Author(s): Braun U, Braun G, Sargent T 3rd.

6-

Alternative Medicine 35

Source: Experientia. 1980 February 15; 36(2): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6768580&dopt=Abstract •

Clinical effectiveness of anti-motion-sickness drugs. Computer review of the literature. Author(s): Wood CD, Kennedy RE, Graybiel A, Trumbull R, Wherry RJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1966 December 12; 198(11): 1155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4380819&dopt=Abstract

•

Cocaine: excitatory effects on sensorimotor reactivity measured with acoustic startle. Author(s): Davis M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1985; 86(1-2): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3927365&dopt=Abstract

•

Cognitive-behavioral management of motion sickness. Author(s): Dobie TG, May JG. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1994 October; 65(10 Pt 2): C1-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7811217&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of efficacy of ginger with various antimotion sickness drugs. Author(s): Wood CD, Manno JE, Wood MJ, Manno BR, Mims ME. Source: Clin Res Pr Drug Regul Aff. 1988; 6(2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11538042&dopt=Abstract

•

Corticotropin-releasing factor potentiates acoustic startle in rats: blockade by chlordiazepoxide. Author(s): Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA, Vale WW, Koob GF. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1986; 88(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3081925&dopt=Abstract

•

Current views on the psychophysiology of hypnosis. Author(s): Mellett P. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1980 May; 23(5): 441, 444-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7388200&dopt=Abstract

•

d-Amphetamine as a behavioral teratogen: effects depend on dose, sex, age and task. Author(s): Holson R, Adams J, Buelke-Sam J, Gough B, Kimmel CA. Source: Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1985 November-December; 7(6): 753-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3835477&dopt=Abstract

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•

Decreased calcium uptake by rat fundal strips after pretreatment with neuraminidase or LSD in vitro. Effect of serotonin, D-amphetamine and eledoisin on the uptake. Author(s): Vaccari A, Vertua R, Furlani A. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1971 October; 20(10): 2603-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5000394&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of acetylsalicylic acid and barbiturate combinations in dosage forms. Author(s): Lin SL, Blake MI. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1967 January; 56(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6030492&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary tryptophan supplements attenuate amphetamine self-administration in the rat. Author(s): Smith FL, Yu DS, Smith DG, Leccese AP, Lyness WH. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1986 October; 25(4): 849-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2431419&dopt=Abstract

•

Differential effects of dopamine agonists on acoustically and electrically elicited startle responses: comparison to effects of strychnine. Author(s): Davis M, Commissaris RL, Cassella JV, Yang S, Dember L, Harty TP. Source: Brain Research. 1986 April 16; 371(1): 58-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3708346&dopt=Abstract

•

Differential effects of intra-accumbens and systemic amphetamine on latent inhibition using an on-baseline, within-subject conditioned suppression paradigm. Author(s): Killcross AS, Robbins TW. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1993; 110(4): 479-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7870920&dopt=Abstract

•

Does zinc moderate essential fatty acid and amphetamine treatment of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder? Author(s): Arnold LE, Pinkham SM, Votolato N. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000 Summer; 10(2): 1117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933121&dopt=Abstract

•

Drug-name familiarity and the placebo effect. Author(s): Morris LA, O'Neal EC. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1974 July; 30(3): 280-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4851450&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 37

•

Dual modulating effects of amphetamine on neuronal excitability and stimulationinduced plasticity in human motor cortex. Author(s): Ziemann U, Tam A, Butefisch C, Cohen LG. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 August; 113(8): 1308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140012&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of D-amphetamine sulfate on susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in DBA-2J mice. Author(s): Graham JM Jr, Schreiber RA, Zemp JW. Source: Behav Biol. 1974 February; 10(2): 183-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4815148&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of fenfluramine, dexamphetamine and diethylpropion on phosphoglucomutase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase of mouse muscle. Author(s): Kaplan ER, Sapeika N, Zwarenstein H. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1972 January; 3(1): 47-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4624131&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of acute versus chronic treatment with typical or atypical antipsychotics on damphetamine-induced sensorimotor gating deficits in rats. Author(s): Andersen MP, Pouzet B. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 July; 156(2-3): 291-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549231&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of cholinergic drugs on poor performance of rats in a shuttle-box. Author(s): Rech RH. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1968; 12(5): 371-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5723186&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chronic intermittent and continuous amphetamine administration on acoustic startle. Author(s): Kokkinidis L. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1984 March; 20(3): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6709670&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of d- and l-amphetamine on habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats. Author(s): Davis M, Svensson TH, Aghajanian GK.

