ALLOPURINOL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Allopurinol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84326-0 1. Allopurinol-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on allopurinol. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALLOPURINOL .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Allopurinol.................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALLOPURINOL................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Allopurinol .................................................................................. 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALLOPURINOL .......................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 68 General References ....................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ALLOPURINOL ............................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Dissertations on Allopurinol ....................................................................................................... 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ALLOPURINOL ....................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Recent Trials on Allopurinol ....................................................................................................... 73 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ALLOPURINOL ....................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patents on Allopurinol................................................................................................................. 77 Patent Applications on Allopurinol............................................................................................. 84 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ALLOPURINOL ........................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 87 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 88 Chapters on Allopurinol .............................................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALLOPURINOL ............................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 91 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 92 Academic Periodicals covering Allopurinol ................................................................................. 93 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 95 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 96 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 96 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107
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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 110 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 113 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 113 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 113 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 119 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 119 ALLOPURINOL DICTIONARY ................................................................................................. 121 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 179
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with allopurinol is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about allopurinol, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to allopurinol, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on allopurinol. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to allopurinol, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on allopurinol. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALLOPURINOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on allopurinol.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and allopurinol, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Allopurinol Normalizes Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetics with Mild Hypertension Source: Hypertension. 35(3): 746-751. March 2000. Contact: Available from American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Summary: Treatment strategies against free radicals have mostly focused on the augmentation of antioxidant defenses (e.g., vitamins C and E). A novel approach is to prevent free radical generation by the enzyme system xanthine oxidase. This article reports on a study that examined whether the inhibition of xanthine oxidase with allopurinol can improve endothelial (the cells lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic system) function in subjects with type 2 diabetes and coexisting mild
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hypertension (high blood pressure) compared with control subjects of a similar age. The authors examined 23 subjects (11 patients with type 2 diabetes and 12 healthy age matched control subjects) in 2 parallel groups. The subjects were administered 300 milligrams allopurinol in a randomized, placebo controlled study in which both therapies were administered for 1 month. Results showed that allopurinol significantly increased the mean forearm blood flow response to acetylcholine by 30 percent but did not affect the nitroprusside response in patients with type 2 diabetes. There was no significant impact on either endothelium dependent or independent vascular responses in the age matched control subjects. Allopurinol improved endothelial function to near normal levels. Regarding markers of free radical activity, the level of malondialdehyde was significantly reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes but not in control subjects. 3 figures. 1 table. 41 references.
Federally Funded Research on Allopurinol The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to allopurinol. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to allopurinol. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore allopurinol. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for allopurinol: •
Project Title: CONTRIBUTION OF ENERGY DEPLETION TO HUMAN HEART FAILURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Weiss, Robert G.; Professor; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 19-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Energy Deprivation Hypothesis of heart failure, emphasized in the report of the NHLBI Special Emphasis Panel on Heart Failure Research, proposes that limitation in energy transfer is present in chronic heart failure (CHF) and contributes mechanistically to contractile dysfunction. Energy production in the heart is the highest of any organ and supports cardiac function at rest and with physical activity. ATP is the biochemical fuel for nearly all energy-requiring reactions. Creatine phosphate (PCr) is the major cardiac energy reserve and can rapidly regenerate ATP via the creatine kinase (CK) reaction. 31P magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy is the only non-invasive means for quantifying ATP and PCr in the human heart and has demonstrated reduced high-energy phosphates in animal models of CHF
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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and in CHF patients. Although the rates of ATP turnover are critical for testing this hypothesis, it has not been previously possible to measure ATP flux through cardiac CK in humans. During the first three years of the current grant, novel MR saturation transfer methods were developed that allow, for the first time, measurements of ATP synthesis rates through CK in human hearts. The overall aim of this proposal is to exploit these new techniques so that measures of cardiac CK flux can be integrated with imaging assessment of function to describe mechano-energetic coupling, whether and how it differs in CHF patients, and whether interventions designed to alter the relationship can improve contractile function in CHF patients. The specific aims are: 1. To test the hypothesis that cardiac energy turnover is decreased in human CHF and that this occurs in proportion to contractile dysfunction and CHF clinical severity. 2. To evaluate the relationship between metabolic reserve and contractile function in patients with and without CHF during changes in contractile performance induced by esmolol and/or dobutamine. 3. To test whether an acute intervention that improves mechanoenergetic efficiency in the failing heart improves metabolic reserve and contractile function. 4. To evaluate whether a chronic intervention designed to improve metabolic parameters, oral creatine supplementation, can increase myocardial creatine and PCr contents, flux through myocardial CK, and improve contractile function, symptoms, and exercise tolerance in CHF patients. These studies directly test the importance and magnitude of the role of energy deprivation in human CHF. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DESIGN OF TI(IV) AND MO(IV) ANTITUMOR COMPLEXES Principal Investigator & Institution: Melendez, Enrique; University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Mayaguez, Pr 00709 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: The proposed research is aimed at the understanding of the structure-activity relationship of metallic antitumor agents. The long term objective is, using the structureactivity relationship, to design novel metal complexes with the desired antitumor activity. The study is focused on the synthesis, chemical and biochemical characterization and biological activity profile of Ti(IV) and Mo(IV) derivatives containing amino acids and amino acid based ligands. The parent compound, Cp2TiCI2 is active against colorectal, lung and breast carcinomas therefore, the new derivatives may have similar antitumor activity profile. However, their activity will be determined by mean of the biological activity study. The specific objectives of this project are: 1) Synthesis and characterization of new Ti(IV) and Mo(IV) complexes containing amino acids and amino acid based ligands. This will be accomplished by replacing CI- (for Cp2MoCI2) and CI- and Cp for Ti(IV) and Mo(IV) complexes for L-cysteine, Lmethionine, D-penicillamine, L-alanine and LL-CH6. Due to the water solubility imparted by these ligands, these complexes are expected to be compatible to physiological conditions and to possess labile character as function of pH, being able to release the metal ion in solution. 2) Ligand hydrolysis (Cp and L) and Metal release studies. This will be monitored by UV-VIS and 1H NMR spectroscopies. This objective provides vital information regarding to the stability and decomposition pattern of these complexes in aqueous solution. 3) DNA-Metal and Oligonucleotide-Metal interaction studies will be pursued in order to gain insights with regard to the mechanism of action, binding constants and related thermodynamic parameters and binding specificity and selectivity. 4) Electrochemical studies. The electrochemical studies of Ti(IV) and Mo(IV) complexes will be carried out in organic and aqueous (buffer) solutions to characterize their redox behavior. Cyclic voltammetry of the complexes in presence of calfthymus
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DNA will be performed to observe the redox behavior changes (potentials and currents) and extrapolate mechanistic information and rate constants for oxidation of DNA. 5) Biological screening of new Ti(IV) and Mo(IV) complexes will be performed at the Biotesting Lab, UPR-Rio Piedras. The screening efforts are intended to find Ti(IV) and Mo(IV) complexes with potential therapeutic uses. This research will afford valuable information to the understanding of the structure-activity relationship of antitumor metallic species. Also it lays grounds for the rational design of new organometallic and inorganic antineoplastic. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PURINE METABOLISM IN LEISHMANIA DONO Principal Investigator & Institution: Ullman, Buddy; Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1983; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Amalgamating tools of molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, structural biology, and immunochemistry, this proposal offers a thorough interdisciplinary analysis of three key enzymes of the purine salvage pathway of Leishmania. These enzymes are hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), and xabthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRT). As protozoan parasites are auxotrophic for purines, HGPRT, APRT, and XPRT provide an important, if not vital, nutritional function for the parasite, and HGPRT initiates the intracellular metabolism of allopurinol, a lead compound that has shown therapeutic efficacy in both leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. The proposed investigations constitute a logical step in the validation of these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets and in the implementation of a rational, structure-based strategy of drug discovery, and ultimately drug design, for the treatment and prophylaxis of leishmaniasis and other diseases of parasitic origin. The first objective of this application is to determine the contributions of HGPRT, APRT, XPRT, and adenosine kinase (AK) to purine salvage in L. donovani promastigotes by phenotypic characterization of deltaxprt mutants that will be constructed by targeted gene replacement in wild type, deltahgprt, deltaaprt, deltahgprt/deltaaprt, deltahgprt/ak, deltaaprt/ak, and deltahgprt/deltaaprt/ak genetic backgrounds. Whether HGRPT, APRT, or XPRT function is essential for infectivity or virulence will be tested by generating null mutants in the infective M379 L. mexicana strain. The second specific aim entails a detailed biochemical and structural characterization of the HGRPT, APRT, and XPRT proteins. The first component of Specific Aim II consists of an evaluation of the HGPRT and XPRT molecular models and the APRT structure by site-directed mutagenesis of key amino acids that are conjectured to be involved in catalysis or substrate binding and biochemical characterization of the genetically altered proteins. The second aspect of this aim is to supplement the structure-function studies on HGPRT and XPRT via the introduction of crystallographic methods with the ultimate intention of resolving a 3-D structure of a leishmanial HGPRT or XPRT protein. The final specific aim is to ascertain the intracellular location of the APRT and XPRT proteins by subcellular fractionation of parasite lysates and by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy on intact cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IDENTIFYING TOR'S MODE OF ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Detke, Siegfried; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of North Dakota 264 Centennial Drive Grand Forks, Nd 58202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: It has been estimated that millions are infected with Leishmania and tens of millions more with the related Trypanosomes. Perhaps a half of billion people live in areas endemic to these parasites and are at risk. The established anti-Leishmania compounds are not completely efficacious and adverse reactions have been documented. Similar problems occur with the drugs used for the other Trypanosomes. The purine analogs allopurinol and allopurinol riboside, on the other hand, are toxic to these organisms but relatively benign to humans and have demonstrated some success in the treatment of these parasitic infections. TOR, an atypical multi drug resistance factor, elicits resistance to toxic nucleoside as well as to Pentostam, Amphotericin B and a number of other structurally unrelated compounds. The specific aim of this proposal is to determine how TOR exerts its effects. This will be accomplished by determining the fate of the adenosine permease in Leishmania which express more or less TOR than do wild type cells. Western and northern blotting and ribonuclease protection assays will enable us to determine how TOR affects the activity of this reporter permease. The broad, long term objectives are to manipulate through TOR the sensitivity of Leishmania to toxic nucleosides and the other clinically proven anti-Leishmania compounds. It may be possible through TOR to reduce the purine transport capability and starve the parasite of an absolutely essential nutrient. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NUCLEOSIDE TRYPANOSOMES
TRANSPORTERS
IN
LEISHMANIA
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Landfear, Scott M.; Professor; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1999; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: Amalgamating tools of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology, this proposal offers an interdisciplinary analysis of the nucleoside transporters of Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei. As protozoan parasites are auxotrophic for purines, nucleoside transporters provide an important, if not vital, nutritional function for the parasite. These membrane carriers also mediate the translocation of melarsoprol and pentamidine, two anti-trypanosomal drugs, as well as allopurinol riboside and formycin B, two anti-trypanosomatid agents, into the parasite. Two nucleoside transporters have been genetically and biochemically defined for L. donovani and T. brucei. We have cloned, sequenced, and partially characterized the genes, LdNT1 and LdNT2, encoding the two L. donovani nucleoside transporters employing a functional rescue strategy of mutant nucleoside transport-deficient parasites. The sequences of LdNT1 and LdNT2 enable the subsequent isolation of two T.brucei nucleoside transport cDNAs, TbNT1 and TbNT2. These reagents serve as the molecular cornerstone of the three specific aims in this proposal. Specific Aim 1 will be to characterize the adenosine/pyrimidine transporter, LdNT1. We will verify whether LdNT1 is a proton transporter by expression of LdNT1 in Xenopus oocytes, determine the subcellular location of LdNT1 by immunocytochemistry, and ascertain the nature of the genetic lesion(s) in the adenosine/pyrimidine transport-deficient strain, TUBA5. Specific Aim II involves the characterization of LdNT2 will be completed. Next, LdNT2
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function will be characterized after expression in both inosine/guanosine transportdeficient FBD5 parasites and oocytes. Whether LdNT2 is a proton supporter, the location of the protein within the parasite, and the nature of the mutation(s) in FBD5 cells will also be evaluated. The final specific aim will be to characterize TbNT1 and TbNT2 substrate specificities and ligand affinities by heterologous expression of the corresponding cDNAs in L. donovani and oocytes, to determine whether either transporter recognizes melarsoprol or pentamidine, and to discover whether three truncated versions of TbNT1 and TbNT2 encode functional nucleoside transporters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HEART FAILURE: MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hare, Joshua M.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Decreased cardiac energy supply is likely of pathophysiologic significance in the failing cardiovascular system. Energetic efficiency (work for a given oxygen utilization) limits the ability of the heart to pump blood to the circulation both at rest and during times of stress. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defenses, has been implicated in the development of heart failure not only by direct toxicity but also by altering metabolic pathways. We have recently shown that inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO), an enzyme that produces superoxide during purine metabolism, profoundly enhances myocardial mechanoenergetic efficiency (the ratio of myocardial work to oxygen consumed) in an animal model of heart failure. This observation is consistent with in vitro findings that XO inhibition augments LV trabecular muscle force generation for a given amount of calcium entry into the cytoplasm. These data support a contributory role for oxidant stress in reducing cardiac myocardial energy utilization. The purpose of the studies in this proposal is to test the hypothesis that the XO pathway inhibits myocardial energetic efficiency by elaborating reactive oxygen species. Experiments will be conducted in conscious animals instrumented to measure LV work and oxygen consumption. We will first determine the contribution and biochemical mechanism of XO to the heart failureassociated increase in oxidative stress. In order to clarify the mechanism of allopurinol action and to assess the participation of another important signaling molecule (nitric oxide) to cardiac energetics, we will test the predictions that other antioxidants mimic, and that inhibition of nitric oxide attenuates the energetic effect of allopurinol. Finally and most importantly, we will determine whether XO inhibition prevents the development of LV dysfunction and whether the beneficial effects of XO inhibition in heart failure are due to its antioxidant properties. These studies are designed to define new mechanisms by which oxidant stress influences integrated cardiovascular performance in heart failure. The results of these studies will clarify pathophysiologic consequences of oxidant stress in heart failure and may have therapeutic implications for humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS & TARGETED DELIVERY OF ANTI AIDS DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bates, Theodore R.; Texas Southern University 3201 Wheeler Ave Houston, Tx 77004 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002
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Summary: The specific aims of this Activity are: 1) to quantitatively assess whether didanosine (ddI) undergoes presystemic (first-pass) gut wall and/or liver metabolism after oral administration; 2) to quantitatively assess whether allopurinol (an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase) inhibits the metabolism of ddI; 3) to quantitatively assess, individually, the absorption kinetics of 3TC, indinavir, and ritonavir after single dose individual oral administration alone, and in the presence of co-ingested dietary lipid; 4) to quantitatively assess, individually, the effect of gastrointestinal (GI) motility (altered by administration of propantheline bromide, a potent GI motility inhibitor, and metoclopramide, a potent GI motility stimulator) on the in vivo absorption kinetics of 3TC, indinavir and ritonavir; 5) to quantitatively assess, individually, the effects of adsorbents present in over-the-counter antidiarrheal and antiemetic preparations on the in vitro binding and in vivo absorption kinetics of zidovudine (AZT), ddI, zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), 3TC, indinavir, and ritonavir; 6) to quantitatively assess the pharmacokinetics and the penetration characteristics of select intravenouslyadministered anti-AIDs drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) using microdialysis; and 7) to develop and pharmacokinetically evaluate liposomal formulations of select anti-AIDS drugs for their targeted delivery to the macrophages and lymph tissue after intravenous drug administration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESPIRATORY ENDOTHELIAL INJURY BY XANTHINE OXIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Repine, John E.; None; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-FEB-1992; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dysfunction of lung epithelial cells - a key component of the alveolar-capillary barrier - is central to the development of acute lung injury (ARDS). Cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), oxidative stress and FasL are increased in lungs of ARDS patients but their relationship to each other and ARDS is unknown. The sources of oxidative stress in ARDS patients are also unknown but aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which is increased in ARDS patients, are intracellular oxygen radical (O2*) generating enzymes whose regulation might be of benefit in ARDS. Our data shows that: 1. Leak and inflammation increased in lungs of rats given IL-1 intratracheally 5h before in vivo. 2. XOR expression, allopurinol-inhibitable 02* production, and apoptosis increased in epithelial cells in lungs of rats given IL-1 intratracheally 24h before in vivo. 3. Inhibition of lung XOR/AOX activity by tungsten feeding decreased epithelial cell apoptosis in lungs of rats given IL-1 intratracheally 24h before in vivo. 4. XOR/AOX expression and allopurinol-inhibitable 02* production, but not apoptosis, increased in lung epithelial cells treated with IL-1 24h before in vitro. 5. IL-1 and 02* increased lung epithelial cell Fas expression in vitro. 6. Lung lavage from rats given IL-1 intratracheally 24h before contained FasL and caused apoptosis of lung epithelial cells in vitro that had increased Fas levels following IL-1 treatment 24h before in vitro. 7. XOR and AOX gene expression was increased in lung epithelial cells treated with IL-1/IL-6 in vitro. Our specific hypothesis is that increased IL-1 increases XOR and/or AOX activity in lung epithelial cells increasing lung epithelial cell O2* production and Fas expression. Concomitant IL-1 dependent increases in lung inflammation increase lung FasL levels and produce epithelial cell apoptosis which contributes to lung injury CARDS). Our specific aims are to determine the mechanisms responsible for IL-1 induced lung epithelial cell XOR and/or AOX expression, 02* production and epithelial cell apoptosis in vivo (Aim 1) and in vitro (Aim 2) and to determine the effect of IL-1 on the regulation of XOR and/or
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AOX gene expression in lung epithelial cells in vitro (Aim 3). The significance of this approach will be to determine basic physiologic, cellular and molecular aspects regarding XOR and AOX, to gain insight into whether XOR and/or AOX contribute to ARDS, and to evaluate whether inhibiting XOR and/or AOX holds any potential for treating or preventing events that contribute to ARDS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHESIS/KINETICS/DNA BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF TITANOCENE
METAL
INTERACTION
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Melendex, Enrique; University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Mayaguez, Pr 00709 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: URIC ACID IN CHILDHOOD HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Feig, Daniel I.; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): An association between hyperuricemia and hypertension has been observed repeatedly since the 1870s. Generally the link was dismissed as having no causal role because of an assumption that the increase in serum uric acid was merely a surrogate for decreased glomerular filtration rate. Recently the association has been reevaluated because of results from several large clinical trials that implicate hyperuricemia as an independent risk factor for poor cardiovascular outcomes. Our own data demonstrates a close correlation between serum uric acid and primary hypertension in children. Furthermore, data from experiments using a model of mild hyperuricemia in rats reveal that the hyperuricemia alone is (1) sufficient to lead to hypertension and (2) exacerbates the progressive renal injury associated with either Cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity or surgical 5/6 nephrectomy. In the animal model, the mechanisms involved in these processes include uric acid mediated activation of cyclooxygenase-II, activation of the renin angiotensin system and down regulation of renal nitric oxide synthase. If these animal studies can be generalized to human populations, control of mild hyperuricemia will provide a new approach to management of hypertension as well as a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of progressive renal disease and cardiovascular morbidity. We propose to test whether the use of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, a uric acid lowering drug, will (1) ameliorate primary hypertension in children and (2) control hypertension in renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin or tacrolimus. We will further investigate the physiological mechanism by which serum uric acid levels are elevated in hypertensive children and the biochemical mechanisms by which elevated serum uric acid lead to increased blood pressure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VASCULAR RESPONSES IN TRANSGENIC SICKLE CELL Principal Investigator & Institution: Gee, Beatrice E.; Pediatrics; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate, Beatrice E. Gee, M.D., is a pediatric hematologist trained at Children's Hospital, Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute. She has past experience studying red cell membrane adhesion molecules. This proposed project will extend her research expertise to include molecular biology and transgenic mouse methodologies to the study of sickle cell vasculopathy. Student Candidate: Leslie O. Ibeanusi is a sophomore student at Spelman College who aspires to become a pediatric clinician-scientist. She has past experience studying sickle cell disease and is interested in vascular biology and molecular techniques. The Proposal: Under the mentorship of Gary H. Gibbons, M.D., Bruce A. Freeman, Ph.D., and Tim Townes, Ph.D., she proposes to study in vitro and in vivo aspects of erythrocyte-endothelial cell interactions, with specific attention to the roles of the alpha4betal integrin-VCAM-1 interactions and production of reactive oxygen species on red cell adhesion, endothelial cell gene expression, and vascular remodelling. The specific objectives of the proposal include: 1. To examine the effects of xanthine oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and allopurinol on in vitro sickle erythrocyte interactions with human brain microvascular cells (HBEC), and to characterize gene expression profiles of HBEC under the various conditions; 2. To characterize erythrocyte-endothelial cell interactions and the mediator role of oxidative stress in transgenic mice; 3a. To develop a transgenic mouse expressing human sickle hemoglobin that is also deficient in reticulocyte alpha4 integrin; and 3b. To characterize the vascular phenotype of this multiply mutated mouse The Environment: Morehouse School of Medicine is a Historically Black University with a very active and growing basic science research community. Dr. Gibbons, the primary mentor, has a very active cardiovascular research program and extensive experience mentoring clinicianscientists. Co-mentors, Drs. Freeman and Townes at Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham, are also experts in their fields. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR FOR CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Novorozhkin, Alex; Inotek Pharmaceuticals Corporation 100 Cummings Ctr, Ste 419E Beverly, Ma 01915 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a major market opportunity for therapeutics that targets the fundamental etiology of the ventricular injury. Although the pathogenesis of CHF is complex, recent data suggest an inflammatory basis secondary to free radical generation by the purine degradative enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO). In the well-established pacing dog model, which produces a dilated cardiomyopathy and many of the classic features of CHF, XO activity is 4-fold increased and the weak XO inhibitor allopurinol increases dP/dt(max), preload-recruitable stroke work, and ventricular elastance. In heart failure dogs, but not controls, allopurinol decreases MVO2 and substantially increases mechanical efficiency. Taken together, these data indicate that XO inhibition is uniquely inotropic, increasing myocardial contractility while simultaneously reducing cardiac energy requirements. The resultant boost in myocardial contractile efficiency may prove beneficial in the treatment of clinical CHF. The market for allopurinol is limited by its infrequent but severe side-effects. We now report the discovery of a non-purine class of XO inhibitors that is 1,000-fold more potent than allopurinol. Preliminary data confirm that a prototype of this class profoundly reduces inflammation in experimental models of acute lung injury and enterocolitis. The central objective of this Phase I grant proposal is to establish in vivo proof of principle that the lead candidate dose-dependently
