Agoraphobia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

AGORAPHOBIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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AGORAPHOBIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Agoraphobia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83682-5 1. Agoraphobia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on agoraphobia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AGORAPHOBIA ......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Agoraphobia .................................................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AGORAPHOBIA................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Finding Nutrition Studies on Agoraphobia................................................................................. 87 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 88 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AGORAPHOBIA ......................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 91 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 98 General References ....................................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AGORAPHOBIA ......................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Dissertations on Agoraphobia.................................................................................................... 101 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 103 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND AGORAPHOBIA .................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Recent Trials on Agoraphobia.................................................................................................... 105 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON AGORAPHOBIA .................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Patents on Agoraphobia ............................................................................................................. 109 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 113 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON AGORAPHOBIA ........................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 115 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 116 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 120 Chapters on Agoraphobia........................................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON AGORAPHOBIA ............................................................................. 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 Bibliography: Multimedia on Agoraphobia................................................................................ 123 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 129 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 132 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 133 Associations and Agoraphobia ................................................................................................... 135 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 135 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 137 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 137 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 137

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 143 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 145 AGORAPHOBIA DICTIONARY ............................................................................................... 147 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 179

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with agoraphobia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about agoraphobia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to agoraphobia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on agoraphobia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to agoraphobia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on agoraphobia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AGORAPHOBIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on agoraphobia.

Federally Funded Research on Agoraphobia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to agoraphobia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to agoraphobia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore agoraphobia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for agoraphobia: •

Project Title: A LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW UP OF CHILDREN AT RISK FOR ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenbaum, Jerrold F.; Associate Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1993; Project End 31-JAN-2004

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: In the proposed study, we seek to address a basic scientific question: Is it possible to predict the development of anxiety disorders among young children whose parents have panic disorder (PD)? This question is straightforward, yet the answer has broad implications. Although it is well established that children of parents with PD are at high risk for anxiety disorders, only some of these children will develop psychopathology. The identification of a predictor would facilitate primary prevention by delineating a group of young children at very high risk for anxiety disorders among those already at risk by having a PD parent. During the prior funding period we have completed a cross-sectional study of over 200 children at risk for PD and comparison offspring of normal control parents. Our sample is unique in that the children have been identified and characterized extensively before they entered the age of risk for childhood anxiety disorders. These youngsters have already been assessed for behavioral inhibition, psychophysiological markers, and early signs of anxiety as well as for markers of psychosocial adversity. A subsample who have grown old enough to be reliably assessed for DSM-IV diagnoses, have already been assessed for psychopathology using structured clinical interviews. Therefore this valuable sample affords us the unique opportunity to track the development of dysfunction and psychopathology in prospectively followed children at risk for psychopathology. To our knowledge, this would represent the largest such sample followed longitudinally. As we describe in the Progress Report, our work suggests that multiple domains of measurement will be useful predictors of psychopathology in high risk children. These domains are: parental disorders, child temperament (as indexed by "behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar" [BI]), psychophysiologic abnormalities, and psychosocial adversity. The proposed work seeks to validate these measures as predictors of subsequent psychopathology and dysfunction by following up the sample five years after their baseline evaluation. The main aims of this project were determined by our past 12 years of work studying BI and anxiety disorders among young children. Our three main aims are: l) to characterize the psychopathologic and functional outcomes of children at risk for panic disorder; 2) to determine predictors of adverse outcomes among children at risk for anxiety disorders; and 3) to characterize the developmental sequence of anxiety disorders in these children. Moreover, under separate funding, we are collecting DNA samples from this cohort of families. Thus, by assuring that DNA samples will be available in the future, we leave open the possibility that our sample will be useful for prospectively predicting psychiatric disorders and disability from putative anxiety genes. Given that we are also assessing adverse features of the environment, we will also be able to determine if gene-environment interactions play a role in the genesis of anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN ANXIETY DISCONTINUATION/MAINTENANCE W/ IMIPRAMINE

DISORDERS--

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mavissakalian, Matig R.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The main objectives of the study are a) to assess the extent of worsening/relapse upon discontinuation of imipramine and to test the hypothesis that maintenance on the drug protects from such reversal in a total experimental sample of 100 subjects with panic disorder and agoraphobia who have shown good and stable response to 6 months of systematic open treatment prior to randomization to the 12 month prospective placebo controlled discontinuation/maintenance phase of the study;

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b) An evaluation of late relapse/reversals achieved by extending the observation period of the double-blind placebo substitution condition to 24 months; c) A controlled assessment of relapse within the 12 month period following discontinuation of 1 year maintenance treatment d) A follow-up for 3 to 4 years from initial randomization of study completers and relapsers who are retreated as well as subjects who drop out from various stages of the double-blind protocol in order to gather systematic longitudinal and clinically relevant data specifically as they relate to relapse after varying lengths of imipramine maintenance treatment. The methods employed include an initial open treatment phase for 6 months. Patients who show a good response to treatment are randomized to double-blind treatment to either placebo or continuation of medication for 12 months. A second randomization then occurs; the placebo group continues on placebo and the medication group is randomized again to either placebo or continuation of the medication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS OF CHILDHOOD ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Warren, Susan L.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; George Washington University 2121 I St Nw Washington, Dc 20052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term aim of this Mentored Clinical Scientist Award is to train the candidate to become an independent investigator, conducting studies in the development of anxiety disorders in children and adolescence. The candidate will obtain didactic training in developmental physiology and neurobiology, statistics, and research design at the University of Minnesota. Mentors include L. Alan Sroufe, Ph.D. (primary mentor), Jerome Kagan, Ph.D. (temperament), Megan Gunnar, Ph.D. (physiology), Charles Nelson, Ph.D. (neurobiology), Gail Bernstien, M.D. (childhood anxiety disorders), M. Katherine Shear, M.D. (adult anxiety disorders) and Robert Cudek, Ph.D. (statistics). The premise of the research is that anxiety disorders develop as the result of genetic influences, infant reactivity or temperament and physiology, in combination with particular interpersonal relationship experiences. A "developmental pathways" research strategy will be used with the examination of intermediate outcome markers or precursors to anxiety disorders (behavioral inhibition and anxious/resistant attachment). Because children of mothers with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PDAG) are more likely to develop anxiety disorders than children of mothers without psychopathology, infants of mothers with PDAG and controls will be studied to increment the likelihood of anxiety disorder precursors. Sixty-five women with PDAG and sixty-five women without any psychopathology will be recruited during their third trimester of pregnancy. Infant reactivity, temperament, physiology and mother-infant relationships will be studied longitudinally from birth to 14 months of age to determine the relative importance and interaction of these factors. Because intervention efforts can most easily be focused on parent-child relationships, this research will also seek to clarify which types of parentchild interactions promote behavioral inhibition and ultimately childhood anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: HARVARD BROWN ANXIETY RESEARCH PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Keller, Martin B.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Human Behavior; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: We propose to continue the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Program (HARP), a unique, naturalistic, prospective, multicenter study of 478 currently active subjects with anxiety disorders, for an additional 4 years of follow-up. This will enable us to create a complete master file with a minimum of 11 years of follow-up data on all active subjects and to incorporate new assessments and data analysis methods in order to address important unanswered questions and develop a comprehensive picture of the longitudinal course and outcome of 3 common anxiety disorders: panic disorder with and without a agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Our specific aims are to 1) comprehensively map patterns of course for the 3 anxiety disorders; 2) examine predictors/mediating variables, such as stressful life events, depression, substance abuse, and personality disorders, associated with the course of anxiety disorders; describe medication received and investigate the mediating effect of medication on course; 4) assess the relationship between psychosocial functioning and anxiety; symptom severity; and 5) examine the utility of a dimensional approach (i.e., anxiety - and mood-related traits) in characterizing the nature and course of the anxiety disorders and comorbid depressive disorders. Subjects will be evaluated at 6 month intervals with instruments that obtain detailed information on symptom status and severity, diagnostic status, treatment received, psychosocial functioning, and other domains. Since our earlier submission we have added new assessments that measure stressful life events, underlying mood- and anxiety-related traits, and symptom severity independent of diagnosis and functioning; we have also incorporated new data analysis methods in order to answer important questions about the anxiety disorders. To have sufficient statistical power to test our hypotheses, 4 more years of prospective observation are needed. The HARP data set is unique in its large number of subjects, comprehensiveness of assessment, and length of prospective follow-up. This proposal will allow us to more completely investigate the aims and hypotheses of the previously funded grant and to add new, previously unexplored aims and hypotheses generated by findings from HARP and other investigators during the past 4 years. Continuation of HARP is expected to shed new light on clinically and theoretically important, innovative questions about a group of common and impairing disorders which have not been adequately addressed by previous research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERACTIVE COMPUTER TREATMENT FOR PANIC DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Schmidt, Norman Brad.; Professor; Psychology; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal requests funding through an Exploratory Development Grant for Mental Health Intervention Research. Panic disorder (PD) is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition. Research has suggested that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a very effective treatment for PD with or without agoraphobia, however, a majority of patients with PD do not receive this type of therapy (or any recommended treatment). Some of the primary factors that limit patient participation in treatment include cost and treatment availability. Self-help treatments are a means to provide low-cost treatment to a much greater number of individuals, and available book-based self-help formats have been found to be effective. Interactive computer-based treatments offer additional advantages over a book-based approach because they are more engaging, thereby leading to greater compliance and decreased attrition. Moreover, computer treatments have the capacity to enhance

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learning through multiple modalities and interactive features. The purpose of the proposed investigation is to develop an interactive computer-administered version of the most recent genre of CBT treatments for panic disorder (treatment development phase) and to test the efficacy of this type of treatment relative to an established CBT bibliotherapy manual (pilot testing phase). The first phase of this proposal involves developing an interactive computer-based treatment that effectively emulates available CBT protocols for panic disorder. This development will involve translating manualized CBT interventions into a multimedia presentation with various interactive features designed to mimic the type of communication that typically occurs in live CBT. The second phase of this proposal involves refining the computer-administered treatment based on patient utilization from a small, representative sample of patients. Based on patient assessments, the treatment will be redesigned accordingly. The final phase of the proposal involves a clinical trial examining the relative efficacy of the refined computer treatment (about = 20) versus a book-based treatment (about = 20) and a delayedtreatment control group (about = 20). Outcomes will be compared at posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up. It is hypothesized that both active treatment groups will produce better outcomes relative to the control condition and that the computer-based treatment will produce superior outcomes relative to the book-based treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN AT RISK FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hirshfeld-Becker, Dina R.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This is an application for a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award with a focus on developing expertise in designing and evaluating early interventions for childhood anxiety disorders. The candidate proposes to build upon her experience studying behavioral inhibition as a risk factor for anxiety disorders by learning to apply this knowledge to benefit children at risk. Anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent category of childhood mental disorder. They have been shown to run in families, with children of parents with anxiety disorders at high risk to develop these disorders themselves. Studies by the candidate and her sponsors have identified behavioral inhibition as a temperamental risk factor for the development of childhood anxiety disorders. Children whose behavioral inhibition remains stable throughout early childhood and whose parents have multiple anxiety disorders appear at greatest risk. The ability to identify young children at high risk affords the opportunity for early intervention. Research Plan: The candidate proposes to refine and test an intervention for behaviorally-inhibited 4.0-5.9-year-old children of parents with panic disorder with agoraphobia to facilitate the children's learning strategies for reducing inhibition and managing anxiety. The twelve- week intervention includes parent-skills training and child anxiety management. It will be tested in a randomized controlled trial with proximal (three-month) and long-term (two-year) follow-up assessment for child behavioral inhibition and psychopathology. Environment: The proposed study will be based at the Massachusetts General Hospital and will complement a program of training and supervised research under the mentorship of Joseph Biederman, MD and cosponsored by Jerrold F. Rosenbaum, MD, with consultation from experts in the areas of behavioral inhibition, childhood anxiety disorders and intervention research. Career development plan: Training will emphasize skills necessary for designing and evaluating interventions for anxious children and assessing psychological and familial

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vulnerability factors including child temperament, psychopathology, cognitive risk factors and family interactions. Coursework at the Harvard School of Public Health and tutorials in intervention research design, statistical methods, and methodology for longitudinal follow-up will complement supervision by the consultants. In this manner, the candidate will develop a critical fund of knowledge in childhood anxiety disorders, developmental psychopathology, intervention research, and statistical methodology which will lay the foundation for future independent investigation of intervention strategies for high risk children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PANIC CONTROL THERAPY IN A MANAGED CARE SETTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Addis, Michael E.; Assistant Professor; Psychology; Clark University (Worcester, Ma) 950 Main Street Worcester, Ma 01610 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Panic Disorder (PD) is a serious psychiatric illness which, if left untreated, can be associated with significant life dysfunction and distress. Although a number of controlled experimental studies have supported the efficacy of Panic Control Therapy (PCT) as a cognitive-behavioral treatment for PD, no studies have evaluated the transportability of PCT to real-world clinical practice. Investigating the outcomes of an empirically validated manual-based psychotherapy in clinical practice is a crucial step in disseminating effective treatments and working towards empirically-based standards of care. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of training in PCT for master's level therapists working in a managed care context. Ten clinicians will be randomly assigned to PCT training or treatment as usual (TAU). Patients meeting criteria for PD = 120) with varying degrees of severity and with or without agoraphobia will be randomly assigned to PCT-trained or TAU therapists. Outcomes will be evaluated at post-treatment, 3 months 1 year, and 2 years following treatment. Blind ratings of therapist adherence to PCT will provide an assessment of how well clinicians can learn and implement the protocol in clinical practice following state of the art training. By maintaining random assignment of therapists and patients, this study will possess the necessary internal validity to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of PCT in clinical practice. The use of non- expert master's level clinicians, and a more heterogeneous sample of patients than previous studies, will greatly enhance the generalizability of the findings, and speak to the effectiveness of PCT in real-world clinical practice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PHOBIA, PANIC AND CONTROL OF BALANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Jacob, Rolf; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall objective of Subproject 6 is to investigate thepossible link between anxiety disorders and altered vestibular processing. This is based on the observation that panic attack and phobic avoidance are often prevalent in patients who present with balance disorders. Conversely, these investigators note that there seems to be a high prelevance of vestibular and balance dysfunction observed in patients who present with panic disorder and agoraphobia. These investigators aim to use a case control design in which they will examine vestibular correlates of the manifestations proposed in patients with anxiety disorders. Four groups of patients (n = 30) and a group of normal control

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subjects will be incorporated into the design of this study. Vestibular parameters to be assessed include the lateral semicircular canal-ocular reflex, using earth vertical axis rotation, and the otolith-ocular reflex, using off vertical axis rotation. Additionally, visual dependence for upright balance will be examined. Finally, the role of proprioception will be inferred by examining the effect of sway referencing to support surfaces. The data to be obtained in the experiments incorporated into the design are clearly articulated and there is a strong data analysis plan. The physical resources relevant to this project seem to be in place and there is every expectation that the goals of this project are likely to be met. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RESPIRATORY PSYCHONEUROBIOLOGY OF ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Papp, Laszlo A.; Assoc. Prof. of Clinical Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-MAR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): An Independent Scientist Award is requested from NIMH for Dr. Laszlo Papp who completed a SDAC in 1996. During the term of the SDAC the candidate made significant progress in establishing the respiratory psychoneurobiology of anxiety and late-life anxiety disorders as his independent areas of research. His publication record is extensive and includes highly influential original and theoretical papers. He is in charge of two research units, and is the recipient of substantial independent research support including an R01. The proposal for the next five years is a logical continuation and expansion of his work and will critically examine the evidence for respiratory abnormalities being central to panic disorder. First, respiratory challenges will be conducted in the laboratory with sophisticated monitoring and analysis of respiratory parameters in varying cognitive behavioral environments; differences in dynamic and static lung functions between patients and controls will be assessed; and the findings will be correlated with ambulatory in vivo observations of respiration. Second, in order to establish specificity, these experiments will be expanded to include patients with special characteristics with regard to psychiatric and medical diagnoses and gender. Substance specificity will be examined by comparing the effects of different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation and by optimizing ratings of response. Third, particular attention will be devoted to the effects of aging on the course of anxiety and on the manifestations of respiratory abnormalities through the life-span. Fourth, treatment studies will be conducted in order to assess the correlation of symptomatic improvement and respiration and to compare the effects of cognitive/behavioral and medication treatments on respiration. A comprehensive plan for professional growth focusing on respiratory physiology and geriatrics is also included. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TREATMENT OF PANIC DISORDER LONG TERM STRATEGIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Shear, M. Katherine.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This is one of four identical revised applications for a multi-center study of long-term treatment strategies for panic disorder (PD). The study builds upon the findings of our original multi-center study comparing imipramine, placebo, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), and their combination in the treatment of PD patients with no

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more than mild agoraphobia. That study found response rates were as high with CBT or imipramine alone as with their combination. Given the added cost of combined treatments, it therefore seems reasonable to begin with monotherapy. Further, following general principles of medical practice, it would be reasonable to initiate treatment with the less invasive behavioral intervention. It is then important to learn what should be done following initial treatment. The proposed grant addresses this subject. In the proposed study, all subjects initially receive CBT alone. Subjects are then randomized in one of two postacute studies, depending on response status. These studies address two questions: (1) among patients who respond to an initial course of CBT, is maintenance therapy required to maintain response?; and (2) among those who fail to respond substantially to an initial course of CBT, will the addition of pharmacotherapy improve response? A total of 336 subjects will be enrolled from 4 sites over a 3 year period. Responders will be randomized to a maintenance study comparing no maintenance with 9 months of continued CBT. Non-responders will be randomized to a study comparing paroxetine with continued CBT. In addition to the main questions, possible predictors of response and relapse will be examined as well as possible mediators of response. Central to this revised proposal is the continuation of a well- functioning and productive collaboration among the sites conducting the current study. These sites already have in place the trained and certified assessment and treatment personnel and rigorous monitoring procedures that are essential for the conduct of a study such as the one we propose. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TREATMENT OF PANIC DISORDER--LONG TERM STRATEGIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Barlow, David H.; Director; Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This is one of four identical applications for a multi-center study of long-term treatment strategies for panic disorder (PD). The study builds upon the findings of our original multi-center study comparing imipramine, placebo, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), and their combination in the treatment of PD patients with no more than mild agoraphobia. That study found response rates were as high with CBT or imipramine alone as with their combination. Given the added cost of combined treatments, it therefore seems reasonable to begin with monotherapy. Further, following general principles of medical practice, it would be reasonable to initiate treatment with the less invasive behavioral intervention. It is then important to learn what should be done following initial treatment. The proposed grant addresses this subject. In the proposed study, all subjects initially receive CBT alone. Subjects are then randomized in one of two postacute studies, depending on response status. These studies address two questions: (1) among patients who respond to an initial course of CBT, is maintenance therapy required to maintain response?; and (2) among those who fail to respond substantially to an initial course of CBT, will the addition of pharmacotherapy improve response? A total of 336 subjects will be enrolled from 4 sites over a 3 year period. Responders will be randomized to a maintenance study comparing no maintenance with 9 months of continued CBT. Non-responders will be randomized to a study comparing paroxetine with continued CBT. In addition to the main questions, possible predictors of response and relapse will be examined as well as possible mediators of response. Central to this proposal is the continuation of a well-functioning and productive collaboration among the sites conducting the current study. These sites already have in place the trained and certified assessment and treatment personnel and

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rigorous monitoring procedures that are essential for the conduct of a study such as the one we propose. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TREATMENT OF PANIC DISORDER--LONG TERM STRATEGIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorman, Jack M.; Professor; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Three broad goals underlie this continuation application for a multicenter collaborative study of the treatment of panic disorder; 1) completion of the originally proposed study, comparing cognitive behavioral panic control treatment (PCT), imipramine or placebo administered double blind (MED) and the combination (COM), 2) comparison of treatment durability over 6 or 24 month maintenance with further 24 month follow-up, and 3) cross-over treatment of MED and PCT nonresponders to the opposite treatment. It is clearly important to complete enrollment of the remaining 37% of 480 patients needed to answer key questions related tot he relative efficacy of PCT, MED and COM. Study enrollment began somewhat later than we predicted because of rigorous attention to state-of-the -art assessment and quality control procedures. Careful thought about essential assessment domains appears to have been well worth the effort. Not only are the procedures we developed working well, but they have been used already by other investigators in the field and have influenced recent consensus on assessment of panic disorder. We devoted great care to training and certifying therapists and to developing extensive quality assurance procedures, essential to a cross site study. PCT adherence ratings are among the most detailed and rigorous in the field, while our procedures for MED training, certification and adherence monitoring reflect a level of quality control rarely undertaken in psychopharmacology trials. Study of long term maintenance and follow-up is a natural and important extension of the efficacy study. With efficacy of short term treatment for panic disorder well established, there is growing recognition of the need to address durability of treatment, especially medication. Naturalistic follow-up of patients who participated in efficacy trials document continued intermittent symptoms and ongoing functional impairment even with continued naturalistic treatment, and a high rate of relapse following medication discontinuation. However, there ar no prospective studies of long term outcome using rigorous, blinded assessment procedures and quality controlled maintenance treatment. There is a need to determine course and outcome during and after optimal long term maintenance treatment. Although this is an obvious question, few studies to date have investigated sequential treatment strategies. Such approaches could provide considerable useful information. Our original study will provide definitive information for clinicians regarding the best choices for acute treatment of panic disorder. We now recognize that the cohort of subjects we have assembled also provide a unique opportunity to conduct the first large scale study of treatment durability and the first systematic study of effectiveness of cross-over treatment for nonresponders. Thus, we are proposing to add these aims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TREATMENT REFRACTORY PANIC DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Simon, Naomi M.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005