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Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1975 July 23; 43(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1172255&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of dextroamphetamine on psychomotor skills. Author(s): Evans MA, Martz R, Lemberger L, Rodda BE, Forney RB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1976 June; 19(6): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1269217&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of marihuana-dextroamphetamine combination. Author(s): Evans MA, Martz R, Rodda BE, Lemberger L, Forney RB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1976 September; 20(3): 350-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=782773&dopt=Abstract

•

Parthenolide inhibits the contractile responses of rat stomach fundus to fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine but not serotonin. Author(s): Bejar E. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1996 January; 50(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8778501&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of hyperbaric air in combination with ethyl alcohol and dextroamphetamine on serial choice-reaction time. Author(s): Hamilton K, Fowler B, Porlier G. Source: Ergonomics. 1989 April; 32(4): 409-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2753017&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

Alternative Medicine 39

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to dextroamphetamine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Attention Deficit Disorder Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

•

Food and Diet Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

41

CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON DEXTROAMPHETAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to dextroamphetamine. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “dextroamphetamine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on dextroamphetamine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Dextroamphetamine ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to dextroamphetamine. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Effects on Human Saccadic Eye Movements of Diazepam, Pentobarbital and Dextroamphetamine by Frecker, Richard C; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22748

•

The Effect of Thioridazine and Dextroamphetamine on the Behavior and Cognition of Elementary School Children with Behavior Disorders by Foxworth, Anita Marie, PhD from Saint Louis University, 1972, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7231465

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL DEXTROAMPHETAMINE

TRIALS

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning dextroamphetamine.

Recent Trials on Dextroamphetamine The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to dextroamphetamine.7 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine Compared With Methylphenidate in Treating Children With Depression and Problems With Memory, Attention, and Thinking Caused By Cancer Treatment Condition(s): unspecified childhood solid tumor, protocol specific; Depression; neurotoxicity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Stimulant drugs such as dextroamphetamineamphetamine and methylphenidate may decrease depression and may help improve memory, attention, and thinking problems caused by central nervous system (CNS) treatment for cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to compare the effectiveness of dextroamphetamine-amphetamine with that of methylphenidate in treating depression and problems with memory, attention, and thinking in children who have undergone CNS treatment for cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below

7

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Dextroamphetamine

Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069927 •

The Effects of Dextroamphetamine on Brain Function Condition(s): Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the drug dextroamphetamine on the brain function and mood of healthy volunteers. Monoaminergic drugs are substances that affect the nervous system; these drugs can raise, hamper, or have no effect on brain function when given to healthy individuals. Different responses to a drug may be the result of genetic variations. This study will examine the effects of the monoaminergic drug dextroamphetamine on thought and sensorimotor processes while participants perform a variety of tasks. Participants in this study will undergo a medical history, physical examination, blood tests, and an electrocardiogram (EKG). Women of reproductive potential will undergo a pregnancy test. Participants will be given either dextroamphetamine or placebo (an inactive solution) on two occasions separated by at least 3 to 7 days. Participants will then perform neuropsychological tests that will measure attention, problem solving, memory, and ability to complete simple motor tasks. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004556

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

Clinical Trials 45

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS DEXTROAMPHETAMINE

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover dextroamphetamine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on dextroamphetamine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to dextroamphetamine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for dextroamphetamine: •

Barr gets FDA approval for first generic Dexedrine Spansule product Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 22, 2002

48

•

Dextroamphetamine

Dextroamphetamine speeds recovery from aphasia in stroke patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 07, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to dextroamphetamine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

49

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on dextroamphetamine: •

Drug Therapy of Chronic Pain Source: Lifeline: The Newsletter of the National Chronic Pain Outreach Association. p. 6-8,10-12. Fall 1998. Contact: Available from National Chronic Pain Outreach Association. P.O. Box 274, Millboro, VA 24460. (540) 862-9437. Fax (540) 862-9485. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals and people who have chronic pain with information on the main classes of drugs used to treat pain. Medications are usually taken orally in the form of a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid, but some may be delivered through creams, skin patches, inhalers, injections, spinal catheters, and rectal suppositories. The main drugs used to treat pain are the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and a group referred to as adjuvant analgesics. NSAID classes include salicylates, propionic acids, acetic acids, fenamates, and oxicams. Opioid analgesics have long been an accepted therapeutic modality in the treatment of acute and chronic pain; however, concerns about dosage increases and addiction have lead to controversy over their use. Evidence indicates that these concerns are unfounded, so opioids are appropriate for pain management. Morphine and fentanyl are two opioid formulations uniquely made for management of chronic pain. Adjuvant analgesics are a mixed class of medications that may be used to provide additive analgesic effect and to counteract the side effects of more traditional analgesics. Adjuvant analgesics include tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, stimulants such as caffeine and dextroamphetamine, steroids, phenothiazines, oral local anesthetics, sympatholytics, sumatriptan, and topical capsaicin. The article discusses the rationale for selecting particular drugs over others, their mechanism of action, and their common side effects. 3 tables and 17 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Dextroamphetamine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to dextroamphetamine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering dextroamphetamine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles.