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improves contractile function in the classic dog model of CHF induced by chronic pacing. We will then define the pharmacodynamic profile of XO therapy, begun after the establishment of CHF. Cardiac contractility will be assessed using left ventricular pressure-volume analysis, dP/dT, stroke volume, and ejection fraction. The classic weak XO inhibitor allopurinol will be included in all studies as a reference standard. We expect that our lead non-purine ultrapotent XO inhibitor will dose-dependently improve dP/dT, with an ED5O greater than 2-fold greater than allopurinol. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Sale of $500 million per annum are anticipated in the US alone, based upon an estimate of a 1% incidence of CHF in the general population (=2.5 million potential subjects), a 10% market penetration, and an annual expenditure per patient of $2,000. The worldwide market (developed countries only) is four times larger. Given the intoleerance for allopurinol in 10% of patients, and the current absence of a second-line medication, we expect the market acceptance of a safe and effective alternative XO inhibitor to be achieved rapidly over a five year period. We believe the high price point ($6 per day) is amply justified by the lack of an alternative to allopurinol. Estimated worldwide gross sales revenues after market entry and maturation (ca. 4 years after FDA approval) are expected to equal $1-2 billion per annum. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: XANTHINE OXIDASE, MYOCARDIAL GENOMICS AND HEART FAILURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cappola, Thomas P.; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant):Cardiac hypertrophy is a central pathologic feature of congestive heart failure. Prior investigations suggest that oxidative stress induces the expression of hypertrophy genes in vitro, and may be an important cause of cardiac hypertrophy in humans. The applicant proposes to merge his interest in clinical investigation with state-of-the-art genomic approaches to determine how oxidative stress promotes cardiac hypertrophy in humans. Based on preliminary data, he will focus on xanthine oxidase as a source of myocardial oxidative stress. The central thesis of this proposal is that increased myocardial XO contributes to heart failure by stimulating the transcription of hypertrophy genes. In Aim 1, the applicant will use Affymetrix microarrays to determine genes associated with hypertrophy in failing explanted human myocardium. Multiple analytic approaches will be used, including a hypothesis-based analysis of pre-selected candidate genes, exploratory analyses, and global analyses of patterns in gene expression. In Aim 2, the applicant will demonstrate that myocardial XO activity correlates with expression of these hypertrophy genes in humans. In Aim 3, the applicant will test the hypothesis that XO inhibition with allopurinol attenuates the expression of hypertrophy genes in serial endomyocardial biopsies, and prevents an increase in cardiac mass in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. These experiments will determine the transcriptional targets of XO in human myocardium, thereby clarifying the role of oxidative stress in heart failure. Moreover. they are the first steps in determining whether XO inhibition is a novel treatment strategy for heart failure. This research will be performed at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions under the mentorship of Dr. Joshua Hare, an expert in the field of oxidative stress in heart failure. Genomic analyses will be performed in collaboration with the HopGene PGAmApplied Genomics in Cardiopulmonary Disease. The applicant's interdisciplinary training, strong mentorship, career development
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program, supportive environment, and novel research plan will give him the experience and tools he needs to develop into a highly successful, independent clinical investigator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for allopurinol in the PubMed Central database: •
5-fluorocytosine susceptibility of pathogenic fungi in the presence of allopurinol: potential for improving the therapeutic index of 5-fluorocytosine. by Kerkering TM, Schwartz PM, Espinel-Ingroff A, Turek PJ, Diasio RB.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185345
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Comparative effects of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine, its 2'-deoxyriboside derivative, and allopurinol on in vitro growth of American Leishmania species. by Avila JL, Casanova MA.; 1982 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183752
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Effect of allopurinol on Trypanosoma cruzi: metabolism and biological activity in intracellular and bloodstream forms. by Berens RL, Marr JJ, Steele da Cruz FS, Nelson DJ.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183810
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Effects of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of allopurinol riboside. by Were JB, Shapiro TA.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187932
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Flow cytometry analysis of the effect of allopurinol and the dinitroaniline compound (Chloralin) on the viability and proliferation of Leishmania infantum promastigotes. by Kamau SW, Nunez R, Grimm F.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30939
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In vitro effects of mycophenolic acid and allopurinol against Leishmania tropica in human macrophages. by Berman JD, Webster HK.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182040
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Purine and glycine metabolism by purinolytic clostridia. by Durre P, Andreesen JR.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217447
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Selenium-dependent metabolism of purines: A selenium-dependent purine hydroxylase and xanthine dehydrogenase were purified from Clostridium purinolyticum and characterized. by Self WT, Stadtman TC.; 2000 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16524
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with allopurinol, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for allopurinol (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of cutaneous acral sarcoidosis with response to allopurinol. Author(s): Antony F, Layton AM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 142(5): 1052-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809876&dopt=Abstract
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A controlled evaluation of an allopurinol mouthwash as prophylaxis against 5fluorouracil-induced stomatitis. Author(s): Loprinzi CL, Cianflone SG, Dose AM, Etzell PS, Burnham NL, Therneau TM, Hagen L, Gainey DK, Cross M, Athmann LM, et al. Source: Cancer. 1990 April 15; 65(8): 1879-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2180557&dopt=Abstract
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A phase II trial of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with allopurinol for recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Southwest Oncology Group trial. Author(s): Weiss GR, Green S, Hannigan EV, Boutselis JG, Surwit EA, Wallace DL, Alberts DS. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1990 June; 37(3): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2351319&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A placebo-controlled study examining the effect of allopurinol on heart rate variability and dysrhythmia counts in chronic heart failure. Author(s): Shehab AM, Butler R, MacFadyen RJ, Struthers AD. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 April; 51(4): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318768&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of prednisone and allopurinol in the prevention of ERCP-induced pancreatitis. Author(s): Budzynska A, Marek T, Nowak A, Kaczor R, Nowakowska-Dulawa E. Source: Endoscopy. 2001 September; 33(9): 766-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558030&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized clinical trial of low dosage combination of pentamidine and allopurinol in the treatment of antimony unresponsive cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Author(s): Das VN, Ranjan A, Sinha AN, Verma N, Lal CS, Gupta AK, Siddiqui NA, Kar SK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 June; 49: 609-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584934&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized comparison between rasburicase and allopurinol in children with lymphoma or leukemia at high risk for tumor lysis. Author(s): Goldman SC, Holcenberg JS, Finklestein JZ, Hutchinson R, Kreissman S, Johnson FL, Tou C, Harvey E, Morris E, Cairo MS. Source: Blood. 2001 May 15; 97(10): 2998-3003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11342423&dopt=Abstract
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A review of inpatients with adverse drug reactions to allopurinol. Author(s): Khoo BP, Leow YH. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 April; 41(4): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063179&dopt=Abstract
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A study of dose-response relationships of allopurinol in the presence of low or high purine turnover. Author(s): Loffler W, Grobner W. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1988 February 15; 66(4): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2453704&dopt=Abstract
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Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis in a nondiabetic hemodialysis patient: successful treatment with allopurinol. Author(s): Iyoda M, Hayashi F, Kuroki A, Shibata T, Kitazawa K, Sugisaki T, Sakai O. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 September; 42(3): E11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12955705&dopt=Abstract
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Acute pure red cell aplasia associated with allopurinol therapy. Author(s): Lin YW, Okazaki S, Hamahata K, Watanabe K, Usami I, Yoshibayashi M, Akiyama Y, Kubota M. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1999 July; 61(3): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10398315&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol add-on treatment in intractable seizures. Author(s): Marrosu F, Marrosu G, Rachele MG, Masala C, Giagheddu M. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1990 June; 12(3): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2403027&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol and endothelial function in heart failure: future or fantasy? Author(s): Landmesser U, Drexler H. Source: Circulation. 2002 July 9; 106(2): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12105153&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol and markers of muscle damage among participants in the Tour de France. Author(s): Gomez-Cabrera MC, Pallardo FV, Sastre J, Vina J, Garcia-del-Moral L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 21; 289(19): 2503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759321&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol as a potential therapeutic agent for recurrent herpes labialis. Author(s): El-Farrash MA, Youssef JM, El-Mongy SE. Source: J Med Dent Sci. 2003 June; 50(2): 147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12968636&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol as an additive to quinine in the treatment of acute complicated falciparum malaria. Author(s): Sarma PS, Mandal AK, Khamis HJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 April; 58(4): 4547. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9574791&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol as an add-on drug in the management of intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Sander JW, Patsalos PN. Source: Epilepsy Research. 1988 May-June; 2(3): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3197692&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol as prophylaxis against pouchitis following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Author(s): Joelsson M, Andersson M, Bark T, Gullberg K, Hallgren T, Jiborn H, Magnusson I, Raab Y, Sjodahl R, Ojerskog B, Oresland T; Swedish Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 November; 36(11): 1179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686218&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol augmentation for poorly responsive schizophrenia. Author(s): Lara DR, Brunstein MG, Ghisolfi ES, Lobato MI, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Souza DO. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 July; 16(4): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459338&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol does not increase free radical scavenging capacity during reperfusion in coronary artery bypass graft patients. Author(s): Tarkka MR, Kaukinen S, Holm P, Kaukinen U, Sisto T, Kataja J, Huang WQ. Source: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal : Scj. 2000 August; 34(4): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983676&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol dosage and effect on ischemia-reperfusion damage in elective and acute aortic surgery. Author(s): Smeets HJ, Dulfer FT, van Milligen de Wit AW, Camps J, Kievit J, Van Bockel JH, Hermans J, Berger HM. Source: Int Surg. 1997 July-September; 82(3): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9372376&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol dosage selection: relationships between dose and plasma oxipurinol and urate concentrations and urinary urate excretion. Author(s): Day RO, Miners JO, Birkett DJ, Whitehead A, Naidoo D, Hayes J, Savdie E. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 October; 26(4): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3190992&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol for chronic prostatitis. Author(s): McNaughton CO, Wilt T. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd001041. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519549&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol for chronic prostatitis. Author(s): McNaughton Collins M, Wilt T. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001041. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796738&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol for prostatitis: where is the evidence? Author(s): Nickel JC, Siemens DR, Lundie MJ. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 22; 347(9017): 1711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8656902&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol for refractory aggression and self-inflicted behaviour. Author(s): Lara DR, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Souza DO. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2000 March; 14(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757259&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol for the treatment of aggressive behaviour in patients with dementia. Author(s): Lara DR, Cruz MR, Xavier F, Souza DO, Moriguchi EH. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 January; 18(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490776&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with AIDS. Author(s): Dellamonica P, Bernard E, Le Fichoux Y, Politano S, Carles M, Durand J, Mondain V. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1989 November; 160(5): 904-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2809265&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Author(s): Tam S, Carroll W. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 March; 86(3): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2919623&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome and acute myocardial infarction--two case reports. Author(s): Chan YC, Tay YK, Ng SK. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2002 March; 31(2): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957564&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome associated with pancreatic exocrine abnormalities and new-onset diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Sommers LM, Schoene RB. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 May 27; 162(10): 1190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020192&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome associated with systemic cytomegalovirus infection and systemic bacteremia. Author(s): Arakawa M, Kakuto Y, Ichikawa K, Chiba J, Tabata N, Sasaki Y. Source: Intern Med. 2001 April; 40(4): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334394&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Anderson BE, Adams DR. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2002 July; 1(1): 60-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847756&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Lee SS, Lin HY, Wang SR, Tsai YY. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1994 August; 27(3): 140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747344&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Carpenter C. Source: Tenn Med. 1997 April; 90(4): 151-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088156&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: hypersensitivity to oxypurinol but not allopurinol. Author(s): Hamanaka H, Mizutani H, Nouchi N, Shimizu Y, Shimizu M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 January; 23(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667107&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure. Author(s): Farquharson CA, Butler R, Hill A, Belch JJ, Struthers AD. Source: Circulation. 2002 July 9; 106(2): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12105162&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol improves myocardial efficiency in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Cappola TP, Kass DA, Nelson GS, Berger RD, Rosas GO, Kobeissi ZA, Marban E, Hare JM. Source: Circulation. 2001 November 13; 104(20): 2407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705816&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol in addition to 5-aminosalicylic acid based drugs for the maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Jarnerot G, Strom M, Danielsson A, Kilander A, Loof L, Hultcrantz R, Lofberg R, Floren C, Nilsson A, Brostrom O. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 September; 14(9): 1159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971232&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol in ischemia--reperfusion injury of heart. Author(s): Emerit I, Fabiani JN. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1990; 264: 367-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2244515&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol in the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Author(s): Ghanem BM, el-Shazly AM, Fawzy M, Arafa MA, Morsy TA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1996 December; 26(3): 619-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8918034&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol induced meningitis. Author(s): Duchene DA, Smith CP, Goldfarb RA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 December; 164(6): 2028. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11061913&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Bashir S, Shah SM, Babar I. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2000 June; 50(6): 207-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10979633&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol induced transitory giant fixed drug eruption: an atypical expression. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Jain S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 26(3): 198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10209930&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol kinetics after massive overdosage. Author(s): Ferner RE, Simmonds HA, Bateman DN. Source: Hum Toxicol. 1988 May; 7(3): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3391630&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol kinetics in humans as a means to assess liver function: design of a loading test. Author(s): Van Waeg G, Groth T. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1989 July; 257(1 Pt 2): R237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2750963&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol kinetics in humans as a means to assess liver function: evaluation of an allopurinol loading test. Author(s): van Waeg G, Loof L, Groth T, Niklasson F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1988 February; 48(1): 45-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3217748&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol mouthwash as prophylactic therapy for 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis. Author(s): Loprinzi CL, Burnham N. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 1989 June; 15(3): 297. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2737317&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol mouthwash for prevention of fluorouracil-induced stomatitis. Author(s): Van der Vliet W, Erlichman C, Elhakim T. Source: Clin Pharm. 1989 September; 8(9): 655-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2791481&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol neurocardiac protection trial in infants undergoing heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Author(s): Clancy RR, McGaurn SA, Goin JE, Hirtz DG, Norwood WI, Gaynor JW, Jacobs ML, Wernovsky G, Mahle WT, Murphy JD, Nicolson SC, Steven JM, Spray TL. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 July; 108(1): 61-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433055&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol normalizes endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetics with mild hypertension. Author(s): Butler R, Morris AD, Belch JJ, Hill A, Struthers AD. Source: Hypertension. 2000 March; 35(3): 746-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720589&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol therapy in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Author(s): Ramesh V. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 July; 76(4): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8869699&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol use and the risk of cataract formation. Author(s): Clair WK, Chylack LT Jr, Cook EF, Goldman L. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1989 March; 73(3): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2706206&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol: a therapeutic alternative for disseminated cutaneous sarcoidosis. Author(s): Brechtel B, Haas N, Henz BM, Kolde G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 135(2): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881681&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol: intravenous use for prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD001041 Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000 April; 18(8): 1758-63. Erratum In: J Clin Oncol 2000 May; 18(10): 2188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519549
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Allopurinol-induced orotidinuria. A test for mutations at the ornithine carbamoyltransferase locus in women. Author(s): Hauser ER, Finkelstein JE, Valle D, Brusilow SW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 June 7; 322(23): 1641-5. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 1997 May 1; 336(18): 1335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2342523&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol-induced pure red cell aplasia. Author(s): Shankar P, Aish L, Hassoun H. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 May; 73(1): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701126&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol-induced pustular eruption: an unusually mild case. Author(s): Lun K, Harley W. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 43(2): 140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982573&dopt=Abstract
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Allopurinol-induced pyrimidinuria in cancer patients. Author(s): Carducci MA, Choti M, Maestri NE, Brusilow SW. Source: In Vivo. 1998 May-June; 12(3): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9706470&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual cutaneous reaction secondary to allopurinol. Author(s): Raymond JZ, Goldman HM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 May; 41(5): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2967161&dopt=Abstract
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ANCA-positive vasculitis associated with allopurinol therapy. Author(s): Choi HK, Merkel PA, Niles JL. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 November-December; 16(6): 743-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9844772&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant activity of allopurinol on copper-catalysed human lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): Lapenna D, de Gioia S, Ciofani G, Cuccurullo F. Source: Febs Letters. 1997 June 9; 409(2): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9202158&dopt=Abstract
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Azathioprine and allopurinol: the price of an avoidable drug interaction. Author(s): Kennedy DT, Hayney MS, Lake KD. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 September; 30(9): 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876853&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical studies on bilharzial and nonbilharzial hyperoxaluria: effect of pyridoxine and allopurinol treatment. Author(s): el-Habet AE, el-Sewedy SM, el-Sharaky A, Gaafar NK, Abdel-Rafee A, Hamoud F. Source: Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic Biology. 1987 August; 38(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3663392&dopt=Abstract
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Bioequivalence of allopurinol and its metabolite oxipurinol in two tablet formulations. Author(s): Guerra P, Frias J, Ruiz B, Soto A, Carcas A, Govantes C, Montuenga C, Fernandez A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2001 April; 26(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350534&dopt=Abstract
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Bioequivalence of allopurinol preparations: to be assessed by the parent drug or the active metabolite? Author(s): Walter-Sack I, de Vries JX, Kreiner C, Ittensohn A, Stenzhorn G, Voss A, Weber E. Source: Clin Investig. 1993 March; 71(3): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8481628&dopt=Abstract
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Bioequivalence of allopurinol-containing tablet preparations. Author(s): Barthel W, Huller G, Haustein KO. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 March; 37(3): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10190763&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium restriction, thiazide, citrate, and allopurinol in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Coe FL. Source: Acta Urol Belg. 1994 June; 62(2): 25-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8037000&dopt=Abstract
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Catatonia in the allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Collins CE, Thomas DJ, Gumpel JM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 April 20; 302(6782): 970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2032061&dopt=Abstract