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Summary: This is an application for a Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award with a focus on developing expertise in the study of treatment refractory panic disorder. The candidate proposes to build upon her expertise studying novel therapeutics for panic disorder, and obtain training to assess "next-step" psychopharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches for patients who remain symptomatic despite initial intervention. Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia is a common anxiety disorder, and when broader measures assessing remission including panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, agoraphobic avoidance, and functional and quality of life measures are used, it is clear that many patients remain symptomatic and significantly impaired despite initial treatment. However, there is minimal data to guide clinicians in their approach to these patients, and the proposed study is designed as an initial step in addressing this issue in a systematic manner. Research Plan: The primary study is a three phase, twenty-four week clinical trial in which patients who remain symptomatic at the end of one phase enter the next. Phase I is a six-week open sertraline treatment trial to prospectively determine treatment refractoriness. Phase II is a six-week double-blind three arm randomized trial of sertraline at continued dose, sertraline at elevated dose, and sertraline plus clonazepam. Phase III is a twelve-week randomized single-blind trial of the addition of cognitivebehavioral therapy versus "medication optimization" with sertraline and clonazepam. Environment: The proposed study will be based at the Massachusetts General Hospital and will complement a program of training and supervised research under the mentorship of Dr. Mark Pollack, with consultation from experts. Career Development Plan: Training will emphasize skills necessary for designing and carrying out studies to evaluate treatment interventions for patients with panic disorder who remain symptomatic despite initial intervention, and will include work at the Harvard School of Public Health on research methodology and statistics, and supervision with consultants regarding training in outcome assessment, cognitive-behavioral therapy training, and strategies to study the transmission of findings regarding panic treatment to primary care and community settings that will lay the foundation for future independent investigation by the candidate in this area. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with agoraphobia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “agoraphobia” (or

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for agoraphobia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

“Brenda goes to town”. A case study of a woman with agoraphobia. Author(s): Liffiton B. Source: Nurs Prax N Z. 1992 November; 7(3): 33-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1363081&dopt=Abstract

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12-month prevalence of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in the Swedish general population. Author(s): Carlbring P, Gustafsson H, Ekselius L, Andersson G. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 May; 37(5): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107711&dopt=Abstract

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2nd year maintenance and discontinuation of imipramine in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian MR, Perel JM. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2001 June; 13(2): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11534926&dopt=Abstract

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A case of movement epilepsy with agoraphobia treated successfully by flooding. Author(s): Pinto R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1972 September; 121(562): 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4672065&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of alprazolam and imipramine in the treatment of agoraphobia and panic disorder. Author(s): Rizley R, Kahn RJ, McNair DM, Frankenthaler LM. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1986; 22(1): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2873609&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of cognitive and guided mastery therapy of agoraphobia. Author(s): Hoffart A. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1995 May; 33(4): 423-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7755528&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of DSM-III personality disorders in panic/agoraphobia and obsessivecompulsive disorder. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Hamann MS, Jones B. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1990 May-June; 31(3): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2340718&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of 'flooding' and 'successive approximation' in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Everaerd WT, Rijken HM, Emmelkamp PM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1973 February; 11(1): 105-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4781947&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Thyer BA, Himle J, Curtis GC, Cameron OG, Nesse RM. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1985 March-April; 26(2): 208-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3987249&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of subliminal, supraliminal and faded phobic cine-films in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Lee I, Tyrer P, Horn S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1983 October; 143: 356-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6626854&dopt=Abstract

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A composite formulation of agoraphobia. Author(s): Bennun I. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1986 April; 40(2): 177-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3728746&dopt=Abstract

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A contribution of fluorescent lighting to agoraphobia. Author(s): Hazell J, Wilkins AJ. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1990 August; 20(3): 591-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2236367&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled study of cognitive behaviour therapy with buspirone or placebo in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Cottraux J, Note ID, Cungi C, Legeron P, Heim F, Chneiweiss L, Bernard G, Bouvard M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1995 November; 167(5): 635-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8564320&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind placebo-controlled trial comparing fluvoxamine and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Author(s): Bakish D, Hooper CL, Filteau MJ, Charbonneau Y, Fraser G, West DL, Thibaudeau C, Raine D. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1996; 32(1): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8927663&dopt=Abstract

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A high risk study of young children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia with and without comorbid major depression. Author(s): Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Bolduc EA, Faraone SV, Hirshfeld DR. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1991 June; 37(3): 333-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1891513&dopt=Abstract

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A meta-analysis of the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a comparison of psychopharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and combination treatments. Author(s): van Balkom AJ, Bakker A, Spinhoven P, Blaauw BM, Smeenk S, Ruesink B. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997 August; 185(8): 510-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9284865&dopt=Abstract

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A meta-analysis of treatments for panic disorder with agoraphobia: imipramine, alprazolam, and in vivo exposure. Author(s): Cox BJ, Endler NS, Lee PS, Swinson RP. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1992 September; 23(3): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1487535&dopt=Abstract

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A multimodal approach to the treatment of agoraphobia: four case studies. Author(s): Jackson HJ, Elton V. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1985 November; 30(7): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4075279&dopt=Abstract

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A naturalistic study of imipramine in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Aronson TA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987 August; 144(8): 1014-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3300374&dopt=Abstract

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A patient homebound by panic: understanding and treating agoraphobia. Author(s): Taylor CH, DiCicco-Bloom B, Sugrue M, Brickner PW, Lechich AJ, Kohn M. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1983 June; 16(6): 1071, 1075-6, 1080, Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6854239&dopt=Abstract

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A practical treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Weekes C. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 May 26; 2(5864): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4712489&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of panic and anxiety in agoraphobia with panic disorder. Author(s): Basoglu M, Marks IM, Sengun S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 January; 160: 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1347481&dopt=Abstract

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A study of the psychology of agoraphobia. Author(s): Fisher LM, Wilson GT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(2): 97-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4004702&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of practising psychiatrists' views on the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Hall W, Weekes P, Harvey R, Andrews G. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 December; 16(4): 225-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6132598&dopt=Abstract

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A systematic desensitisation programme for agoraphobia. Author(s): Tredget J. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 August 16-22; 97(33): 39-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957628&dopt=Abstract

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A three-generational presentation of separation anxiety in childhood with agoraphobia in adulthood. Author(s): Deltito JA, Hahn R. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1993; 29(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8290664&dopt=Abstract

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A VR-based multicomponent treatment for panic disorders with agoraphobia. Author(s): Vincelli F, Choi YH, Molinari E, Wiederhold BK, Riva G. Source: Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 2001; 81: 544-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317806&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal escape from dexamethasone suppression in agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Coryell W, Noyes R Jr, Clancy J, Crowe R, Chaudhry D. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1985 August; 15(4): 301-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2866558&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal regulation of noradrenergic function in panic disorders. Effects of clonidine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Author(s): Charney DS, Heninger GR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986 November; 43(11): 1042-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3021083&dopt=Abstract

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Acquisition of agoraphobia, mode of onset and anxiety response patterns. Author(s): Ost LG, Hugdahl K. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983; 21(6): 623-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6661148&dopt=Abstract

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Adinazolam-SR in panic disorder with agoraphobia: relationship of daily dose to efficacy. Author(s): Carter CS, Fawcett J, Hertzman M, Papp LA, Jones W, Patterson WM, Swinson RP, Weise CC, Maddock RJ, Denahan AQ, et al. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 May; 56(5): 202-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7737960&dopt=Abstract

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Adult agoraphobia and childhood separation anxiety: using children's literature to understand the link. Author(s): Ellis EM. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1990 July; 44(3): 433-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2221215&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and depression: relationships and severity in hospitalized women. Author(s): Koehler K, Vartzopoulos D, Ebel H. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1986 November-December; 27(6): 533-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3780194&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Turner TH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1984 August; 145: 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6466921&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Weller MP. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1984 May; 144: 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6733387&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Emanuele MA, Brooks MH, Gordon DL, Braithwaite SS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 April; 86(4): 484-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929637&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and imipramine withdrawal? Author(s): Shrand H. Source: Pediatrics. 1982 November; 70(5): 825. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7133835&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and its implications for the military: case reports. Author(s): Hudson CJ. Source: Military Medicine. 1981 July; 146(7): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6792565&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and panic disorder: treatment with alprazolam. Author(s): Mark SL. Source: Tex Med. 1984 October; 80(10): 50-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6150561&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and parental bereavement. Author(s): Hafner RJ, Roder MJ. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1987 September; 21(3): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3435374&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and paroxysmal cerebral dysrhythmia. Author(s): Lutz EG, Lutz MB, Lutz GE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 September; 48(9): 388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3624217&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and space phobia. Author(s): Gelder MG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 January 9; 284(6309): 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6797660&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and the dexamethasone suppression test: atypical depression? Author(s): Whiteford HA, Evans L. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 December; 18(4): 374-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6596945&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and the hyperventilation syndrome. Author(s): Garssen B, van Veenendaal W, Bloemink R. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983; 21(6): 643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6661149&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia following amphetamine withdrawal. Author(s): Djenderedjian A, Tashjian R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 June; 43(6): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7085580&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia in Alaskan Eskimo. Author(s): Hudson CJ. Source: N Y State J Med. 1981 February; 81(2): 224-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6936641&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia in men. Author(s): Hafner RJ. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1981 September; 15(3): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6949583&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia in phenylketonuria. Author(s): Waisbren SE, Levy HL. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1991; 14(5): 755-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1779621&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia in women: factor analysis of symptoms and personality correlates of factor scores in a clinical population. Author(s): Hafner RJ, Ross MW. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1984; 22(4): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6477368&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia with and without current panic attacks. Author(s): Brown R, Munjack D, McDowell D. Source: Psychological Reports. 1989 April; 64(2): 503-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2710892&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia with panic attacks. Development, diagnostic stability, and course of illness. Author(s): Breier A, Charney DS, Heninger GR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986 November; 43(11): 1029-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3767595&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia with panic attacks: 1-year prospective follow-up. Author(s): Faravelli C, Albanesi G. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1987 November-December; 28(6): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3691073&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder may be part of the panic disorder syndrome. Author(s): Andrews G, Slade T. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 September; 190(9): 624-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357097&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia without panic: case illustrations of an overlooked syndrome. Author(s): Pollard CA, Tait RC, Meldrum D, Dubinsky IH, Gall JS. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996 January; 184(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8551294&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia without panic: clinical reappraisal of an epidemiologic finding. Author(s): Horwath E, Lish JD, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Weissman MM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 October; 150(10): 1496-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8379553&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia, back pain and rheumatic diseases. Author(s): Leak A, Hull R, Madden S, Cooper C, Frank A. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 December; 28(6): 554-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2531624&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia, compulsive behaviours and behaviour completion mechanisms. Author(s): McConaghy N. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 June; 17(2): 170-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6138023&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: some implications of recent advances. Author(s): Roth M. Source: Psychiatr Dev. 1984 Spring; 2(1): 31-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6371803&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Author(s): Magee WJ, Eaton WW, Wittchen HU, McGonagle KA, Kessler RC. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1996 February; 53(2): 159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8629891&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia, the panic attack and the hyperventilation syndrome. Author(s): Ley R. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3985919&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia. Author(s): Horn TL. Source: American Family Physician. 1985 July; 32(1): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2861737&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia. Author(s): Pyke JM, Longdon M. Source: Can Nurse. 1985 June; 81(6): 18-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3846474&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia. Author(s): Bowen RC. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1982 December; 27(8): 699-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7159872&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia. Author(s): Rapp MS, Thomas MR. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1982 August; 27(5): 419-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7116284&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia. Author(s): Fyer AJ. Source: Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987; 22: 91-126. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3600668&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia. 2. Learning to enjoy the great outdoors. Author(s): Hodgkinson PE. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 July 8; 153(2): 40-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6911664&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia. Is fear the basis of symptoms? Author(s): Laybourne PC Jr, Redding JG. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1985 October; 78(5): 109-12, 114, 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4048023&dopt=Abstract

22 Agoraphobia

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Agoraphobia: a critical review of the concept. Author(s): Hallam RS. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1978 October; 133: 314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=709004&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: a follow-up study four years after treatment. Author(s): Emmelkamp PM, Kuipers AC. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1979 April; 134: 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=444784&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: a multimodal treatment approach. Author(s): Schwartz LS, Val ER. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1984 January; 38(1): 35-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6711708&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: a review for the physician. Author(s): Vale WH, Mlott SR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1980 December; 73(12): 1607-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6108614&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: a situational analysis. Author(s): Sinnott A, Jones B, Fordham AS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1981 January; 37(1): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7204586&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: a superstitious conditioning perspective. Author(s): Thyer BA. Source: Psychological Reports. 1986 February; 58(1): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3961086&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: behavioral and pharmacological treatments, preliminary outcome, and process findings. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Michelson L. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1982 October; 18(4): 91-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7156303&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: contributing factors, phobic situations, and exposure in vivo. Author(s): Goldberg C. Source: Psychological Reports. 1986 August; 59(1): 143-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3737797&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: far from the madding crowd. Author(s): Hodgkinson PE. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 July 1; 153(1): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6910019&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: freedom from fear. Author(s): Anderson M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1979 November 29; 149(22): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=260173&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: newer treatment approaches. Author(s): Rohs RG, Noyes R Jr. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1978 October; 166(10): 701-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=702127&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: nurse therapist-facilitated self-help manual. Author(s): Lovell K, Cox D, Garvey R, Raines D, Richards D, Conroy P, Repper D. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003 September; 43(6): 623-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12950568&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: relative and combined effectiveness of therapist-assisted in vivo exposure and imipramine. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Michelson L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986 March; 47(3): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3512534&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: review and considerations in dental treatment. Author(s): Herod EL. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1988 November-December; 8(6): 242-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2978778&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: the interface between anxiety and personality disorder. Author(s): Pam A, Inghilterra K, Munson C, Jacqueline. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1994 Spring; 58(2): 242-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044133&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: the long-term follow-up of behavioural treatment. Author(s): Munby M, Johnston DW. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1980 November; 137: 418-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7008889&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: the 'what if' syndrome. Author(s): Fier M. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1981 April; 78(4): 286-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6939897&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: what Westphal really said. Author(s): Kuch K, Swinson RP. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1992 March; 37(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1562958&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia--a safety-signal perspective. Author(s): Rachman S. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1984; 22(1): 59-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6696714&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia--psychobiologic perspectives of a medical psychiatric disorder. Author(s): Kiernan KW, Wise TN. Source: Psychiatr Med. 1984 June; 2(2): 149-68. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6400595&dopt=Abstract

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Akathisia, panic, agoraphobia, and major depression following brief exposure to metoclopramide. Author(s): Anfinson TJ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2002 Winter; 36(1): 82-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397849&dopt=Abstract

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Alcoholism, anxiety disorders, and agoraphobia. Author(s): Bowen RC, Cipywnyk D, D'Arcy C, Keegan D. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1984 January-February; 8(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6370023&dopt=Abstract

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Algorithm for the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Jobson KO, Davidson JR, Lydiard RB, McCann UD, Pollack MH, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1995; 31(3): 483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8668753&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam and exposure alone and combined in panic disorder with agoraphobia. A controlled study in London and Toronto. Author(s): Marks IM, Swinson RP, Basoglu M, Kuch K, Noshirvani H, O'Sullivan G, Lelliott PT, Kirby M, McNamee G, Sengun S, et al. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 June; 162: 776-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8101126&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam and exposure for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Attribution of improvement to medication predicts subsequent relapse. Author(s): Basoglu M, Marks IM, Kilic C, Brewin CR, Swinson RP. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 May; 164(5): 652-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921716&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: results from a multicenter trial. I. Efficacy in short-term treatment. Author(s): Ballenger JC, Burrows GD, DuPont RL Jr, Lesser IM, Noyes R Jr, Pecknold JC, Rifkin A, Swinson RP. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988 May; 45(5): 413-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3282478&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: results from a multicenter trial. II. Patient acceptance, side effects, and safety. Author(s): Noyes R Jr, DuPont RL Jr, Pecknold JC, Rifkin A, Rubin RT, Swinson RP, Ballenger JC, Burrows GD. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988 May; 45(5): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3358644&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: results from a multicenter trial. III. Discontinuation effects. Author(s): Pecknold JC, Swinson RP, Kuch K, Lewis CP. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988 May; 45(5): 429-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3282479&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam plasma concentrations and treatment response in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Lesser IM, Lydiard RB, Antal E, Rubin RT, Ballenger JC, DuPont R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 November; 149(11): 1556-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1415824&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam, propranolol, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Munjack DJ, Crocker B, Cabe D, Brown R, Usigli R, Zulueta A, McManus M, McDowell D, Palmer R, Leonard M. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 February; 9(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2651490&dopt=Abstract

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An animal model for agoraphobia using a safety-signal analysis. Author(s): Baum M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1986; 24(1): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3947318&dopt=Abstract

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An experimental investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Salkovskis PM, Clark DM, Hackmann A, Wells A, Gelder MG. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1999 June; 37(6): 559-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372469&dopt=Abstract

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An integrated approach to agoraphobia. Author(s): Saran AS. Source: Psychiatr J Univ Ott. 1984 June; 9(2): 71-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6379721&dopt=Abstract

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An investigation of anxious thought in patients with DSM-IV agoraphobia/panic disorder: rationale and design. Author(s): Compton A. Source: J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1998; 46(3): 691-721. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9795888&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthesia in a patient with agoraphobia. Author(s): Peck D, Holland R. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1995 April; 23(2): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7793606&dopt=Abstract

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Anticipatory anxiety and avoidance in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Norton GR, Kuch K. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1991; 29(4): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888326&dopt=Abstract

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Antidepressant medication in the treatment of agoraphobia: a critical review. Author(s): Telch MJ, Tearnan BH, Taylor CB. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983; 21(5): 505-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6140001&dopt=Abstract

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Antidepressants and behavior therapy in agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive disorders: a commentary. Author(s): Latimer PR. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1983 March; 14(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6863548&dopt=Abstract

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Antidepressants in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Lydiard RB, Ballenger JC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1987 September-October; 13(2): 153-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2960710&dopt=Abstract

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Antidepressants in the treatment of agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1983 May-June; 24(3): 278-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6347516&dopt=Abstract

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Anxiety attacks with subsequent agoraphobia. Author(s): Mendel JG, Klein DF. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1969 May; 10(3): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5805667&dopt=Abstract

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Anxiety, panic and agoraphobia. Author(s): Hoehn-Saric R. Source: Del Med J. 1983; 55(6): 333-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6873401&dopt=Abstract

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Are benzodiazepines still the medication of choice for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia? Author(s): Bruce SE, Vasile RG, Goisman RM, Salzman C, Spencer M, Machan JT, Keller MB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 August; 160(8): 1432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900305&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the efficacy of treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia. I. Methodological problems. Author(s): Bandelow B, Hajak G, Holzrichter S, Kunert HJ, Ruther E. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 June; 10(2): 83-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673660&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the efficacy of treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia. II. The Panic and Agoraphobia Scale. Author(s): Bandelow B. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 June; 10(2): 73-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673659&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the severity of panic disorder and agoraphobia: validity, reliability and objectivity of the Turkish translation of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (P&A). Author(s): Tural U, Fidane H, Alkin T, Bandelow B. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(3): 331-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214818&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of agoraphobia and panic disorder. Author(s): Johnston DG. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1983; 7(4-6): 617-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6686699&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of agoraphobia: triple response measurement. Author(s): Himadi WG, Boice R, Barlow DH. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(3): 311-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4004712&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of agoraphobia--II. Measurement of clinical change. Author(s): Himadi WG, Boice R, Barlow DH. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1986; 24(3): 321-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3729903&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of onset of panic disorder in relation to onset of agoraphobia. Author(s): Fava G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 September; 150(9): 1436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8352371&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of parent-of-origin effect in families unlineally affected with panic disorder-agoraphobia. Author(s): Battaglia M, Bertella S, Bajo S, Binaghi F, Ogliari A, Bellodi L. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1999 January-February; 33(1): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094238&dopt=Abstract

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Attention fixation training: training people to form cognitive maps help to control symptoms of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Kallai J, Kosztolanyi P, Osvath A, Jacobs WJ. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1999 December; 30(4): 273-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759324&dopt=Abstract

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Attribution of improvement to medication and increased risk of relapse of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Biondi M, Picardi A. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2003 March-April; 72(2): 110-1; Author Reply 111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601232&dopt=Abstract

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Autonomic changes after treatment of agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Roth WT, Telch MJ, Taylor CB, Agras WS. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1988 April; 24(1): 95-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3393620&dopt=Abstract

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Autonomic characteristics of agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Roth WT, Telch MJ, Taylor CB, Sachitano JA, Gallen CC, Kopell ML, McClenahan KL, Agras WS, Pfefferbaum A. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 October; 21(12): 1133-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3756263&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral effects of diazepam and propranolol in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Ghoneim MM, Hinrichs JV, Noyes R Jr, Anderson DJ. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1984; 11(4): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6387529&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia. A controlled study. Author(s): Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Gersten M, Hirshfeld DR, Meminger SR, Herman JB, Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988 May; 45(5): 463-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3358645&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral treatment of panic disorders and agoraphobia. Author(s): Craske MG, Rodriguez BI. Source: Prog Behav Modif. 1994; 29: 1-26. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153022&dopt=Abstract

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Behaviour completion mechanisms, anxiety and agoraphobia. Author(s): McConaghy N, Silove D, Hall W. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 September; 23(3): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2803150&dopt=Abstract

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Benzodiazepines in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Sheehan DV. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1987 September-October; 13(2): 169-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2890678&dopt=Abstract

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Bio-informational processing in agoraphobia. Author(s): Zander JR, McNally RJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1988; 26(5): 421-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3190652&dopt=Abstract

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Biological model of agoraphobia: a comment. Author(s): Goldberg C. Source: Psychological Reports. 1988 October; 63(2): 571-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3222421&dopt=Abstract

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Biological models of panic disorder and agoraphobia--a review. Author(s): Margraf J, Ehlers A, Roth WT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1986; 24(5): 553-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3753383&dopt=Abstract