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Dextroamphetamine

At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for dextroamphetamine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with dextroamphetamine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to dextroamphetamine: Amphetamines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adderall; Desoxyn; Desoxyn Gradumet; Dexedrine; Dexedrine Spansule; DextroStat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202031.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

55

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5562 51 332 3 22 5970

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on dextroamphetamine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to dextroamphetamine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to dextroamphetamine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “dextroamphetamine”:

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•

Dextroamphetamine

Other guides Amphetamine Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amphetamineabuse.html Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/attentiondeficitdisorderwithhyperactivity.t ml Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Prescription Drug Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html Tourette Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tourettesyndrome.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to dextroamphetamine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

63

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to dextroamphetamine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with dextroamphetamine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about dextroamphetamine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “dextroamphetamine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “dextroamphetamine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “dextroamphetamine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “dextroamphetamine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

65

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

67

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

69

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

71

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

73

DEXTROAMPHETAMINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adrenergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. [NIH]

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Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration.

Dictionary 75

Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analeptic: A drug which acts as a restorative, such as caffeine, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, etc. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also

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parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH]

Dictionary 77

Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and

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protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [NIH] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH]

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Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawl. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing

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acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaethylene: Hard drug formed by cocaine and alcohol. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the

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classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH]

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Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Craniopharyngioma: A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Designer Drugs: Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] DEXA: A method (dual energy X-ray absortiometry) used to estimate total body fat and percent of body fat. Potential disadvantages include whole body radiation and the long time required for scanning while the subject lies on a hard table. [NIH]

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Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dopamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors. [NIH] Dopamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (antipsychotic agents) are dopamine antagonists, although their

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therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as antiemetics, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH]

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Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye

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will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Figural Aftereffect: A perceptual phenomenon used by Gestalt psychologists to demonstrate that events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Association: Spontaneous verbalization of whatever comes to mind. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening.

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The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH]

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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent. The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. Its adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. [NIH] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Hallucination: A sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object. [EU] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small

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intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperphagia: Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH]

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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH]

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Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and

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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH]

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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU]

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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant

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tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]

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Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most

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commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phosphoglucomutase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2. [NIH] Phosphoglycerate Kinase: An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3phospho-D-glycerate in the presence of ATP to yield 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP. EC 2.7.2.3. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to

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the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH]

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Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Propionic Acids: 3-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychoanalysis: The separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. The term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by Sigmund Freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by Freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996). [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU]

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Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Pyruvate Kinase: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist. [NIH] Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor

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cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scabicide: An agent which has the power to destroy sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic,

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and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]

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Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH]

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Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of nux vomica. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympatholytics: Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the adrenergic antagonists and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals. Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists) are included here. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic

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discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogen: A substance which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may involve a risk of subsequent non-hereditable birth defects in offspring. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH]

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Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

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Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vomica: The profuse and sudden expectoration of pus and putrescent matter. An abnormal cavity in an organ especially in the lung, caused by suppuration and the breaking down of tissue. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

109

INDEX A Abdomen, 73, 78, 91, 96, 103, 105 Ablation, 10, 73 Acetic Acids, 49, 73 Acetylcholine, 73, 79, 94 Acoustic, 33, 34, 35, 37, 73 Action Potentials, 34, 73 Adaptation, 73, 79, 97 Adenosine, 73, 78, 97 Adipocytes, 73, 91 Adjustment, 8, 73 Adjuvant, 49, 73, 87 Adrenal Cortex, 73, 82, 85, 98 Adrenal Medulla, 73, 79, 85, 95 Adrenergic, 34, 73, 75, 76, 83, 85, 96, 104, 107 Adrenergic Agonists, 73, 104 Adrenergic Antagonists, 73, 104 Adverse Effect, 74, 77, 97, 102 Afferent, 74, 91, 98 Affinity, 74, 82, 103 Agonist, 5, 8, 10, 74, 77, 78, 83, 85, 93, 95, 96, 100, 104 Agoraphobia, 74, 89, 96 Alertness, 74, 78 Algorithms, 74, 77 Alkaline, 74, 75, 78 Alkaloid, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 93, 95, 101, 104, 107 Allergen, 74, 102 Allylamine, 74 Alpha-1, 74, 75 Alternative medicine, 48, 74 Amine, 4, 74 Amino acid, 32, 74, 75, 77, 87, 91, 92, 96, 99, 102, 104, 106 Amino Acid Sequence, 75, 77 Amitriptyline, 32, 75 Ammonia, 74, 75 Amphetamine, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 62, 75, 83 Amygdala, 10, 18, 75, 91, 105 Anaesthesia, 75, 90 Analeptic, 75, 104 Analgesic, 49, 75, 78, 92, 93, 95 Anatomical, 9, 75, 79, 89 Anemia, 75, 100 Anesthesia, 75