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Cell-mediated immunity in allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity. Author(s): Braden GL, Warzynski MJ, Golightly M, Ballow M. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1994 February; 70(2): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299230&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebral vasculitis following allopurinol treatment. Author(s): Rothwell PM, Grant R. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 February; 72(844): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8871466&dopt=Abstract
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Chagas' disease reactivation after heart transplantation: efficacy of allopurinol treatment. Author(s): Almeida DR, Carvalho AC, Branco JN, Pereira AP, Correa L, Vianna PV, Buffolo E, Martinez EE. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 1996 October; 15(10): 988-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8913915&dopt=Abstract
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Changes caused by ethanol intake on metabolism of hypouricemic agents (combination of allopurinol and benzbromarone). Author(s): Kaneko K, Fujimori S, Akaoka I. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1991; 309A: 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1789193&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic tophaceous gout in a patient with a history of allopurinol toxicity. Author(s): Naas JE, Sanders LJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 November; 62(5): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9836057&dopt=Abstract
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Clastogenic factor in ischemia-reperfusion injury during open-heart surgery: protective effect of allopurinol. Author(s): Emerit I, Fabiani JN, Ponzio O, Murday A, Lunel F, Carpentier A. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1988 December; 46(6): 619-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3264141&dopt=Abstract
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Clastogenic factor in ischemia-reperfusion injury: protective effect of allopurinol. Author(s): Emerit I, Fabiani JN. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1988; 49: 863-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3266923&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical effects of allopurinol on intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Tada H, Morooka K, Arimoto K, Matsuo T. Source: Epilepsia. 1991 March-April; 32(2): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1900791&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical pharmacokinetics of allopurinol. Author(s): Murrell GA, Rapeport WG. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1986 September-October; 11(5): 343-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3536254&dopt=Abstract
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Combined antimonial allopurinol therapy in mucosal leishmaniasis. Author(s): Sampaio RN, Marchan EM, Vexenat A, Tristao RJ, Marsden PD. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1990 July-September; 85(3): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2134714&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative trial of azapropazone and indomethacin plus allopurinol in acute gout and hyperuricaemia. Author(s): Fraser RC, Davis RH, Walker FS. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1987 September; 37(302): 409-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3330140&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the urate lowering effects of allopurinol and diflunisal. Author(s): Emmerson BT, Hazelton RA, Whyte IM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 April; 14(2): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3599002&dopt=Abstract
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Compatibility of allopurinol sodium with selected drugs during simulated Y-site administration. Author(s): Trissel LA, Martinez JF. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994 July 15; 51(14): 1792-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942908&dopt=Abstract
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Concomitant administration of 4-hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine (allopurinol) and highdose continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil. Author(s): Tsavaris N, Karagiaouris P, Vonorta K, Bacogianis H, Milonakis N, Karvounis N, Kakoliris S, Zepou E, Karabelis A, Papazahariou M, et al. Source: Oncology. 1990; 47(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2300389&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous manifestation of Chagas' disease after heart transplantation: successful treatment with allopurinol. Author(s): Tomimori-Yamashita J, Deps PD, Almeida DR, Enokihara MM, De Seixas MT, Freymuller E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 October; 137(4): 626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9390344&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous reactions in hairy cell leukaemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and allopurinol. Author(s): Chubar Y, Bennett M. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2003 September; 122(5): 768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12930387&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclosporine toxicity associated with allopurinol. Author(s): Stevens SL, Goldman MH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1992 December; 85(12): 1265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1470981&dopt=Abstract
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Cystitis associated with allopurinol. Author(s): Bramble FJ, Morley R. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1997 May; 79(5): 817. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158534&dopt=Abstract
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Death following allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Hanger HC, Pillans PI. Source: N Z Med J. 1994 June 8; 107(979): 229. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8208488&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased oral toxicity with the local use of allopurinol in patients who received high dose 5-fluorouracil. Author(s): Tsavaris NB, Komitsopoulou P, Tzannou I, Loucatou P, Tsaroucha-Noutsou A, Kilafis G, Kosmidis P. Source: Sel Cancer Ther. 1991 Fall; 7(3): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1771297&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitisation to allopurinol. Author(s): Ridley MG, Mathews JA. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 November; 46(11): 875. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3426293&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitisation to allopurinol. Author(s): Kelsey SM, Struthers GR, Beswick T, Blake DR. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 January; 46(1): 84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3813680&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitisation to allopurinol: a cautionary tale. Author(s): Unsworth J, Blake DR, d'Assis Fonseca AE, Beswick DT. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 August; 46(8): 646. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3662656&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitization to allopurinol in a patient with previous failed desensitization. Author(s): Tanna SB, Barnes JF, Seth SK. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 November; 33(11): 1180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573316&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitization to allopurinol in patients with gout and cutaneous reactions. Author(s): Fam AG, Lewtas J, Stein J, Paton TW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 September; 93(3): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1388001&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of allopurinol by micelle-stabilised room-temperature phosphorescence in real samples. Author(s): Perez-Ruiz T, Martinez-Lozano C, Tomas V, Martin J. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 June 1; 32(2): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763532&dopt=Abstract
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Difference of the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of allopurinol, oxypurinol, and purine bases between dietary intake and fasting. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Yamakita J, Higashino K. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 April; 34(4): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8861734&dopt=Abstract
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Difficult gout and new approaches for control of hyperuricemia in the allopurinolallergic patient. Author(s): Fam AG. Source: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2001 February; 3(1): 29-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177768&dopt=Abstract
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Disposition and uric acid lowering effect of oxipurinol: comparison of different oxipurinol formulations and allopurinol in healthy individuals. Author(s): Walter-Sack I, de Vries JX, Kutschker C, Ittensohn A, Voss A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 49(3): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8665998&dopt=Abstract
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Does allopurinol affect the progression of familial juvenile gouty nephropathy? Author(s): Moro F, Simmonds HA, Cameron JS, Ogg CS, Williams GD, McBride MB, Davis PM. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1991; 309A: 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1789208&dopt=Abstract
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Does allopurinol reduce pain of chronic pancreatitis? Author(s): Banks PA, Hughes M, Ferrante M, Noordhoek EC, Ramagopal V, Slivka A. Source: International Journal of Pancreatology : Official Journal of the International Association of Pancreatology. 1997 December; 22(3): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9444547&dopt=Abstract
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Does low-dose allopurinol, with azathioprine, cyclosporin and prednisolone, improve renal transplant immunosuppression? Author(s): Chocair PR, Duley JA, Cameron JS, Arap S, Ianhez L, Sabbaga E, Simmonds HA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 370: 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660891&dopt=Abstract
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Dosage prescribing and plasma oxipurinol levels in patients receiving allopurinol therapy. Author(s): Peterson GM, Boyle RR, Francis HW, Oliver NW, Paterson J, von Witt RJ, Taylor GR. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990; 39(4): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2076730&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of allopurinol as add-on therapy in childhood refractory epilepsy. Author(s): Coppola G, Pascotto A. Source: Brain & Development. 1996 January-February; 18(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8907343&dopt=Abstract
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Early treatment with allopurinol in familial juvenile hyerpuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN) ameliorates the long-term progression of renal disease. Author(s): Fairbanks LD, Cameron JS, Venkat-Raman G, Rigden SP, Rees L, Van'T Hoff W, Mansell M, Pattison J, Goldsmith DJ, Simmonds HA. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2002 September; 95(9): 597-607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205338&dopt=Abstract
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Educational program to improve the dosage prescribing of allopurinol. Author(s): Peterson GM, Sugden JE. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 January 16; 162(2): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838029&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of allopurinol and benzbromarone on the concentration of uridine in plasma. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Yamakita J, Higashino K. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1997 December; 46(12): 1473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9439546&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of allopurinol on mortality and hospitalisations in chronic heart failure: a retrospective cohort study. Author(s): Struthers AD, Donnan PT, Lindsay P, McNaughton D, Broomhall J, MacDonald TM. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2002 March; 87(3): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847159&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of allopurinol on myocardial oxygen free radical production in coronary bypass surgery. Author(s): Tarkka MR, Vuolle M, Kaukinen S, Holm P, Eloranta J, Kaukinen U, Sisto T, Kataja J. Source: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal : Scj. 2000 December; 34(6): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11214014&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of allopurinol on NMDA receptor modification following recurrent asphyxia in newborn piglets. Author(s): Marro PJ, Hoffman D, Schneiderman R, Mishra OP, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Source: Brain Research. 1998 March 16; 787(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9518556&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of allopurinol on postasphyxial free radical formation, cerebral hemodynamics, and electrical brain activity. Author(s): Van Bel F, Shadid M, Moison RM, Dorrepaal CA, Fontijn J, Monteiro L, Van De Bor M, Berger HM. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 February; 101(2): 185-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9445490&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of allopurinol on the metabolism of azathioprine in heart transplant patients. Author(s): el-Gamel A, Evans C, Keevil B, Aziz T, Rahman A, Campbell C, Deiraniya A, Yonan N. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1998 June; 30(4): 1127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9636457&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of allopurinol on the xanthinuria in a patient with molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Author(s): van Gennip AH, Mandel H, Stroomer LE, van Cruchten AG. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 370: 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660932&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of allopurinol, sulphasalazine, and vitamin C on aspirin induced gastroduodenal injury in human volunteers. Author(s): McAlindon ME, Muller AF, Filipowicz B, Hawkey CJ. Source: Gut. 1996 April; 38(4): 518-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707080&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ethanol on metabolism of the hypouricemic agents allopurinol and benzbromarone. Author(s): Kaneko K, Fujimori S, Ishizuka I, Akaoka I. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1990 December 14; 193(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2282695&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of allopurinol on in vivo suppression of arthritis in mice and ex vivo modulation of phagocytic production of oxygen radicals in whole human blood. Author(s): Miesel R, Zuber M, Sanocka D, Graetz R, Kroeger H. Source: Inflammation. 1994 December; 18(6): 597-612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7843803&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of allopurinol on oxygen stress status during open heart surgery. Author(s): Zoran P, Juraj F, Ivana D, Reik H, Dusan N, Mihailo V. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1994 April; 44(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8045656&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of angiotensin II infusion on renal excretion of purine bases and oxypurinol. Author(s): Moriwaki Y, Yamamoto T, Tsutsumi Z, Takahashi S, Hada T. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 July; 51(7): 893-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12077737&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of chronic allopurinol therapy on purine metabolism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Castro-Gago M, Lojo S, Novo I, del Rio R, Pena J, Rodriguez-Segade S. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1987 August 31; 147(1): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2820393&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of allopurinol riboside. Author(s): Were JB, Shapiro TA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 May; 37(5): 1193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8517715&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies. Author(s): Doehner W, Schoene N, Rauchhaus M, Leyva-Leon F, Pavitt DV, Reaveley DA, Schuler G, Coats AJ, Anker SD, Hambrecht R. Source: Circulation. 2002 June 4; 105(22): 2619-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045167&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of desensitization to allopurinol following cutaneous reactions. Author(s): Fam AG, Dunne SM, Iazzetta J, Paton TW. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 January; 44(1): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212165&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone for the control of hyperuricaemia. A pathogenic approach to the treatment of primary chronic gout. Author(s): Perez-Ruiz F, Alonso-Ruiz A, Calabozo M, Herrero-Beites A, Garcia-Erauskin G, Ruiz-Lucea E. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1998 September; 57(9): 545-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849314&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of allopurinol in ameliorating the progressive renal disease in familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN). A six-year update. Author(s): McBride MB, Simmonds HA, Ogg CS, Cameron JS, Rigden S, Rees L, Van 't Hoff W, Moro F, Raman GV. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1998; 431: 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598022&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of benzbromarone compared to allopurinol in lowering serum uric acid level in hyperuricemic patients. Author(s): Hanvivadhanakul P, Akkasilpa S, Deesomchok U. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85 Suppl 1: S40-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188443&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of recombinant human manganese superoxide dismutase compared to allopurinol in protection of ischemic skeletal muscle against “no-reflow”. Author(s): O'Farrell D, Chen LE, Seaber AV, Murrell GA, Urbaniak JR. Source: Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 1995 May; 11(3): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7650647&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of sodium stibogluconate alone and in combination with allopurinol for treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Author(s): Llanos-Cuentas A, Echevarria J, Cruz M, La Rosa A, Campos P, Campos M, Franke E, Berman J, Modabber F, Marr J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 September; 25(3): 677-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9314461&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocardiographic alterations during treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. Author(s): Antezana G, Zeballos R, Mendoza C, Lyevre P, Valda L, Cardenas F, Noriega I, Ugarte H, Dedet JP. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992 January-February; 86(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1566297&dopt=Abstract
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Enzyme-pattern-targeted chemotherapy with tiazofurin and allopurinol in human leukemia. Author(s): Weber G, Jayaram HN, Lapis E, Natsumeda Y, Yamada Y, Yamaji Y, Tricot GJ, Hoffman R. Source: Advances in Enzyme Regulation. 1988; 27: 405-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2907968&dopt=Abstract
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Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis induced by allopurinol and timepidium bromide. Author(s): Maejima H, Mukai H, Hikaru E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(4): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361147&dopt=Abstract
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Erythema-multiforme-like eruption from amoxycillin and allopurinol. Author(s): Perez A, Cabrerizo S, de Barrio M, Diaz MP, Herrero T, Tornero P, Baeza ML. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205391&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating the efficacy of allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Author(s): Esfandiarpour I, Alavi A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 41(8): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207774&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating the efficacy of allopurinol for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Author(s): D'Oliveira Junior A, Machado PR, Carvalho EM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 December; 36(12): 938-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9466205&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a thiazide-allopurinol drug interaction. Author(s): Hande KR. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1986 October; 292(4): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3752167&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of allopurinol use in patients with gout. Author(s): Zell SC, Carmichael JM. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989 September; 46(9): 1813-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2801716&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to allopurinol and the risk of cataract extraction in elderly patients. Author(s): Garbe E, Suissa S, LeLorier J. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1998 December; 116(12): 1652-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9869797&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of allopurinol to improve left ventricular stroke work after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Author(s): Coetzee A, Roussouw G, Macgregor L. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1996 August; 10(5): 627-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841871&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of allopurinol to modify urinary composition in enteric hyperoxaluria. Author(s): D'Cruz DP, Gertner DJ, Kasidas GP, Rampton DS, Rose GA, Samuell CT. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1989 September; 64(3): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2804558&dopt=Abstract
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Familial hypersensitivity to allopurinol with subsequent desensitization. Author(s): Melsom RD. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 December; 38(12): 1301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587570&dopt=Abstract
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Fenofibrate enhances urate reduction in men treated with allopurinol for hyperuricaemia and gout. Author(s): Feher MD, Hepburn AL, Hogarth MB, Ball SG, Kaye SA. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 February; 42(2): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595630&dopt=Abstract
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Fever, rash, and angioedema after a course of allopurinol. Author(s): Yale SH, Yale ES, Mann DS. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 March 15; 31(3): 92-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8596012&dopt=Abstract
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Fibrin ring granulomas and allopurinol. Author(s): Stricker BH, Blok AP, Babany G, Benhamou JP. Source: Gastroenterology. 1989 April; 96(4): 1199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2925064&dopt=Abstract
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Flow cytometry analysis of the effect of allopurinol and the dinitroaniline compound (Chloralin) on the viability and proliferation of Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Author(s): Kamau SW, Nunez R, Grimm F. Source: Bmc Pharmacology [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 1. Epub 2001 April 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11299045&dopt=Abstract
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Fluconazole plus allopurinol in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Author(s): Torrus D, Boix V, Massa B, Portilla J, Perez-Mateo M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 May; 37(5): 1042-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8737162&dopt=Abstract
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Folinic acid plus high-dose 5-fluorouracil with allopurinol protection in the treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma. Author(s): Tsavaris N, Bacoyannis C, Milonakis N, Sarafidou M, Zamanis N, Magoulas D, Kosmidis P. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1990; 26(10): 1054-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2148880&dopt=Abstract
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Follicular toxic pustuloderma associated with allopurinol. Author(s): Fitzgerald DA, Heagerty AH, Stephens M, Smith AG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1994 May; 19(3): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8033388&dopt=Abstract
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Foreign body granulomas caused by polymethylmethacrylate microspheres: successful treatment with allopurinol. Author(s): Reisberger EM, Landthaler M, Wiest L, Schroder J, Stolz W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 January; 139(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533157&dopt=Abstract
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Free radical generation and the role of allopurinol as a cardioprotective agent during coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Author(s): Movahed A, Nair KG, Ashavaid TF, Kumar P. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1996 February; 12(2): 138-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8605635&dopt=Abstract
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Granulomatous interstitial nephritis associated with allopurinol therapy. Author(s): Magner P, Sweet J, Bear RA. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1986 September 1; 135(5): 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3742391&dopt=Abstract
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Granulomatous interstitial nephritis secondary to allopurinol treatment. Author(s): Parra E, Gota R, Gamen A, Moros M, Azuara M. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1995 May; 43(5): 350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7634557&dopt=Abstract
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Guillain-Barre syndrome and allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity. Author(s): Benito-Leon J, Porta-Etessam J. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 45(3): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306866&dopt=Abstract
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HLA and allopurinol drug eruption. Author(s): Chan SH, Tan T. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 179(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2527769&dopt=Abstract
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How should hyperuricemia be treated in a patient with allopurinol hypersensitivity? Author(s): Monev SD. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 July; 68(7): 597-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453075&dopt=Abstract
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How should we treat tophaceous gout in patients with allopurinol hypersensitivity? Author(s): Grahame R, Simmonds HA, McBride MB, Marsh FP. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1998; 431: 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598024&dopt=Abstract
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Human herpes virus 6 encephalitis in allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Masaki T, Fukunaga A, Tohyama M, Koda Y, Okuda S, Maeda N, Kanda F, Yasukawa M, Hashimoto K, Horikawa T, Ueda M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735642&dopt=Abstract
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Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with 2-deoxycoformycin and allopurinol therapy. Author(s): Steinmetz JC, DeConti R, Ginsburg R. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 April; 86(4): 498-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2784627&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of allopurinol treatment on the prevention of hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate lithiasis. Author(s): Hofbauer J, Zechner O. Source: European Urology. 1988; 15(3-4): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3215256&dopt=Abstract
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Improved glycemic control in a diabetic patient after discontinuation of allopurinol administration. Author(s): Ohashi K, Ishibashi S, Yazaki Y, Yamada N. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 January; 21(1): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9538994&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of cardiac function by allopurinol in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Author(s): Castelli P, Condemi AM, Brambillasca C, Fundaro P, Botta M, Lemma M, Vanelli P, Santoli C, Gatti S, Riva E. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1995 January; 25(1): 119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7723340&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of cardiac function by allopurinol. Author(s): Castelli P, Munari M, Riva E. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1997 October; 11(6): 809-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9327329&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of leukemic hyperleukocytosis with only fluid and allopurinol therapy. Author(s): Lascari AD. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1991 September; 145(9): 969-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1877573&dopt=Abstract