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Brain blood flow in anxiety disorders. OCD, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder on 99mTcHMPAO single photon emission tomography (SPET). Author(s): Lucey JV, Costa DC, Adshead G, Deahl M, Busatto G, Gacinovic S, Travis M, Pilowsky L, Ell PJ, Marks IM, Kerwin RW. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1997 October; 171: 346-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9373423&dopt=Abstract

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Breathing retraining, exposure and a combination of both, in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): de Ruiter C, Ryken H, Garssen B, Kraaimaat F. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1989; 27(6): 647-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2575375&dopt=Abstract

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Broad-spectrum behaviour therapy and the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Lazarus AA. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1966 May; 4(2): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5931576&dopt=Abstract

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Case histories and shorter communications. Agoraphobia: a test of the separation anxiety hypothesis. Author(s): Thyer BA, Nesse RM, Cameron OG, Curtis GC. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3985918&dopt=Abstract

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Case study: seizure disorder presenting as panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Lee DO, Helmers SL, Steingard RJ, DeMaso DR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 September; 36(9): 1295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9291732&dopt=Abstract

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Catastrophic cognitions in panic disorder with and without agoraphobia. Author(s): Khawaja NG, Oei TP. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 1998 April; 18(3): 341-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564584&dopt=Abstract

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Change in danger cognitions in agoraphobia and social phobia during treatment. Author(s): Poulton RG, Andrews G. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996 May-June; 34(5-6): 413-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8687363&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of African-American and white patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Friedman S, Paradis CM, Hatch M. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1994 August; 45(8): 798-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7982696&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of agoraphobia in women and men with panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Starcevic V, Djordjevic A, Latas M, Bogojevic G. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1998; 8(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9750973&dopt=Abstract

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Characterological traits of recovered patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Saviotti FM, Grandi S, Savron G, Ermentini R, Bartolucci G, Conti S, Fava GA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1991 November; 23(3): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1774426&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Lundy MS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 March; 147(3): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2309969&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic life stress and treatment outcome in agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Wade SL, Monroe SM, Michelson LK. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 October; 150(10): 1491-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8379552&dopt=Abstract

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Classic conditioning and dysfunctional cognitions in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia treated with an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator. Author(s): Godemann F, Ahrens B, Behrens S, Berthold R, Gandor C, Lampe F, Linden M. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 March-April; 63(2): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292270&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and psychosocial outcome of patients affected by panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: results from a naturalistic follow-up study. Author(s): Carpiniello B, Baita A, Carta MG, Sitzia R, Macciardi AM, Murgia S, Altamura AC. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2002 November; 17(7): 394-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547305&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and sociocultural differences in African American and European American patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Smith LC, Friedman S, Nevid J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1999 September; 187(9): 549-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10496510&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experiments in maintenance and discontinuation of imipramine therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Perel JM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992 April; 49(4): 318-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1558466&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a comparison of men and women. Author(s): Turgeon L, Marchand A, Dupuis G. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1998 November-December; 12(6): 539-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9879034&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical response to clonidine and imipramine, and platelet alpha 2-adrenoreceptors in a case of agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Zelnik TC, Garcia-Sevilla JA, Cameron OG, Smith CB. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1982 June; 17(6): 761-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6285996&dopt=Abstract

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Clinically significant improvement in agoraphobia research. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1986; 24(3): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2873811&dopt=Abstract

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Clomipramine and diazepam in the treatment of agoraphobia and social phobia in general practice. Author(s): Allsopp LF, Cooper GL, Poole PH. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1984; 9(1): 64-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6373161&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Pollack MH, Rosenbaum JF, Tesar GE, Herman JB, Sachs GS. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1987; 23(1): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3110854&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: a one-year followup. Author(s): Pollack MH, Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Spier SA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1986 October; 6(5): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3771814&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a doseresponse study of efficacy, safety, and discontinuance. Clonazepam Panic Disorder Dose-Response Study Group. Author(s): Rosenbaum JF, Moroz G, Bowden CL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 October; 17(5): 390-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9315990&dopt=Abstract

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Cognition and coping in agoraphobia and depression: a multivariate approach. Author(s): Hoffart A, Martinsen EW. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1991 January; 47(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2026784&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive behavioral treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Marchione KE, Michelson L, Greenwald M, Dancu C. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1987; 25(5): 319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3689290&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive change during treatment of agoraphobia. Behavioral and cognitivebehavioral approaches. Author(s): Last CG, Barlow DH, O'Brien GT. Source: Behavior Modification. 1984 April; 8(2): 181-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6148064&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive mediators of situational fear in agoraphobia. Author(s): Hoffart A. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1995 December; 26(4): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8675718&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive therapy versus interoceptive exposure as treatment of panic disorder without agoraphobia. Author(s): Arntz A. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 March; 40(3): 325-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863242&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive-behavioral group psychotherapy for agoraphobia and panic disorder. Author(s): Belfer PL, Munoz LS, Schachter J, Levendusky PG. Source: Int J Group Psychother. 1995 April; 45(2): 185-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759179&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive-behavioral treatment of agoraphobia: paradoxical intention vs selfstatement training. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Michelson L, Greenwald D, Kornblith S, Greenwald M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983; 21(1): 75-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6830569&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia triggered by AICD implant activity. Author(s): Smith LC, Fogel D, Friedman S. Source: Psychosomatics. 1998 September-October; 39(5): 474-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9775709&dopt=Abstract

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Combined behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy of agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1993; 27 Suppl 1: 179-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7908332&dopt=Abstract

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Combined pharmacological and behavioral treatment for agoraphobia. Author(s): Telch MJ, Agras WS, Taylor CB, Roth WT, Gallen CC. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(3): 325-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2860892&dopt=Abstract

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Comment on DSM-III-R panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Ferracuti F, Giusti G, Ferracuti S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 November; 147(11): 1573-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2221179&dopt=Abstract

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Comment on the London/Toronto Study of Alprazolam and Exposure in Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. Author(s): Spiegel DA, Roth M, Weissman M, Lavori P, Gorman J, Rush J, Ballenger J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 June; 162: 788-9; Discussion 790-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8101127&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity of panic disorder with agoraphobia and specific phobia: relationship with the subtypes of specific phobia. Author(s): Starcevic V, Bogojevic G. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1997 November-December; 38(6): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9406736&dopt=Abstract

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Comparability of panic attacks in panic disorder, depression, and agoraphobia. Author(s): Katerndahl DA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 December; 143(12): 1626. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3789217&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of personality disorders in different anxiety disorder diagnoses: panic, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety, and social phobia. Author(s): Reich J, Perry JC, Shera D, Dyck I, Vasile R, Goisman RM, Rodriguez-Villa F, Massion AO, Keller M. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1994 June; 6(2): 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7804388&dopt=Abstract

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Compliance during sessions and homework in exposure-based treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Edelman RE, Chambless DL. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1993 November; 31(8): 767-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257408&dopt=Abstract

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Construction and constriction in agoraphobia. Author(s): Winter D, Gournay K. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1987 September; 60 ( Pt 3): 233-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3676131&dopt=Abstract

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Contributing factors associated with agoraphobia. Author(s): Goldberg C. Source: Psychological Reports. 1993 February; 72(1): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8451355&dopt=Abstract

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Convergent and divergent validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): de Beurs E, Wilson KA, Chambless DL, Goldstein AJ, Feske U. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1997; 6(4): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9559283&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of DSM-III personality disorder in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Hamann MS. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1988 November-December; 29(6): 535-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3233946&dopt=Abstract

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Couples treatment of agoraphobia: changes in marital satisfaction. Author(s): Barlow DH, Mavissakalian M, Hay LR. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1981; 19(3): 245-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7295259&dopt=Abstract

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CSF prostaglandin-E in agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Anton RF, Ballenger JC, Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Howell EF, Gold PW. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1989 July; 26(3): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2545288&dopt=Abstract

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Cumulative scales for the measurement of agoraphobia. Author(s): Johnston M, Johnston DW, Wilkes H, Burns LE, Thorpe GL. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1984 May; 23 ( Pt 2): 133-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6722377&dopt=Abstract

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Current drug therapy for agoraphobia. Author(s): Ravaris CL. Source: American Family Physician. 1981 January; 23(1): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7457310&dopt=Abstract

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Current trends in clinical research on panic attacks, agoraphobia, and related anxiety disorders. Author(s): Klerman GL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986 June; 47 Suppl: 37-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2872209&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased lymphocyte beta-adrenoreceptor function correlates with less agoraphobia and better outcome in panic disorder. Author(s): Maddock RJ, Gietzen DW, Goodman TA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 September; 29(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8254140&dopt=Abstract

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Dependency in agoraphobia. A woman in need. Author(s): King M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 January 22; 152(4): 34-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6906797&dopt=Abstract

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Depersonalization and agoraphobia associated with marijuana use. Author(s): Moran C. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1986 June; 59 ( Pt 2): 187-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3488074&dopt=Abstract

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Depression and panic anxiety: the effect of depressive co-morbidity on response to drug treatment of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Klerman GL. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1990; 24 Suppl 2: 27-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980697&dopt=Abstract

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Depression, agoraphobia, and the DST. Author(s): Stewart JT, Lawlor BA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 November; 46(11): 503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4055714&dopt=Abstract

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Depression, mastery and number of group sessions attended predict outcome of patients with panic and agoraphobia in a behavioural/medication program. Author(s): Bowen R, South M, Fischer D, Looman T. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1994 June; 39(5): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044744&dopt=Abstract

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Derealization and panic attacks: a clinical evaluation on 150 patients with panic disorder/agoraphobia. Author(s): Cassano GB, Petracca A, Perugi G, Toni C, Tundo A, Roth M. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1989 January-February; 30(1): 5-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2924566&dopt=Abstract

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Desensitization treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): James JE. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1985 May; 24 ( Pt 2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2860939&dopt=Abstract

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Desipramine in agoraphobia with panic attacks: an open, fixed-dose study. Author(s): Lydiard RB. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987 August; 7(4): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3624509&dopt=Abstract

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Development of agoraphobia after surviving cancer. Author(s): Viswanathan R, Kachur EK. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1986 March; 8(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3957019&dopt=Abstract

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Dexamethasone suppression test in agoraphobia. Author(s): Schneider P, Whiteford H, Hoey H, Kenardy J, Wiltshire B, Evans L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 September; 140(9): 1259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6614249&dopt=Abstract

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Diazepam and propranolol in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Noyes R Jr, Anderson DJ, Clancy J, Crowe RR, Slymen DJ, Ghoneim MM, Hinrichs JV. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984 March; 41(3): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6367691&dopt=Abstract

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Diazepam in a patient with chronic schizophrenia complicated by agoraphobia. Author(s): Finkel JA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 January; 48(1): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3804985&dopt=Abstract

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Different rates of improvement of different symptoms in combined pharmacological and behavioral treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Cox DJ, Ballenger JC, Laraia M, Hobbs WR, Peterson GA, Hucek A. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1988 June; 19(2): 11926. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3209696&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of imipramine and behavior therapy on panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1989; 25(1): 27-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2672069&dopt=Abstract

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Dimensional structure and psychopathology correlates of the Fear Survey Schedule (FSS-III) in a phobic population: a factorial definition of agoraphobia. Author(s): Arrindell WA. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1980; 18(4): 229-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7436971&dopt=Abstract

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Dimensions of agoraphobia assessed by the Mobility Inventory. Author(s): Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Kuch K, Reichman JT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1993 May; 31(4): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8512544&dopt=Abstract

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Disabilities and how to live with them. Agoraphobia. Author(s): West M. Source: Lancet. 1981 November 7; 2(8254): 1039-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6118490&dopt=Abstract

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Discrete dimensions in agoraphobia: a factor analytic study. Author(s): Hamann MS, Mavissakalian M. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1988 May; 27 ( Pt 2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3395736&dopt=Abstract

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Distinguishing panic disorder and agoraphobia from social phobia. Author(s): Page AC. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994 November; 182(11): 611-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7964668&dopt=Abstract

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Does concurrent drug intake affect the long-term outcome of group cognitive behaviour therapy in panic disorder with or without agoraphobia? Author(s): Oei TP, Llamas M, Evans L. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1997 September; 35(9): 851-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299805&dopt=Abstract

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Does exposure to internal cues enhance exposure to external cues in agoraphobia with panic? A pilot controlled study of self-exposure. Author(s): Ito LM, Noshirvani H, Basoglu M, Marks IM. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1996; 65(1): 24-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838693&dopt=Abstract

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Drug therapy for agoraphobia. Author(s): Scott WB, Fleming BM, Kritkausky RP. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988 April; 45(4): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2895622&dopt=Abstract

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Drugs and psychological treatments for agoraphobia/panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: a review. Author(s): Marks I, O'Sullivan G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1988 November; 153: 650-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3076498&dopt=Abstract

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DSM-II personality characteristics of panic disorder with agoraphobia patients in stable remission. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Hamann MS. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1992 September-October; 33(5): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1356708&dopt=Abstract

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DSM-III personality disorder in agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Hamann MS. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1986 September-October; 27(5): 471-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3757495&dopt=Abstract

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DSM-III personality disorder in agoraphobia. II. Changes with treatment. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Hamann MS. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1987 July-August; 28(4): 356-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3608469&dopt=Abstract

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DSM-III personality disorders in generalized anxiety, panic/agoraphobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Author(s): Mavissakalian MR, Hamann MS, Abou Haidar S, de Groot CM. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1993 July-August; 34(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348802&dopt=Abstract

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DSM-IV and the disappearance of agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder: new data on a controversial diagnosis. Author(s): Goisman RM, Warshaw MG, Steketee GS, Fierman EJ, Rogers MP, Goldenberg I, Weinshenker NJ, Vasile RG, Keller MB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 October; 152(10): 1438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7573581&dopt=Abstract

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Duration of imipramine therapy and relapse in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian MR, Perel JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 June; 22(3): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006900&dopt=Abstract

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Early separation anxiety and adult agoraphobia. Author(s): Zitrin CM, Ross DC. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1988 October; 176(10): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3183645&dopt=Abstract

42 Agoraphobia

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Effect of a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor in agoraphobia with panic attacks. A double-blind comparison of zimeldine, imipramine and placebo. Author(s): Evans L, Kenardy J, Schneider P, Hoey H. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1986 January; 73(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2938422&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of phenelzine on the prolapsed mitral valve in a patient with agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Evans DL, Kalina K. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1983 February; 3(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6833522&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a safe person on induced distress following a biological challenge in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Carter MM, Hollon SD, Carson R, Shelton RC. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1995 February; 104(1): 156-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7897039&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of axis I and II comorbidity on behavior therapy outcome for obsessivecompulsive disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Steketee G, Chambless DL, Tran GQ. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2001 January-February; 42(1): 76-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154720&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of behavioral intervention and interpersonal feedback on fear and avoidance components of severe agoraphobia: a case analysis. Author(s): DeVoge JT, Minor T, Karoly P. Source: Psychological Reports. 1981 October; 49(2): 595-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7302077&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of concurrent diazepam treatment on the outcome of exposure therapy in agoraphobia. Author(s): Wardle J, Hayward P, Higgitt A, Stabl M, Blizard R, Gray J. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1994 February; 32(2): 203-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7908800&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of induced hyperventilation on electrodermal response habituation to agoraphobia-relevant stimuli. Author(s): Kartsounis LD, Turpin G. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1987; 31(3): 401-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3625594&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of benzodiazepines in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Ballenger JC. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1990; 24 Suppl 2: 15-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980694&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of telephone-administered behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Swinson RP, Fergus KD, Cox BJ, Wickwire K. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1995 May; 33(4): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7755536&dopt=Abstract

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Embarrassment about the first panic attack predicts agoraphobia in panic disorder patients. Author(s): Amering M, Katschnig H, Berger P, Windhaber J, Baischer W, Dantendorfer K. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1997 June; 35(6): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9159975&dopt=Abstract

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Employing paradoxical intention in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Ascher LM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1981; 19(6): 533-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7316930&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Weissman MM. Source: Psychiatr Med. 1990; 8(2): 3-13. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2185501&dopt=Abstract

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Etiology and onset of agoraphobia: a critical review. Author(s): Tearnan BH, Telch MJ, Keefe P. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1984 January-February; 25(1): 51-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6141894&dopt=Abstract

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Etizolam versus placebo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: a double-blind study. Author(s): Savoldi F, Somenzini G, Ecari U. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1990; 12(3): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2272192&dopt=Abstract

44 Agoraphobia

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Evidence that decreased function of lymphocyte beta adrenoreceptors reflects regulatory and adaptive processes in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Maddock RJ, Carter CS, Magliozzi JR, Gietzen DW. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 August; 150(8): 1219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8392297&dopt=Abstract

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Experiential cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorders with agoraphobia: a controlled study. Author(s): Vincelli F, Anolli L, Bouchard S, Wiederhold BK, Zurloni V, Riva G. Source: Cyberpsychology & Behavior : the Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society. 2003 June; 6(3): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855090&dopt=Abstract

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Explicit and implicit memory bias in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Lundh LG, Czyzykow S, Ost LG. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1997 November; 35(11): 1003-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9431730&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure and communications training in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Chambless DL, Foa EB, Groves GA, Goldstein AJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1982; 20(3): 219-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7092765&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure reduced agoraphobia but not panic, and cognitive therapy reduced panic but not agoraphobia. Author(s): van den Hout M, Arntz A, Hoekstra R. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1994 May; 32(4): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7910732&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure versus cognitive restructuring in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Bouchard S, Gauthier J, Laberge B, French D, Pelletier MH, Godbout C. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996 March; 34(3): 213-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881091&dopt=Abstract

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Factors in the panic-agoraphobia transition. Author(s): Katerndahl DA. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1989 January-March; 2(1): 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2635873&dopt=Abstract

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Fading of therapeutic effects of alprazolam in agoraphobia. Case reports. Author(s): Fava GA. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1988; 12(1): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3363164&dopt=Abstract

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Family study of agoraphobia. Report of a pilot study. Author(s): Harris EL, Noyes R Jr, Crowe RR, Chaudhry DR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1983 October; 40(10): 1061-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6625854&dopt=Abstract

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Flooding with Brevital in the treatment of agoraphobia: countereffective? Author(s): Chambless DL, Foa EB, Groves GA, Goldstein AJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1979; 17(3): 243-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=526241&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up on the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a quantitative review. Author(s): Bakker A, van Balkom AJ, Spinhoven P, Blaauw BM, van Dyck R. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998 July; 186(7): 414-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9680042&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up study of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks treated with tricyclic antidepressants. Author(s): Noyes R Jr, Garvey MJ, Cook BL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1989 March-June; 16(2-3): 249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2522124&dopt=Abstract

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Gauging the effectiveness of extended imipramine treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian MR, Perel JM, Talbott-Green M, Sloan C. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 June 1; 43(11): 848-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9611676&dopt=Abstract

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Gender effects and alcohol use in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Shulman ID, Kuch K, Reichman JT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1993 May; 31(4): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8512541&dopt=Abstract

46 Agoraphobia

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Generalization of therapeutic changes in agoraphobia: the role of perceived selfefficacy. Author(s): Williams SL, Kinney PJ, Falbo J. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1989 June; 57(3): 436-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2567745&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic contribution to agoraphobia? Author(s): Rapp MS, Thomas MR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 February; 139(2): 260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7055310&dopt=Abstract

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Global measures of outcome in a controlled comparison of pharmacological and psychological treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care. Author(s): Sharp DM, Power KG, Simpson RJ, Swanson V, Anstee JA. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 March; 47(416): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167318&dopt=Abstract

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Group behavioral treatment of agoraphobia: a preliminary report. Author(s): Linder LH. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1981 March-April; 22(2): 226-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7214885&dopt=Abstract

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Guided mastery treatment of agoraphobia: beyond stimulus exposure. Author(s): Williams SL. Source: Prog Behav Modif. 1990; 26: 89-121. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980360&dopt=Abstract

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Guttman scaling in agoraphobia: cross-cultural replication and prediction of treatment response patterns. Author(s): Margraf J, Ehlers A, Taylor CB, Arnow B, Roth WT. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1990 February; 29 ( Pt 1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2310869&dopt=Abstract

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Height phobia and biases in the interpretation of bodily sensations: some links between acrophobia and agoraphobia. Author(s): Davey GC, Menzies R, Gallardo B. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1997 November; 35(11): 997-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9431729&dopt=Abstract

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Hereditary agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive behaviour in relatives of patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Author(s): Comings DE, Comings BG. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1987 August; 151: 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3480011&dopt=Abstract

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Hostility and irritable mood in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Fava GA, Grandi S, Rafanelli C, Saviotti FM, Ballin M, Pesarin F. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 December; 29(4): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126308&dopt=Abstract

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House calls and alprazolam for agoraphobia. Author(s): Hooper JF. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 October; 44(4): 1132, 1134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1927829&dopt=Abstract

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How do desynchronous response systems relate to the treatment of agoraphobia: a follow-up evaluation. Author(s): Craske MG, Sanderson WC, Barlow DH. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1987; 25(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3593164&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperventilation-induced panic attacks in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Maddock RJ, Carter CS. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 May 1; 29(9): 843-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1904781&dopt=Abstract

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Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs in agoraphobia. Author(s): Fava GA, Kellner R, Zielezny M, Grandi S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1988 May-June; 14(3): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2898492&dopt=Abstract

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Illumination perception in photophobic patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Kellner M, Wiedemann K, Zihl J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997 July; 96(1): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259228&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine binding in agoraphobia. Author(s): Ambrosini P. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1986 June; 18(2): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3726000&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine dose-response relationship in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Preliminary findings. Author(s): Mavissakalian MR, Perel JM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989 February; 46(2): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2643933&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine in agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1986 July-August; 27(4): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3731774&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine in the treatment of agoraphobia: dose-response relationships. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Perel J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 September; 142(9): 1032-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3895987&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Robinson ML, Jones A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987 May; 144(5): 687. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3578584&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: dose ranging and plasma level-response relationships. Author(s): Mavissakalian MR, Perel JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 May; 152(5): 673-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726306&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: the second time around. Author(s): Mavissakalian MR, Perel JM, de Groot C. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1993 January-March; 27(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8515390&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological response to stress in agoraphobia and panic attacks. Author(s): Surman OS, Williams J, Sheehan DV, Strom TB, Jones KJ, Coleman J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 July; 21(8-9): 768-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3524696&dopt=Abstract