Anesthetics, 49, 75, 77, 85 Antagonism, 75, 78 Antibody, 74, 75, 76, 80, 88, 92, 102 Anticholinergic, 75 Anticonvulsant, 76, 79, 97 Antidepressant, 34, 75, 76, 78, 86, 89 Antiemetic, 76, 79 Antigen, 74, 75, 76, 80, 88, 89, 92, 102 Antihypertensive, 76, 88 Anti-inflammatory, 76, 83, 87, 101 Antipsychotic, 14, 76, 79, 83, 94, 100 Antipsychotic Agents, 76, 83 Antipyretic, 76 Antispasmodic, 76, 95, 101 Anus, 76, 78, 80, 100 Anxiolytic, 76, 79 Apathy, 76, 94 Aphasia, 48, 76 Apomorphine, 20, 33, 77 Arteries, 77, 78, 81, 93 Atmospheric Pressure, 77, 89 Atropine, 77, 101 Attenuation, 33, 77 Atypical, 37, 77 Auditory, 33, 34, 77, 98 Autonomic, 14, 73, 76, 77, 95, 96, 104 B Bactericidal, 77, 85 Barbiturate, 34, 36, 77 Basal Ganglia, 76, 77, 91, 95, 100 Base, 77, 90, 105 Behavior Therapy, 8, 10, 77 Benign, 77, 82, 88 Benzene, 77 Benzodiazepines, 49, 77 Beta-Endorphin, 18, 19, 77 Biochemical, 23, 31, 36, 77, 102 Biotechnology, 12, 13, 48, 57, 77 Bladder, 78, 81, 87, 90, 106 Blood Coagulation, 78 Blood Platelets, 78, 102 Blood pressure, 22, 76, 78, 89, 103 Blood vessel, 78, 79, 88, 91, 103, 104, 105, 106 Body Fluids, 78, 103 Bone Marrow, 77, 78, 89, 91, 103 Bowel, 78, 83 Bowel Movement, 78, 83

110

Dextroamphetamine

Branch, 69, 78, 84, 91, 94, 103, 104, 105 Breakdown, 78, 83, 87 Buprenorphine, 8, 78 Bupropion, 13, 32, 78 C Caffeine, 4, 25, 49, 75, 78 Calcium, 20, 36, 78, 80, 102 Capsaicin, 49, 79 Capsules, 10, 79, 84, 87 Carbamazepine, 12, 22, 79 Cardiac, 74, 78, 79, 85, 93, 103 Cardiovascular, 27, 75, 79, 102 Catecholamine, 79, 83, 96 Catheters, 49, 79 Caudal, 79, 83, 89, 95 Caudate Nucleus, 79, 94, 95 Cell, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 105, 106 Cell Differentiation, 79, 102 Cell proliferation, 79, 102 Central Nervous System, 16, 43, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 96, 101, 102, 104 Cerebellum, 79, 82, 100 Cerebral, 19, 77, 79, 81, 85, 86, 99, 105 Cerebrum, 79, 82 Chin, 79, 92 Chlordiazepoxide, 35, 79 Chlorpromazine, 28, 79 Cholinergic, 37, 75, 76, 79, 95 Chronic, 4, 8, 20, 24, 30, 37, 49, 78, 80, 102 Clinical study, 80, 81 Clinical trial, 3, 7, 10, 43, 44, 57, 80, 84, 99, 100 Cloning, 77, 80 Coca, 80 Cocaethylene, 8, 80 Cocaine, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 17, 35, 80 Cognition, 41, 80, 94 Colitis, 24, 80 Colon, 80, 90 Comorbidity, 5, 8, 80 Complement, 80, 81, 102 Complementary and alternative medicine, 31, 39, 81 Complementary medicine, 31, 81 Compliance, 10, 81 Computational Biology, 57, 81 Conception, 81, 86 Concomitant, 8, 27, 81 Cone, 15, 81, 104 Consciousness, 75, 81, 83, 99