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Inefficacy of allopurinol as monotherapy for Colombian cutaneous leishmaniasis. A randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Velez I, Agudelo S, Hendrickx E, Puerta J, Grogl M, Modabber F, Berman J. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 February 1; 126(3): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9027276&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of allopurinol on cardiac complications in open heart operations. Author(s): Rashid MA, William-Olsson G. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1991 July; 52(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2069440&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of antioxidants (mannitol and allopurinol) on oxygen free radical generation during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Author(s): England MD, Cavarocchi NC, O'Brien JF, Solis E, Pluth JR, Orszulak TA, Kaye MP, Schaff HV. Source: Circulation. 1986 November; 74(5 Pt 2): Iii134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3094981&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of dose and age on the response of the allopurinol test for ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency in control infants. Author(s): Riudor E, Arranz JA, Rodes M, Rubio V, Sentis M, Burlina AB. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 2000 November; 23(7): 662-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11117427&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of transition metal ion-catalysed ascorbate oxidation and lipid peroxidation by allopurinol and oxypurinol. Author(s): Ko KM, Godin DV. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1990 August 15; 40(4): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2117456&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by allopurinol: a therapeutic option for ischaemia induced pathological processes? Author(s): Puig JG, Mateos FA, Diaz VD. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1989 November; 48(11): 883-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2688565&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction between allopurinol and copper: possible role in myocardial protection. Author(s): Malkiel S, Har-el R, Schwalb H, Uretzky G, Borman JB, Chevion M. Source: Free Radic Res Commun. 1993; 18(1): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8349148&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction between allopurinol and low-dose aspirin. Author(s): Wong LG. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1992 August; 21(8): 1202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1530503&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction between allopurinol and pyrazinamide. Author(s): Lacroix C, Guyonnaud C, Chaou M, Duwoos H, Lafont O. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1988 October; 1(9): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3229478&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of allopurinol and hydrochlorothiazide during prolonged oral administration of both drugs in normal subjects. I. Uric acid kinetics. Author(s): Loffler W, Landthaler R, de Vries JX, Walter-Sack I, Ittensohn A, Voss A, Zollner N. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 December; 72(12): 1071-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711418&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of allopurinol and hydrochlorothiazide during prolonged oral administration of both drugs in normal subjects. II. Kinetics of allopurinol, oxipurinol, and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): de Vries JX, Voss A, Ittensohn A, Walter-Sack I, Loffler W, Landthaler R, Zollner N. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 December; 72(12): 1076-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711419&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of aluminum hydroxide and allopurinol in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Author(s): Weissman I, Krivoy N. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 November; 107(5): 787. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3662305&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous Allopurinol. Author(s): Kaplow R. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2002 March-April; 6(2): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889674&dopt=Abstract
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Itraconazole or allopurinol in the treatment of chronic American trypanosomiasis: the regression and prevention of electrocardiographic abnormalities during 9 years of follow-up. Author(s): Apt W, Arribada A, Zulantay I, Sanchez G, Vargas SL, Rodriguez J. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 January; 97(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662419&dopt=Abstract
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Kinetics of allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol after oral administration of allopurinol alone or associated with benzbromarone in man. Simultaneous assay of hypoxanthine and xanthine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Lartigue-Mattei C, Chabard JL, Ristori JM, Bussiere JL, Bargnoux H, Petit J, Berger JA. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 5(7): 621-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1778540&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between oral famciclovir and allopurinol in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Fowles SE, Pratt SK, Laroche J, Prince WT. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994; 46(4): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7957522&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of cardioprotective efficacy of allopurinol in coronary artery surgery. Author(s): Taggart DP, Young V, Hooper J, Kemp M, Walesby R, Magee P, Wright JE. Source: British Heart Journal. 1994 February; 71(2): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8130028&dopt=Abstract
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Low dosage combination of meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol as first choice treatment of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in Italy. Author(s): di Martino L, Mantovani MP, Gradoni L, Gramiccia M, Guandalini S. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 JulyAugust; 84(4): 534-5. Erratum In: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990 September-October; 84(5): 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2091347&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose allopurinol plus azathioprine/cyclosporin/prednisolone, a novel immunosuppressive regimen. Author(s): Chocair P, Duley J, Simmonds HA, Cameron JS, Ianhez L, Arap S, Sabbaga E. Source: Lancet. 1993 July 10; 342(8863): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8100914&dopt=Abstract
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Management of leukemic hyperleukocytosis with hydration, urinary alkalinization, and allopurinol. Are cranial irradiation and invasive cytoreduction necessary? Author(s): Nelson SC, Bruggers CS, Kurtzberg J, Friedman HS. Source: Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993 August; 15(3): 351-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8392304&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of free radical production in exhaustive exercise in humans and rats; role of xanthine oxidase and protection by allopurinol. Author(s): Vina J, Gimeno A, Sastre J, Desco C, Asensi M, Pallardo FV, Cuesta A, Ferrero JA, Terada LS, Repine JE. Source: Iubmb Life. 2000 June; 49(6): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032249&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolism of intravenously administered high-dose 6-mercaptopurine with and without allopurinol treatment in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Author(s): Keuzenkamp-Jansen CW, DeAbreu RA, Bokkerink JP, Lambooy MA, Trijbels JM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 1996 May; 18(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8846126&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolism of pyrazinamide and allopurinol in hereditary xanthine oxidase deficiency. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Higashino K, Kono N, Kawachi M, Nanahoshi M, Takahashi S, Suda M, Hada T. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1989 February 28; 180(2): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2731378&dopt=Abstract
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Multimodal biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil activity in advanced colorectal cancer with allopurinol, folinic acid and dipyridamol. Author(s): Tsavaris N, Zinelis A, Karvounis N, Beldecos D, Mylonacis N, Zamanis N, Bacoyannis C, Valilis P, Antonopoulos A, Kosmidis P. Source: J Chemother. 1990 April; 2(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2193999&dopt=Abstract
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Myelosuppression associated with azathioprine-allopurinol interaction after heart and lung transplantation. Author(s): Cummins D, Sekar M, Halil O, Banner N. Source: Transplantation. 1996 June 15; 61(11): 1661-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8669118&dopt=Abstract
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Neoadjuvant therapy for advanced head and neck cancer with allopurinol-modulated high dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. A phase I-II study. Author(s): Greenberg B, Ahmann F, Garewal H, Koopmann C, Coulthard S, Berzes H, Alberts D, Shimm D, Slymen D. Source: Cancer. 1987 June 1; 59(11): 1860-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3567849&dopt=Abstract
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New uses for allopurinol. Author(s): Day RO, Birkett DJ, Hicks M, Miners JO, Graham GG, Brooks PM. Source: Drugs. 1994 September; 48(3): 339-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7527756&dopt=Abstract
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Nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function is unaffected by allopurinol in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Author(s): O'Driscoll JG, Green DJ, Rankin JM, Taylor RR. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1999 October; 26(10): 779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10549401&dopt=Abstract
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Non-responsiveness to allopurinol in renal hypouricaemia. Author(s): Loffler W, Seibke W, Seibke E, Reiter S, Jahn M, Hehlmann R, Zollner N. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1989 January 4; 67(1): 47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2921842&dopt=Abstract
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Observations and effects of educational consults on allopurinol prescribing. Author(s): Devlin JW, Bellamy N, Bayliff CD. Source: Can J Hosp Pharm. 1992 February; 45(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10117359&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of exanthema in relation to aminopenicillin preparations and allopurinol. Author(s): Hoigne R, Sonntag MR, Zoppi M, Hess T, Maibach R, Fritschy D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987 May 7; 316(19): 1217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2952879&dopt=Abstract
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Optimization of allopurinol challenge: sample purification, protein intake control, and the use of orotidine response as a discriminative variable improve performance of the test for diagnosing ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency. Author(s): Arranz JA, Riudor E, Rodes M, Roig M, Climent C, Rubio V, Sentis M, Burlina A. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1999 July; 45(7): 995-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10388475&dopt=Abstract
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Oral desensitization in patients with chronic tophaceous gout and allopurinol hypersensitivity. Author(s): Gillott TJ, Whallett A, Zaphiropoulos G. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 January; 38(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334688&dopt=Abstract
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Orotidine accumulation in human erythrocytes during allopurinol therapy: association with high urinary oxypurinol-7-riboside concentrations in renal failure and in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Author(s): Simmonds HA, Reiter S, Davies PM, Cameron JS. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1991 March; 80(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1850677&dopt=Abstract
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Oxygen free radical generation in healthy blood donors and cardiac patients: the protective effect of allopurinol. Author(s): Belboul A, Roberts D, Borjesson R, Johnsson J. Source: Perfusion. 2001 January; 16(1): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192309&dopt=Abstract
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Oxypurine metabolism of xanthine oxidase-deficient hepatoma-derived cell line HuH-7. Effect of exogenous purines and allopurinol. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Agbedana OE, Takahashi S, Suda M, Higashino K. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1994 August; 26(8): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7806137&dopt=Abstract
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Parathyroid hormone and electrolytes during long-term treatment with allopurinol and thiazide. Author(s): Kohri K, Takada M, Katoh Y, Kataoka K, Iguchi M, Yachiku S, Kurita T. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1987 June; 59(6): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3690177&dopt=Abstract
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Paraxanthine metabolism in humans: determination of metabolic partial clearances and effects of allopurinol and cimetidine. Author(s): Lelo A, Kjellen G, Birkett DJ, Miners JO. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1989 January; 248(1): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2913277&dopt=Abstract
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Perforating foot ulceration with allopurinol therapy. Author(s): Bouloc A, Reygagne P, Lecoz P, Dubertret L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 September; 21(5): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9136154&dopt=Abstract
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Peroxidative damage in sickle-cell erythrocyte ghosts: protective effect of allopurinol. Author(s): Sertac A, Bingol F, Aydin S, Uslu A. Source: General Pharmacology. 1997 March; 28(3): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9068985&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacodynamics of oxypurinol after administration of allopurinol to healthy subjects. Author(s): Graham S, Day RO, Wong H, McLachlan AJ, Bergendal L, Miners JO, Birkett DJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 April; 41(4): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8730975&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of allopurinol riboside. Author(s): Shapiro TA, Were JB, Danso K, Nelson DJ, Desjardins RE, Pamplin CL 3rd. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1991 May; 49(5): 506-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2029827&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol in elderly and young subjects. Author(s): Turnheim K, Krivanek P, Oberbauer R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 October; 48(4): 501-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583019&dopt=Abstract
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Pitfalls in the detection of heterozygosity by allopurinol in a variant form of ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency. Author(s): Barshop BA, Nyhan WL, Climent C, Rubio V. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 2001 August; 24(4): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596657&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma and urinary oxypurines in Lesch-Nyhan patient after allopurinol treatment. Author(s): Roscioni G, Farnetani MA, Pagani R, Pizzichini M, Marinello E, Porcelli B. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 370: 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660928&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma oxipurinol concentrations during allopurinol therapy. Author(s): Emmerson BT, Gordon RB, Cross M, Thomson DB. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 December; 26(6): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3690140&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma oxypurinol concentration in a patient with allopurinol hypersensitivity. Author(s): Puig JG, Casas EA, Ramos TH, Michan AA, Mateos FA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 June; 16(6): 842-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2528636&dopt=Abstract
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Possible cardioprotective effects of allopurinol. Author(s): Smith CR. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1988; 4(2 Suppl): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3275178&dopt=Abstract
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Possible efficacy of allopurinol vaginal washings in the treatment of chemotherapyinduced vaginitis. Author(s): Moroni M, Porta C. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1998; 41(2): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443632&dopt=Abstract
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Preoperative antioxidant and allopurinol therapy for reducing reperfusion-induced injury in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Author(s): Simko LC, Walker JH. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1996 December; 16(6): 69-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004603&dopt=Abstract
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Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Sisto T, Paajanen H, Metsa-Ketela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1995 June; 59(6): 1519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7771834&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing acute gout when starting allopurinol therapy. Colchicine or NSAIDS? Author(s): Lewin G. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 December 6-20; 159(11-12): 833. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8264482&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing acute gout when starting allopurinol therapy. Colchicine or NSAIDS? Author(s): Kelmann V. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 December 6-20; 159(11-12): 833-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8123131&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing acute gout when starting allopurinol therapy. Colchicine or NSAIDs? Author(s): Kot TV, Day RO, Brooks PM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 August 2; 159(3): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8336619&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of xanthine stone formation by augmented dose of allopurinol in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Author(s): Hiraishi K, Nakamura S, Yamamoto S, Kurokawa K. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1987 April; 59(4): 362-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3580782&dopt=Abstract
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Production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by KB cells in an anoxiareoxygenation model, and role of allopurinol. Author(s): Serhrouchni M. Source: Arch Int Physiol Biochim. 1990 December; 98(6): 455-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1705785&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of nifedipine and allopurinol on high energy shock wave induced acute changes of renal function. Author(s): Li B, Zhou W, Li P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 March; 153(3 Pt 1): 596-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7861490&dopt=Abstract
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Protective influence of pretreatment with allopurinol on myocardial function in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Author(s): Bochenek A, Religa Z, Spyt TJ, Mistarz K, Bochenek A, Zembala M, Gryzbek H. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 1990; 4(10): 538-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2245048&dopt=Abstract
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Quality use of allopurinol in the elderly. Author(s): Smith P, Karlson N, Nair BR. Source: Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice. 2000 March; 20(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821456&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative determination of Trypanosoma cruzi growth inside host cells in vitro and effect of allopurinol. Author(s): Aoki T, Nakajima-Shimada J, Hirota Y. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 370: 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660956&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised controlled trial of allopurinol prophylaxis in very preterm infants. Author(s): Russell GA, Cooke RW. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1995 July; 73(1): F27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7552592&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized phase II study of a combination of cisplatin (DDP), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), and allopurinol (HPP) versus 5-FU in advanced colorectal carcinoma. An EORTC Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Cooperative Group study. Author(s): Bleiberg H, Vanderlinden B, Buyse M, Haegele P, Paillot B, Tagnon A, Wils J, Cartei G, Fornasiero A, Duez N. Source: Cancer Investigation. 1990; 8(5): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2265371&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. Author(s): Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, Livermore B, Williams T. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 November 27; 315(22): 1386-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3534570&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Ameliorative effect of allopurinol on nonbacterial prostatitis: a parallel doubleblind controlled study. Author(s): Nickel JC, Siemens DR, Lundie MJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 February; 157(2): 628-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996380&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent episodes of bizarre behavior in a boy with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: diagnostic failure of protein loading and allopurinol challenge tests. Author(s): Spada M, Guardamagna O, Rabier D, van der Meer SB, Parvy P, Bardet J, Ponzone A, Saudubray JM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 August; 125(2): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040774&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent renal failure associated with hypersensitivity to allopurinol. Author(s): Morel D, Guez S, Merville P, Deminiere C, Tamisier JM, Potaux L. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 March; 14(3): 780-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193841&dopt=Abstract
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Red blood cell morphology in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect of oxygen therapy versus allopurinol. Author(s): Michan AD, Puig JG, Crespo PF, Macias FL, Gonzalez AA, Ortiz J. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1989; 253A: 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2624210&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of oral toxicity of 5-fluorouracil by allopurinol mouthwashes. Author(s): Tsavaris N, Caragiauris P, Kosmidis P. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 1988 October; 14(5): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3181443&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of reperfusion injury of human myocardium by allopurinol: a clinical study. Author(s): Gimpel JA, Lahpor JR, van der Molen AJ, Damen J, Hitchcock JF. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1995 August; 19(2): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7649495&dopt=Abstract
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Regression of allopurinol-induced peripheral neuropathy after drug withdrawal. Author(s): Azulay JP, Blin O, Valentin P, Abegg P, Pellissier JF, Serratrice G. Source: European Neurology. 1993; 33(3): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8385614&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between adverse events associated with allopurinol and renal function in patients with gout. Author(s): Vazquez-Mellado J, Morales EM, Pacheco-Tena C, Burgos-Vargas R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 October; 60(10): 981-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557658&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between plasma oxipurinol concentrations and xanthine oxidase activity in volunteers dosed with allopurinol. Author(s): Day RO, Miners J, Birkett DJ, Graham GG, Whitehead A. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 October; 26(4): 429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3190993&dopt=Abstract
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Remark on utility and error rates of the allopurinol test in detecting mild ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Author(s): Oexle K, Bonafe L, Steinmann B. Source: Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 2002 May; 76(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175784&dopt=Abstract
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Role of intravenous allopurinol in the management of acute tumor lysis syndrome. Author(s): Feusner J, Farber MS. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2001 April; 28(2 Suppl 5): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343273&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of the allopurinol-mycophenolate mofetil combination in the treatment of hyperuricemia of kidney transplant recipients. Author(s): Navascues RA, Gomez E, Rodriguez M, Laures AS, Baltar J, Grande JA. Source: Nephron. 2002 May; 91(1): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021539&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of the mycophenolate mofetil-allopurinol combination in kidney transplant recipients with gout. Author(s): Jacobs F, Mamzer-Bruneel MF, Skhiri H, Thervet E, Legendre C, Kreis H. Source: Transplantation. 1997 October 15; 64(7): 1087-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9381537&dopt=Abstract
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Sarcoidosis in a child treated successfully with allopurinol. Author(s): El-Euch D, Mokni M, Trojjet S, Khouaja A, Ben Osman A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 140(6): 1184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354102&dopt=Abstract
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Severe debilitating polyarticular gout and terminal renal failure in an allopurinol 'non-responder'. Author(s): Reiter S, Engelleiter R, Proske H, Muller A, van der Woude FJ, Duley JA, Simmonds HA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1998; 431: 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598030&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous determination of allopurinol and oxipurinol in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): de Vries JX, Voss A, Kutschker C, Reiter S. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1993 October; 43(10): 1072-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8267672&dopt=Abstract
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Some adverse reactions to allopurinol may be mediated by lymphocyte reactivity to oxypurinol. Author(s): Emmerson BT, Hazelton RA, Frazer IH. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1988 March; 31(3): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3358806&dopt=Abstract
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Status epilepticus following withdrawal of allopurinol. Author(s): Kramer LD, Locke GE, Nelson LG, Ogunyemi AO. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1990 June; 27(6): 691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2360809&dopt=Abstract
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Successful desensitisation of allopurinol-induced erythema multiforme. Author(s): Fonseka MM, Sathischandra H, Jayamanne SF, de Silva HJ. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1999 December; 44(4): 190-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10895280&dopt=Abstract
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Successful desensitization for treatment of a fixed drug eruption to allopurinol. Author(s): Kelso JM, Keating RM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 May; 97(5): 1171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8626998&dopt=Abstract