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Implications of object-relations theory for the behavioral treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Friedman S. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1985 October; 39(4): 525-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4083372&dopt=Abstract

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Increased probability of remaining in remission from panic disorder with agoraphobia after drug treatment in patients who received concurrent cognitivebehavioural therapy: a follow-up study. Author(s): Biondi M, Picardi A. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2003 January-February; 72(1): 34-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466636&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile trauma, narcissistic injury and agoraphobia. Author(s): Stamm JL. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 1972; 46(2): 254-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4655190&dopt=Abstract

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Initial depression and response to imipramine in agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1987 June; 175(6): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3295112&dopt=Abstract

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Interpersonal problems among patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia before and after treatment. Author(s): Hoffart A. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1997 June; 70 ( Pt 2): 149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9210991&dopt=Abstract

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Interpretive bias for benign sensations in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Kamieniecki GW, Wade T, Tsourtos G. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1997 March-April; 11(2): 141-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9168339&dopt=Abstract

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Is agoraphobia harder to treat? A comparison of agoraphobics' and simple phobics' response to treatment. Author(s): Chambless DL, Woody SR. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1990; 28(4): 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1977381&dopt=Abstract

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Is early separation anxiety a specific precursor of panic disorder-agoraphobia? A community study. Author(s): Silove D, Harris M, Morgan A, Boyce P, Manicavasagar V, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Wilhelm K. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1995 March; 25(2): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675927&dopt=Abstract

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Late-life onset of panic disorder with agoraphobia in three patients. Author(s): Luchins DJ, Rose RP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 July; 146(7): 920-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2742018&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Agoraphobia. Author(s): Shafar S. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 January 4; 1(5948): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1120241&dopt=Abstract

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Life events and panic disorder/agoraphobia. Author(s): Lteif GN, Mavissakalian MR. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1995 March-April; 36(2): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7758297&dopt=Abstract

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Life events and panic disorder/agoraphobia: a comparison at two time periods. Author(s): Lteif GN, Mavissakalian MR. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1996 July-August; 37(4): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8826687&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage genome scan for loci predisposing to panic disorder or agoraphobia. Author(s): Gelernter J, Bonvicini K, Page G, Woods SW, Goddard AW, Kruger S, Pauls DL, Goodson S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 August 8; 105(6): 548-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496373&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term benzodiazepine use is associated with smaller treatment gain in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): van Balkom AJ, de Beurs E, Koele P, Lange A, van Dyck R. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996 February; 184(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8596113&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of alprazolam on memory: a 3.5 year follow-up of agoraphobia/panic patients. Author(s): Kilic C, Curran HV, Noshirvani H, Marks IM, Basoglu M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1999 January; 29(1): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10077311&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of behavioural treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Fava GA, Zielezny M, Savron G, Grandi S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1995 January; 166(1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894882&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term maintenance and discontinuation of imipramine therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian MR, Perel JM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 September; 56(9): 821-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884888&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia treated by exposure. Author(s): Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Grandi S, Conti S, Ruini C, Mangelli L, Belluardo P. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 July; 31(5): 891-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459386&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome of pharmacological and psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a 2-year naturalistic follow-up. Author(s): de Beurs E, van Balkom AJ, Van Dyck R, Lange A. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999 January; 99(1): 59-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10066008&dopt=Abstract

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Loss and bereavement as factors in agoraphobia: implications for therapy. Author(s): Evans P, Liggett J. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1971 June; 44(2): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5088445&dopt=Abstract

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Major depression and agoraphobia in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and panic disorder. Author(s): Beitman BD, Mukerji V, Lamberti JW, Schmid L, Kushner M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1990 May; 35(4): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2346894&dopt=Abstract

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Major depression in patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Author(s): Breier A, Charney DS, Heninger GR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984 December; 41(12): 1129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6508503&dopt=Abstract

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Male and female agoraphobia: are they different? Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(4): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4026775&dopt=Abstract

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Marijuana precipitation of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Strohle A, Muller M, Rupprecht R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 September; 98(3): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9761416&dopt=Abstract

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Marital adjustment and treatment outcome in agoraphobia. Author(s): Monteiro W, Marks IM, Ramm E. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1985 April; 146: 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4016440&dopt=Abstract

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Marital relationship and the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: a critical review. Author(s): Marcaurelle R, Belanger C, Marchand A. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2003 March; 23(2): 247-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573672&dopt=Abstract

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Marital therapy and spouse involvement in the treatment of depression, agoraphobia, and alcoholism. Author(s): Jacobson NS, Holtzworth-Munroe A, Schmaling KB. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1989 February; 57(1): 5-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2647802&dopt=Abstract

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Masculinity-femininity as a national characteristic and its relationship with national agoraphobic fear levels: Fodor's sex role hypothesis revitalized. Author(s): Arrindell WA, Eisemann M, Richter J, Oei TP, Caballo VE, van der Ende J, Sanavio E, Bages N, Feldman L, Torres B, Sica C, Iwawaki S, Hatzichristou C; Cultural Clinical Psychology Study Group. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003 July; 41(7): 795-807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781246&dopt=Abstract

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Massed vs. spaced exposure sessions in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Foa EB, Jameson JS, Turner RM, Payne LL. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1980; 18(4): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6108104&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal overprotection in the etiology of agoraphobia. Author(s): Solyom L, Silberfeld M, Solyom C. Source: Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1976 March; 21(2): 109-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1277092&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of change of panic attacks with exposure treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Fava GA, Grandi S, Canestrari R, Grasso P, Pesarin F. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1991 May-June; 22(1-2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1679064&dopt=Abstract

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Memory functions, alprazolam and exposure therapy: a controlled longitudinal study of agoraphobia with panic disorder. Author(s): Curran HV, Bond A, O'Sullivan G, Bruce M, Marks I, Lelliot P, Shine P, Lader M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1994 November; 24(4): 969-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892364&dopt=Abstract

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Mental health locus of control in agoraphobia and depression: a longitudinal study of inpatients. Author(s): Hoffart A, Martinsen EW. Source: Psychological Reports. 1991 June; 68(3 Pt 1): 1011-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1891526&dopt=Abstract

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory correlates of panic disorder with agoraphobia: changes with treatment. Author(s): Ito LM, Gorenstein C, Gentil V, Miyakawa E. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1995 September; 28(9): 961-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8580883&dopt=Abstract

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Mitral valve prolapse and agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Salerni R, Thompson ME, Michelson L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 December; 140(12): 1612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6650694&dopt=Abstract

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Mitral valve prolapse syndrome, panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Ben-Noun L. Source: The Practitioner. 1989 March 22; 233(1465): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2594620&dopt=Abstract

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Modified leucotomy in severe agoraphobia: a controlled serial inquiry. Author(s): Marks IM, Birley JL, Gelder MG. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1966 August; 112(489): 757-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5968211&dopt=Abstract

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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and alprazolam in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Sheehan DV. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1985 March; 8(1): 49-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2859580&dopt=Abstract

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Naturalistic manner of benzodiazepine use and cognitive behavioral therapy outcome in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Westra HA, Stewart SH, Conrad BE. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(3): 233-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214810&dopt=Abstract

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Neurobiological correlates of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Al-Haddad MK, Sequeira RP, Nayar U. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 January-March; 47(1): 55-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590298&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroticism and age of onset for agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Kenardy J, Oei TP, Evans L. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1990 September; 21(3): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2086604&dopt=Abstract

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NIMH report. Current perspectives on panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Uhde TW, Maser JD. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1985 November; 36(11): 1153-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4065838&dopt=Abstract

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Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety. Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Author(s): Charney DS, Heninger GR, Breier A. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984 August; 41(8): 751-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6742977&dopt=Abstract

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Nortriptyline in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Munjack DJ, Usigli R, Zulueta A, Crocker B, Adatia N, Buckwalter JG, Baltazar P, Kurvink W, Inglove H, Kelly R, et al. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 June; 8(3): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3379145&dopt=Abstract

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Nurse-therapists at work: six case studies. 2. Agoraphobia complicated by alcoholism. Author(s): McArdle M. Source: Nurs Mirror Midwives J. 1975 May 8; 140(19): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1039695&dopt=Abstract

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Nurse-therapists at work: six case studies. 6. Non-consummation of marriage. Treatment of vaginismus and agoraphobia in the female partner. Author(s): Deakin G. Source: Nurs Mirror Midwives J. 1975 May 8; 140(19): 62-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1039698&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing care study - agoraphobia: Behind closed doors. Author(s): Lim D. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1982 April 21; 154(16): 50-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6919074&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing care study. Agoraphobia: another brick in the wall. Author(s): Wondrak R. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1980 April 17; 150(16): 42-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6899278&dopt=Abstract

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Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in agoraphobia: changes with treatment. Author(s): Fava GA, Zielezny M, Luria E, Canestrari R. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1988 January; 23(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3363016&dopt=Abstract

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On agoraphobia and depression. Author(s): Kubacki A. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1979 October; 24(6): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=487355&dopt=Abstract

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On the nature and measurement of agoraphobia. Author(s): Williams SL. Source: Prog Behav Modif. 1985; 19: 109-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4022822&dopt=Abstract

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Onset of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Toward an integrated model. Author(s): Lelliott P, Marks I, McNamee G, Tobena A. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989 November; 46(11): 1000-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2818138&dopt=Abstract

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Opposite asymmetries in blind locomotor orientation of patients with panic agoraphobia compared to those with generalized anxiety. Author(s): Kallai J, Szabados Z, Varga J, Ozsvath K, Molnar P, Koczan G. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 1996 October; 23(3): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8947781&dopt=Abstract

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Otoneurological abnormalities in agoraphobia. Author(s): Gordon AG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 June; 143(6): 807-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3487254&dopt=Abstract

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Otoneurological examination in panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks: a pilot study. Author(s): Jacob RG, Moller MB, Turner SM, Wall C 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 June; 142(6): 715-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3873876&dopt=Abstract

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Overcoming resistance to exposure in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Fava GA, Savron G, Zielezny M, Grandi S, Rafanelli C, Conti S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997 April; 95(4): 306-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9150824&dopt=Abstract

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Overprediction of fear in panic disorder patients with agoraphobia: does the (mis)match model generalize to exposure in vivo therapy? Author(s): van Hout WJ, Emmelkamp PM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1994 September; 32(7): 723-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7980358&dopt=Abstract

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Overprediction of fear in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Cox BJ, Swinson RP. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1994 September; 32(7): 735-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7980359&dopt=Abstract

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Panic and agoraphobia in a virtual world. Author(s): Moore K, Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD, Riva G. Source: Cyberpsychology & Behavior : the Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society. 2002 June; 5(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123240&dopt=Abstract

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Panic and avoidance in agoraphobia. Application of path analysis to treatment studies. Author(s): Klein DF, Ross DC, Cohen P. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1987 April; 44(4): 377-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2882736&dopt=Abstract

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Panic attacks and agoraphobia: low dose clomipramine treatment. Author(s): Gloger S, Grunhaus L, Gladic D, O'Ryan F, Cohen L, Codner S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 February; 9(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2651491&dopt=Abstract

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Panic attacks with and without agoraphobia: a comparison. Author(s): Faravelli C, Pallanti S, Frassine R, Albanesi G, Guerrini Degl'Innocenti B. Source: Psychopathology. 1988; 21(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3222433&dopt=Abstract

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Panic attacks, hypochondriasis, and agoraphobia: a self-psychology formulation. Author(s): Diamond DB. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1985 January; 39(1): 114-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3985222&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia in consecutively referred children and adolescents. Author(s): Biederman J, Faraone SV, Marrs A, Moore P, Garcia J, Ablon S, Mick E, Gershon J, Kearns ME. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 February; 36(2): 214-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9031574&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks: covariation along the dimensions of panic and agoraphobic fear. Author(s): Turner SM, Williams SL, Beidel DC, Mezzich JE. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1986 November; 95(4): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3805503&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Fier M. Source: N J Med. 1990 June; 87(6): 475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2359546&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Wesner R. Source: Primary Care. 1987 December; 14(4): 649-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3432428&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Crowe RR, Noyes R Jr. Source: Disease-A-Month : Dm. 1986 July; 32(7): 389-444. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3638206&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia. An update for primary care physicians. Author(s): Anixter WL. Source: N C Med J. 1988 October; 49(10): 507-11. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3054568&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia. Nondrug treatment options for primary care physicians. Author(s): Ferentz KS. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1990 August; 88(2): 185-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2381882&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia: a sufferer's perspective. Author(s): Edwards S, Uhlenhuth EH. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998 July; 50(1): 65-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9716283&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia: fear of fear or fear of the symptoms produced by hyperventilation? Author(s): Ley R. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1987 December; 18(4): 305-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3325529&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia: hypothesis hothouse. Author(s): Klein DF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996; 57 Suppl 6: 21-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8647794&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder with agoraphobia associated with dizziness: characteristic symptoms and psychosocial sequelae. Author(s): Yardley L, Owen N, Nazareth I, Luxon L. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 May; 189(5): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379977&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder with agoraphobia following tuberculous meningitis. Author(s): Chand SP, Chand P. Source: Singapore Med J. 1996 December; 37(6): 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9104072&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder with agoraphobia in reaction to gastroenteritis. Author(s): Mainguy N, Landry P, Marchand A. Source: Psychosomatics. 2000 January-February; 41(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665274&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mathis JL. Source: N C Med J. 1988 October; 49(10): 521-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3185753&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder, agoraphobia, and anxiety-relevant cognitive style. Author(s): Ganellen RJ, Matuzas W, Uhlenhuth EH, Glass R, Easton CR. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1986 November-December; 11(3): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2951409&dopt=Abstract

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Panic provocation in the treatment of agoraphobia: a preliminary investigation. Author(s): Page AC. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 March; 28(1): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067972&dopt=Abstract

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Panic, agoraphobia, and panic disorder with agoraphobia. Data from a multicenter anxiety disorders study. Author(s): Goisman RM, Warshaw MG, Peterson LG, Rogers MP, Cuneo P, Hunt MF, Tomlin-Albanese JM, Kazim A, Gollan JK, Epstein-Kaye T, et al. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994 February; 182(2): 72-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8308535&dopt=Abstract

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Panic, agoraphobia, and vestibular dysfunction. Author(s): Jacob RG, Furman JM, Durrant JD, Turner SM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 April; 153(4): 503-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599398&dopt=Abstract

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Panic-agoraphobia. Author(s): Gulledge AD. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1989 July-September; 2(3): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2750561&dopt=Abstract

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Paradoxical intention in the treatment of agoraphobia and other anxiety disorders. Author(s): Michelson L, Ascher LM. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1984 September; 15(3): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6490931&dopt=Abstract

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Parental representations associated with adult separation anxiety and panic disorder-agoraphobia. Author(s): Manicavasagar V, Silove D, Wagner R, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 June; 33(3): 422-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442800&dopt=Abstract

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Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: an exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. Author(s): Craske MG, Poulton R, Tsao JC, Plotkin D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 May; 40(5): 556-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349700&dopt=Abstract

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Patient-therapist interaction in the behavioral treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Keijsers GP, Schaap CP, Hoogduin CA, Lammers MW. Source: Behavior Modification. 1995 October; 19(4): 491-517. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7487867&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of comorbidity in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Starcevic V, Uhlenhuth EH, Kellner R, Pathak D. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1992 May; 42(2): 171-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1631252&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of desynchrony in agoraphobia: a preliminary report. Author(s): Barlow DH, Mavissakalian MR, Schofield LD. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1980; 18(5): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7436991&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of personality pathology in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, and social phobia. Author(s): Dyck IR, Phillips KA, Warshaw MG, Dolan RT, Shea MT, Stout RL, Massion AO, Zlotnick C, Keller MB. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 February; 15(1): 60-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236815&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of psychophysiological change in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Michelson L. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1982; 20(4): 347-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7126116&dopt=Abstract

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Perceived criticism predicts severity of anxiety symptoms after behavioral treatment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Renshaw KD, Chambless DL, Steketee G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003 April; 59(4): 411-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652634&dopt=Abstract

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Perception of early parenting in panic and agoraphobia. Author(s): Faravelli C, Panichi C, Pallanti S, Paterniti S, Grecu LM, Rivelli S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991 July; 84(1): 6-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1927567&dopt=Abstract

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Perfectionism and self-consciousness in social phobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Saboonchi F, Lundh LG, Ost LG. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1999 September; 37(9): 799-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10458045&dopt=Abstract

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Personality and treatment response in agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Clair AL, Oei TP, Evans L. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1992 September-October; 33(5): 310-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1395550&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders in panic with agoraphobia and major depression. Author(s): Hoffart A, Martinsen EW. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1992 May; 31 ( Pt 2): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1600407&dopt=Abstract

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Personality in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a Rorschach study. Author(s): de Ruiter C, Cohen L. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1992 October; 59(2): 304-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1432562&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological treatment of agoraphobia: imipramine versus imipramine with programmed practice. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Michelson L, Dealy RS. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1983 October; 143: 348-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6626853&dopt=Abstract

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Physical symptoms and illness attributions in agoraphobia and panic. Author(s): Ahmad T, Wardle J, Hayward P. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1992 September; 30(5): 493-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1520235&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma biogenic amine levels in agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Schneider P, Evans L, Ross-Lee L, Wiltshire B, Eadie M, Kenardy J, Hoey H. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987 May; 20(3): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2885863&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma lipid levels in patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia. Author(s): Hayward C, Taylor CB, Roth WT, King R, Agras WS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 July; 146(7): 917-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2742017&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma serotonin levels in agoraphobia. Author(s): Evans L, Schneider P, Ross-Lee L, Wiltshire B, Eadie M, Kenardy J, Hoey H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 February; 142(2): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3970254&dopt=Abstract

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Porphyria and panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Vgontzas AN, Kales JD, Ballard JO, Vela-Bueno A, Tan TL. Source: Psychosomatics. 1993 September-October; 34(5): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8140193&dopt=Abstract

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Possible relationship of bowel obsessions to panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Fossey M, Ballenger JC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 October; 145(10): 1324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3421372&dopt=Abstract

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Pramipexole augmentation in panic with agoraphobia. Author(s): Marazziti D, Presta S, Pfanner C, Dell'Osso L, Cassano GB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 March; 158(3): 498-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230001&dopt=Abstract

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Preattentive bias for emotional information in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Lundh LG, Wikstrom J, Westerlund J, Ost LG. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 May; 108(2): 222-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369032&dopt=Abstract

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Precipitants of agoraphobia: role of stressful life events. Author(s): Last CG, Barlow DH, O'Brien GT. Source: Psychological Reports. 1984 April; 54(2): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6739650&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting the effects on husbands of behaviour therapy for wives' agoraphobia. Author(s): Hafner RJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1984; 22(3): 217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6466272&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting the outcome of behaviour therapy for agoraphobia. Author(s): Hafner RJ, Ross MW. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983; 21(4): 375-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6138026&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting treatment preferences for agoraphobia. Author(s): Norton GR, Allen GE, Walker JR. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(6): 699-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4074286&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of comorbid personality disorders in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Latas M, Starcevic V, Trajkovic G, Bogojevic G. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 January-February; 41(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646616&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of remission in patients with panic with and without agoraphobia: prospective 5-year follow-up data. Author(s): Warshaw MG, Massion AO, Shea MT, Allsworth J, Keller MB. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997 August; 185(8): 517-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9284866&dopt=Abstract

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Prefrontal enlargement of CSF spaces in agoraphobia: a qualitative CT-scan study. Author(s): Wurthmann C, Gregor J, Baumann B, Schwarz A, Effenberger O, Doehring W, Bogerts B. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1999 July; 23(5): 823-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509377&dopt=Abstract

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Prescribing patterns in agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Evans LE, Oei TP, Hoey H. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1988 January 18; 148(2): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3336339&dopt=Abstract

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Pre-treatment predictors of treatment outcome in panic disorder and agoraphobia treated with alprazolam and exposure. Author(s): Basoglu M, Marks IM, Swinson RP, Noshirvani H, O'Sullivan G, Kuch K. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1994 February; 30(2): 123-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7911132&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of agoraphobia without panic in clinical settings. Author(s): Pollard CA, Bronson SS, Kenney MR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 April; 146(4): 559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929771&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of agoraphobia: some confirmatory data. Author(s): Pollard CA, Henderson JG. Source: Psychological Reports. 1987 June; 60(3 Pt 2): 1305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498180&dopt=Abstract

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Problems with tricyclic antidepressant use in patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia: results of a naturalistic follow-up study. Author(s): Noyes R Jr, Garvey MJ, Cook BL, Samuelson L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1989 May; 50(5): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2715139&dopt=Abstract

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Prodromal symptoms in agoraphobia and panic disorder. Author(s): Klein DF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 June; 146(6): 812-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729446&dopt=Abstract

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Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Fava GA, Grandi S, Canestrari R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 December; 145(12): 1564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3195676&dopt=Abstract

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Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a replication study. Author(s): Fava GA, Grandi S, Rafanelli C, Canestrari R. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1992 October; 26(2): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1447431&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic utility of Locus of Control in treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Michelson L, Mavissakalian M, Meminger S. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983; 21(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6615395&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effects of imipramine maintenance treatment in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Perel JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 August; 149(8): 1053-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1636805&dopt=Abstract

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Psychoanalytical personality types and agoraphobia. Author(s): Hoffart A. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1995 March; 183(3): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7891059&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological well-being and residual symptoms in remitted patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Ottolini F, Ruini C, Cazzaro M, Grandi S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356243&dopt=Abstract