Constipation, 76, 81, 88 Contraindications, ii, 81 Controlled clinical trial, 7, 81 Convulsions, 32, 76, 77, 81 Coordination, 79, 81, 100 Coronary, 81, 93 Coronary Thrombosis, 81, 93 Corpus, 81, 87, 91, 94, 98, 105 Corpus Luteum, 81, 91, 98 Cortex, 5, 9, 33, 82, 85, 86, 98 Cortical, 9, 21, 82, 85, 98, 102 Cortices, 10, 82 Cortisol, 16, 18, 19, 20, 26, 28, 82 Cortisone, 82, 83 Craniopharyngioma, 29, 82 Curative, 82, 95, 105 Cyclic, 78, 82, 99 Cytotoxic, 79, 82, 102 D Decision Making, 9, 82 Dendrites, 82, 94 Dentate Gyrus, 82, 88 Depolarization, 82, 102 Depressive Disorder, 26, 28, 82, 91 Dermis, 82, 101 Designer Drugs, 4, 82 Desipramine, 16, 23, 82 DEXA, 32, 37, 82 Dexamethasone, 16, 83 Diagnostic procedure, 48, 83 Diastolic, 83, 88 Diastolic blood pressure, 83, 88 Diencephalon, 83, 89, 98, 105 Digestion, 78, 83, 91, 103 Digestive system, 45, 83 Direct, iii, 4, 10, 51, 83, 89, 96, 101, 105 Discrimination, 4, 83 Disinfectant, 83, 85 Dissociation, 74, 83, 90 Diuresis, 78, 83 Dopamine, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 20, 24, 28, 33, 34, 36, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 93, 94, 100 Dopamine Agonists, 7, 20, 36, 83 Dopamine Antagonists, 7, 83 Dosage Forms, 36, 84 Double-blind, 12, 17, 21, 84 Drip, 29, 84 Drug Interactions, 52, 84 Duodenum, 84, 103 Dysphoric, 82, 84 Dystrophy, 15, 84

Index 111

E Eating Disorders, 5, 84 Efficacy, 8, 12, 14, 22, 26, 35, 84 Electrocardiogram, 44, 84 Electrolyte, 84, 103 Electrophysiological, 5, 84 Embryo, 79, 84, 90 Emetic, 77, 84 Empirical, 30, 84 Endocrine System, 84, 94 Endogenous, 26, 73, 77, 83, 84 Endorphins, 84, 94 Energy balance, 85, 91 Enkephalin, 77, 85 Entorhinal Cortex, 85, 88 Environmental Health, 56, 58, 85 Enzymatic, 75, 78, 81, 85, 101 Enzyme, 85, 90, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102, 104, 107 Ephedrine, 4, 31, 33, 85 Epinephrine, 73, 83, 85, 94, 95, 106 Erythrocytes, 75, 78, 85, 102 Esophagus, 83, 85, 103 Estradiol, 11, 85 Estrogen, 85, 99 Ethanol, 8, 24, 85 Euphoria, 6, 85 Evoke, 85, 103 Excitability, 37, 85 Excitation, 85, 94 Excitatory, 35, 85, 87 Exogenous, 83, 84, 85 Exotropia, 15, 85 Extracellular, 5, 9, 86, 103 Extrapyramidal, 76, 83, 86 F Family Planning, 57, 86 Fat, 73, 78, 82, 86, 91 Fatigue, 21, 86, 88, 96 Fenfluramine, 7, 13, 22, 23, 37, 38, 86 Fentanyl, 49, 86 Fetus, 24, 86, 97, 106 Figural Aftereffect, 28, 86 Fissure, 82, 86, 98 Fixation, 86, 102 Flatus, 86, 87 Fluoxetine, 7, 8, 14, 86 Forearm, 78, 86 Free Association, 86, 99 Frontal Lobe, 9, 86, 93, 98 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 6, 86

Fundus, 31, 38, 86 G Gallbladder, 83, 87 Ganglia, 73, 87, 94, 96, 104 Gas, 8, 75, 86, 87, 89, 95 Gastric, 84, 87 Gastrin, 87, 88 Gastrointestinal, 85, 87, 102, 104 Gastrointestinal tract, 85, 87, 102 Gelatin, 87, 104 Gene, 4, 77, 87, 97 Gene Expression, 4, 87 Ginger, 35, 87 Gland, 73, 82, 87, 96, 102, 103 Globus Pallidus, 87, 100 Glucocorticoid, 83, 87 Glucose, 24, 87, 90, 97 Glutamate, 33, 87 Glutamic Acid, 87, 94 Glycine, 74, 87, 94, 104 Glycoproteins, 87, 94 Glycosidic, 87, 94, 95 Governing Board, 88, 98 Granulocytes, 88, 102 Growth, 6, 20, 23, 24, 28, 75, 79, 88, 91, 97, 106 Guanfacine, 16, 88 H Habituation, 37, 88 Hallucination, 88 Hallucinogen, 4, 88 Headache, 78, 88 Heart failure, 85, 88 Hemolytic, 88, 100 Hemorrhage, 88, 104 Hemostasis, 88, 102 Heredity, 87, 88 Hiccup, 79, 84, 88 Hippocampus, 34, 82, 88, 91, 104 Homologous, 88, 102, 105 Hormonal, 23, 27, 88 Hormone, 4, 11, 20, 23, 28, 77, 82, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 98, 99, 102 Hydrogen, 74, 77, 89, 93 Hydrogenation, 77, 89 Hydrolysis, 89, 94, 97 Hyperbaric, 28, 38, 89 Hyperbaric oxygen, 89 Hyperphagia, 29, 89 Hypersensitivity, 23, 74, 89, 102 Hyperthermia, 33, 89 Hypnotic, 77, 89