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Successful desensitization of a fixed drug eruption caused by allopurinol. Author(s): Umpierrez A, Cuesta-Herranz J, De Las Heras M, Lluch-Bernal M, Figueredo E, Sastre J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 February; 101(2 Pt 1): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9500766&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with allopurinol after failure of treatment with ketoconazole. Author(s): Baum KF, Berens RL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 May; 18(5): 813-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075279&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of herpangina with allopurinol mouthwashes. Author(s): Waldfahrer F, Iro H. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 December; 105(12 Pt 1): 1405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8523995&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of non-healing cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, using a combination of meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol. Author(s): Momeni AZ, Aminjavaheri M. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609780&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with allopurinol plus ketoconazole in a renal transplant recipient after the occurrence of pancreatitis due to stibogluconate. Author(s): Halim MA, Alfurayh O, Kalin ME, Dammas S, al-Eisa A, Damanhouri G. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 March; 16(3): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8135901&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with allopurinol plus ketoconazole in an infant who developed pancreatitis caused by meglumine antimoniate. Author(s): Kuyucu N, Kara C, Bakirtac A, Tezic T. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 April; 20(4): 455-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11332679&dopt=Abstract
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Suspected allopurinol-induced aseptic meningitis. Author(s): Greenberg LE, Nguyen T, Miller SM. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 August; 21(8): 1007-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11718488&dopt=Abstract
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Synergistic action of tiazofurin with hypoxanthine and allopurinol in human neuroectodermal tumor cell lines. Author(s): Szekeres T, Schuchter K, Chiba P, Ressmann G, Lhotka C, Gharehbaghi K, Szalay SM, Pillwein K. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1993 December 3; 46(11): 1903-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7903533&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic chemotherapy with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and allopurinol in the management of advanced epidermoid esophageal cancer. Author(s): De Besi P, Chiarion-Sileni V, Salvagno L, Toso S, Paccagnella A, Fosser V, Tremolada C, Peracchia A, Fiorentino MV. Source: Recent Results Cancer Res. 1988; 110: 196-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3406502&dopt=Abstract
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The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Pluim HJ, van Deuren M, Wetzels JF. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1998 March; 52(3): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9599967&dopt=Abstract
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The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: its relation to plasma oxypurinol levels. Author(s): Casas E, Puig JG, Mateos FA, Jimenez ML, Michan AD, Ramos TH. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1989; 253A: 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2624201&dopt=Abstract
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The allopurinol load test lacks specificity for primary urea cycle defects but may indicate unrecognized mitochondrial disease. Author(s): Bonham JR, Guthrie P, Downing M, Allen JC, Tanner MS, Sharrard M, Rittey C, Land JM, Fensom A, O'Neill D, Duley JA, Fairbanks LD. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1999 April; 22(2): 174-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10234613&dopt=Abstract
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The allopurinol loading test for identification of carriers for ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency: studies in a healthy control population and females at risk. Author(s): Sebesta I, Fairbanks LD, Davies PM, Simmonds HA, Leonard JV. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1994 January 14; 224(1): 45-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174277&dopt=Abstract
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The allopurinol loading test in detecting obligate heterozygotes for OCT deficiency. Author(s): Sebesta I, Krijt J, Fairbanks LD, Simmonds HA. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1994; 17(1): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8051924&dopt=Abstract
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the allopurinol test in patients with Rett syndrome. Author(s): Pineda M, Vilaseca MA, Vernet A, Campistol J, Mas A, Fabrega C. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1993; 16(3): 577-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7609456&dopt=Abstract
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The anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperuricemic effects of Chinese herbal formula danggui-nian-tong-tang on acute gouty arthritis: a comparative study with indomethacin and allopurinol. Author(s): Chou CT, Kuo SC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1995; 23(3-4): 261-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8571922&dopt=Abstract
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The boosting of didanosine by allopurinol permits a halving of the didanosine dosage. Author(s): Boelaert JR, Dom GM, Huitema AD, Beijnen JH, Lange JM. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 November 8; 16(16): 2221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409745&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of allopurinol on free oxygen radicals in myocardial reperfusion. Author(s): Fabian J, Popovic Z, Vucinic M. Source: Cor Vasa. 1992; 34(5-6): 411-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1339712&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of allopurinol on lysosomal enzyme release. Author(s): Mikulikova D, Bosmansky K, Bosak V, Ondrasik M. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 1989 January-February; 48(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2711778&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of allopurinol on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of indomethacin. Author(s): Pullar T, Myall O, Haigh JR, Lowe JR, Dixon JS, Bird HA. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 June; 25(6): 755-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3203046&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of benzbromarone on allopurinol/oxypurinol kinetics in patients with gout. Author(s): Muller FO, Schall R, Groenewoud G, Hundt HK, van der Merwe JC, van Dyk M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 44(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8436158&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of pentamidine combined with allopurinol and immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Author(s): Becker I, Volkow P, Velasco-Castrejon O, Salaiza-Suazo N, Berzunza-Cruz M, Dominguez JS, Morales-Vargas A, Ruiz-Remigio A, Perez-Montfort R. Source: Parasitology Research. 1999 March; 85(3): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951957&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of allopurinol on renal deterioration in familial nepropathy associated with hyperuricemia (FNAH). The Spanish Group for the Study of FNAH. Author(s): Miranda ME. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 370: 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660979&dopt=Abstract
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The inhibitory effects of allopurinol on the production and cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor. Author(s): Olah T, Regely K, Mandi Y. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1994 July; 350(1): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7935861&dopt=Abstract
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The interaction between allopurinol and azathioprine. Author(s): Bernstein LS. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1993 May; 233(5): 426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8487012&dopt=Abstract
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The optimal use of allopurinol: an audit of allopurinol use in South Auckland. Author(s): Stamp L, Gow P, Sharples K, Raill B. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 2000 October; 30(5): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108066&dopt=Abstract
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The pharmacokinetics of injectable allopurinol in newborns with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Author(s): McGaurn SP, Davis LE, Krawczeniuk MM, Murphy JD, Jacobs ML, Norwood WI, Clancy RR. Source: Pediatrics. 1994 December; 94(6 Pt 1): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7970996&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence and morphology of cataract in patients on allopurinol treatment. Author(s): Liu CS, Brown NA, Leonard TJ, Bull PW, Scott JT. Source: Eye (London, England). 1988; 2 ( Pt 6): 600-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3256496&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between glucose and uric acid metabolism: influence of short term allopurinol on glucose metabolism. Author(s): Jitapunkul S, Chalaprawat M, Bunnag S, Bhuvapanich S, Kangkaya V, Pasatrat S, Vajanamarhutue C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1991 February; 74(2): 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2056262&dopt=Abstract
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The renal transplant patient with visceral leishmaniasis who could not tolerate meglumine antimoniate-cure with ketoconazole and allopurinol. Author(s): Hueso M, Bover J, Seron D, Gil-Vernet S, Rufi G, Alsina J, Grinyo JM. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 December; 14(12): 2941-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570102&dopt=Abstract
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The role of allopurinol in digital replantation. Author(s): Waikakul S, Unnanantana A, Vanadurongwan V. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1999 June; 24(3): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433447&dopt=Abstract
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The role of allopurinol in human liver ischemia/reperfusion injury: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Vriens MR, Marinelli A, Harinck HI, Zwinderman KH, van de Velde CJ. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 July-August; 49(46): 1069-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143204&dopt=Abstract
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The side effects of allopurinol. Author(s): Wallach SL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1998 September 15; 33(9): 22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9750548&dopt=Abstract
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The use of allopurinol in the inhibition of obliterative bronchiolitis of the transplanted lung. Author(s): Scott JP, Wallwork J. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 1992; 5 Suppl 1: S246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14621791&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic efficacy of allopurinol in mania associated with hyperuricemia. Author(s): Machado-Vieira R, Lara DR, Souza DO, Kapczinski F. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 December; 21(6): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763015&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic efficacy of allopurinol in patients with chronic Chagas' disease. Author(s): Gallerano RH, Marr JJ, Sosa RR. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 August; 43(2): 159-66. Erratum In: Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991 June; 44(6): 580. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2117857&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of 5-fluorouracil-induced stomatitis by allopurinol mouthwashes. Author(s): Elzawawy A. Source: Oncology. 1991; 48(4): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1891169&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acquired reactive perforating collagenosis with allopurinol. Author(s): Querings K, Balda BR, Bachter D. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453935&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer by 5-fluorouracil-leucovorin combination with or without allopurinol: a prospective randomized study. Author(s): Merimsky O, Inbar M, Chaitchik S. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1991 October; 2(5): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1804386&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with orally administered allopurinol riboside. Author(s): Saenz RE, Paz HM, Johnson CM, Marr JJ, Nelson DJ, Pattishall KH, Rogers MD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1989 July; 160(1): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2659681&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of chronic Chagas' disease with itraconazole and allopurinol. Author(s): Apt W, Aguilera X, Arribada A, Perez C, Miranda C, Sanchez G, Zulantay I, Cortes P, Rodriguez J, Juri D. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 July; 59(1): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684641&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a combination of allopurinol and lowdose meglumine antimoniate. Author(s): Momeni AZ, Reiszadae MR, Aminjavaheri M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 41(7): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121563&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with allopurinol and stibogluconate. Author(s): Martinez S, Gonzalez M, Vernaza ME. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 February; 24(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114142&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with allopurinol. Author(s): Barzilai A, Friedman J, Trau H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 March; 32(3): 518. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868728&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer with hepatic artery occlusion, intraportal 5-fluorouracil infusion, and oral allopurinol. A randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Hafstrom L, Engaras B, Holmberg SB, Gustavsson B, Jonsson PE, Lindner P, Naredi P, Tidebrant G. Source: Cancer. 1994 November 15; 74(10): 2749-56. Erratum In: Cancer 1995 March 1; 75(5): 1218. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7954233&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of perforating collagenosis of diabetes and renal failure with allopurinol. Author(s): Munch M, Balslev E, Jemec GB. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 November; 25(8): 615-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167974&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of subcutaneous sarcoidosis with allopurinol. Author(s): Voelter-Mahlknecht S, Benez A, Metzger S, Fierlbeck G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 December; 135(12): 1560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606082&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with meglumine and allopurinol. Author(s): Ragusa R, Di Cataldo A, Samperi P, Schiliro G. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1993 June; 147(6): 611-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506827&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment with allopurinol and itraconazole changes lytic activity in patients with chronic, low grade Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Author(s): Sanchez G, Zulantay I, Venegas J, Solari A, Galvez R, Pena P, Rodriguez J, Apt W. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 JulyAugust; 89(4): 438-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7570892&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment with allopurinol decreases the number of acute gout attacks despite persistently elevated serum uric acid levels. Author(s): Beutler AM, Rull M, Schlesinger N, Baker DG, Hoffman BI, Schumacher HR Jr. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 September-October; 19(5): 595. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579724&dopt=Abstract
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Two siblings with classical xanthinuria type 1: significance of allopurinol loading test. Author(s): Ichida K, Yoshida M, Sakuma R, Hosoya T. Source: Intern Med. 1998 January; 37(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510406&dopt=Abstract
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Uric acid lowering effect of oxipurinol sodium in hyperuricemic patients - therapeutic equivalence to allopurinol. Author(s): Walter-Sack I, de Vries JX, Ernst B, Frei M, Kolb S, Kosmowski J, Priebe U, Schroder HE, Slotty C, Voss A, Weber A, Wegscheider K. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 March; 23(3): 498-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832991&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary oxalate levels are not affected by dietary purine intake or allopurinol. Author(s): Morris GS, Simmonds HA, Toseland PA, Van Acker KJ, Davies PM, Stuchbury JH. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1987 October; 60(4): 292-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3690198&dopt=Abstract
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Use and abuse of allopurinol. Author(s): Cameron JS, Simmonds HA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 June 13; 294(6586): 1504-5. Erratum In: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987 August 8; 295(6594): 350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3607420&dopt=Abstract
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Use of an Itraconazole/allopurinol combination for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Raffi F, Merrien D, Le Pape P, Reliquet V. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 November; 21(5): 1338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8589174&dopt=Abstract
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Xanthine lithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure in a leukemia patient treated with allopurinol. Author(s): Potter JL, Silvidi AA. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1987 December; 33(12): 2314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3480085&dopt=Abstract
•
Xanthine oxidase inhibition by allopurinol affects the reliability of urinary caffeine metabolic ratios as markers for N-acetyltransferase 2 and CYP1A2 activities. Author(s): Fuchs P, Haefeli WE, Ledermann HR, Wenk M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 January; 54(11): 869-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027663&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALLOPURINOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and allopurinol.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Allopurinol The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “allopurinol” (or a synonym): •
A phase I study of a combination of allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin followed by hydroxyurea in patients with advanced gastrointestinal and breast cancer. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425. Source: Bhalla, K Birkhofer, M Bhalla, M Lutzky, J Hindenburg, A Cole, J Ince, C Am-JClin-Oncol. 1991 December; 14(6): 509-13 0277-3732
•
A study of dose-response relationships of allopurinol in the presence of low or high purine turnover. Author(s): Medizinische Poliklinik, Universitat Munchen. Source: Loffler, W Grobner, W Klin-Wochenschr. 1988 February 15; 66(4): 153-9 00232173
•
Allopurinol and oxypurinol are hydroxyl radical scavengers. Source: Moorhouse, P C Grootveld, M Halliwell, B Quinlan, J G Gutteridge, J M FEBSLett. 1987 March 9; 213(1): 23-8 0014-5793
•
Allopurinol-insensitive oxygen radical formation by milk xanthine oxidase systems. Author(s): Biophysics, Research Institute of Applied Electricity, Hokkaido University. Source: Nakamura, M J-Biochem-(Tokyo). 1991 September; 110(3): 450-6 0021-924X
•
Antioxidant activity of allopurinol on copper-catalysed human lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): Istituto di Fisiopatologia Medica, Universita degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Chieti, Italy. Source: Lapenna, D de Gioia, S Ciofani, G Cuccurullo, F FEBS-Lett. 1997 June 9; 409(2): 265-8 0014-5793
•
Changes of gastric lipase activity after ethanol and indomethacin administration: influence of pretreatment with allopurinol, pentoxifylline and L-DOPA. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic. Source: Sedlakova, A Kohut, A Sarissky, M Physiol-Res. 2001; 50(3): 299-307 0862-8408
•
Comparative trial of azapropazone and indomethacin plus allopurinol in acute gout and hyperuricaemia. Source: Fraser, R C Davis, R H Walker, F S J-R-Coll-Gen-Pract. 1987 September; 37(302): 409-11 0035-8797
•
Enzymatic antioxidant defence mechanism in rat intestinal tissue is changed after ischemia-reperfusion. Effects of an allopurinol plus antioxidant combination. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Ibn-I Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Kacmaz, M Ozturk, H S Karaayvaz, M Guven, C Durak, I Can-J-Surg. 1999 December; 42(6): 427-31 0008-428X
•
Improvement of availability of allopurinol from pharmaceutical dosage forms I suppositories. Author(s): Deptartment of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. Source: Samy, E M Hassan, M A Tous, S S Rhodes, C T Eur-J-Pharm-Biopharm. 2000 March; 49(2): 119-27 0939-6411
•
Influence of low dose allopurinol on ischaemia--reperfusion injury during abdominal aortic surgery. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Source: Smeets, H J Camps, J van Milligen de Wit, A W Kievit, J van Bockel, J H Hermans, J Berger, H M Eur-J-Vasc-Endovasc-Surg. 1995 February; 9(2): 162-9 1078-5884 •
Microencapsulation of allopurinol by solvent evaporation and controlled release investigation of drugs. Author(s): Polymer Research Center of Iran, Tehran. Source: Arabi, H Hashemi, S A Fooladi, M J-Microencapsul. 1996 Sep-October; 13(5): 527-35 0265-2048
•
Multimodal biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil activity in advanced colorectal cancer with allopurinol, folinic acid and dipyridamol. Author(s): Second Department of Medical Oncology, Metaxas Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece. Source: Tsavaris, N Zinelis, A Karvounis, N Beldecos, D Mylonacis, N Zamanis, N Bacoyannis, C Valilis, P Antonopoulos, A Kosmidis, P J-Chemother. 1990 April; 2(2): 123-6 1120-009X
•
Oleic acid-induced injuries in the guinea-pig. Effects of allopurinol on cell dynamics, erythrocyte-catalase and uric acid plasma levels. Author(s): Department of Zoophysiology, University of Lund, Sweden. Source: Hultkvist Bengtsson, U Martensson, L Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 1991 Mar; 18(3): 127-30 0305-1870
•
Preoperative antioxidant and allopurinol therapy for reducing reperfusion-induced injury in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Author(s): Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa, USA. Source: Simko, L C Walker, J H Crit-Care-Nurse. 1996 December; 16(6): 69-73 0279-5442
•
The role of allopurinol in human liver ischemia/reperfusion injury: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Source: Vriens, M R Marinelli, A Harinck, H I Zwinderman, K H van de Velde, C J Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Jul-August; 49(46): 1069-73 0172-6390
•
The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in two models of experimental acute pancreatitis: effects of catalase, superoxide dismutase, dimethylsulfoxide, and allopurinol. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Source: Steer, M L Rutledge, P L Powers, R E Saluja, M Saluja, A K Klin-Wochenschr. 1991 December 15; 69(21-23): 1012-7 0023-2173
•
Topical allopurinol or corticosteroids and acetylcysteine in the early treatment of experimental corneal alkali burns: a pilot study. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Sekundo, W Augustin, A J Strempel, I Eur-J-Ophthalmol. 2002 Sep-October; 12(5): 366-72 1120-6721
•
Xanthine oxidase inhibition by allopurinol affects the reliability of urinary caffeine metabolic ratios as markers for N-acetyltransferase 2 and CYP1A2 activities. Author(s): University of Basel, Switzerland. Source: Fuchs, P Haefeli, W E Ledermann, H R Wenk, M Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1999 January; 54(11): 869-76 0031-6970
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to allopurinol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Minerals Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Food and Diet Low-Purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALLOPURINOL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to allopurinol. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to allopurinol and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to allopurinol: •
Allopurinol prevents intestinal permeability changes after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Author(s): Vaughan WG, Horton JW, Walker PB. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1992 August; 27(8): 968-72; Discussion 972-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1403560&dopt=Abstract
•
Allopurinol: discrimination of antioxidant from enzyme inhibitory activities. Author(s): Klein AS, Joh JW, Rangan U, Wang D, Bulkley GB. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1996; 21(5): 713-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891675&dopt=Abstract
•
Cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress in rat brain and liver is prevented by vitamin E or allopurinol. Author(s): Giray B, Gurbay A, Hincal F.
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Source: Toxicology Letters. 2001 January 3; 118(3): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137320&dopt=Abstract •
Effect of allopurinol, superoxide-dismutase, and hyperbaric oxygen on flap survival. Author(s): Prada FS, Arrunategui G, Alves MC, Ferreira MC, Zumiotti AV. Source: Microsurgery. 2002; 22(8): 352-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12497572&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of dietary selenium, zinc and allopurinol supplements on plasma and tissue manganese levels in rats with thioacetamide [correction of thiocetamide]-induced liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Al-Bader AA, Mosawi MH, Hussain TA, Dashti HM. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1997 August; 173(1-2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9278262&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of piperonyl butoxide or allopurinol on cyanide-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse brain. Author(s): Yamamoto H. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1998 February; 94(3): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9609319&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of allopurinol and steroids on inflammation and oxidative tissue damage in experimental lens induced uveitis: a biochemical and morphological study. Author(s): Augustin AJ, Spitznas M, Sekundo W, Koch F, Lutz J, Meller D, Grus FH, Wegener A, Blumenroder SH. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 May; 80(5): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8695568&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of allopurinol, (+)-cyanidanol-3 and dihydroquinoline-type antioxidants on rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and monooxygenases. Author(s): Horvath T, Karge E, Javor T, Klinger W. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1987 April; 25(4): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3583469&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol on the renal clearance of nitroimidazoles. Author(s): Workman P, White RA. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1982 October 1; 31(19): 3041-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6897355&dopt=Abstract
•
Folinic acid plus high-dose 5-fluorouracil with allopurinol protection in the treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma.
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Author(s): Tsavaris N, Bacoyannis C, Milonakis N, Sarafidou M, Zamanis N, Magoulas D, Kosmidis P. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1990; 26(10): 1054-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2148880&dopt=Abstract •
Hyperbaric oxygen, allopurinol, and diet-induced acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Degertekin H, Ertan A, Yater RD, Van Meter K, Akdamar K. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985 September; 103(3): 474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4026099&dopt=Abstract
•
Hyperuricemia complicating leukemia: treatment with allopurinol and dialysis. Author(s): Maher JF, Rath CE, Schreiner GE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1969 February; 123(2): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5249562&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of transition metal ion-catalysed ascorbate oxidation and lipid peroxidation by allopurinol and oxypurinol. Author(s): Ko KM, Godin DV. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1990 August 15; 40(4): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2117456&dopt=Abstract
•
Interaction between allopurinol and copper: possible role in myocardial protection. Author(s): Malkiel S, Har-el R, Schwalb H, Uretzky G, Borman JB, Chevion M. Source: Free Radic Res Commun. 1993; 18(1): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8349148&dopt=Abstract
•
The anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperuricemic effects of Chinese herbal formula danggui-nian-tong-tang on acute gouty arthritis: a comparative study with indomethacin and allopurinol. Author(s): Chou CT, Kuo SC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1995; 23(3-4): 261-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8571922&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of allopurinol and catalase on cardiovascular hemodynamics during hemorrhagic shock. Author(s): Bond RF, Haines GA, Johnson G 3rd. Source: Circ Shock. 1988 July; 25(3): 139-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3168171&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of allopurinol on oxygen-induced seizures in mice. Author(s): Hoppe SA, Terrell DJ, Gottlieb SF.