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Psychophysiological outcome of behavioral and pharmacological treatments of agoraphobia. Author(s): Michelson L, Mavissakalian M. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1985 April; 53(2): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3998250&dopt=Abstract

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Psychotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of panic attacks, hypochondriasis and agoraphobia. Author(s): Diamond DB. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1987 March; 60 ( Pt 1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3567114&dopt=Abstract

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Rachman and Hodgson (1974) a decade later: how do desynchronous response systems relate to the treatment of agoraphobia? Author(s): Vermilyea JA, Boice R, Barlow DH. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1984; 22(6): 615-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6517826&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised placebo-controlled trial of moclobemide, cognitive-behavioural therapy and their combination in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Loerch B, Graf-Morgenstern M, Hautzinger M, Schlegel S, Hain C, Sandmann J, Benkert O. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 March; 174: 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448444&dopt=Abstract

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Recognition bias for safe faces in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Lundh LG, Thulin U, Czyzykow S, Ost LG. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1998 March; 36(3): 323-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9642851&dopt=Abstract

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Recollections of parent-child relationships in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Turgeon L, O'Connor KP, Marchand A, Freeston MH. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 April; 105(4): 310-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942936&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing therapist contact in cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care: global measures of outcome in a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Sharp DM, Power KG, Swanson V. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2000 December; 50(461): 963-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224967&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of agoraphobics health locus of control orientation to severity of agoraphobia. Author(s): Adler D, Price JH. Source: Psychological Reports. 1985 April; 56(2): 619-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4001265&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship and chronology of depression, agoraphobia, and panic disorder in the general population. Author(s): Thompson AH, Bland RC, Orn HT. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1989 August; 177(8): 456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2760596&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between agoraphobia and field dependence. Author(s): Rock MH, Goldberger L. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1978 November; 166(11): 781-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=722298&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia. A family study. Author(s): Noyes R Jr, Crowe RR, Harris EL, Hamra BJ, McChesney CM, Chaudhry DR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986 March; 43(3): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3954542&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between perfectionism, personality disorders and agoraphobia in patients with panic disorder. Author(s): Iketani T, Kiriike N, Stein MB, Nagao K, Nagata T, Minamikawa N, Shidao A, Fukuhara H. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 106(3): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197853&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of panic, anticipatory anxiety, agoraphobia and global improvement in panic disorder with agoraphobia treated with alprazolam and exposure. Author(s): Basoglu M, Marks IM, Kilic C, Swinson RP, Noshirvani H, Kuch K, O'Sullivan G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 May; 164(5): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921715&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of past depressive episodes to symptom severity and treatment response in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Maddock RJ, Carter CS, Blacker KH, Beitman BD, Krishnan KR, Jefferson JW, Lewis CP, Liebowitz MR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993 March; 54(3): 88-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8468314&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of urinary free cortisol levels in patients with panic disorder to symptoms of depression and agoraphobia. Author(s): Kathol RG, Noyes R Jr, Lopez AL, Reich JH. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1988 May; 24(2): 211-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3406239&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships among measures of communication, marital satisfaction and exposure during couples treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Craske MG, Burton T, Barlow DH. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1989; 27(2): 131-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2564773&dopt=Abstract

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Remission and relapse in subjects with panic disorder and panic with agoraphobia: a prospective short-interval naturalistic follow-up. Author(s): Keller MB, Yonkers KA, Warshaw MG, Pratt LA, Gollan JK, Massion AO, White K, Swartz AR, Reich J, Lavori PW. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994 May; 182(5): 290-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678311&dopt=Abstract

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Remission of agoraphobia without panic after surgical correction of a cardiac arrhythmia. Author(s): Palatnik A, Benjamin J. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 January; 4(1): 67-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802317&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory distress during panic attacks associated with agoraphobia. Author(s): Pollard CA. Source: Psychological Reports. 1986 February; 58(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3961082&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for the onset of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/DSM-III agoraphobia in a prospective, population-based study. Author(s): Eaton WW, Keyl PM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990 September; 47(9): 819-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2393340&dopt=Abstract

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School phobia and agoraphobia. Author(s): Berg I, Marks I, McGuire R, Lipsedge M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1974 November; 4(4): 428-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4456436&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary agoraphobia: two case reports. Author(s): Sadler JZ, Rush AJ, Caldwell T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1984 November; 45(11): 482-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6490595&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary depression in panic disorder and agoraphobia. I. Frequency, severity, and response to treatment. Author(s): Lesser IM, Rubin RT, Pecknold JC, Rifkin A, Swinson RP, Lydiard RB, Burrows GD, Noyes R Jr, DuPont RL Jr. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988 May; 45(5): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3282480&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary depression in panic disorder and agoraphobia. II. Dimensions of depressive symptomatology and their response to treatment. Author(s): Lesser IM, Rubin RT, Rifkin A, Swinson RP, Ballenger JC, Burrows GD, Dupont RL, Noyes R, Pecknold JC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1989 January-February; 16(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2521651&dopt=Abstract

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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Bakker A, van Balkom AJ, van Dyck R. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 15 Suppl 2: S25-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110016&dopt=Abstract

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Self-exposure therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia: randomised controlled study of external v. interoceptive self-exposure. Author(s): Ito LM, de Araujo LA, Tess VL, de Barros-Neto TP, Asbahr FR, Marks I. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 April; 178: 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282812&dopt=Abstract

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Self-exposure treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Frame CL, Turner SM, Jacob RG, Szekely B. Source: Behavior Modification. 1984 January; 8(1): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6148062&dopt=Abstract

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Self-observation versus flooding in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Emmelkamp PM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1974 September; 12(3): 229-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4429531&dopt=Abstract

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Sequence of improvement in agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Rifkin A, Pecknold JC, Swinson RP, Ballenger JC, Burrows GD, Noyes R, Dupont RL, Lesser I. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1990; 24(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2195163&dopt=Abstract

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Sequential combination of imipramine and self-directed exposure in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 May; 51(5): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335493&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin uptake in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Pecknold JC, Suranyi-Cadotte B, Chang H, Nair NP. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1988 May; 1(2): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3251498&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin, panic disorder and agoraphobia: short-term and long-term efficacy of citalopram in panic disorders. Author(s): Humble M, Wistedt B. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 June; 6 Suppl 5: 21-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1431019&dopt=Abstract

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Severe agoraphobia: a controlled prospective trial of behaviour therapy. Author(s): Gelder MG, Marks IM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1966 March; 112(484): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5939892&dopt=Abstract

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Sex, sex-role stereotyping and agoraphobia. Author(s): Chambless DL, Mason J. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1986; 24(2): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3964189&dopt=Abstract

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Short- and long-term effectiveness of an empirically supported treatment for agoraphobia. Author(s): Hahlweg K, Fiegenbaum W, Frank M, Schroeder B, von Witzleben I. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001 June; 69(3): 375-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495167&dopt=Abstract

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Simple, effective treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Weekes C. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1978 July; 32(3): 357-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=29502&dopt=Abstract

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Situational exposure treatment versus panic control treatment for agoraphobia. A case study. Author(s): Zarate R, Craske MG, Barlow DH. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1990 September; 21(3): 211-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1982290&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep studies and neurochemical correlates in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Pecknold JC, Luthe L. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1990; 14(5): 753-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2293254&dopt=Abstract

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Social reinforcement in the modification of agoraphobia. Author(s): Agras S, Leitenberg H, Barlow DH. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1968 October; 19(4): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5672799&dopt=Abstract

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Social-evaluative anxiety in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Pollard CA, Cox GL. Source: Psychological Reports. 1988 February; 62(1): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3363071&dopt=Abstract

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Soft signs in children of parents with agoraphobia. Author(s): Kaplan SL, Busner J, Gallagher R, Chaput F, Acosta E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 April; 35(4): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8919714&dopt=Abstract

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Some biochemical correlates of panic attacks with agoraphobia and their response to a new treatment. Author(s): Sheehan DV, Coleman JH, Greenblatt DJ, Jones KJ, Levine PH, Orsulak PJ, Peterson M, Schildkraut JJ, Uzogara E, Watkins D. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1984 April; 4(2): 66-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6142907&dopt=Abstract

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Some recent developments in relation to agoraphobia and related disorders and their bearing upon theories of their causation. Author(s): Roth M. Source: Psychiatr J Univ Ott. 1987 September; 12(3): 150-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3313478&dopt=Abstract

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States-of-mind model: cognitive balance in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Schwartz RM, Michelson L. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1987 August; 55(4): 557-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3624612&dopt=Abstract

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Study and course of the psychological profile in 77 patients expressing panic disorder with agoraphobia after cognitive behaviour therapy with or without buspirone. Author(s): Bouvard M, Mollard E, Guerin J, Cottraux J. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1997; 66(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996712&dopt=Abstract

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Surface dependence: a balance control strategy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Jacob RG, Furman JM, Durrant JD, Turner SM. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1997 May-June; 59(3): 323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178344&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatic treatment of agoraphobia and social phobias: a follow-up study. Author(s): Tyrer P, Steinberg D. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1975 August; 127: 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=241454&dopt=Abstract

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Syndrome profiles in alcoholism and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: an explorative family study. Author(s): Davids E, Muller MJ, Rollmann N, Burkart M, Regier-Klein E, Szegedi A, Benkert O, Maier W. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 October; 26(6): 1079-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452529&dopt=Abstract

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Taper withdrawal studies with alprazolam in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Pecknold JC, Swinson RP. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1986; 22(1): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3726063&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal stability of self-report measures in agoraphobia research. Author(s): Michelson L, Mavissakalian M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983; 21(6): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6661155&dopt=Abstract

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The Agoraphobia Scale: an evaluation of its reliability and validity. Author(s): Ost LG. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1990; 28(4): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2222389&dopt=Abstract

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The application of behavioral couples therapy to the assessment and treatment of agoraphobia: implications of empirical research. Author(s): Daiuto AD, Baucom DH, Epstein N, Dutton SS. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 1998 September; 18(6): 663-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9779328&dopt=Abstract

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The association of panic/agoraphobia and asthma. Contributing factors and clinical implications. Author(s): Shavitt RG, Gentil V, Mandetta R. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1992 November; 14(6): 420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1473713&dopt=Abstract

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The attachment-autonomy conflict in agoraphobia. Author(s): Frances A, Dunn P. Source: The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 1975; 56(4): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1225848&dopt=Abstract

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The base for exposure treatment in agoraphobia: some indicators for nurse therapists and community psychiatric nurses. Author(s): Gournay KJ. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1991 January; 16(1): 82-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2005294&dopt=Abstract

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The benefit of an insight-oriented and experiential approach on panic and agoraphobia symptoms. Results of a controlled comparison of client-centered therapy alone and in combination with behavioral exposure. Author(s): Teusch L, Bohme H, Gastpar M. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1997; 66(6): 293-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403918&dopt=Abstract

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The cause and treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Lelliott P, Marks I. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988 April; 45(4): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2895623&dopt=Abstract

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The development of agoraphobia in panic disorder: a predictable process? Author(s): Langs G, Quehenberger F, Fabisch K, Klug G, Fabisch H, Zapotoczky HG. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 April; 58(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760557&dopt=Abstract

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The dexamethasone suppression test in agoraphobia. Author(s): Peterson GA, Ballenger JC, Cox DP, Hucek A, Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Trockman C. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1985 April; 5(2): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3988966&dopt=Abstract

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The dexamethasone suppression test in inpatients with panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Grunhaus L, Tiongco D, Haskett RF, Greden JF. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1987 April; 22(4): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3567265&dopt=Abstract

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The dexamethasone suppression test in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Curtis GC, Cameron OG, Nesse RM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 August; 139(8): 1043-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7091428&dopt=Abstract

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The differential effect of personality on computer-based treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Harcourt L, Kirkby K, Daniels B, Montgomery I. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1998 September-October; 39(5): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777283&dopt=Abstract

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The 'efficacy' of alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: a critique of recent reports. Author(s): Marks IM, De Albuquerque A, Cottraux J, Gentil V, Greist J, Hand I, Liberman RL, Relvas JS, Tobena A, Tyrer P, et al. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989 July; 46(7): 668-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2660772&dopt=Abstract

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The experimental analysis of agoraphobia. Author(s): Rachman S. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1984; 22(6): 631-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6517828&dopt=Abstract

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The failure of exposure treatment in agoraphobia: implications for the practice of nurse therapists and community psychiatric nurses. Author(s): Gournay KJ. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1991 September; 16(9): 1099-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1939923&dopt=Abstract

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The familial occurrence of agoraphobia. Author(s): Moran C, Andrews G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1985 March; 146: 262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3986435&dopt=Abstract

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The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women. The interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Author(s): Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992 April; 49(4): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1558461&dopt=Abstract

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The genetics of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Author(s): Crowe RR. Source: Psychiatr Dev. 1985 Summer; 3(2): 171-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2864687&dopt=Abstract

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The hyperventilation syndrome in panic disorder, agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): de Ruiter C, Garssen B, Rijken H, Kraaimaat F. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1989; 27(4): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2775154&dopt=Abstract

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The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in agoraphobia, panic disorder, major depression and normal controls. Author(s): Hofmann PJ, Nutzinger DO, Kotter MR, Herzog G. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 September; 66(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532535&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of stress, fear of fatness, and panic disorder with agoraphobia on eating disorder symptomatology: a case study. Author(s): Chesler BE. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1995 September; 18(2): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7581423&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of separation anxiety in the differentiation of panic disorder from agoraphobia. Author(s): Deltito JA, Perugi G, Maremmani I, Mignani V, Cassano GB. Source: Psychiatr Dev. 1986 Autumn; 4(3): 227-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3809157&dopt=Abstract

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The managment of severe agoraphobia: a comparison of iproniazid and systematic desensitization. Author(s): Lipsedge MS, Hajioff J, Huggins P, Napier L, Pearce J, Pike DJ, Rich M. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1973 August 22; 32(1): 67-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4743236&dopt=Abstract

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The mass media and the diagnosis of agoraphobia. Author(s): Rapp MS. Source: Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1978 January; 23(4): 275-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=667786&dopt=Abstract

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The Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia. Author(s): Chambless DL, Caputo GC, Jasin SE, Gracely EJ, Williams C. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3985915&dopt=Abstract

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The observer perspective: biased imagery in social phobia, agoraphobia, and blood/injury phobia. Author(s): Wells A, Papageorgiou C. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1999 July; 37(7): 653-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10402690&dopt=Abstract

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The outcome of behavior therapy for agoraphobia in relation to marital adjustment. Author(s): Milton F, Hafner J. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1979 July; 36(7): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=454097&dopt=Abstract

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The phenomenology of panic attacks in panic disorder with and without agoraphobia. Author(s): Starcevic V, Kellner R, Uhlenhuth EH, Pathak D. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1993 January-February; 34(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8425389&dopt=Abstract

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The placebo effect in agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1987 February; 175(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2879882&dopt=Abstract

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The placebo effect in agoraphobia--II. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1988 July; 176(7): 446-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3411315&dopt=Abstract

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The possible function of positive reinforcement in home-bound agoraphobia: a case study. Author(s): O'Donohue W, Plaud JJ, Hecker JE. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1992 December; 23(4): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1302255&dopt=Abstract

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The psychoanalytic view of phobias. Part III: Agoraphobia and other phobias of adults. Author(s): Compton A. Source: Psychoanal Q. 1992 July; 61(3): 400-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1509020&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between agoraphobia and primary affective disorders. Author(s): Bowen RC, Kohout J. Source: Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1979 June; 24(4): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=466626&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between agoraphobia symptoms and panic disorder in a non-clinical sample of adolescents. Author(s): Hayward C, Killen JD, Taylor CB. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 May; 33(4): 733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785475&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between agoraphobia, social phobia and blood-injury phobia in phobic and anxious-depressed patients. Author(s): Bowen RC, Fischer DG, Barrett P, D'Arcy C. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1987 May; 32(4): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3607705&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia: an epidemiologic perspective. Author(s): Weissman MM, Leaf PJ, Blazer DG, Boyd JH, Florio L. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1986; 22(3): 787-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3492000&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between panic disorder/agoraphobia and personality disorders. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1990 December; 13(4): 661-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2281012&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between panic, phobic and anticipatory anxiety in agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1988; 26(3): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3044349&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of agoraphobia and panic in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Author(s): Wittchen HU, Reed V, Kessler RC. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998 November; 55(11): 1017-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819071&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of marital adjustment to agoraphobia treatment outcome. Author(s): Himadi WG, Cerny JA, Barlow DH, Cohen S, O'Brien GT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1986; 24(2): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3964176&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of panic disorder to agoraphobia. Author(s): Garvey MJ, Tuason VB. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1984 September-October; 25(5): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6488764&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of plasma imipramine and N-desmethylimipramine to improvement in agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Perel JM, Michelson L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1984 February; 4(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6693582&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of plasma imipramine and N-desmethylimipramine to improvement in agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Perel J, Michelson L. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1984 Winter; 20(1): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6718637&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of severity of agoraphobia to associated psychopathology. Author(s): Chambless DL. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(3): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4004711&dopt=Abstract

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The road to independence from agoraphobia. Author(s): Thompson E. Source: Queens Nurs J. 1974 February; 16(11): 352-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4493767&dopt=Abstract

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The role of a self-help association in agoraphobia. One year's experience with “out and about”. Author(s): McGennis A, Hartman M, Nolan G. Source: Ir Med J. 1977 January; 70(1): 10-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=832988&dopt=Abstract

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The role of expectancy in exposure-generated fear reduction in agoraphobia. Author(s): Southworth S, Kirsch I. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1988; 26(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365201&dopt=Abstract

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The role of negative self-statements during exposure in vivo. A process study of eight panic disorder patients with agoraphobia. Author(s): Van Hout WJ, Emmelkamp PM, Scholing A. Source: Behavior Modification. 1994 October; 18(4): 389-410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7980371&dopt=Abstract

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The role of pregenital fixations in agoraphobia. Author(s): Rhead C. Source: J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1969 July; 17(3): 848-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5350169&dopt=Abstract

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The role of provocative visual stimuli in agoraphobia. Author(s): Watts FN, Wilkins AJ. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1989 November; 19(4): 875-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2594884&dopt=Abstract

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The role of trauma and dissociation in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy outcome and maintenance for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Michelson L, June K, Vives A, Testa S, Marchione N. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1998 November; 36(11): 1011-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9737056&dopt=Abstract

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The social validity of treatments for agoraphobia. Author(s): Norton GR, Allen GE, Hilton J. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1983; 21(4): 393-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6626109&dopt=Abstract

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The spouse as co-therapist in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Cobb JP, Mathews AM, Childs-Clarke A, Blowers CM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1984 March; 144: 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6704621&dopt=Abstract

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The topography of agoraphobia. Author(s): De Moor W. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1985 July; 39(3): 371-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4051056&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of agoraphobia. A comparison of self-instructional training, rational emotive therapy, and exposure in vivo. Author(s): Emmelkamp PM, Brilman E, Kuiper H, Mersch PP. Source: Behavior Modification. 1986 January; 10(1): 37-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2870708&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia with tricyclic antidepressants. Author(s): Ciccone PE. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 August; 8(4): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3209725&dopt=Abstract

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The use of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (P & A) in a controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Bandelow B, Broocks A, Pekrun G, George A, Meyer T, Pralle L, Bartmann U, Hillmer-Vogel U, Ruther E. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000 September; 33(5): 174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071019&dopt=Abstract

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The use of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale in a clinical trial. Author(s): Bandelow B, Brunner E, Broocks A, Beinroth D, Hajak G, Pralle L, Ruther E. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1998 January 16; 77(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10710174&dopt=Abstract

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The use of the reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor brofaromine in social phobia complicated by panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Author(s): Bakish D. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 February; 14(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8151007&dopt=Abstract

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The Zurich study. XX. Social phobia and agoraphobia. Author(s): Degonda M, Angst J. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1993; 243(2): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8218433&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic response to phenelzine in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Buigues J, Vallejo J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 February; 48(2): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3542985&dopt=Abstract

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Therapist behavior during exposure treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Gustavson B, Jansson L, Jerremalm A, Ost LG. Source: Behavior Modification. 1985 October; 9(4): 491-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4074295&dopt=Abstract

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Thought suppression: specificity in agoraphobia versus broad impairment in social phobia? Author(s): Fehm L, Margraf J. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 January; 40(1): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762427&dopt=Abstract

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Three cases of overlap between panic disorder, social phobia, and agoraphobia. Author(s): Goldstein S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 November; 48(11): 452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3680189&dopt=Abstract

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Three cases of panic disorder with agoraphobia in children. Author(s): Ballenger JC, Carek DJ, Steele JJ, Cornish-McTighe D. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 July; 146(7): 922-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2742019&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid disorders in female psychiatric patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia. Author(s): Orenstein H, Peskind A, Raskind MA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 November; 145(11): 1428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3189602&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid hormones in panic disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Munjack DJ, Palmer R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1988 June; 49(6): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3379028&dopt=Abstract

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Tiagabine improves panic and agoraphobia in panic disorder patients. Author(s): Zwanzger P, Baghai TC, Schule C, Minov C, Padberg F, Moller HJ, Rupprecht R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 August; 62(8): 656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561942&dopt=Abstract

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Toxic agoraphobia. Author(s): Kurt TL, Sullivan TJ 3rd. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990 February 1; 112(3): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2334481&dopt=Abstract

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Trazodone in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Perel J, Bowler K, Dealy R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987 June; 144(6): 785-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3296792&dopt=Abstract