112

Dextroamphetamine

Hypotension, 76, 81, 89 Hypothalamus, 82, 83, 85, 89, 91, 105 I Id, 38, 62, 68, 70, 89 Imipramine, 23, 89 Immune response, 73, 76, 82, 89, 102, 104 Immunization, 89, 102 Immunology, 73, 74, 89 Immunomodulator, 89, 91 Impairment, 89, 92 Impotence, 89, 107 In vitro, 31, 36, 90 In vivo, 6, 90 Incontinence, 85, 90, 101 Induction, 6, 76, 90, 99 Infarction, 76, 81, 90, 93 Inflammation, 76, 80, 90, 98, 101 Infusion, 4, 90 Inotropic, 83, 90 Insulin, 4, 39, 90 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 90 Intermittent, 37, 90 Intoxication, 90, 107 Intracellular, 6, 78, 90, 99, 100, 102 Intravenous, 22, 24, 29, 90 Involuntary, 90, 93, 101 Ionization, 8, 90 Ions, 77, 83, 84, 89, 90, 93 Isozymes, 90, 100 K Kb, 56, 90 L Lactation, 90, 99 Large Intestine, 83, 90, 100, 102 Latent, 32, 33, 36, 90 Leptin, 4, 91 Leucine, 77, 91 Library Services, 68, 91 Limbic, 4, 9, 75, 91, 98 Limbic System, 75, 91, 98 Lindane, 27, 91 Linkages, 91, 94 Lipid, 90, 91 Lithium, 12, 22, 76, 91 Lithium Chloride, 12, 22, 91 Liver, 83, 87, 91, 93, 101 Lobe, 10, 91 Lumbar, 34, 91 Lutein Cells, 91, 99 Lymphatic, 91, 103 Lymphatic system, 91, 103 Lymphocyte, 76, 91, 92

M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 91 Malignant, 82, 91 Mania, 18, 19, 30, 92 Manic, 76, 91, 92 Medial, 85, 87, 92 Mediate, 83, 92 Mediator, 12, 92, 102 Medicament, 92, 104 MEDLINE, 57, 92 Medullary, 92, 100 Membrane, 81, 82, 85, 92, 93, 97, 101, 102 Memory, 10, 43, 44, 92 Meninges, 79, 92 Menopause, 92, 98 Menstrual Cycle, 92, 98 Mental, iv, 3, 29, 30, 44, 45, 56, 58, 62, 79, 80, 83, 86, 92, 99, 101 Mental Disorders, 45, 92, 99 Mental Processes, 83, 92, 99 Meperidine, 82, 92 Mesolimbic, 76, 92, 107 Metabolite, 8, 92 Methamphetamine, 4, 5, 92 Methionine, 77, 92 Methylphenidate, 8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 43, 92 MI, 36, 71, 93 Microbiology, 73, 77, 93 Modification, 75, 82, 93 Molecular, 57, 59, 77, 81, 82, 93, 99, 100, 106 Molecular Structure, 93, 106 Molecule, 76, 77, 80, 83, 85, 87, 89, 93, 100, 102 Monoamine, 8, 75, 83, 93 Monoamine Oxidase, 75, 83, 93 Monotherapy, 11, 93 Morphine, 18, 19, 29, 49, 77, 78, 92, 93, 95 Motility, 93, 102 Motion Sickness, 35, 93, 94, 101 Motor Activity, 16, 20, 81, 93, 100 Motor Cortex, 37, 93, 101 Mucosa, 93, 99 Muscular Dystrophies, 84, 93 Mydriatic, 93, 102, 107 Myocardium, 93 N Naloxone, 8, 77, 93 Narcolepsy, 83, 85, 92, 93 Narcotic, 86, 92, 93 Nausea, 76, 84, 94, 96