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Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1984 October; 55(10): 927-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6093764&dopt=Abstract •
Xanthine nephropathy in a patient with lymphosarcoma treated with allopurinol. Author(s): Band PR, Silverberg DS, Henderson JF, Ulan RA, Wensel RH, Banerjee TK, Little AS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1970 August 13; 283(7): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5468406&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to allopurinol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 69
Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Herbs and Supplements Allopurinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ALLOPURINOL Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to allopurinol. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “allopurinol” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on allopurinol, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Allopurinol ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to allopurinol. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Effects of Allopurinol on Platelet Function in Man and Experimental Animals by Wildeman, Richard Albert; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28376
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ALLOPURINOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning allopurinol.
Recent Trials on Allopurinol The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to allopurinol.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Allopurinol, Glucantime, or Allopurinol/Glucantime for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil Condition(s): Leishmaniasis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Harvard School of Public Health Purpose - Excerpt: Objective: Compare the efficacy and side effects of allopurinol versus glucantime versus allopurinol/glucantime in patients in Brazil with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004755
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “allopurinol” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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•
For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ALLOPURINOL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “allopurinol” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on allopurinol, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Allopurinol By performing a patent search focusing on allopurinol, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on allopurinol: •
Cockroach growth regulating composition and method Inventor(s): Koehler; Philip G. (Gainesville, FL), Kramer; Richard (Olney, MD), Patterson; Richard S. (Gainesville, FL) Assignee(s): University of Florida (gainesville, Fl) Patent Number: 4,857,532 Date filed: May 2, 1988 Abstract: A composition and method for the regulation of the growth and mortality of cockroaches based on the administration thereto of allopurinol. Excerpt(s): Few studies have identified and evaluated the efficacy of nutritional growth inhibitors for cockroaches. The elimination of food and water to facilitate control in pest management has been advocated. Beck et al [Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., Vol. 50, pp. 166170 (1957)] reported that 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone, a naturally occurring growth inhibitor found in corn reduced the growth efficiency of German cockroaches. Cycloheximide inhibited protein synthesis, thereby depressing growth, but it had no effect on oxidative metabolic weight loss. On the other hand, veratrine and cocaine severely depressed oxidative metabolic weight loss, while only veratrine depressed growth [Gordon, J. Insect. Physiol., Vol. 14, pp. 41-52 (1968)]. Allopurinol, a structural analog of the natural purine base, hypoxathine is an effective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, and, therefore, blocks the formation of uric acid, the metabolic end product of purine catabolism in humans. It is presently used in humans to treat gout. Engebretson et al, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 83B, pp. 93-97 (1986) discuss the effects of allopurinol on urate metabolism in the German cockroach. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04857532__
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Compositions and methods for controlling pest insects Inventor(s): Wren; Heather N. (Hampstead, NC) Assignee(s): Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc. (blacksburg, Va) Patent Number: 5,990,115 Date filed: June 22, 1998 Abstract: Compositions of xanthine and mercapto-allopurinol and methods of using same, for controlling the growth of pest insects which salvage, store, or excrete their nitrogenous wastes via the purine metabolic pathway. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the regulation of the growth of pest insects which utilize the purine metabolic pathway to salvage, store, or excrete their nitrogenous wastes. It comprises bringing into contact with the pest insects, formulations containing growth-controlling amounts of compositions comprising purines, purine metabolic-enzyme inhibitors, and inhibitors of enzymes which regulate production of specific co-factors of this pathway. Despite the recent development and great promise of each advanced insect-controlling techniques as chemical sterilants, pheromones, and ecologically-based control strategies, the use of chemical insecticides still plays a predominant role. However, rising public awareness of environmental
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issues, more stringent government regulations, and increasing insect resistance to conventional modalities are driving the pest control industry to seek safer alternatives to these conventional chemical insecticides. Others have attempted to identify and evaluate the efficacy of insect growth inhibitors. However, given the continuous need for increased selectivity and effectiveness of insect control agents, it became desirable to engage in rational formulation of control agents based on an understanding of key insect nutritional and metabolic pathways. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05990115__ •
Compositions and methods of treating calcium renal stones Inventor(s): Pak; Charles Y. C. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 4,966,776 Date filed: September 27, 1989 Abstract: Methods and compositions useful for the treatment and prophylaxis of calcium renal stones in persons with hypocitraturia or undergoing allopurinol therapy are disclosed. The methods involve administering potassium citrate compositions to persons afflicted with or susceptible to calcium renal stone formations. A typical dosage scheme involves administering about 30 to 120 meq potassium citrate per day in divided doses. Such treatments are effective in dissolving existing calcium stones and preventing formation of new calcium stones. Moreover, the results of a comparative clinical assay indicate the potassium citrate is superior to sodium citrate in the treatment of uric acid lithiasis. Potassium citrate therapy averts calcium renal stone formation, a complication which is often associated with sodium citrate or sodium bicarbonate alkalinization therapy. Excerpt(s): The invention will be described in terms of preferred embodiments which represent the best mode known to the applicant at the time of this application. In-depth metabolic studies on the part of applicant has revealed the surprisingly unexpected and unobvious superiority of potassium citrate therapy over sodium alkali therapy in the management of nephrolithiasis. (Sakhaee et al., Kidney International, V 24, pp 348-352, (1983)). Specifically, in patients with both uric acid and calcium nephrolithiasis, potassium citrate therapy causes a greater decline in urinary calcium and a greater rise in urinary citrate. Urinary sodium increases with sodium citrate therapy but not with potassium citrate. No significant or consistent changes occur in urinary uric acid, phosphate or oxalate. With both treatments, urinary pH rises to about an equivalent degree. As reflected by the above described changes, potassium citrate is effective in lowering urinary saturation of calcium oxalate, does not cause a rise in sodium urate saturation, and produces a rise in urinary inhibitor activity against calcium oxalate nucleation. In contrast, sodium citrate raises the saturation of sodium urate and increases formation calcium oxalate stones. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04966776__
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Intracellular flush solution for preserving organs Inventor(s): Bretan, Jr.; Peter D. (Novato, CA) Assignee(s): The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (cleveland, Oh) Patent Number: 4,920,044 Date filed: November 8, 1988 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a new hypersomotic intracellular flush and storage solution for preserving an organ for transplantation. In addition, the present invention is directed to a method for preserving an organ to be transplanted by using the flush solution of the invention. Among the components of the solution are various physiologic salts, mannitol, adenosine, allopurinol and verapamil. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new hyperosmotic intracellular flush and storage solution for preserving an organ for transplantation. In addition, the present invention relates to a method for preserving an organ to be transplanted by using an adenosine-MgSO.sub.4, mannitol intracellular flush solution. While the invention shall be described in connection with the preservation of kidneys, it is understood by those skilled in the art that the intracellular flush and storage solution disclosed herein and the preservation method utilizing the same are applicable to other organs such as the pancreas, the liver, and the heart. Recently, a great deal of progress has been achieved in the field of organ transplantation through the use of cyclosporine A. Cyclosporine A is a powerful immunosuppressive drug which appears to act mainly on T cells. Through the use of cyclosporine A, a 20% increase in one year allograft survival of kidneys has been noted over that of conventional therapy. However, this advantage appears to be lost with increasing preservation times of the organs to be transplanted (Opelz, G.: Multicenter Impact of Cyclosporin on Cadaver Kidney Graft Survival, Prog. Allergy 38: 329-345, 1986). In addition, there is increasing evidence that moderate ischemic injury based upon unsatisfied metabolic oxygen demand may predispose renal allografts to severe rejection and diminished survival (Keller, H., Fischer, G., Kirste, G., Wilms, H.: ATN Influence on Renal Transplant Function, Transpl. Proc. (in press) 1989). Thus, in today's cyclosporine era, better preservation techniques are essential for optimal allograft survival, not just to diminish the detrimental effects of prolonged preservation times, but also to prevent the occurrence of delayed graft function which is associated with further graft loss using cyclosporine prior to the complete resolution of post renal transplant acute tubular necrosis (Bia, M. J., Tyler, K. A.: Effect of Cyclosporine on Renalischemic Injury, Transplantation, 43:800-804, 1987). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04920044__
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Organ preservative solution containing trehalose, anti-oxidant, cations and an energy source Inventor(s): Bull; David A. (1298 Chandler Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84103), Karwande; Shreekanth V. (1028 Crestview Cir., Salt Lake City, UT 84108), Reid; Bruce C. (471 N. 1100 East, Bountiful, UT 84010), Stringham; James C. (1124 Augusta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,365,338 Date filed: April 27, 1999
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Abstract: The present invention is organ and tissue preservation solutions that provide improved viability of an organ such as a heart or lung, or portion of the organ, for storage and transplantation. In particular, a solution contains trehalose, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, heparin, dextran, nitroglycerin, adenosine, L-arginine, allopurinol, reduced glutathione, db-cylic AMP and potassium phosphate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel solution for preserving and maintaining organs and portions thereof, in particular heart and myocardial tissue and lung and lung tissue. Preservation of the viability of donor organs continues to be an important goal in transplantation. Typically the organ to be transplanted must be stored and shipped to the prospective recipient. The ability to prolong the cellular viability of the organ during storage and transportation is very important to the success of the transplant operation. Preservative solutions play an important role in the longevity of the organ. Prior known solutions for organ preservation include those described by Berdyaev et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,053; Belzer et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,824, 4,879,283; and 4,873,230; Taylor, U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,742; Dohi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,317; Stern et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,989 and 5,552,267. Currently there is no consensus among practitioners regarding an optimal solution for heart preservation. Solutions include those classified as intracellular ([Na++]<70 mEq/L) or extracellular ([Na++].gtoreq.70 mEq/L). A recent survey showed that there were at least 167 organ preservation solutions available for heart transplantation, and that there was significant variation in solution usage observed among major U.S. regions of transplantation activity. (Demmy et al., Organ preservation solutions in heart transplantation--patterns of usage and related survival. Transplantation 63(2): 262-269 (1997)). Presently known solutions for cardiac preservation include those described by Oz et al., Novel Preservation Solution Permits 24-Hour Preservation in Rat and Baboon Cardiac Transplant Models, Circulation 88(2)L291-297 (1993) at Columbia University in New York, and Belzer and Southard in Transplantation 45:673-676 (1988), at the University of Wisconsin. Other solutions for heart preservation and cardioplegia include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,793 by Del Nido at al. (Univ. Of Pittsburgh); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,961 by Collins et al.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365338__ •
Perfusion and storage solution containing sodium lactobionate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate, raffinose, glutathione, allopurinol and nafamostat mesylate Inventor(s): Dohi; Kiyohiko (Hiroshima, JP), Iwata; Masanori (Chiba, JP), Urushihara; Takashi (Hiroshima, JP) Assignee(s): Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,565,317 Date filed: December 6, 1994 Abstract: A solution for the preservation or perfusion of organs contains sodium lactobionate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate, raffinose, glutathione, allopurinol, nafamostat mesilate (mesylate) and optionally cyclodextrin, preferably 100-120 mM, 225 mM, 25-35 mM, 2-4 mM, 1-2 mM and 0.5-1 mM, respectively. The solution may be used for perfusion and storage of organs. Also disclosed are methods of use of the solution to perfuse and store organs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a solution for the preservation of organ or perfusate to be used when an organ is extirpated. The drastic improvement of
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performance record of organ transplantation is attributable to the progress of organ storage solution or perfusate as well as the progress of surgical operations and the advancement of antibiotics and immunosuppressants. In organ transplantation, perfusion of the transplanted organ is essential, but when perfusing the organ which is in an ischemic state, ischemic perfusion trouble is unavoidable. Thus, minimization of the cellular trouble caused in the process of perfusion is a key factor for the success of organ transplantation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05565317__ •
Treatment to reduce ischemic tissue injury Inventor(s): Babbs; Charles F. (West Lafayette, IN), Badylak; Stephen F. (West Lafayette, IN) Assignee(s): Purdue Research Foundation (west Lafayette, In) Patent Number: 4,978,668 Date filed: September 2, 1986 Abstract: Intravenous administration of allopurinol, oxypurinol or deferoxamine to a patient suffering a condition of tissue ischemia is effective to reduce damage to affected tissues. The invention has particular application for post-resuscitative treatment of victims of heart attack or stroke. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of treatment of patients suffering from a condition of body tissue ischemia. The method is effective to reduce tissue damage resulting from an ischemic condition and subsequent reperfusion of ischemic tissues. Ischemia is a condition of tissue anoxia due to a stoppage of the inflow of arterial blood to body tissue, usually as a result of arterial obstruction or heart dysfunction, the latter resulting effectively in whole body ischemia. Reperfusion is the restoration of blood flow to tissues previously rendered ischemic. Examples of tissue damage resulting from localized ischemia include the necrosis of heart tissue subsequent to coronary thrombosis, brain damage due to a stroke, and infarction of kidney or intestine following arterial thromboembolism. Examples of techniques to establish reperfusion include vascular surgery in the case of arterial occlusion, successful intracoronary streptokinase infusion for coronary thrombosis, and successful cardiac resuscitation in the case of cardiac arrest. The technical literature reflects a significant effort in the medical research community directed to development of an understanding of the damage observed in reperfused ischemic tissues. In fact, researchers have found that significant tissue damage resulting after a period of tissue ischemia, followed by reperfusion, occurs not only during the period of circulatory arrest, but during the period of reperfusion. Indeed, a relatively large proportion of the total injury seen after 5 to 60 minute periods of circulatory arrest may actually develop during the reperfusion phase. Such tissue damage is known as reperfusion injury. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04978668__
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•
Use of orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase inhibition in a method for cancer screening Inventor(s): Brusilow; Saul W. (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): Brusilow Enterprise Llc (baltimore, Md) Patent Number: 6,130,035 Date filed: February 1, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of screening for the presence or absence of cancer characterized by increased DNA synthesis. The present invention also provides a method of monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of cancer characterized by increased DNA synthesis. The methods are based on the observation that increased de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis is characteristic of malignant solid tumors. An initial step of pyrimidine biosynthesis is the conversion of orotidine monophosphate (OMP) to uridine monophosphate by OMP decarboxylase which is inhibited by mononucleotide precursors such as 6-hydroxyuridine, 6-azauridine, uridine, allopurinol and oxipurinol. Inhibition of OMP decarboxylase results in accumulation of orotidine and orotate which can be measured in a urine sample. The accumulation of oritidine and orotate, in amounts above that of a control, provides an indicator that the subject has a cancer characterized by having increased DNA synthesis. Excerpt(s): Allopurinol induced pyrimidinuria (orotic aciduria and/or orotidinuria) has been shown to be a sensitive and specific test that identifies the increased de novo pyrimidine mononucleotide biosynthesis accompanying ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. The test has been standardized and helps to establish a diagnosis in women at risk for having a mutation at the OTC locus on the X chromosome. Hauser et al, N. Engl. J. Med. 322:1641-1645 (1990), correction N. Engl. J Med. 336:1335 (1997); Burlina et al, J. Inher. Metab. Dis. 15:707-712 (1992); Pineda et al, Medicina Clinica 101:383-386 (1993); Maestri et al, Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 59:A378 (1996). In this prior test, allopurinol is administered to patients, and the levels of orotate and/or orotidine were measured. Orotate and oritidine levels are considered abnormal if they are three standard deviations above the mean value of normal (control) samples. It is desirable to have a screening process which detects cancer in its early stages. Such a screening process may be an invaluable tool in detecting the cancer in time for early treatment, which translates into a higher survival rate and less traumatic recovery for the patient. A screening process that is non-invasive is highly desirable, to ensure that patients will be willing to undergo the screening process. A screening process is most useful when it can follow the history of a patient who is at risk of developing cancer, due to genetic history or other statistical measure of risk. The present inventor has discovered that increased de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis (and, hence, de novo DNA biosynthesis), which is a characteristic of malignant solid tumors, may be determined by using OMP decarboxylase inhibitor precursors. This discovery may be incorportated into a screening process for determining the presence or absence of cancer. This discovery can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06130035__
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Patent Applications on Allopurinol As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to allopurinol: •
Adhesion prevention and an endoscopic insufflation system therefor Inventor(s): Koninckx, Robert; (Leuven, BE) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020183687 Date filed: June 14, 2002 Abstract: A method of treating or preventing adhesion formation following a surgical procedure comprising administering to a patient in need thereof at least one medicament selected from the group consisting of potassium channels; modulators of macrophage activation and leucocyte attraction through cytokines, or their inhibitors, antibodies or inhibitors blocking the effect of VEGF expression; prostaglandin E1; allopurinol; calcium channel blockers; free radical scavengers; lipid peroxysomes; pregnatrienes; calcium antagonists; hypoxia; acidosis; MP; dopamine; and ATPMgCl.sub.2. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to adhesion prevention in general and to compounds, an endoscopic insufflation system and to a method for preventing adhesion formation in particular. Adhesion formation is a major problem following surgical procedures and is a frequent cause of postoperative pain and of infertility. Adhesions are the major cause of intestinal obstruction and it is estimated that following an intraabdominal procedure, adhesions occur in some 50 to 80 percent of patients. The mechanism of adhesion formation can be summarized as follows: a trauma of the peritoneal lining is rapidly followed by an inflammatory reaction; exudation of plasma, and deposition of a fibrin matrix. Subsequently the lesion is healed by the degradation of the fibrin deposition, and by proliferation of the mesenchy-mal lining of the peritoneum. If the repair process is not completed within a few days, fibroblast proliferation starts which ultimately will end in collagen deposition and adhesion formation. Key players in this process are in particular fibrin and fibrinolysis, macrophages and their secretion products such as growth hormones and cytokines, and obviously the epithelial repair process. From this repair process it results that.adhesion formation is largely independent from the extent of the trauma. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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•