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Treating agoraphobia. Author(s): Barley WD. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1984 July; 35(7): 733. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6146561&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment consonance and response profiles in agoraphobia: the role of individual differences in cognitive, behavioral and physiological treatments. Author(s): Michelson L. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1986; 24(3): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3729899&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of agoraphobia and panic attacks. Author(s): Matuzas W, Glass RM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1983 February; 40(2): 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6824417&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of agoraphobia by subliminal and supraliminal exposure to phobic cine film. Author(s): Tyrer P, Horn S, Lee I. Source: Lancet. 1978 February 18; 1(8060): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=75397&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of agoraphobia with group exposure in vivo and imipramine. Author(s): Zitrin CM, Klein DF, Woerner MG. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980 January; 37(1): 63-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6101535&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of late-onset agoraphobia secondary to depression. Author(s): Flint AJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1995 November; 40(9): 568. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8574994&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of panic and agoraphobia. An integrative review. Author(s): Mattick RP, Andrews G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Christensen H. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1990 September; 178(9): 567-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2144315&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia with clonazepam. Author(s): Spier SA, Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Woods SW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986 May; 47(5): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3700341&dopt=Abstract

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Tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Pohl R, Berchou R, Rainey JM Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1982 December; 2(6): 399-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7174863&dopt=Abstract

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Tritiated imipramine binding to platelets is decreased in patients with agoraphobia. Author(s): Lewis DA, Noyes R Jr, Coryell W, Clancy J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1985 September; 16(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2997822&dopt=Abstract

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Two-stage therapy for agoraphobia. Author(s): Biran MW. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1987 January; 41(1): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3578603&dopt=Abstract

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Two-year follow-up of exposure and imipramine treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Mavissakalian M, Michelson L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 September; 143(9): 1106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3529993&dopt=Abstract

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Unresolved issues in the treatment of agoraphobia with panic attacks. Author(s): Liebowitz MR, Klein DF. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1982 October; 18(4): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7156270&dopt=Abstract

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Use of medical services and treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia and for social phobia. Author(s): Swinson RP, Cox BJ, Woszczyna CB. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1992 September 15; 147(6): 878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1525731&dopt=Abstract

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Value of the Fear Questionnaire in differentiating agoraphobia and social phobia. Author(s): Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Shaw BF. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 December; 159: 842-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1790455&dopt=Abstract

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Vestibular dysfunction followed by panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Lilienfeld SO, Jacob RG, Furman JM. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1989 November; 177(11): 700-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2809581&dopt=Abstract

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Vestibular rehabilitation for patients with agoraphobia and vestibular dysfunction: a pilot study. Author(s): Jacob RG, Whitney SL, Detweiler-Shostak G, Furman JM. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 January-April; 15(1-2): 131-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388356&dopt=Abstract

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Visuo-spatial attention processes in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a pilot study using a visual target discrimination task. Author(s): Dupont H, Mollard E, Cottraux J. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2000 June; 15(4): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951609&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AGORAPHOBIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and agoraphobia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Agoraphobia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “agoraphobia” (or a synonym): •

Agoraphobia in phenylketonuria. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Source: Waisbren, S E Levy, H L J-Inherit-Metab-Dis. 1991; 14(5): 755-64 0141-8955

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The impact of stress, fear of fatness, and panic disorder with agoraphobia on eating disorder symptomatology: a case study. Author(s): Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Source: Chesler, B E Int-J-Eat-Disord. 1995 September; 18(2): 195-8 0276-3478

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What treatments do patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia get? Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Gottingen, Germany. Source: Bandelow, B Sievert, K Rothemeyer, M Hajak, G Ruther, E Eur-Arch-PsychiatryClin-Neurosci. 1995; 245(3): 165-71 0940-1334

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

Nutrition

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to agoraphobia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AGORAPHOBIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to agoraphobia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to agoraphobia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to agoraphobia: •

A 6-year follow-up of the effectiveness of respiratory retraining, in-situ isometric relaxation, and cognitive modification in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Franklin JA. Source: Behavior Modification. 1989 April; 13(2): 139-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2653306&dopt=Abstract

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A follow-up study on short-term treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Rijken H, Kraaimaat F, de Ruiter C, Garssen B. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1992 January; 30(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1347210&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia and panic disorder: 3.5 years after alprazolam and/or exposure treatment. Author(s): Kilic C, Noshirvani H, Basoglu M, Marks I.

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Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1997; 66(4): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259039&dopt=Abstract •

Agoraphobia: a case study in hypnotherapy. Author(s): Gruenewald D. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1971 January; 19(1): 10-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5100850&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: indications for the application of the multimodal behavioral conceptualization. Author(s): Popler K. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1977 February; 164(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13149&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia: the clinical problem. Author(s): Goldney RD. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1980 April; 9(4): 272-5, 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6989353&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobia-2. Author(s): Hawkrigg JJ. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 August 21; 71(34): 1337-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=241064&dopt=Abstract

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Agoraphobics and social phobics: differences in background factors, syndrome profiles and therapeutic response. Author(s): Persson G, Nordlund CL. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1985 February; 71(2): 148-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2858149&dopt=Abstract

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Applied relaxation, exposure in vivo and cognitive methods in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Ost LG, Westling BE, Hellstrom K. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1993 May; 31(4): 383-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8099789&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentation of in vivo exposure treatment for agoraphobia by the formation of neighbourhood self-help groups. Author(s): Sinnott A, Jones RB, Scott-Fordham A, Woodward R. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1981; 19(4): 339-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7271700&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral, cognitive, and pharmacological treatments of panic disorder with agoraphobia: critique and synthesis. Author(s): Michelson LK, Marchione K. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1991 February; 59(1): 100-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2002125&dopt=Abstract

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Biological correlates of panic disorder with agoraphobia: practice perspectives for nurses. Author(s): Laraia MT. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 1991 December; 5(6): 373-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1759863&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive and behavioral treatments of agoraphobia: clinical, behavioral, and psychophysiological outcomes. Author(s): Michelson L, Mavissakalian M, Marchione K. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1985 December; 53(6): 913-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3910681&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive correlates and outcome of cognitive, behavioral and physiological treatments of agoraphobia. Author(s): Michelson L, Marchione K, Marchione N, Testa S, Mavissakalian M. Source: Psychological Reports. 1988 December; 63(3): 999-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3070618&dopt=Abstract

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Depersonalization and derealization during panic and hypnosis in low and highly hypnotizable agoraphobics. Author(s): Van Dyck R, Spinhoven P. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1997 January; 45(1): 41-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8991295&dopt=Abstract

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Does preference for type of treatment matter? A study of exposure in vivo with or without hypnosis in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Van Dyck R, Spinhoven P. Source: Behavior Modification. 1997 April; 21(2): 172-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086865&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of four treatment methods on agoraphobic women not suitable for insightoriented psychotherapy. Author(s): Alstrom JE, Nordlund CL, Persson G, Harding M, Ljungqvist C. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1984 July; 70(1): 1-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6147066&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of three non-insight-oriented treatment methods on agoraphobic women suitable for insight-oriented psychotherapy. Author(s): Alstrom JE, Nordlund CL, Persson G, Ljungqvist C. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1984 July; 70(1): 18-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6147067&dopt=Abstract

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EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions. Author(s): Goldstein AJ, de Beurs E, Chambless DL, Wilson KA. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000 December; 68(6): 947-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142547&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of agoraphobic patients treated with exposure in vivo or applied relaxation. Author(s): Jansson L, Jerremalm A, Ost LG. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1986 October; 149: 486-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2880629&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnotherapy for agoraphobia: a case study. Author(s): Harris GM. Source: Int J Psychosom. 1991; 38(1-4): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1685728&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine and brief therapists-aided exposure in agoraphobics having selfexposure homework. Author(s): Marks IM, Gray S, Cohen D, Hill R, Mawson D, Ramm E, Stern RS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1983 February; 40(2): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6130752&dopt=Abstract

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Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Ost LG, Jerremalm A, Jansson L. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1984; 22(6): 697-707. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6393947&dopt=Abstract

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Inpatient treatment of complicated agoraphobia and panic disorder. Author(s): Pollard CA, Obermeier HJ, Cox GL. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1987 September; 38(9): 951-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2890565&dopt=Abstract

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Internet-based telehealth system for the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Alcaniz M, Botella C, Banos R, Perpina C, Rey B, Lozano JA, Guillen V, Barrera F, Gil JA. Source: Cyberpsychology & Behavior : the Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society. 2003 August; 6(4): 355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14511446&dopt=Abstract

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Interoceptive exposure versus breathing retraining within cognitive-behavioural therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Craske MG, Rowe M, Lewin M, Noriega-Dimitri R. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1997 February; 36 ( Pt 1): 85-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9051281&dopt=Abstract

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Marital interaction in agoraphobia. Author(s): Torpy DM, Measey LG. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1974 July; 30(3): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4853099&dopt=Abstract

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Mega-doses of behaviour therapy for treatment-resistant agoraphobics. Author(s): Rapp MS, Thomas MR, Reyes EC. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1983 March; 28(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6340818&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing care study: agoraphobia--an illness or a symptom? Author(s): Stantworth HM. Source: Nurs Times. 1982 March 10-16; 78(10): 399-403. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7038631&dopt=Abstract

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Panic control treatment for agoraphobia. Author(s): Craske MG, DeCola JP, Sachs AD, Pontillo DC. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2003; 17(3): 321-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727125&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Klein DF. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 December; 163: 835-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905776&dopt=Abstract

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Personality traits among panic disorder with agoraphobia patients before and after symptom-focused treatment. Author(s): Hoffart A, Hedley LM. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1997 January-February; 11(1): 77-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9131883&dopt=Abstract

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Polycythaemia and agoraphobia. Author(s): Haghighat R, Costa DC, Chesser E. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1996 June; 27(2): 14955. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894913&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudo-orientation in time in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): Tilton P. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1983 April; 25(4): 267-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6673586&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological treatments of panic disorder without agoraphobia: cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation. Author(s): Arntz A, van den Hout M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996 February; 34(2): 113-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8741719&dopt=Abstract

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Psychophysiological outcome of cognitive, behavioral and psychophysiologicallybased treatments of agoraphobia. Author(s): Michelson L, Mavissakalian M, Marchione K, Ulrich RF, Marchione N, Testa S. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1990; 28(2): 127-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2183758&dopt=Abstract

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Relaxation-induced anxiety in an agoraphobic population. Author(s): Le Boeuf A. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1986 June; 62(3): 910. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3725527&dopt=Abstract

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Reports of childhood incest by adults with panic disorder or agoraphobia. Author(s): Gogoleski MA, Thyer BA, Waller RJ. Source: Psychological Reports. 1993 August; 73(1): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8367569&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory training prior to exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: efficacy and predictors of outcome. Author(s): de Beurs E, Lange A, van Dyck R, Koele P.

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Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 March; 29(1): 10413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625959&dopt=Abstract •

Safety and side-effects of alprazolam. Controlled study in agoraphobia with panic disorder. Author(s): O'Sullivan GH, Noshirvani H, Basoglu M, Marks IM, Swinson R, Kuch K, Kirby M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 July; 165(2): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802851&dopt=Abstract

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Social phobia and agoraphobia in alcoholism. Author(s): Cudrin JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 August; 148(8): 1096. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1853973&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal relationship between panic attack onset and phobic avoidance in agoraphobia. Author(s): Thyer BA, Himle J. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1985; 23(5): 607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4051933&dopt=Abstract

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The function of agoraphobia in the marital relationship. Author(s): Lange A, van Dyck R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1992 January; 85(1): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1546556&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of attributional style to agoraphobia severity, depression, and treatment outcome. Author(s): Michelson LK, Bellanti CJ, Testa SM, Marchione N. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1997 December; 35(12): 1061-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9465440&dopt=Abstract

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The relative efficacy of imaginal and in vivo desensitization in the treatment of agoraphobia. Author(s): James JE, Hampton BA, Larsen SA. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1983 September; 14(3): 203-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6139389&dopt=Abstract

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The role of self-directed in vivo exposure in combination with cognitive therapy, relaxation training, or therapist-assisted exposure in the treatment of panic disorder

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with agoraphobia. Author(s): Murphy MT, Michelson LK, Marchione K, Marchione N, Testa S. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1998 March-April; 12(2): 117-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560175&dopt=Abstract •

The treatment of hysterical spasm and agoraphobia by behaviour therapy. Author(s): CLARK DF. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1963 December; 19: 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14153351&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison of fluvoxamine, placebo, and psychological panic management combined with exposure and of exposure in vivo alone. Author(s): de Beurs E, van Balkom AJ, Lange A, Koele P, van Dyck R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 May; 152(5): 683-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726307&dopt=Abstract

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Two-year follow-up of agoraphobics after exposure and imipramine. Author(s): Cohen SD, Monteiro W, Marks IM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1984 March; 144: 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6367875&dopt=Abstract

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What treatments do patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia get? Author(s): Bandelow B, Sievert K, Rothemeyer M, Hajak G, Ruther E. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1995; 245(3): 165-71. Erratum In: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995; 246(1): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7669824&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AGORAPHOBIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to agoraphobia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “agoraphobia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on agoraphobia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Agoraphobia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to agoraphobia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Comparative Study of Cognitive Restructuring and Self-control Desensitization Techniques in the Group Treatment of Agoraphobia by Levine, Paula Ann, Phd from University of Miami, 1981, 396 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8201420

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A Comparison of Medical Hypnoanalysis and Cognitive Hypnotherapy for Treatment of Agoraphobia, Panic Disorder and Severe Anxiety (hypnotherapy) by Scott, John Atwood, Jr., Edd from Memphis State University, 1991, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9127656

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Agoraphobia in Women: Its Social Origins by Loney, June Ellen, Phd from University of New South Wales (australia), 1994 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2113203

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Agoraphobia Parental Influence and Cognitive Structures by Frazer Henry Mason; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43644

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Agoraphobia: Parental Influence and Cognitive Structures by Frazer, Henry Mason, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1028214

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An Investigation of the Personality, Symptomatic, Cognitive Processing, and Coping Factors Associated with the Agoraphobia Syndrome by Fisher, Garry W; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43746

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Articulation and the Agoraphobic Experience in the Poems of Emily Dickinson by Thomas, Mary Jo, Phd from University of Florida, 1989, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9021927

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Closing Pandora's Box. Panic and Agoraphobia: Treatments and Mediators by Reilly, Kevin Patrick; Phd from Lehigh University, 2003, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073960

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Cognitive-behavioral Treatment for Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia an Evaluation of Cognitive and Exposure Components of Treatment by Rowan, Vivienne C; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54836

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Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Interventions for the Treatment of Agoraphobia by Self, Mary Carolyn, Phd from University of North Texas, 1989, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9005358

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Connection, Disconnection and Intimacy in Married Agoraphobic Women by Tillotson, Debra J., Edd from Boston University, 1992, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9207625

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Differences in Cognitive Responses to Fear among Individuals Diagnosed As Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia with Panic Attacks, and Simple Phobia by Dattilio, Frank Mark, Phd from Temple University, 1987, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8711320

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Effect of Behavioral, Cognitive/behavioral, and Drug Treatments on the Catastrophic Fears of Agoraphobic Patients (panic-related Fears, Fear) by Brouillard, Mary Ellison, Phd from Stanford University, 1989, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9011464

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Forms of Agoraphobia: Accounts of Anxiety, Space, and the Urban Dweller from the 1870s to the 1990s by Callard, Felicity Jane; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028243

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Identification of Discrete Clusters of Mmpi Personality Profiles Within the Agoraphobia Syndrome by Baker, Janice Marie Aldridge, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1982, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8300203

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Pathologies of Modern Space (terra Nullius, Native Americans, Agoraphobia) by Milun, Kathryn Ann, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1993, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9407488

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Perceptions of College Students Diagnosed with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia: Academic, Psychosocial, and Environmental Views of Their College Experience by

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Angle, Susan Pugh; Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3000292 •

Perceptions of College Students Diagnosed with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia: Academic, Psychosocial, and Environmental Views of Their College Experience by Angle, Susan Pugh; Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3015755

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Personality Traits and Maternal Care in the Etiology of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia by Balice, Guy Francis, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1997, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9721287

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Psychosocial Predictors of Agoraphobia, Simple Phobia, and Social Phobia Onset in a United States National Sample by Magee, William Joesph, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1993, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9409759

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Shirley Jackson's Troubled Women: Agoraphobia and the Fiction of Fear by Bender, Joyce Jackson, Phd from Oklahoma State University, 1994, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9506244

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The Effect of Therapist's Gender on Outcome of Behavioral Treatment with Agoraphobics by Tiffany, Linda Williamson, Edd from The College of William and Mary, 1987, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8801205

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'the Very opposite of Calm': a Socio-cultural History of Agoraphobia by Reuter, Shelley Zipora; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 2001, 422 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ63447

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND AGORAPHOBIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning agoraphobia.

Recent Trials on Agoraphobia The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to agoraphobia.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Treatment of Panic Disorder: Long Term Strategies Condition(s): Panic Disorder; Agoraphobia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with or without medication has been used in the treatment of panic disorder (PD). The purpose of this study is 1) to determine whether nine months of maintenance cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) significantly improves the likelihood of sustained improvement; and 2) to determine the acute acceptability and efficacy of medication therapy or continued CBT alone among patients who fail to respond sufficiently to an initial course of CBT alone. It has been found that patients with PD respond as well to CBT or medication alone as they do to a combination of the two. Since the combined treatments are expensive and CBT is associated with less risk of medical toxicity compared to medications, CBT alone will be used first. All patients will first receive CBT alone. If the patient responds to this therapy, the patient will be assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to 1 of 2 groups. One group will continue to receive CBT (maintenance therapy) for 9 months. The other group of responders will not receive any further therapy. If a patient does not respond to CBT alone, he/she will be assigned randomly to 1 of 2 different groups. One group will receive paroxetine; the other will continue to receive CBT for a longer period. The response to treatment will be evaluated to see which regimen works best to treat PD. The study will last approximately 3 years. An individual may be eligible for this study if

5

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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he/she has panic disorder with no more than mild agoraphobia (fear of being in public places) and is at least 18 years old. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): Katherine Shear, PhD 1-412-624-1340 [email protected]; Susan Ray, PhD [email protected] or [email protected] Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000368 •

Vestibular Dysfunction In Adult Patients With Panic Disorder With or Without Agoraphobia Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder; Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); University of Pittsburgh Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine whether the prevalence of abnormalities on clinical vestibular (balance) tests is higher in panic disorder with agoraphobia than in uncomplicated panic disorder and nonpanic anxiety disorder. II. Determine whether the prevalence of abnormalities on audiological tests of cochlear or brainstem function is elevated in panic disorder without agoraphobia or nonpanic anxiety disorder. III. Determine whether symptom patterns can be identified that are indicative of vestibular abnormalities in panic disorder. IV. Determine whether vestibular dysfunction can be induced by psychosomatic mechanisms. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004367

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Pilot Study of Vestibular Rehabilitation Training for Panic Disorder With Vestibular Dysfunction Condition(s): Vestibular Diseases; Agoraphobia; Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); University of Pittsburgh Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate whether vestibular rehabilitation training is of value in reducing anxiety symptoms in patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia who have vestibular dysfunction as identified by clinical vestibular tests. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004366

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.