Index 113

NCI, 1, 43, 44, 55, 94 Need, 11, 49, 63, 94, 106 Neostriatum, 79, 94, 100 Nerve, 73, 75, 79, 82, 92, 93, 94, 98, 101, 103, 106 Nervous System, 44, 74, 75, 79, 92, 94, 96, 104, 105 Neural, 9, 17, 34, 74, 82, 93, 94 Neuraminidase, 36, 94 Neuroendocrine, 14, 29, 94 Neuroleptic, 32, 76, 94 Neuronal, 37, 94 Neurons, 6, 32, 34, 80, 82, 85, 87, 94, 95, 104, 105 Neuropharmacology, 8, 28, 94 Neuropsychological Tests, 44, 94 Neurotoxicity, 33, 43, 94 Neurotransmitter, 6, 10, 73, 75, 83, 87, 94, 95, 102, 104, 105 Niacin, 94, 106 Nicotine, 11, 95 Nitrogen, 74, 86, 95, 106 Norepinephrine, 26, 34, 73, 75, 82, 83, 85, 94, 95, 96, 104 Nuclear, 77, 91, 95, 105 Nuclei, 75, 91, 95, 98 Nucleus, 5, 6, 82, 87, 95, 98, 100, 105, 107 Nucleus Accumbens, 5, 6, 95, 107 Nystagmus, 15, 95 O Ocular, 85, 95 Ointments, 84, 95 Oligosaccharides, 94, 95 Opiate, 77, 85, 93, 95 Opium, 93, 95 Outpatient, 7, 95 Ovary, 81, 85, 95 Overdose, 8, 95 Ovum, 81, 95, 98, 99 P Palliative, 95, 105 Pancreas, 83, 90, 96 Panic, 89, 96 Panic Disorder, 89, 96 Paradoxical, 26, 33, 96 Parkinsonism, 76, 77, 96 Parturition, 96, 99 Pathophysiology, 9, 96 Pelvis, 73, 91, 96, 106 Pemoline, 26, 96 Peptide, 74, 77, 91, 96, 99 Perception, 81, 86, 88, 96, 101

Peripheral Nervous System, 94, 96, 104 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 84, 96 Pharmacokinetic, 8, 96 Pharmacologic, 75, 96, 106 Pharmacotherapy, 8, 11, 96 Phenylpropanolamine, 4, 96 Phenytoin, 79, 97 Phosphoglucomutase, 37, 97 Phosphoglycerate Kinase, 37, 97 Phospholipases, 97, 102 Phosphorus, 78, 97 Phosphorylation, 97, 100 Physical Examination, 44, 97 Physiologic, 74, 92, 97, 99, 100 Physiology, 32, 73, 84, 97 Pilot study, 8, 17, 30, 97 Placebo Effect, 36, 97 Placenta, 85, 97, 98 Plants, 74, 77, 80, 87, 95, 97 Plasma, 8, 16, 18, 28, 87, 88, 97 Plasticity, 37, 97 Platelet Activation, 97, 102 Pleomorphic, 95, 98 Pneumonia, 81, 98 Poisoning, 77, 90, 94, 98 Postmenopausal, 19, 29, 98 Postoperative, 18, 92, 98 Postsynaptic, 98, 102, 105 Post-traumatic, 30, 98 Potentiates, 35, 82, 98 Potentiating, 75, 98 Potentiation, 98, 102 Practice Guidelines, 58, 98 Precursor, 83, 84, 85, 95, 98, 106 Prefrontal Cortex, 5, 10, 98 Premedication, 98, 101 Presynaptic, 94, 98, 105 Problem Solving, 44, 98 Progesterone, 11, 98, 99, 103 Progressive, 79, 88, 93, 97, 98 Projection, 5, 95, 98, 100, 107 Prolactin, 28, 29, 99 Propionic Acids, 49, 99 Prostaglandin, 99 Protein S, 78, 99 Proteins, 74, 75, 76, 80, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100 Protocol, 43, 99 Psychiatric, 6, 9, 92, 99, 102 Psychic, 92, 99, 102 Psychoactive, 4, 99, 107 Psychoanalysis, 20, 99

114

Dextroamphetamine

Psychology, 11, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 29, 36, 83, 99 Psychomotor, 7, 21, 24, 38, 79, 94, 99, 100 Psychomotor Performance, 24, 100 Psychophysiology, 28, 35, 100 Psychotomimetic, 75, 83, 100 Public Policy, 57, 100 Pulmonary, 78, 100, 107 Pulmonary Artery, 78, 100, 107 Putamen, 33, 94, 100 Pyruvate Kinase, 37, 100 Q Quaternary, 100, 101 Quinpirole, 5, 100 R Raclopride, 9, 100 Radiation, 9, 82, 89, 100 Radioactive, 89, 90, 95, 100 Randomized, 10, 17, 84, 100 Randomized clinical trial, 10, 17, 100 Reaction Time, 28, 38, 100 Receptor, 4, 8, 9, 20, 28, 73, 76, 81, 83, 100, 102 Receptors, Serotonin, 100, 102 Rectal, 49, 100 Rectum, 76, 78, 80, 83, 86, 87, 90, 100, 104 Red Nucleus, 100, 107 Refer, 1, 80, 84, 86, 94, 101 Reflex, 33, 101 Refractory, 14, 101 Regimen, 11, 84, 96, 97, 101 Reticular, 34, 101 Retina, 101 Retinal, 81, 101 Rhinitis, 85, 101 Riboflavin, 10, 101 Rod, 15, 101 S Salicylate, 101 Salicylic, 101 Salicylic Acids, 101 Salivary, 83, 101 Salivary glands, 83, 101 Scabicide, 91, 101 Schizoid, 101, 107 Schizophrenia, 9, 14, 15, 24, 33, 76, 101, 107 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 101, 107 Scopolamine, 22, 25, 101 Screening, 80, 102 Secretion, 28, 90, 102 Sedative, 34, 75, 77, 79, 89, 102