Xanthine oxidase inhibition as a strategy to alleviate oxidative impairment of vascular function Inventor(s): Aslan, Mutay; (Antalya, TR), Freeman, Bruce A.; (Birmingham, AL), Ryan, Tom; (Birmingham, AL), Tarpey, Margaret; (Birmingham, AL), Townes, Tim; (Birmingham, AL) Correspondence: Bradley Arant Rose & White, Llp; Intellectual Property Departmentnwj; 1819 Fifth Avenue North; Birmingham; AL; 35203-2104; US Patent Application Number: 20030158213 Date filed: November 18, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for alleviating the oxidative impairment of vascular function by inhibiting the activity of xanthine oxidase, or active forms thereof. Xanthine oxidase levels have been shown to be increased by a variety of conditions, including sickle cell disease. In the present disclosure, allopurinol is used to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity. As a result of the inhibition of xanthine oxidase,.NO levels in a subject can be maintained. In addition to sickle cell disease, allopurinol inhibition of xanthine oxidase may be used to treat other conditions, including, but not limited to, respiratory distress, kidney disease, liver disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, organ transplant, sepsis, burns, viral infections and hemorrhagic shock. Excerpt(s): This disclosure claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/333,268, filed on Nov. 16, 2001. The present disclosure is directed to a method of using compounds which inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase in order to alleviate the inhibition of vascular function caused by oxidative events and/or inflammatory conditions. The production of oxygen radical species, such as O.sub.2. and H.sub.2O.sub.2, have been know to cause tissue injury in living organisms and contribute to a wide variety of disease processes. Multiple features of sickle cell disease (SCD) reveal that inflammatory-derived oxidative reactions lead to impaired nitric oxide (.NO)-dependent vascular function. Nitric oxide is a free radical mediator of neurotransmitter, cell-mediated immunity and tissue redox reactions. In regulating endothelial-dependent vascular relaxation,.NO diffuses to target cells to stimulate cGMP production by guanylate cyclase and activate a chain of events in the vasculature including smooth muscle cell relaxation, inhibition of platelet aggregation and neutrophil margination and regulation of gene expression. In SCD, the production of.NO appears to be chronically activated to maintain vasodilation, as indicated by low baseline blood pressure, decreased pressor responses to angiotensin II, renal hyperfiltration and a tendency for priapism. Plasma arginine levels drop precipitously during pain crises, indicating a possible demand for, or insufficient synthesis of,.NO. The mechanisms underlying blood flow deprivation, the associated pain and consequent tissue injury in SCD remain poorly understood. If the tissue ischemia that is a hallmark of SCD resulted solely from polymerized, sickled red cells, occlusion of predominantly small blood vessels would occur. In contrast, stroke in SCD results from occlusion of large and medium-sized arteries (internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries). Importantly, levels of sickled erythrocytes or dense cells do not correlate with painful episodes and other manifestations of vascular occlusion, inferring that morbidity is due to vascular functional defects that occur in response to sickling, rather than mechanical effects of sickling. Increased oxidant production in the vasculature of SCD patients has been recognized for almost two decades. However, this disclosure reveals that the endogenous rate of production of superoxide (O.sub.2.--) and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) by human sickle red cells is not significantly increased. In contrast, elevated plasma and vessel wall xanthine oxidase (XO) and myeloperoxidase
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activity in SCD patients and SCD mice, and increased vessel wall O.sub.2.-- and H.sub.2O.sub.2 generation in SCD mice is observed. This is ascribed to the a) vessel wall binding of liver-derived circulating XO, released following repeated hepatic hypoxiareoxygenation events, b) release and vessel wall binding of of neutrophil myeloperoxidase, and c) possible increased vessel wall expression of XO or other oxidases. This vascular inflammatory condition in SCD can induce O.sub.2.-- and H.sub.2O.sub.2 dependent inhibition of the salutary actions of.NO, while concomitantly yielding the potent and versatile reaction products, peroxynitrite (ONOO--) and nitrogen dioxide, oxidizing and nitrating species capable of further impairing vascular function. Thus, it is viewed that XO-derived reactive species impair nitric oxidedependent systemic vascular function in SCD patients and contribute to the pathogenesis of acute sickle cell crises and end-organ damage. Therefore, a therapeutic regime to target and inhibit the XO-dependent production of O.sub.2. and H.sub.2O.sub.2 should be effective in treating SCD patients by preserving.NO functions and endothelial dependent function in SCD patients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with allopurinol, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on allopurinol. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning allopurinol. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ALLOPURINOL Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to allopurinol. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on allopurinol include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on allopurinol: •
Disorders of the Genitourinary Tract Source: in AARP Pharmacy Service Prescription Drug Handbook, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons. 1992. p. 914-974. Contact: Available from Virginia Pharmacy Service. P.O. Box 13671, Richmond, VA 23225-6115. (800) 456-2277. PRICE: $12.95 plus $1 shipping and handling. Summary: This text chapter details information concerning the causes, diagnosis, and drug treatment of urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and kidney stones. Information is included for various specific drugs for treating urinary tract infections, covering dosage form and strength, drug profile, what to know before using the drug, food-drug interactions, restrictions during daily living, possible side effects, storage instructions, and ancillary information. Also included are various urinary anti-infectives (Azo Gantanol, Azo Gantrisin, NegGRAM, Trimethoprim, Bactrim, Septra, Methenamine salts, Cipro, Floxin, Noroxin, Macrodantin) and urinary analgesics
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(Pyridium drugs). Topics under urinary incontinence include causes and types (stress, overactive bladder, overflow incontinence), diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and detailed information on specific urinary tract stimulants (Bethanechol drugs) and antispasmodics (Ditropan, Urispas). Uric acid reducers (Allopurinol) and thiazide diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide) used in the treatment of kidney stones also are described.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Symposium on Allapurinol: [Proceedings of] a meeting of the Heberden Society held in London at the Royal College of Physicians, June 8, 1966. Ed. by J. T. Scott. N. Author: Symposium on Allopurinol (1966: London, England); Year: 1966
Chapters on Allopurinol In order to find chapters that specifically relate to allopurinol, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and allopurinol using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on allopurinol: •
Interstitial Nephritis Source: in Catto, G.R.D. New Clinical Applications-Nephrology: Drugs and the Kidney. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 37-63. 1990. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $54. ISBN: 0792389182. Summary: This special report discusses the histological features, clinical presentation, putative mechanisms, clinical management, and prognosis of drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). Following a discussion of histological features, attention is given to clinical features (including acute and chronic drug-induced TIN), a
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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comprehensive review of reports of drug-associated TIN (sulfonamides; methicillin; rifampicin; phenindione; diuretics; penicillins; cephalosporins; lithium; phenytoin; allopurinol; cimetidine; and platinum), the pathogenesis of TIN (immune complex deposition; anti-TBM antibody formation; cell-mediated mechanisms), the diagnosis of TIN, and its treatment and prognosis. A critical, authoritative assessment of published studies is made throughout the report. 135 references. •
Medications Source: in Rodman, J.S.; Seidman, C.; Jones, R. No More Kidney Stones. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1996. p. 178-184. Contact: Available from John Wiley and Sons. One Wiley Drive, Somerset, NJ 08875. (800) 225-5945 or (732) 469-4400. Fax (732) 302-2300. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.wiley.com. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0471125873. Summary: Throughout medical history, people have taken a wild assortment of remedies to cure real and imagined ailments. This chapter on medications for kidney stones is from a book that offers readers a program designed to prevent the recurrence of kidney stones. The authors review essential lifestyle and diet changes and the latest medical research, and offer specific guidelines for both men and women. In this chapter, the authors describe the modern medications that are used to treat various kidney stone problems. The authors stress that four out of five people who present with stone problems can be managed without any medications. Medication is more likely to be prescribed for people with multiple stone episodes, difficulty in passing stones, or prior urological intervention, such as surgery or ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy) treatment. The authors discuss alkaline potassium salts (including potassium citrate and potassium bicarbonate), alkaline sodium salts (sodium bicarbonate), thiazide diuretics, allopurinol (which reduces the production of uric acid), triamterene, amiloride, pyridozine, magnesium oxide and other magnesium salts, thiola and penicillamine (used to treat cystinuria), acetohydroxamic acid, antibiotics and urinary antiseptics, calcium citrate and other calcium preparations, phosphates, cellulose phosphate, and aluminum hydroxide.
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALLOPURINOL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover allopurinol.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on allopurinol is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to allopurinol. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “allopurinol” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for allopurinol: •
Allopurinol improves endothelial dysfunction in heart failure patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 17, 2002
•
Lowering urate with high-dose allopurinol may reduce heart failure mortality Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 04, 2002
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “allopurinol” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to allopurinol, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “allopurinol” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on allopurinol: •
Gout: A Painful Joint Disorder Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 19(11): 1-3. November 2001. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have gout with information on this painful joint disorder. Although gout is characterized by acute inflammation commonly affecting the big toe, it can affect the knees, ankles, and wrists. Symptoms occur when high levels of uric acid in the blood, or other triggers, cause urate crystals to form in joint spaces and other tissues. Gout occurs more frequently in men than in women, especially in men between 40 and 50 years old. Risk factors include excess weight, certain medical conditions, excessive alcohol intake or intake of foods high in purines, certain medications, surgery, and severe illness or injury. A gout attack produces intense pain, usually in one joint at a time. Symptoms typically resolve over several days. Untreated gout may result in increased pain and joint damage. Diagnosis is based on analysis of synovial fluid from the affected joint and a blood test to check for elevated uric acid levels. Nonsteroidal antiiflammatory drugs, prednisone, and colchicine may be used to treat gout. Preventive medications, such as allopurinol, probenecid, and sulfinpyrazone, may be prescribed to prevent future attacks. Lifestyle changes may also help prevent repeat gout attacks. 1 figure.
Academic Periodicals covering Allopurinol Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to allopurinol. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering allopurinol that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for allopurinol. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with allopurinol. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to allopurinol: Allopurinol •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aloprim; Zyloprim http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202021.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to allopurinol by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan
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drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for allopurinol: •
Oxypurinol http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=955
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6023 6 129 9 83 6250
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “allopurinol” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on allopurinol can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to allopurinol. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to allopurinol. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “allopurinol”:
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Other guides Cancer Chemotherapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerchemotherapy.html Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Fibromyalgia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fibromyalgia.html Genetic Brain Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html Gout and Pseudogout http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/goutandpseudogout.html Medicines http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicines.html Metabolic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html Osteoporosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on allopurinol. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Gout Source: Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 1997. 12 p. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. http://www.arthritis.org. PRICE: Single copy free from local Arthritis Foundation chapter (call 800-283-7800 for closest local chapter); bulk orders may be purchased from address above. Summary: This brochure for people with gout uses a question and answer format to provide information on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. Gout causes
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sudden, severe episodes of pain, tenderness, redness, warmth, and swelling as uric acid crystals are deposited in the joints. The brochure explains what happens in acute episodes of gout, and it discusses the development of large uric acid crystal deposits known as tophi, as well as other problems. Further, the brochure identifies the causes of gout and the risk factors. It explains how gout is diagnosed, and describes medications used to treat it. The brochure also provides suggestions on taking medications such as allopurinol, probenecid, and sulfinpyrazone; explains the relationship between diet and gout; and comments on treating it with surgery. In addition, it provides information on the Arthritis Foundation and its services. •
Gouty Arthritis Source: Physician Assistant. 23(11): 45-46. November 1999. Summary: This information sheet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have gouty arthritis with information on this disease, which produces swelling in one or more joints as a result of deposits of uric acid. Gouty arthritis, which is commonly called gout, occurs in 2 to 2.6 per 1,000 people in the United States. In the first phase of gout, known as asymptomatic hyperuricemia, the blood has high levels of uric acid but the person has no symptoms. In the next phase, gout causes pain, stiffness, and swelling in the affected joint. The third phase, known as intercritical gout, is the phase between attacks. In the final phase, accumulations of hard crystals of uric acid, called tophi, are deposited in various areas of the body. Diagnosis is based on a physical examination, blood tests, and x rays. Acute attacks of gout may be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, corticosteroids, and adrenocorticotropic hormones. Nonpharmacologic methods of treating acute attacks include bedrest, hot or cold compresses, and elevation of the affected joint. Preventing future attacks involves following a diet low in purine; increasing fluid intake to 3 liters per day; losing weight; and taking medications such as colchicine, indomethacin, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, and allopurinol. 1 figure. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to allopurinol. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to allopurinol. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with allopurinol. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about allopurinol. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “allopurinol” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “allopurinol”. Type the following hyperlink into your
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Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “allopurinol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “allopurinol” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ALLOPURINOL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 6-Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acute tubular: A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need dialysis. Kidney function often improves if the underlying disease is successfully treated. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase: An enzyme catalyzing the formation of AMP from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. It can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of adenine into nucleic acids. EC 2.4.2.7. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH]
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Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] AK: Enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkalinization: The process by which a substance becomes an alkali. An alkali is the
Dictionary 123
opposite of an acid. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH]
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Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU]
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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH]
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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls,
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multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists
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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug
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therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into
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excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celiac Artery: The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the beta-
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lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other
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interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cockroaches: Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach Periplaneta americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative
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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
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Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Irradiation: The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH]
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Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cystinuria: An inherited abnormality of renal tubular transport of dibasic amino acids leading to massive urinary excretion of cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the form of its mesylate. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH]
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Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Desensitisation: Gradually increasing the dose of a medicine in order to overcome severe allergic reactions. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the
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sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of aspirin. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic
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effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejection fraction: A measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower values indicate ventricular dysfunction. [EU]
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Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes
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it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Infectiosum: Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical
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disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Exanthema: Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (erythema infectiosum), and sixth (exanthema subitum) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]
Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-
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identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH]
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Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]
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Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulomas: Small lumps in tissues caused by inflammation. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth Inhibitors: Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (plant growth regulators). [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU]
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Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]
Hematologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the blood. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Artery: A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.
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2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of
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ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperoxaluria: Excretion of an excessive amount of oxalate in the urine. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricaemia: Excess of uric acid or urates in the blood; it is a prerequisite for the development or gout and may lead to renal disease. Called also uricacidaemia and, formerly, lithemia. [EU] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A condition characterized by underdevelopment of the left cardiac chambers, atresia or stenosis of the aorta or mitral valve or both, and hypoplasia of the aorta. These anomalies are a common cause of heart failure in early infancy. [NIH] Hypouricaemia: Deficiency of uric acid in the blood, along with xanthinuria, due to deficiency of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme required for conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid. [EU] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the