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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “agoraphobia” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON AGORAPHOBIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “agoraphobia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on agoraphobia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Agoraphobia By performing a patent search focusing on agoraphobia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 6Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on agoraphobia: •

Compositions containing sertraline and a 5-HT.sub.1D receptor agonist or antagonist Inventor(s): Sprouse; Jeffrey S. (New York, NY), Howard; Harry R. (New York, NY), Schulz; David W. (New York, NY), Chenard; Bertrand L. (New York, NY), Macor; John E. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,597,826 Date filed: September 14, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compositions containing the serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI), preferably (1S-cis)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4tetrahydro-N-methyl-1-naphthalenam ine, and an agonist or antagonist of the serotonin 1 (5-HT.sub.1) receptor and to the use of such compositions for treating or preventing a condition selected from mood disorders, including depression, seasonal affective disorders and dysthmia, anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder; agoraphobia, avoidant personality disorder; social phobia; obsessive compulsive disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder; memory disorders including dementia, amnestic disorders and age-associated memory impairment; disorders of eating behavior, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; obesity; cluster headache; migraine; pain; Alzheimer's disease; chronic paroxysmal hemicrania; headache associated with vascular disorders; Parkinson's disease, including dementia in Parkinson's disease, neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesias; endocrine disorders such as hyperprolactinaemia; vasospasm (particularly in the cerebral vasculature); hypertension; disorders in the gastrointestinal tract where changes in motility and secretion are involved; sexual dysfunction, including premature ejaculation; and chemical dependencies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel compositions containing the serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) (1S-cis)-4-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-Nmethyl-1-naphthalenemine (hereinafter sertraline) and an agonist or antagonist of the serotonin 1 (5-HT.sub.1) receptor and to the use of such compositions for treating or preventing a condition selected from mood disorders, including depression, seasonal effective disorders and dysthmia, anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder; agoraphobia, avoidant personality disorder; social phobia; obsessive compulsive disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder; memory disorders including dementia, amnestic disorders and age-associated memory impairment; disorders of eating behavior, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; obesity; cluster headache; migraine; pain; Alzheimer's disease; chronic paroxysmal hemicrania; headache associated with vascular disorders; Parkinson's disease, including dementia in Parkinson's disease, neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesias; endocrine disorders such as hyperprolactinaemia; vasospasm (particularly in the cerebral vasculature); hypertension; disorders in the gastrointestinal tract where changes in motility and secretion are involved; sexual dysfunction, including premature ejaculation; and chemical dependencies. U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,518 issued Aug. 20, 1985 refers to sertraline and derivatives thereof and states that these compounds are useful as antidepressant agents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,731 issued Jul. 10, 1990 refers to a method of treating premature ejaculation using sertraline. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05597826__

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•

Duplications of human chromosome 15q24-25 and anxiety disorders, diagnostic methods for their detection Inventor(s): Estivill Palleja; Xavier (Barcelona, ES), Volpini; Victor (Barcelona, ES), Pujana; Miguel Angel (Barcelona, ES), Nadal; Marga (Barcelona, ES), Gratacos; Monica (Barcelona, ES) Assignee(s): Palleja, Zavier Estivell (Barcelona, ES) Patent Number: 6,225,057 Date filed: July 23, 1998 Abstract: A method for identifying a person at risk for developing an anxiety disorder, said anxiety disorder selected from the group consisting of agoraphobia, social phobia, panic attacks, panic disorders, simple phobia, mood disorders, major depression, schizophrenia, and hypermobility syndrome associated with duplication of a region of the genomic sequence of human chromosome 15q24-25 defined by boundaries D15S925 (proximal end) and DS15S736 (distal end). The method comprises identifying the presence of duplication in the region of the genomic sequence of human chromosome 15q24-25 defined by the boundaries D15S925 (proximal end) and DS15S736 (distal end) in said person. Excerpt(s): Panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and other anxiety disorders affect 5-10% of the general population. There are no biochemical, cytological or molecular tools for the diagnosis of anxiety disorders. Moreover, the gene or genes predisposing to anxiety disorders have not yet been localised. We have studied the clinical association between panic/agoraphobia and joint hypermobility syndrome, and have identified several pedigrees in which these disorders cosegregate. We have detected a 10 centiMorgan (cM) duplication of human chromosome 15 (15q24-25) in the affected subjects of families with several members suffering from anxiety and depression disorders. The 15q24-25 duplication segregates with panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, depression and joint hypermobility syndrome. The 15q24-25 duplication is strongly linked to panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and joint hypermobility syndrome (lod score 4.9). Affected-only analysis for the phenotype defined only by the anxiety disorders gave a lod score of 3.36. All but one of the 45 subjects of these families with these anxiety disorders had the 15q24-25 duplication. Mosaicism was detected in 80% of the affected subjects, with 40-70% of their lymphocytes having the 15q24-25 duplication. We have also studied 50 unrelated non-familial cases of panic disorder and/or agoraphobia and all had the 15q24-25 duplication. The duplicated region contains 10 known genes of which NTRK3 and LOXL1 are likely to be involved in anxiety and joint hypermobility. We propose that this genomic mutation, which is present in 7% of the general population, is the major susceptibility mutation for panic disorder, agoraphobia, major depression and social phobia in familial and sporadic cases. We have developed cytological, cytogenetic and molecular methods for the specific diagnosis of the 15q24-25 duplication causing anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are neurotic alterations that include generalised anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, panic disorders (panic attacks, panic disorder and agoraphobia) and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The prevalence of this group of alterations is estimated in about 10% in the adult population and up to 5% in infantile patients. Several million people worldwide are affected by anxiety disorders, but the actual prevalence rates of these alterations are probably higher. Anxiety and panic disorders aggregate in families. The familial transmission of anxiety disorders has often been explained by common familial environmental factors. Twin studies of anxiety disorders have shown a high concordance among monozygotic twins. The mode of familial transmission of panic

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disorder is unclear, but it has been suggested that anxiety, panic attacks and agoraphobia have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Although a major gene is supposed to be involved in panic disorder, multifactorial/polygenic inheritance has also been postulated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06225057__ •

Gepirone for alleviation of panic disorders Inventor(s): Temple, Jr.; Davis L. (Wallingford, CT), Newton; Roger E. (Evansville, IN), Kurtz; Neil (Weston, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,782,060 Date filed: July 29, 1987 Abstract: Gepirone and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in alleviation of panic disorders which can take the form of clinical syndromes comprising, for example, panic attacks, agoraphobia and phobic anxiety. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with a drug bio-affecting body-treating process which employs the pyrimidine compound 4,4-dimethyl-1-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1piperazinyl]butyl]-2,6-piperidinedi one or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof. The synthesis of the compound and the disclosure of its anxiolytic properties are described in the following patents and publications. 1. D. L. Temple, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,049, issued Dec. 27, 1983. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04782060__

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Method for alleviation of panic disorders Inventor(s): Temple, Jr.; Davis L. (Wallingford, CT), Newton; Roger E. (Evansville, IN), Kurtz; Neil M. (Westport, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,634,703 Date filed: October 25, 1985 Abstract: Buspirone and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in alleviation of panic disorders which can take the form of clinical syndromes comprising, for example, panic attacks, agoraphobia and phobic anxiety. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with a drug bioaffecting body-treating process which employs the pyrimidine compound 8-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dio ne or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof. The synthesis of the compound and the disclosure of its psychotropic properties are described in the following patents and publications. 1. Y. H. Wu, et al., J. Med. Chem., 15, 477 (1972). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04634703__

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Method of treating symptoms of panic attacks Inventor(s): Cox; Stephen M. (Lexington, KY), Lawrence; Lowell J. (Richmond, KY) Assignee(s): PTRL East, Inc. (Richmond, KY) Patent Number: 6,432,172 Date filed: March 7, 1996 Abstract: A method is provided for treating an individual for the symptoms of panic disorder and related maladies including agoraphobia, social phobia and claustrophobia. The method includes the step of reducing the levels of carbon dioxide being inspired by the individual. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the medical treatment field and, more particularly, to a method of treating the symptoms of panic attacks resulting from panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and claustrophobia. Anxiety has been defined as a feeling of fear, dread or apprehension that arises without a clear or appropriate justification. Anxiety includes a number of symptoms that are physical, psychological and behavioral in nature. Anxiety during a panic attack may manifest itself in a number of physical signs that are typically produced from over activity of the sympathetic nervous system or even from tension in the skeletal muscles. These physical manifestations include palpitations, dry mouth, dilation of the pupils, sweating, throat tightening, trembling, dizziness and even nausea. Psychological manifestations include irritability, restlessness and loss of concentration. Behavioral manifestations primarily include avoidance behavior: that is, running away from the feared object or situation. This avoidance behavior is commonly associated with specific environments including shopping malls, stores, restaurants, church services, meetings, classes, automobiles (particularly on bridges, in tunnels or in congested traffic), airplanes and elevators. Many of these "agoraphobic environments" may be characterized as an enclosed space with a high ratio of the number of people to the volume of air in the enclosed space. Of course, where a relatively large number of individuals are exhaling carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) into a relatively small volume of enclosed space the ambient level of carbon dioxide rises. In fact the CO.sub.2 level may rise by as much as 200% or more above the level present in the ambient outdoor atmosphere. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06432172__

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with agoraphobia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on agoraphobia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning agoraphobia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON AGORAPHOBIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to agoraphobia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on agoraphobia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on agoraphobia: •

Principles and Practice of Relapse Prevention Summary: This book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of current research on relapse prevention. This edited collection presents, with one overall perspective, the diverse applications of relapse prevention. It addresses the conceptual and methodological issues of relapse prevention and offers directions for future research. The book covers relapse prevention strategies for alcohol problems, smoking, obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia. Clinical problems such as depression, schizophrenia, panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia, obsessivecompulsive disorders, and sexual deviance are discussed as well. The book also describes relapse prevention techniques for complaints such as chronic pain, martial problems, social competence, and stuttering.

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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “agoraphobia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “agoraphobia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “agoraphobia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Afraid of Everything: A Personal History of Agoraphobia by Daryl M. Woods; ISBN: 0882477145; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882477145/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia by Robyn Vines; ISBN: 0006369340; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0006369340/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia by Outlet; ISBN: 0517489201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517489201/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia; ISBN: 057111752X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/057111752X/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia by Ruth Hurst Vose; ISBN: 0571117538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0571117538/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia by Claire. Weekes; ISBN: 0801501113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801501113/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia by Muriel Frampton; ISBN: 0809570726; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809570726/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia by Peter Ganick (1993); ISBN: 0962845612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962845612/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia and Panic: A Guide to Psychological Treatment by Jeffrey E. Hecker, et al (2000); ISBN: 0205129064; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205129064/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia Client Monitoring Forms Package with Other by Michelle G. Craske, David H. Barlow (2000); ISBN: 0158132378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0158132378/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia Combination Kit with Other by Michelle G. Craske, David H. Barlow (2000); ISBN: 0158132394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0158132394/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia, Simple Effective Treatment; ISBN: 0207148767; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0207148767/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: A Clinical and Personal Account by J. C. Clarke; ISBN: 008029846X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/008029846X/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: A Recovered Victim's Perspective by D. F. Nesto (2000); ISBN: 1587410427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587410427/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: A Subliminal Persuasion/Self-Hypnosis by Konicov; ISBN: 0870823043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870823043/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: Are Panic and Phobias Psychological or Physical? by Adele Paolino (1985); ISBN: 0961144815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961144815/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: Coming to Terms With the World Outside by Muriel Frampton; ISBN: 0722521332; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722521332/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: Coping With the World Outside by Muriel Frampton; ISBN: 0855002131; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0855002131/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: Current Perspectives on Theory and Treatment by Kevin Gournay (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0415018862; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415018862/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: How I Overcame This Crippling Disease by Adele Paolino; ISBN: 0961144807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961144807/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: Multiple Perspectives on Theory and Treatment by Dianne L. Chambless (Editor), Alan J. Goldstein (Editor); ISBN: 0471079472; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471079472/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: Nature and Treatment by Andrew M. Mathews (Author), et al; ISBN: 0898620031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898620031/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: Panic and the Lonely #353 by Anne D'Arcy Jorgensen; ISBN: 9996761053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996761053/icongroupinterna

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Agoraphobia: Simple Effective Treatment by Claire Weekes; ISBN: 0207148775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0207148775/icongroupinterna

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Anxiety Disorders Comorbid with Depression: Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia by Spilios Argyropolous, et al; ISBN: 1841840491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841840491/icongroupinterna

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Anxiety, Panic Attacks and Agoraphobia, Second Edition by Kenneth Strong; ISBN: 0929028104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929028104/icongroupinterna

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Anxiety: Psychological Perspectives on Panic and Agoraphobia by Richard S. Hallam; ISBN: 0123196205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123196205/icongroupinterna

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Biology of Agoraphobia by James C. Ballenger (Editor); ISBN: 0880480645; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880480645/icongroupinterna

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Bullied to Black Belt: A Journey Through Fear, Agoraphobia and Back by Simon Morrell; ISBN: 0953855570; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0953855570/icongroupinterna

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Client Workbook for Agoraphobia by Michelle G. Craske, David H. Barlow (2000); ISBN: 0158132335; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0158132335/icongroupinterna

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Conquering Your Agoraphobia by Mona Woodford; ISBN: 0713717882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713717882/icongroupinterna

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Constructing Panic: The Discourse of Agoraphobia by Lisa Capps, et al (1997); ISBN: 0674165497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674165497/icongroupinterna

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Coping Successfully with Agoraphobia by Kenneth Hambly; ISBN: 0859696480; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859696480/icongroupinterna

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Fear of Fear New Help for Anxiety Panic and Agoraphobia by Ann Seagrave; ISBN: 9997800087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997800087/icongroupinterna

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Fearless Living: Planning Your Recovery from Agoraphobia by Judith L., Ph D. Marquart; ISBN: 0935236481; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935236481/icongroupinterna

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Fears, Phobias & Panic: A Self-Help Guide to Agoraphobia by Maureen Sheehan (1990); ISBN: 0846414902; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0846414902/icongroupinterna

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Free from Fears: New Help for Anxiety, Panic and Agoraphobia by Ann Seagrave, Faison Covington (Contributor); ISBN: 0671600982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671600982/icongroupinterna

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From Panic to Peace of Mind: Overcoming Panic and Agoraphobia by C. B. Scrignar, Arthur Nead (Illustrator) (1991); ISBN: 0945032021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945032021/icongroupinterna

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How I Conquered Agoraphobia: My Story by Georgia Farnsworth; ISBN: 9997898664; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997898664/icongroupinterna

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How to Help Your Loved One Recover from Agoraphobia by Karen P. Williams (1993); ISBN: 0882821237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882821237/icongroupinterna

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In Stillness Conquer Fear: Overcoming Anxiety, Panick, and Agoraphobia by Pauline McKinnon (2001); ISBN: 0717129209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0717129209/icongroupinterna

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Inspired freedom : agoraphobia, a battle won by Stanley Noel Law; ISBN: 0721203809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721203809/icongroupinterna

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Life Isn't Just a Panic: Stories of Hope by Recovering Agoraphobics by Anita L. Pace (Editor); ISBN: 0963166638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963166638/icongroupinterna

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Living Fear Free: Overcoming Agoraphobia the Anxiety and Panic Syndrome by Melvin D. Green; ISBN: 0939637006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939637006/icongroupinterna

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Living Fear Free: Overcoming Agoraphobia-The Anxiety/Panic Syndrome (Warner Home Medical Library) by Melvin D. Green; ISBN: 0446357561; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446357561/icongroupinterna

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Master Your Panic and Take Back Your Life: Twelve Treatment Sessions to Conquer Panic, Anxiety & Agoraphobia by Denise F. Beckfield (2003); ISBN: 1886230471; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886230471/icongroupinterna

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Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic (MAP-3): Client Workbook for Agoraphobia by Michelle G. Craske, David H. Barlow; ISBN: 0127850783; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127850783/icongroupinterna

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Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic (MAP-3): Therapist Guide for Anxiety, Panic, and Agoraphobia by Michelle G. Craske, et al; ISBN: 0127844643; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127844643/icongroupinterna

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Moral Agoraphobia: The Challenge of Egoism (Revisioning Philosophy, Vol 25) by Kim-Chong Chong (1996); ISBN: 0820428396; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0820428396/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Agoraphobia: Conquering Fear of the Outside World by Alan Goldstein, Berry Stainback (Contributor); ISBN: 0670804940; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0670804940/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming agoraphobia; coping with the world outside by Muriel Frampton; ISBN: 0722502494; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722502494/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia - Therapist Protocol by Elke ZuercherWhite (1999); ISBN: 1572241462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572241462/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Client Manual by Elke Zuercher-White (1999); ISBN: 1572241470; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572241470/icongroupinterna

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Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (Pas): Manual by Borwin Bandelow (1999); ISBN: 0889372160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889372160/icongroupinterna

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Panic Buster, Learn to Conquer Panic Attacks and Agoraphobia by Bonnie Crandall; ISBN: 0966394607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966394607/icongroupinterna

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Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: A Comprehensive Guide for the Practitioner by John R. Walker (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0534112862; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534112862/icongroupinterna

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Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: A Guide by John H. Greist, James W. Jefferson (2001); ISBN: 1890802263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890802263/icongroupinterna

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Prisoner of Fear: My Long Road to Freedom from Anxiety Disease Panic Attacks and Agoraphobia by Richard Maro, et al; ISBN: 096285090X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096285090X/icongroupinterna

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Programmed Practice for Agoraphobia: Clients' and Partners' Manuals: 3 Sets by Andrew Matthews, et al; ISBN: 0422780901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0422780901/icongroupinterna

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Repressed Spaces: The Poetics of Agoraphobia by Paul Carter (2002); ISBN: 1861891288; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861891288/icongroupinterna

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Shared Confinement: Healing Options for You and the Agoraphobic in Your Life by Robert C. Chope; ISBN: 1572242663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572242663/icongroupinterna

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Simple, Effective Treatment of Agoraphobia by Claire Weekes; ISBN: 0801501148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801501148/icongroupinterna

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So You Think You Have Agoraphobia by Simon Lee; ISBN: 0951346806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951346806/icongroupinterna

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The Agoraphobia Workbook: A Comprehensive Program to End Your Fear of Symptom Attacks by C. Alec, Ph.D. Pollard, Elke, Ph.D. Zuercher-White (2003); ISBN: 1572243236; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572243236/icongroupinterna

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The Agoraphobic Syndrome: Behavioural Approaches to Evaluation and Treatment by Geoffrey L. Thorpe, Laurence E. Burns (Contributor); ISBN: 0471104957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471104957/icongroupinterna

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The Assessment and Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia by Edwin De Beurs (1993); ISBN: 9051702027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9051702027/icongroupinterna

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The House Without the Door: A Study of Emily Dickinson and the Illness of Agoraphobia by Maryanne M Garbowsky (1989); ISBN: 0838633315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838633315/icongroupinterna

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Therapist Guide for Anxiety, Panic, and Agoraphobia Therapist Kit with Other by Michelle G. Craske, David H. Barlow (2000); ISBN: 0158132300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0158132300/icongroupinterna

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Treating Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: A Step-By-Step Clinical Guide by Elke Zuercher-White (1997); ISBN: 1572240849; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572240849/icongroupinterna

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Who's Afraid of Agoraphobia?: Facing Up to Fear and Anxiety : a Self-help Guide by Alice Neville; ISBN: 0099466309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0099466309/icongroupinterna

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Women Who Marry Houses: Panic and Protest in Agoraphobia by Robert Seidenberg, Karen Decrow; ISBN: 0070162832; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070162832/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

7

Agoraphobia: a clinical and personal account Author: Clarke, J. Christopher.; Year: 1997; Sydney; New York: Pergamon Press, 1985; ISBN: 0080298664

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080298664/icongroupinterna •

Constructing panic: the discourse of agoraphobia Author: Capps, Lisa.; Year: 1998; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995; ISBN: 0674165489 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674165489/icongroupinterna

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia Author: Crowe, Raymond R.; Year: 1986; Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, c1986

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Westphal's "Die Agoraphobie" with commentary: the beginnings of agoraphobia Author: Westphal, Carl Friedrich Otto,; Year: 1988; Lanham, MD: University Press of America, c1988; ISBN: 0819168882 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819168882/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Agoraphobia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to agoraphobia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and agoraphobia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON AGORAPHOBIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on agoraphobia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Agoraphobia The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in agoraphobia (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on agoraphobia: •

Agoraphobia, multiform behavioral treatment [sound recording] Source: prepared by Steven T. Fishman; Year: 1980; Format: Sound recording; New York, NY: BMA Audio Cassettes, c1980

•

Anxiety disorders [videorecording]: generalized anxiety, agoraphobia, and obsessive compulsive anxiety Source: [presented by] Medical Sciences Teaching Laboratories, Television Section and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carol; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; [Chapel Hill, N.C.]: The Labs, c1988

•

Fight or flight? [videorecording]: overcoming panic and agoraphobia Source: presented by Guilford Publications in cooperation with Monkey See Productions of New South Wales, Australia; Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; New York, NY: Guilford Publications, Inc., c1998

•

Panic disorder and agoraphobia [videorecording] Source: a production of CinemaHouse Films Inc; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Irvine, CA: Distributed by Concept Media, c2002

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Panic disorder and agoraphobia [videorecording] Source: Films for the Humanities & Sciences; produced by ICOTOP, Inc; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c2002

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “agoraphobia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Principles and Practice of Relapse Prevention Summary: This book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of current research on relapse prevention. This edited collection presents, with one overall perspective, the diverse applications of relapse prevention. It addresses the conceptual and methodological issues of relapse prevention and offers directions for future research. The book covers relapse prevention strategies for alcohol problems, smoking, obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia. Clinical problems such as depression, schizophrenia, panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia, obsessivecompulsive disorders, and sexual deviance are discussed as well. The book also describes relapse prevention techniques for complaints such as chronic pain, martial problems, social competence, and stuttering.

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

11 12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2310 59 14 2 2 2387

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

13

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

15

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 16 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 17

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on agoraphobia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to agoraphobia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to agoraphobia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “agoraphobia”:

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•

Other guides Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html Smoking and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smokingandyouth.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Fighting Phobias, The Things That Go Bump in the Mind Summary: This article discusses the most common types of phobias -- panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobias (fear of animals, the dentist) -- and ways to overcome them. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3567 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to agoraphobia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Agoraphobia The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to agoraphobia: •

ABIL Inc. (Agoraphobics Building Independent Lives) Telephone: (804) 353-3964 Fax: (804) 353-3687 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.anxietysupport.org Background: Agoraphobics Building Independent Lives (ABIL, Inc.) is a nonprofit 'grassroots volunteer organization' dedicated to providing hope, support, and advocacy to people affected by panic attacks, phobias, and/or agoraphobia. By establishing nationwide self-help groups and providing public education, ABIL has worked since 1986 to improve treatment and awareness, both medical and social, of people with panic disorders. ABIL publishes a quarterly newsletter and brochures, establishes telephone and pen pal connections, conducts lectures, makes appropriate referrals, and maintains a database of information for the general public. If there is no local ABIL support group available, ABIL also offers guidelines, materials, and support for those interested in creating support groups in their communities. Memberships are available at a yearly rate. Relevant area(s) of interest: Agoraphobia

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to agoraphobia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with agoraphobia.