Seizures, 27, 37, 79, 97, 102 Sensitization, 5, 37, 102 Serotonin, 4, 7, 33, 36, 38, 75, 76, 82, 86, 93, 94, 96, 100, 102, 104, 106 Sertraline, 15, 102 Side effect, 9, 26, 27, 49, 51, 74, 76, 102, 106 Signal Transduction, 4, 102 Skull, 102, 105 Sleep apnea, 102, 104 Sleep Deprivation, 26, 102 Small intestine, 84, 89, 102 Smoking Cessation, 78, 103 Smooth muscle, 74, 78, 93, 103, 104 Social Behavior, 9, 103 Sodium, 12, 22, 34, 103 Solid tumor, 43, 103 Solvent, 77, 85, 96, 103 Soma, 103 Somatic, 9, 91, 96, 98, 103 Spasticity, 23, 103 Specialist, 63, 103 Species, 79, 85, 103 Spinal cord, 34, 79, 92, 94, 96, 101, 103, 104 Stabilizer, 12, 103 Steroid, 82, 103 Stimulant, 4, 5, 11, 15, 16, 28, 43, 75, 78, 83, 92, 96, 103 Stimulus, 4, 7, 33, 85, 88, 100, 101, 103, 105 Stomach, 31, 38, 83, 85, 87, 88, 94, 102, 103 Stress, 79, 82, 94, 103 Striatum, 9, 87, 94, 95, 103 Stroke, 10, 45, 48, 56, 104 Structure-Activity Relationship, 4, 104 Strychnine, 33, 36, 104 Subclinical, 102, 104 Subiculum, 88, 104 Substance P, 92, 102, 104 Substrate, 94, 104 Sumatriptan, 49, 104 Supplementation, 32, 104 Suppositories, 49, 87, 104 Suppression, 16, 36, 104 Sympathetic Nervous System, 104 Sympatholytics, 49, 104 Sympathomimetic, 75, 83, 85, 92, 95, 96, 104 Symptomatic, 79, 104 Symptomatic treatment, 79, 104 Symptomatology, 22, 104 Synapse, 73, 82, 98, 105, 106 Synaptic, 94, 95, 102, 105 Synaptic Transmission, 95, 105

Index 115

Synergistic, 99, 105 Systemic, 36, 52, 78, 85, 105 Systolic, 88, 105 T Temporal, 6, 75, 88, 105 Temporal Lobe, 75, 105 Tendon, 103, 105 Teratogen, 35, 105 Testis, 85, 105 Thalamic, 9, 34, 105 Thalamus, 9, 83, 91, 98, 105 Therapeutics, 21, 22, 38, 52, 93, 105 Third Ventricle, 89, 105 Thorax, 73, 91, 105 Threshold, 85, 105 Thrombosis, 99, 104, 105 Tissue, 73, 76, 77, 78, 82, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107 Tolerance, 30, 78, 106 Tomography, 17, 106 Tone, 88, 103, 106 Topical, 49, 85, 106 Toxic, iv, 77, 85, 95, 106 Toxicity, 84, 106 Toxicology, 30, 33, 58, 106 Transduction, 102, 106 Transfection, 77, 106 Transmitter, 73, 83, 92, 95, 106

Tricyclic, 49, 75, 82, 89, 106 Tryptophan, 7, 8, 36, 102, 106 Tubercle, 95, 106 Tyrosine, 83, 106 U Unconscious, 75, 89, 106 Urethra, 106 Urinary, 27, 30, 85, 90, 101, 106 Urine, 10, 78, 83, 90, 101, 106 Uterus, 81, 87, 98, 106 V Vaccine, 73, 99, 106 Vascular, 74, 82, 88, 90, 97, 106 Vasodilator, 83, 106 Vein, 90, 95, 106 Venter, 107 Ventral, 5, 6, 89, 95, 107 Ventral Tegmental Area, 5, 6, 107 Ventricle, 75, 79, 88, 95, 100, 105, 107 Vertebrae, 103, 107 Veterinary Medicine, 57, 107 Vitro, 107 Vivo, 107 Vomica, 104, 107 W Withdrawal, 5, 11, 33, 92, 107 Y Yohimbine, 33, 107

116

Dextroamphetamine