136 Agoraphobia

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about agoraphobia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “agoraphobia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “agoraphobia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “agoraphobia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “agoraphobia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

140 Agoraphobia

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on agoraphobia: •

Basic Guidelines for Agoraphobia Agoraphobia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000931.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Agoraphobia Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Breathing difficulty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm

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Confused Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Excessive sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Flushing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003241.htm Heartbeat sensations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm High blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003082.htm Lightheadedness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Numbness and tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Trembling or twitching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003192.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Agoraphobia Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Pulse (heart rate) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm

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•

Background Topics for Agoraphobia Abdominal distress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002228.htm Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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AGORAPHOBIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenoreceptor: Receptors specifically sensitive to and operated by adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and related sympathomimetic drugs. Adrenoreceptor is an alternative name. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH]

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Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test

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new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects

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(orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or

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bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Bibliotherapy: A form of supportive psychotherapy in which the patient is given carefully selected material to read. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the

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azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]

Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all

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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. [NIH]

Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive behavior therapy: A system of psychotherapy based on the premise that distorted or dysfunctional thinking, which influences a person's mood or behavior, is common to all psychosocial problems. The focus of therapy is to identify the distorted thinking and to replace it with more rational, adaptive thoughts and beliefs. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant

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behavior. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of

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clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH]

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Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Desensitisation: Gradually increasing the dose of a medicine in order to overcome severe allergic reactions. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a

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molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous

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phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process

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whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage;

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craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemicrania: An ache or a pain in one side of the head, as in migraine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Hypochondriasis: (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis. [EU] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral

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walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incest: Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that they are forbidden by law to marry. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU]

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Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iproniazid: An irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase types A and B that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has also been used as an antitubercular agent, but its use is limited by its toxicity. [NIH] Irritable Mood: Abnormal or excessive excitability with easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood

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and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Lod: The lowest analyte content which, if actually present, will be detected with reasonable statistical certainty and can be identified according to the identification criteria of the method. If both accuracy and precision are constant over a concentration range. [NIH] Lod Score: The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds." [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an

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acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebraltrauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are

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absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH]

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Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Otolith: A complex calcareous concretion in the inner ear which controls man's sense of balance and reactions to acceleration. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Parent-Child Relations: The interactions between parent and child. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]

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Patient Participation: Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of

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organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polygenic Inheritance: A phenotypic outcome that is determined by more than one gene, such as a variety of physical characteristics or diseases. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]

Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and

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labyrinth. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU]

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Psychoanalytic Theory: Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]

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Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH]

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self-Help Groups: Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Sequential treatment: One treatment after the other. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

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Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other

174 Agoraphobia

excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subliminal: Below the threshold of sensation, as a subliminal stimulus. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also

Dictionary 175

called platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of

176 Agoraphobia

Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU]

Dictionary 177

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

179

INDEX A Abdomen, 147, 151, 162, 174 Abdominal, 145, 147, 159, 166 Aberrant, 147, 153 Adjustment, 52, 77, 79, 147 Adolescence, 5, 147 Adrenal Cortex, 147, 155 Adrenaline, 147 Adrenergic, 147, 149, 157, 168, 174, 176, 177 Adrenoreceptor, 37, 147 Adverse Effect, 147, 173 Affinity, 147, 150 Age of Onset, 54, 147 Agonist, 110, 147, 151, 157 Alkaloid, 147, 177 Allergen, 148, 156 Allylamine, 148 Alternative medicine, 148 Amenorrhea, 148, 149 Amine, 62, 148 Amino Acids, 148, 169, 171, 175 Ammonia, 148 Amnestic, 110, 148, 159, 164 Amphetamine, 19, 148, 156 Anal, 40, 148, 158, 163 Anaphylatoxins, 148, 154 Anatomical, 148, 150, 161 Angina, 148, 168 Angina Pectoris, 148, 168 Animal model, 26, 148 Anorexia, 110, 115, 130, 149, 159 Anorexia Nervosa, 110, 115, 130, 149 Antibacterial, 149, 173 Antibiotic, 149, 173 Antibodies, 149, 163 Antibody, 147, 149, 154, 161, 163, 173 Anticonvulsant, 149, 153 Antidepressant, 27, 65, 110, 149, 153, 161 Antiemetic, 149, 164 Antigen, 147, 149, 154, 160, 161, 163 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 149, 154 Anti-inflammatory, 149, 156, 159 Antipsychotic, 149, 165 Anus, 148, 150, 151 Anxiolytic, 112, 150, 151 Apathy, 150, 165 Aphasia, 148, 150

Aqueous, 150, 151, 157 Arachidonic Acid, 150, 169 Arrhythmia, 68, 150 Arterial, 148, 150, 160, 169, 174 Arteries, 51, 150, 151, 155, 164, 165 Astrocytes, 150, 164 Atrium, 150, 164, 176 Atypical, 18, 150 Autonomic, 29, 149, 150, 174 Autonomic Nervous System, 150, 174 B Back Pain, 20, 150 Bacteria, 149, 150, 164, 173, 176 Basal Ganglia, 149, 151, 160 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 151, 160 Base, 74, 151, 162 Behavior Therapy, 15, 27, 29, 34, 39, 42, 54, 59, 60, 71, 77, 96, 97, 105, 151 Benign, 49, 151, 159 Benzene, 151 Benzodiazepines, 27, 30, 43, 151, 152 Bereavement, 18, 51, 151 Bibliotherapy, 7, 151 Biochemical, 72, 111, 151, 172 Blood Platelets, 151, 172 Blood pressure, 144, 151, 160 Blood vessel, 151, 152, 173, 174, 175, 176 Bowel, 63, 148, 151, 156, 160, 162 Bowel Movement, 151, 156, 160 Branch, 141, 151, 166, 173, 174 Bulimia, 110, 115, 130, 151 Buspirone, 14, 72, 112, 151 C Calcium, 152, 154 Carbohydrate, 152, 172 Carbon Dioxide, 9, 113, 152, 159, 160, 171 Cardiac, 68, 148, 152, 158, 165, 173 Cardioselective, 152, 168 Cardiovascular, 148, 152, 172 Case report, 18, 45, 69, 152, 153 Catecholamine, 152, 157, 167 Cell, 147, 148, 150, 152, 154, 158, 161, 162, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 176 Cell Respiration, 152, 171 Central Nervous System, 148, 150, 151, 152, 156, 159, 160, 172 Central Nervous System Infections, 152, 160

180 Agoraphobia

Cerebral, 18, 110, 151, 152, 158, 170 Cerebrum, 152 Chemotactic Factors, 152, 154 Child Behavior, 7, 152 Chromosome, 111, 152, 162 Chronic, 32, 39, 110, 115, 130, 145, 150, 153, 154, 161 CIS, 110, 153 Citalopram, 70, 153 Clinical Medicine, 153, 168 Clinical study, 153, 155 Clinical trial, 3, 7, 12, 81, 105, 107, 129, 153, 155, 165, 169, 170 Clomipramine, 33, 57, 153 Clonazepam, 12, 33, 34, 84, 153 Clonic, 153 Cochlea, 153, 162 Cochlear, 106, 153 Cofactor, 153, 169 Cognition, 34, 153, 165 Cognitive behavior therapy, 9, 10, 105, 153 Cognitive restructuring, 44, 153 Cognitive Therapy, 44, 96, 97, 153 Comorbidity, 20, 35, 42, 61, 154 Complement, 7, 12, 148, 154 Complementary and alternative medicine, 91, 99, 154 Complementary medicine, 91, 154 Complete remission, 154, 171 Computational Biology, 129, 154 Concretion, 154, 166 Confusion, 154, 165 Connective Tissue, 155, 159, 163, 171 Consciousness, 62, 155, 156, 157 Constriction, 36, 155 Consultation, 7, 12, 155 Consumption, 155, 159, 166 Contraindications, ii, 155 Control group, 7, 155, 170 Controlled clinical trial, 81, 155 Controlled study, 14, 25, 29, 40, 44, 70, 97, 155 Coronary, 51, 148, 155, 164, 165 Coronary Thrombosis, 155, 164, 165 Cortisol, 68, 155 Cortisone, 155, 156 Cranial, 155, 159 Craniocerebral Trauma, 151, 155, 160 Cues, 40, 155 Curative, 155, 174 Cyclic, 155, 169

D Databases, Bibliographic, 129, 155 Deamination, 155, 164 Dementia, 110, 149, 156, 164 Depersonalization, 37, 93, 156, 166, 172 Depressive Disorder, 6, 156 Derealization, 38, 93, 156, 166 Desensitisation, 16, 156 Desensitization, 38, 76, 97, 101, 156 Dexamethasone, 16, 18, 39, 74, 75, 156 Dextroamphetamine, 148, 156 Diagnostic procedure, 109, 156 Diarrhoea, 156, 159 Diastolic, 156, 160 Digestion, 151, 156, 162, 163, 174 Digestive system, 107, 156 Dilation, 113, 156 Dimethyl, 112, 156 Direct, iii, 153, 156, 157, 171 Discrimination, 85, 156 Dissociation, 80, 147, 156 Dissociative Disorders, 157 Distal, 111, 157, 169 Dizziness, 59, 113, 144, 157, 166 Dopamine, 148, 149, 156, 157, 164 Dura mater, 157, 164, 166 Dyskinesia, 149, 153, 157 Dysphoric, 156, 157 Dyspnea, 157, 166 E Effector, 154, 157 Efficacy, 7, 8, 11, 17, 25, 28, 34, 43, 46, 70, 75, 96, 97, 105, 152, 157, 175 Ejaculation, 110, 157, 172 Elective, 69, 157 Electrons, 151, 157, 162 Empirical, 73, 157 Emulsion, 157, 159 Encephalitis, 158, 164 Endemic, 158, 173 Endocrine Glands, 158 Endotoxins, 154, 158 Environmental Health, 128, 130, 158 Enzymatic, 152, 154, 158 Enzyme, 157, 158, 164, 169 Epidemic, 158, 173 Esophagus, 156, 158, 174 Ethanol, 153, 158 Evoke, 158, 173 Excitability, 158, 162 Expiration, 158, 171

Index 181

F Family Planning, 129, 158 Fatty acids, 158, 169 Fixation, 29, 158 Fluvoxamine, 14, 98, 159 Forearm, 151, 159 Fovea, 159 G GABA, 153, 159 Gallbladder, 147, 156, 159 Ganglia, 151, 159, 174 Gas, 148, 152, 159, 160, 166, 170 Gastroenteritis, 59, 159 Gastrointestinal, 110, 153, 158, 159, 172, 174 Gastrointestinal tract, 110, 153, 158, 159, 172 Gene, 4, 111, 120, 159, 168 Genetics, 50, 76, 159 Genotype, 159, 167 Gland, 147, 155, 159, 163, 166, 172, 173, 175 Glucocorticoid, 156, 159 Governing Board, 159, 168 Growth, 9, 147, 149, 159, 167, 175, 176 H Habituation, 42, 159 Headache, 110, 159, 160 Headache Disorders, 160 Hemicrania, 110, 160 Hemorrhage, 155, 159, 160, 174 Hemostasis, 160, 172 Heredity, 159, 160 Hormone, 147, 155, 160, 175 Hydrogen, 148, 151, 152, 160, 164, 167 Hypersensitivity, 148, 156, 160 Hypertension, 110, 160, 168 Hyperthyroidism, 17, 18, 160, 168 Hyperventilation, 19, 21, 42, 47, 59, 76, 160 Hypnotherapy, 92, 94, 101, 160 Hypochondriasis, 57, 66, 160 Hypokinesia, 160, 166 Hypothalamic, 76, 160 Hypothalamus, 150, 160 I Id, 88, 98, 135, 140, 142, 161 Immune system, 161, 163, 176 Immunization, 161, 168 Immunotherapy, 156, 161 Impairment, 11, 82, 110, 157, 161, 164 Impotence, 161, 177 In vitro, 161

In vivo, 9, 15, 22, 23, 57, 80, 81, 83, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 161 Incest, 96, 161 Incision, 161, 162 Indicative, 106, 116, 161, 166, 176 Infancy, 161 Infant Behavior, 152, 161 Infantile, 49, 111, 161 Infarction, 161 Infection, 152, 158, 159, 161, 163, 176 Inflammation, 149, 158, 159, 161, 164, 166, 171 Inhalation, 9, 161, 168 Inner ear, 162, 166 Inpatients, 53, 74, 162 Insight, 74, 93, 94, 162 Intermittent, 11, 162 Interpersonal Relations, 5, 162 Intestine, 151, 160, 162 Intoxication, 162, 176 Intracellular, 161, 162, 169, 170 Invasive, 10, 162 Involuntary, 151, 162, 165, 171, 173 Ions, 151, 157, 160, 162, 164 Iproniazid, 76, 162 Irritable Mood, 47, 162 J Joint, 111, 162 K Kb, 128, 162 L Labile, 154, 162 Labyrinth, 153, 162, 169, 172, 176 Large Intestine, 156, 162, 170 Lesion, 162, 174 Library Services, 140, 162 Ligaments, 155, 162 Linkage, 50, 162, 163 Lipid, 63, 162 Liver, 147, 150, 153, 156, 158, 159, 162, 164 Localized, 159, 161, 163, 164, 167 Locomotion, 163, 168 Locomotor, 56, 163 Lod, 111, 163 Lod Score, 111, 163 Longitudinal study, 53, 163 Lumbar, 150, 163 Lymph, 160, 163 Lymph node, 160, 163 Lymphocyte, 37, 44, 149, 163 M Maintenance therapy, 10, 105, 163

182 Agoraphobia

Manifest, 113, 163 Mass Media, 76, 163 Mediator, 163, 172 MEDLINE, 129, 163 Membrane, 150, 154, 158, 163 Memory, 44, 51, 53, 110, 149, 156, 163 Memory Disorders, 110, 163 Meninges, 152, 155, 157, 164 Meningitis, 59, 164 Menopause, 164, 168 Mental Disorders, 107, 160, 164, 168, 169 Mental Health, iv, 3, 6, 105, 107, 128, 131, 134, 164, 168 Mental Processes, 157, 164, 170 Meta-Analysis, 15, 164 Metabolite, 153, 156, 164 Methionine, 156, 164 Metoclopramide, 24, 164 MI, 145, 164 Microbe, 164, 175 Microbiology, 150, 164 Mitral Valve, 42, 164 Modification, 34, 61, 70, 71, 80, 81, 82, 91, 93, 164, 170 Molecular, 111, 129, 131, 154, 164, 170, 176 Molecular Structure, 164, 176 Molecule, 149, 151, 154, 157, 164, 170 Monoamine, 54, 81, 84, 148, 156, 162, 164, 176 Monoamine Oxidase, 81, 84, 148, 156, 162, 164, 176 Monotherapy, 10, 165 Mood Disorders, 110, 111, 165 Motility, 110, 165, 172 Motion Sickness, 165 Movement Disorders, 149, 165 Multicenter study, 6, 165 Mydriatic, 156, 165, 177 Myocardial infarction, 155, 164, 165, 168 Myocardium, 148, 164, 165 N Nausea, 113, 144, 149, 159, 165, 166 NCI, 1, 107, 127, 153, 165 Necrosis, 161, 164, 165 Need, 11, 37, 115, 121, 130, 136, 165, 175 Nerve, 147, 163, 164, 165, 166, 173 Neural, 164, 165 Neuroleptic, 110, 149, 165 Neuronal, 153, 165 Neurons, 159, 165, 174 Neurosis, 160, 165, 166, 167 Neurotic, 111, 166

Nitrogen, 147, 148, 159, 166, 176 Nonverbal Communication, 166, 170 O Ocular, 9, 166 Ophthalmology, 159, 166 Orgasm, 157, 166 Otolith, 9, 166 Oxygen Consumption, 166, 171 P Pachymeningitis, 164, 166 Palliative, 166, 174 Pancreas, 147, 156, 166 Parent-Child Relations, 5, 67, 166 Paresthesias, 166 Parkinsonism, 110, 149, 166 Paroxetine, 10, 105, 166 Paroxysmal, 18, 110, 148, 160, 166 Partial remission, 166, 171 Pathologic, 155, 160, 166 Patient Participation, 6, 167 Penis, 157, 167 Perception, 47, 61, 156, 167, 172 Personality Disorders, 6, 13, 36, 41, 61, 64, 67, 78, 167 PH, 30, 33, 72, 167 Phallic, 158, 167 Pharmacologic, 167, 175 Pharmacotherapy, 10, 35, 167 Phenotype, 111, 167 Phobic Disorders, 111, 167 Phototherapy, 167, 172 Physiologic, 147, 160, 167, 169, 170, 175 Physiology, 5, 167 Pilot study, 45, 56, 85, 167 Placebo Effect, 77, 167 Plants, 147, 152, 167 Plasma, 25, 48, 62, 63, 79, 149, 160, 168, 172 Platelets, 84, 168, 175 Poisoning, 159, 162, 165, 168 Polygenic Inheritance, 112, 168 Posterior, 148, 150, 166, 168 Post-traumatic, 30, 110, 160, 165, 168 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 30, 110, 168 Practicability, 168, 175 Practice Guidelines, 131, 168 Precipitation, 52, 168 Precursor, 50, 150, 157, 158, 168, 176 Prevalence, 13, 65, 106, 111, 168 Primary Prevention, 4, 168 Progression, 148, 168

Index 183

Progressive, 156, 159, 165, 168 Prolapse, 53, 54, 168 Propranolol, 26, 29, 39, 168 Proprioception, 9, 168 Prospective Studies, 11, 169 Prospective study, 16, 163, 169 Prostaglandin, 37, 169 Prostaglandins A, 169 Protein S, 120, 169, 171 Proteins, 148, 149, 154, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172 Proteolytic, 154, 169 Protocol, 5, 8, 119, 169 Proximal, 7, 111, 157, 169 Psychiatric, 4, 8, 9, 13, 24, 29, 35, 38, 43, 48, 49, 54, 70, 74, 75, 78, 82, 88, 93, 164, 169 Psychic, 165, 169, 170, 172 Psychoanalytic Theory, 158, 170 Psychomotor, 165, 170 Psychopathology, 4, 5, 7, 39, 57, 79, 170 Psychosomatic, 32, 42, 72, 106, 170 Psychotherapy, 8, 14, 17, 22, 29, 34, 40, 49, 57, 71, 72, 74, 80, 81, 84, 92, 93, 94, 151, 153, 170 Psychotomimetic, 148, 156, 170 Psychotropic, 112, 170 Public Policy, 129, 170 Pulmonary, 151, 155, 160, 170, 176 Pulmonary Artery, 151, 170, 176 Pulmonary Ventilation, 160, 170 Pupil, 156, 165, 170 Q Quality of Life, 12, 170 R Random Allocation, 170 Randomization, 4, 170 Randomized, 5, 7, 10, 12, 157, 170 Rape, 168, 170 Reassurance, 160, 170 Receptor, 110, 149, 151, 153, 157, 170, 172 Receptors, Serotonin, 170, 172 Rectum, 150, 151, 156, 159, 162, 170 Recur, 171, 172 Recurrence, 171, 172 Refer, 1, 154, 157, 158, 163, 165, 171, 176 Reflex, 9, 171 Refraction, 171, 173 Refractory, 12, 171 Regimen, 105, 157, 167, 171 Relapse, 4, 10, 11, 25, 29, 41, 68, 115, 130, 171 Reliability, 28, 73, 171

Remission, 12, 41, 49, 64, 68, 163, 171 Research Design, 5, 8, 171 Research Support, 9, 171 Respiration, 9, 152, 171 Respiratory Physiology, 9, 171 Response rate, 10, 171 Rheumatic Diseases, 20, 171 Ribosome, 171, 175 Rigidity, 166, 167, 171 Risk factor, 7, 69, 169, 171 S Salivary, 156, 171 Salivary glands, 156, 171 Schizoid, 171, 176 Schizophrenia, 39, 111, 115, 130, 164, 171, 172, 176 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 156, 172, 176 Screening, 153, 172 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 110, 172 Secretion, 110, 172 Sedative, 161, 172 Seizures, 153, 166, 172 Self-Help Groups, 92, 135, 172 Semen, 157, 172 Semicircular canal, 9, 162, 172 Sequential treatment, 11, 172 Serotonin, 42, 63, 69, 70, 110, 149, 151, 153, 159, 164, 166, 167, 170, 172, 176 Sertraline, 12, 110, 172 Serum, 148, 154, 172 Sex Characteristics, 147, 172 Shock, 172, 175 Side effect, 25, 147, 149, 153, 173, 175 Signs and Symptoms, 171, 173 Skeletal, 113, 173 Skeleton, 162, 169, 173 Smooth muscle, 148, 173, 174 Social Environment, 170, 173 Somatic, 147, 173 Spasm, 98, 173 Spatial disorientation, 157, 173 Specialist, 136, 156, 173 Species, 159, 173, 176, 177 Specificity, 9, 82, 147, 173 Spectrum, 31, 173 Sperm, 152, 173 Spinal cord, 150, 152, 157, 164, 166, 171, 173, 174 Sporadic, 111, 173 Steroid, 155, 173 Stimulant, 148, 156, 173

184 Agoraphobia

Stimulus, 46, 166, 167, 171, 173, 174 Stomach, 147, 156, 158, 159, 160, 165, 174 Stress, 32, 48, 76, 88, 150, 152, 155, 159, 165, 174 Stroke, 107, 128, 174 Subarachnoid, 159, 174 Subliminal, 14, 83, 117, 174 Substance P, 164, 172, 174 Support group, 135, 174 Suppression, 16, 18, 39, 74, 75, 82, 174 Sympathetic Nervous System, 113, 150, 174 Sympathomimetic, 147, 148, 156, 157, 174, 176 Symptomatic, 9, 12, 73, 102, 174 Symptomatology, 69, 76, 88, 174 Systemic, 151, 161, 174 Systolic, 160, 174 T Tardive, 110, 149, 153, 174 Temperament, 4, 5, 8, 174 Therapeutics, 12, 165, 174 Thermal, 157, 174 Thoracic, 150, 174, 176 Threshold, 158, 160, 174 Thrombocytes, 168, 174 Thrombosis, 169, 174, 175 Thyroid, 76, 82, 160, 175 Thyroid Gland, 160, 175 Tidal Volume, 160, 175 Tin, 144, 175 Tissue, 149, 151, 152, 155, 158, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 171, 173, 175 Tolerance, 153, 175 Tomography, 30, 175 Tonic, 153, 175 Toxic, iv, 83, 151, 175

Toxicity, 105, 162, 175 Toxicology, 130, 175 Trace element, 175 Trachea, 175 Translating, 7, 175 Translation, 28, 175 Trauma, 49, 80, 165, 175 Treatment Outcome, 32, 52, 64, 79, 97, 175 Tremor, 166, 175 Tricyclic, 45, 65, 81, 84, 153, 161, 176 Tryptophan, 172, 176 Tyramine, 164, 176 U Unconscious, 161, 170, 176 Urinary, 68, 176 Urine, 176 V Vaccine, 169, 176 Vascular, 110, 148, 160, 161, 175, 176 Venous, 169, 176 Ventricle, 161, 164, 170, 174, 176 Vestibular, 8, 60, 85, 106, 176 Vestibule, 153, 162, 172, 176 Veterinary Medicine, 129, 176 Virulence, 175, 176 Vivo, 176 W War, 168, 176 Weight Gain, 172, 176 White blood cell, 149, 163, 176 Windpipe, 175, 176 Withdrawal, 18, 19, 73, 176 X Xenograft, 149, 177 Y Yeasts, 167, 177 Yohimbine, 55, 177

Index 185

186 Agoraphobia

Index 187

188 Agoraphobia

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