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study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH]
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Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insect Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Obstruction: Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of intestinal contents toward the anus. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH]
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Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The
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granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Lithiasis: A condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions in the
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hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver. [NIH]
Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH]
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Lymphosarcoma: An obsolete term for a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical
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substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium. [NIH] Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micelle: A colloid particle formed by an aggregation of small molecules. [EU] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]
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Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH]
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Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH]
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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]
Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being
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investigated. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH]
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Organ Preservation: The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism). [NIH] Organ Preservation Solutions: Solutions used to store organs, particulary those awaiting implantation. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase: A urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of orthophosphate and L-citrulline from carbamoyl phosphate and L-ornithine. Deficiency of this enzyme may be transmitted as an X-linked trait. EC 2.1.3.3. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Overactive bladder: A condition in which the patient experiences two or all three of the following conditions: [NIH] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH]
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Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by
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stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Pheromones: Chemical substances which, when secreted by an individual into the environment, cause specific reactions in other individuals, usually of the same species. The substances relate only to multicellular organisms. This includes kairomones. Allomones are repellent pheromones. [NIH]
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Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piperonyl Butoxide: An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone. [NIH] Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU]
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Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Pregnatrienes: Pregnane derivatives containing three double bonds in the ring structures. [NIH]
Preload: The tension in the heart muscle at the end of diastole (before the contraction). [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Priapism: Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat
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patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU]
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Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyrazinamide: A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of
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its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]
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Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Replantation: Restoration of an organ or other structure to its original site. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH]
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Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]
Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH]
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Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]
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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or
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tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic
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nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergist: A medicament which supplements the action of another. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of hydrogen sulfide. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH]
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Tiazofurin: An anticancer drug being studied to stop cell growth. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Preservation: The process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism). [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triamterene: A pteridine that is used as a mild diuretic. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor Lysis Syndrome: A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic
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weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Uricosuric: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. An agent that promotes uricosuria. [EU] Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in
Dictionary 175
the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular Pressure: The pressure within a cardiac ventricle. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., Doppler echocardiography). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the myocardium, cardiac valves, and pericardium, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of
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vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine in the presence of NAD+ to form urate and NADH. It acts also on a variety of other purines and aldehydes. EC 1.1.1.204. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-
Dictionary 177
induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH]
179
INDEX 6 6-Mercaptopurine, 40, 121 A Abdomen, 121, 128, 140, 149, 152, 158, 161, 170 Abdominal, 60, 84, 121, 130, 154, 160, 161, 174 Abdominal Pain, 121, 174 Acatalasia, 121, 130 Acceptor, 121, 151, 159 Acetylcholine, 4, 121, 158 Acetylcysteine, 61, 121 Acidosis, 84, 121, 173 Acremonium, 121, 130 Acute renal, 121, 145 Acute tubular, 80, 121 Adenine, 6, 121, 165 Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase, 6, 121 Adenosine, 6, 7, 80, 81, 121, 122, 128, 147, 162, 172 Adenosine Kinase, 6, 122 Adhesions, 84, 122 Adjuvant, 122, 123, 143 Adrenergic, 122, 137, 140, 171 Adverse Effect, 122, 169 Affinity, 122, 169 Age of Onset, 122, 174 Agonist, 122, 137 AK, 6, 15, 16, 122 Alanine, 5, 122 Albumin, 122, 172 Aldehydes, 122, 176 Alertness, 122, 128 Algorithms, 122, 127 Alkaline, 89, 121, 122, 123, 128 Alkalinization, 40, 79, 122 Alkaloid, 123, 126, 132, 165, 172 Alleles, 123, 146 Allergen, 123, 136 Allograft, 80, 123 Alternative medicine, 92, 123 Aluminum, 38, 89, 123 Aluminum Hydroxide, 38, 89, 123 Ameliorating, 31, 123 Amino Acid Sequence, 123, 124 Amino Acids, 5, 6, 123, 124, 135, 161, 162, 165, 171, 174
Ammonia, 123, 174 Amphetamines, 123, 132 Ampulla, 123, 139 Anal, 12, 17, 123 Analgesic, 123, 137, 165, 171 Analog, 78, 123, 142, 170 Analogous, 123, 138, 173 Anastomosis, 17, 123 Anatomical, 124, 126, 137, 148 Anemia, 124, 142, 153, 177 Anesthesia, 33, 36, 124 Aneurysm, 124, 175 Angina, 124, 158 Anginal, 124, 157 Angioplasty, 124, 156 Angiotensinogen, 124, 167 Animal model, 4, 8, 10, 124 Anions, 122, 124, 150, 163, 171 Anomalies, 124, 147 Anoxia, 45, 82, 124 Antagonism, 124, 128, 172 Antibacterial, 124, 164, 170 Antibiotics, 82, 89, 121, 124, 130, 160 Antibodies, 84, 124, 148, 152, 162 Antibody, 89, 122, 124, 125, 132, 146, 148, 154, 166, 170 Antidote, 124, 129, 151 Antiemetic, 9, 124, 154 Antifungal, 124, 150 Antigen, 122, 124, 125, 132, 143, 146, 147, 148, 154 Anti-infective, 87, 125, 146 Anti-inflammatory, 51, 67, 109, 125, 126, 134, 137, 143, 148, 163, 168, 171 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 125, 126, 134 Antimetabolite, 121, 125, 126, 142 Antimony, 15, 125 Antineoplastic, 6, 121, 125, 126, 134, 142, 146 Antioxidant, 3, 8, 23, 44, 60, 61, 65, 125, 159 Antipyretic, 125, 165 Antispasmodic, 125, 136, 164 Antiviral, 121, 125 Anus, 123, 125, 126, 128, 149 Aorta, 125, 129, 130, 134, 147, 175 Aplasia, 16, 22, 125 Apolipoproteins, 125, 151
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Apoptosis, 9, 125 Aqueous, 5, 125, 127, 135, 146, 150, 153 Arachidonic Acid, 125, 164 Arginine, 81, 85, 125, 135, 158, 159 Arrhythmia, 125, 175 Arterial, 82, 126, 130, 131, 147, 158, 165, 172 Arteries, 85, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 134, 152, 154, 156 Arterioles, 126, 127, 129, 155 Aseptic, 50, 126, 170 Aspergillosis, 126, 150 Asphyxia, 29, 126 Aspirin, 30, 38, 126, 137 Assay, 39, 79, 126 Asymptomatic, 109, 121, 126, 160 Atmospheric Pressure, 126, 147 Atresia, 126, 147 Atrial, 126, 175 Atrium, 126, 129, 155, 175 Atropine, 126 Atypical, 7, 20, 126 Autacoids, 126, 148 Autodigestion, 126, 160 Autonomic, 121, 126, 158 Axonal, 126, 176 Azauridine, 83, 126 B Babesiosis, 126, 165 Bacteremia, 19, 126 Bacteria, 124, 125, 126, 127, 139, 140, 154, 155, 166, 169, 170, 174, 175 Bactericidal, 127, 140 Base, 78, 121, 127, 136, 150, 174 Benign, 7, 127, 145, 157 Benzbromarone, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 39, 52, 127 Bile, 127, 142, 152 Biliary, 127, 129, 136, 160 Biliary Tract, 127, 129, 160 Bioavailability, 127, 148 Biochemical, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23, 31, 37, 40, 50, 61, 66, 67, 123, 125, 127 Biosynthesis, 83, 125, 126, 127 Biotechnology, 13, 14, 88, 92, 103, 127 Bladder, 127, 148, 152, 164, 167, 174, 175 Blastomycosis, 127, 150 Blood Coagulation, 127, 128 Blood Glucose, 127, 145 Blood pressure, 4, 10, 85, 121, 127, 147, 155, 157, 158, 169 Body Fluids, 127, 128, 138, 169
Bone Marrow, 68, 127, 135, 144, 147, 152, 155, 169, 177 Bowel, 17, 123, 128, 137, 140, 149, 150, 161, 170, 174 Bowel Movement, 128, 137, 170 Bradykinin, 128, 158 Branch, 117, 128, 145, 152, 160, 169, 172 Breakdown, 128, 137, 143 Broad-spectrum, 128, 130 Bronchioles, 128 Bronchiolitis, 54, 128 Bronchitis, 128, 131 Buccal, 128, 170 Burns, 61, 85, 128 Burns, Electric, 128 Bypass, 29, 128, 156, 172 C Caffeine, 57, 61, 128, 165 Calcium, 8, 23, 36, 46, 79, 81, 84, 89, 128, 129, 132, 151, 156, 157, 159, 175 Calcium channel blocker, 84, 128, 175 Calcium Channel Blockers, 84, 128 Calcium Chloride, 81, 129 Calcium Oxalate, 23, 36, 46, 79, 129, 159 Calculi, 46, 129, 144, 151 Capillary, 9, 128, 129, 143, 175 Capsules, 129, 138, 143 Carbohydrates, 129, 130 Carcinoma, 14, 34, 46, 66, 129 Cardiac arrest, 82, 129 Cardiac Output, 129, 171 Cardiomyopathy, 129 Cardiopulmonary, 12, 33, 37, 129 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 33, 37, 129 Cardiotonic, 129, 137 Cardiovascular, 8, 10, 11, 17, 29, 36, 67, 129, 136, 141 Cardiovascular System, 8, 129, 136 Carnitine, 63, 129 Case report, 18, 20, 129, 131 Case series, 129, 131 Catabolism, 78, 129 Catalase, 61, 67, 121, 130 Cataract, 21, 33, 53, 130 Catecholamine, 130, 137 Catheterization, 124, 130, 156, 175 Cathode, 130, 139 Cations, 80, 130, 150 Causal, 10, 130 Celiac Artery, 130, 145 Cell Adhesion, 11, 130 Cell Cycle, 130, 131
Index
Cell Death, 125, 130, 143, 157 Cell membrane, 11, 128, 130, 162, 163 Cellobiose, 130 Cellulose, 89, 129, 130, 142, 162 Central Nervous System, 9, 121, 122, 123, 128, 130, 132, 143, 145, 160, 172 Centrifugation, 130, 155 Cephalosporins, 89, 130 Cerebral, 24, 30, 85, 131, 140, 153 Cerebral Arteries, 85, 131 Cerebrovascular, 129, 131 Cerebrum, 131 Cervix, 14, 131 Character, 5, 131 Chemotherapy, 31, 32, 34, 44, 50, 108, 131 Cholesterol, 127, 131, 151, 152 Cholesterol Esters, 131, 151 Chromatin, 125, 131 Chromosome, 83, 131, 151, 174 Chronic Disease, 131, 151 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 46, 131 Chronic prostatitis, 17, 18, 131 Chylomicrons, 131, 151 Cimetidine, 42, 89, 131 Cinchona, 131, 165 Cisplatin, 14, 41, 46, 50, 131 Clinical study, 47, 131 Clinical trial, 4, 10, 73, 74, 103, 131, 133, 135, 166 Cloning, 127, 132 Coca, 132 Cocaine, 78, 132 Cockroaches, 78, 132 Cofactor, 30, 132, 165 Colchicine, 44, 93, 109, 132 Colitis, 132 Collagen, 84, 132, 143, 162, 164 Colorectal, 5, 34, 40, 46, 54, 55, 61, 66, 132 Colorectal Cancer, 40, 54, 55, 61, 132 Complement, 132, 133 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 69, 133 Complementary medicine, 65, 133 Computational Biology, 103, 133 Concretion, 129, 133 Cone, 133, 171 Congenita, 133, 165 Congestion, 133, 140 Congestive heart failure, 11, 12, 133 Conjugated, 133, 135
181
Connective Tissue, 128, 132, 133, 142, 143, 152 Consciousness, 123, 133, 136, 140, 167 Constriction, 133, 150, 175 Consumption, 133, 136, 159 Continuous infusion, 26, 133 Contractility, 11, 133, 138 Contraindications, ii, 133 Controlled study, 4, 15, 46, 133 Conventional therapy, 80, 134 Conventional treatment, 134 Cornea, 134, 168, 175 Coronary, 17, 29, 35, 39, 44, 45, 82, 108, 134, 154, 156, 158 Coronary Artery Bypass, 17, 35, 44, 134 Coronary Thrombosis, 82, 134, 154, 156 Cortex, 131, 134 Cortical, 134, 168 Corticosteroid, 134, 163 Cortisone, 134, 163 Cranial, 40, 134, 145 Cranial Irradiation, 40, 134 Creatine, 4, 134 Creatine Kinase, 4, 134 Creatinine, 134, 174 Curative, 134, 172 Cutaneous, 14, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 37, 49, 52, 54, 55, 69, 73, 127, 134, 150 Cyanide, 66, 135 Cyclic, 5, 128, 135, 144, 158, 162, 164, 172 Cyclosporine, 26, 80, 135 Cysteine, 5, 121, 135, 171 Cystine, 135 Cystinuria, 89, 135 Cytochrome, 66, 131, 135 Cytokine, 135, 161 Cytomegalovirus, 19, 135 Cytoplasm, 8, 125, 130, 135, 144, 155 Cytotoxic, 135, 173 Cytotoxicity, 52, 131, 135 D Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 135 De novo, 83, 135 Deamination, 135, 137, 174 Deferoxamine, 82, 135 Deletion, 125, 135 Dementia, 18, 136 Density, 130, 136, 151, 158 Dentifrices, 123, 136 Depressive Disorder, 136, 152 Deprivation, 4, 85, 136 Dermal, 21, 136
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Desensitisation, 27, 49, 136 Desensitization, 27, 31, 34, 42, 49, 136 Deuterium, 136, 146 Developed Countries, 12, 136 Diabetes Insipidus, 136, 146 Diabetes Mellitus, 18, 136, 144, 145, 149, 160 Diagnostic procedure, 77, 92, 136 Dialyzer, 136, 145 Diastole, 136, 163 Diastolic, 136, 147 Dicyclomine, 136 Didanosine, 9, 51, 136, 137 Dideoxyadenosine, 136 Dietary Fats, 137, 151 Diflunisal, 25, 137 Digestion, 127, 128, 137, 149, 151, 152, 170 Digestive system, 74, 137, 156 Dilatation, 124, 137, 163, 175 Dilatation, Pathologic, 137, 175 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 11, 12, 19, 137 Dilation, 128, 137, 175 Dilator, 137, 158 Direct, iii, 8, 95, 137, 165, 166 Discrimination, 65, 137 Disease Vectors, 137, 149 Disinfectant, 137, 141 Distal, 126, 134, 137, 161 Diuresis, 128, 137, 172 Diuretic, 129, 137, 146, 153, 163, 169, 171, 173 Dobutamine, 5, 137 Dopamine, 84, 132, 137, 154 Dorsal, 138, 140, 163 Dosage Forms, 60, 138 Dose-dependent, 11, 138, 177 Drug Design, 6, 96, 97, 138 Drug Interactions, 87, 96, 138 Drug Resistance, 7, 138 Drug Tolerance, 138 Duct, 123, 130, 138, 141, 168 Duodenum, 127, 138, 139, 143, 145, 170 Dura mater, 138, 154, 159 Dystrophy, 31, 138 E Echocardiography, 138, 175 Edema, 138, 146, 150, 156, 158, 174 Effector, 121, 132, 138, 157, 162 Efficacy, 6, 24, 31, 32, 33, 39, 44, 52, 54, 73, 78, 79, 138 Ejection fraction, 12, 138 Elastin, 132, 139
Elective, 17, 139 Electrolysis, 124, 130, 139 Electrolyte, 134, 139, 163, 169, 174 Electrons, 125, 127, 130, 139, 150, 159, 166 Embolus, 139, 148 Emphysema, 131, 139 Encapsulated, 139, 151 Encephalitis, 36, 139 Encephalitis, Viral, 139 Encephalopathy, 139, 154 Endemic, 7, 139, 153 Endoscope, 139 Endoscopic, 84, 139 Endothelial cell, 11, 139 Endothelium, 4, 139, 158 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 139 Endothelium, Vascular, 139 Endothelium-derived, 139, 158 Endotoxin, 140, 173 Energetic, 5, 8, 140 Enterocolitis, 11, 140 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 140 Enzymatic, 60, 128, 133, 137, 140, 142, 146 Enzyme Inhibitors, 78, 140 Epidermis, 140, 165 Epigastric, 140, 160 Epilepticus, 48, 140 Epinephrine, 122, 137, 140, 158, 174 Epithelial, 9, 84, 140 Epithelial Cells, 9, 140 Epithelium, 139, 140 Erection, 140, 163 Erythema, 33, 49, 140, 141 Erythema Infectiosum, 140, 141 Erythema Multiforme, 49, 140 Erythrocytes, 42, 85, 124, 126, 128, 140 Esophageal, 50, 140 Esophagus, 126, 137, 140, 170 Ethanol, 24, 30, 60, 140 Exanthema, 41, 141 Excrete, 78, 141, 150, 167 Exercise Test, 141 Exercise Tolerance, 5, 141 Exhaustion, 124, 141, 153 Exocrine, 18, 141, 160 Exogenous, 42, 141, 144, 174 Expectorant, 141, 163 Extracellular, 81, 133, 141, 155, 169 Extracellular Space, 141, 155 Extracorporeal, 89, 141 Extraction, 33, 141 Extrapyramidal, 137, 141
Index
F Family Planning, 103, 141 Fat, 125, 128, 134, 139, 141, 151, 172 Fatigue, 141, 145 Fatty acids, 122, 141, 164 Femoral, 129, 141 Femoral Artery, 129, 141 Fibrin, 34, 84, 127, 141, 142, 172 Fibrinogen, 141, 162, 172 Fibrinolysis, 84, 142 Fibrosis, 142, 168 Fistula, 142, 143 Flatus, 142, 143 Fluorouracil, 14, 21, 26, 34, 40, 41, 46, 47, 50, 54, 55, 60, 61, 66, 142 Flush, 80, 142 Fold, 11, 142, 158 Folic Acid, 142, 151 Follicles, 142 Folliculitis, 32, 142 Foot Ulcer, 42, 142 Forearm, 4, 127, 142 Fractionation, 6, 142 Free Radical Scavengers, 84, 142 Fungi, 13, 124, 126, 142, 154, 155, 175, 176 Fungus, 130, 142 G Gallbladder, 121, 127, 137, 142, 145, 152 Ganglia, 121, 143, 157 Gas, 39, 123, 142, 143, 146, 149, 158 Gastric, 60, 123, 126, 129, 130, 131, 138, 143, 146, 161 Gastric Acid, 131, 143 Gastrin, 131, 143, 146 Gastroduodenal, 30, 143 Gastrointestinal, 9, 46, 60, 128, 136, 140, 143, 153, 171 Gastrointestinal tract, 140, 143 Gelatin, 143, 144, 171 Gene, 6, 9, 11, 12, 85, 88, 123, 127, 143 Gene Expression, 9, 11, 12, 85, 143 Genetics, 6, 7, 47, 143 Genotype, 143, 161 Germ Cells, 143, 158 Giant Cells, 143, 168 Gland, 134, 143, 152, 157, 160, 164, 168, 170 Glomerular, 10, 143, 149, 153, 167 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 10, 143, 153 Glomerulus, 143, 157 Glucocorticoid, 143, 163
183
Glucose, 53, 127, 130, 136, 143, 144, 145, 149, 166, 169 Glucose Intolerance, 136, 144 Glucuronic Acid, 144, 145 Glutathione Peroxidase, 144, 169 Glycine, 14, 144 Glycols, 144, 146 Glycoprotein, 141, 143, 144, 156, 173 Governing Board, 144, 163 Grade, 56, 144 Graft, 17, 80, 144, 146, 148, 156 Graft Rejection, 144, 148 Grafting, 35, 44, 134, 144, 148 Graft-versus-host disease, 144, 156 Granulocytes, 144, 151, 176 Granulomas, 34, 35, 144 Growth, 13, 45, 78, 84, 124, 125, 130, 144, 153, 157, 162, 167, 173, 175 Growth Inhibitors, 78, 79, 144 Guanylate Cyclase, 85, 144, 158 H Habitual, 131, 144 Hair follicles, 142, 145 Headache, 128, 140, 145 Heart attack, 82, 145 Heart failure, 4, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 29, 31, 91, 145, 147 Heart Transplantation, 24, 26, 81, 145 Hematologist, 11, 145 Heme, 135, 145 Hemodialysis, 16, 38, 136, 145, 150 Hemodynamics, 30, 67, 145 Hemoglobin, 11, 124, 140, 145 Hemolytic, 145, 170 Hemorrhage, 145, 156, 171 Heparin, 81, 145 Hepatic, 55, 66, 86, 122, 130, 145, 152 Hepatic Artery, 55, 145 Hepatoma, 42, 145 Hepatotoxicity, 18, 145 Hereditary, 40, 144, 145 Heredity, 143, 145 Herpes, 16, 36, 146 Herpes virus, 36, 146 Herpes Zoster, 146 Heterotrophic, 142, 146 Heterozygotes, 51, 146 Histamine, 131, 146 Homologous, 123, 146 Hormone, 42, 134, 140, 143, 146, 149 Host, 45, 126, 137, 146, 147, 148, 176 Hydration, 40, 146
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Hydrochlorothiazide, 38, 88, 146 Hydrogen, 11, 45, 85, 121, 127, 129, 130, 136, 137, 144, 146, 151, 155, 159, 165, 171, 172, 176 Hydrogen Peroxide, 11, 45, 85, 130, 144, 146, 151, 171 Hydrolysis, 5, 130, 131, 146, 162 Hydrophobic, 146, 151 Hydroxides, 146 Hydroxyl Radical, 60, 146 Hydroxylysine, 132, 146 Hydroxyproline, 132, 146 Hydroxyurea, 60, 146 Hyperbaric, 66, 67, 147 Hyperbaric oxygen, 66, 67, 147 Hyperoxaluria, 23, 33, 147 Hypersensitivity, 18, 19, 24, 26, 34, 35, 36, 42, 44, 46, 50, 123, 136, 147 Hypertension, 3, 4, 10, 21, 129, 145, 146, 147, 174 Hypertrophy, 12, 147 Hyperuricaemia, 25, 31, 34, 60, 147 Hyperuricemia, 10, 22, 28, 35, 48, 52, 54, 67, 109, 144, 147, 173 Hypoplasia, 147 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, 53, 147 Hypouricaemia, 41, 147 Hypoxanthine, 6, 39, 50, 147, 176 Hypoxia, 84, 86, 147 I Id, 62, 68, 109, 116, 118, 147 Idiopathic, 19, 147, 168 Ileal, 17, 147 Ileum, 147 Immune system, 147, 148, 152, 153, 176 Immunity, 24, 85, 122, 147, 152 Immunization, 147, 148 Immunochemistry, 6, 147 Immunofluorescence, 6, 148 Immunologic, 147, 148, 153, 160, 176 Immunosuppressant, 121, 142, 148 Immunosuppressive, 39, 80, 143, 148, 172 Immunosuppressive therapy, 148 Immunotherapy, 52, 136, 148 Impairment, 85, 148, 149, 154, 164 Implantation, 148, 159 In vitro, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 45, 148, 170, 172 In vivo, 9, 11, 30, 137, 145, 148, 155, 172 Incision, 148, 150 Incontinence, 87, 136, 148, 164 Indicative, 148, 160, 175 Indinavir, 9, 148
Indomethacin, 25, 51, 52, 60, 67, 109, 148 Infancy, 147, 148 Infantile, 39, 148 Infarction, 82, 148, 167 Infection, 19, 56, 126, 127, 135, 139, 140, 148, 150, 152, 157, 160, 171, 173, 176 Infertility, 84, 148 Infusion, 31, 55, 82, 149, 156 Ingestion, 142, 149, 162 Inlay, 149, 167 Inorganic, 6, 131, 146, 149, 153, 156, 162 Inotropic, 11, 138, 149 Inpatients, 15, 149 Insect Control, 79, 149 Insecticides, 78, 149 Insight, 10, 149 Insufflation, 84, 149 Insulin, 149, 174 Interleukin-1, 9, 149 Interleukin-2, 149 Interstitial, 35, 88, 141, 149, 157, 167 Intestinal, 60, 65, 84, 140, 149 Intestinal Obstruction, 84, 149 Intestine, 82, 128, 132, 149, 150, 170 Intoxication, 149, 176 Intracellular, 6, 9, 13, 80, 81, 128, 148, 149, 158, 163, 164, 169 Intravenous, 9, 22, 38, 47, 82, 149 Inulin, 143, 149 Invasive, 4, 40, 83, 147, 150 Involuntary, 150, 156 Ions, 127, 139, 146, 150, 163 Ischemia, 17, 20, 24, 25, 53, 60, 61, 65, 82, 85, 150, 156, 167 Isoenzyme, 134, 150 Itraconazole, 39, 55, 56, 57, 150 J Joint, 93, 109, 150, 172 K Kb, 102, 150 Ketoconazole, 49, 50, 53, 150 Kidney Disease, 16, 74, 85, 102, 150 Kidney Failure, 150, 153 Kidney stone, 87, 89, 150, 157, 159, 167, 174 Kinetics, 9, 20, 21, 38, 39, 52, 150 L Labile, 5, 132, 150 Large Intestine, 132, 137, 149, 150, 166, 169 Lavage, 9, 150 Laxative, 150, 153, 169
Index
Leishmaniasis, 6, 15, 18, 20, 21, 25, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 73, 150, 160 Lens, 66, 130, 133, 150, 167 Leprosy, 142, 150 Lesion, 7, 84, 127, 134, 142, 151 Lethal, 127, 135, 151 Leucocyte, 84, 151 Leucovorin, 54, 60, 151 Leukaemia, 26, 151 Leukemia, 15, 32, 57, 67, 68, 121, 151 Leukocytes, 128, 144, 148, 151, 155, 173 Leukopenia, 151, 177 Library Services, 116, 151 Life cycle, 142, 151 Ligaments, 134, 151 Ligands, 5, 151 Linkages, 136, 137, 145, 151, 161, 170, 176 Lipase, 60, 151 Lipid, 9, 37, 66, 67, 84, 125, 149, 151, 159 Lipid Peroxidation, 37, 66, 67, 151, 159 Lipoprotein, 23, 60, 151, 152 Liposomal, 9, 151 Lithiasis, 36, 57, 79, 151 Lithium, 89, 152 Lithotripsy, 89, 152 Liver Cirrhosis, 66, 152 Liver metastases, 55, 152 Localized, 82, 139, 148, 152, 162 Low-density lipoprotein, 151, 152 Lung Transplantation, 24, 40, 152 Lymph, 9, 139, 152, 157, 168 Lymph node, 152, 157, 168 Lymphatic, 3, 139, 148, 152, 153, 169, 170, 172 Lymphatic system, 3, 152, 169, 170, 172 Lymphocyte, 48, 125, 152, 154 Lymphoid, 124, 151, 152 Lymphokines, 152, 153 Lymphoma, 15, 40, 152 Lymphoproliferative, 152, 173 Lymphosarcoma, 68, 153 Lysine, 135, 146, 153 Lytic, 56, 153 M Macrophage, 84, 149, 153 Macrophage Activation, 84, 153 Magnesium Hydroxide, 153 Magnesium Oxide, 89, 153 Malaria, 16, 131, 153 Malaria, Falciparum, 153 Malaria, Vivax, 153
185
Malignant, 83, 125, 153, 157 Malignant tumor, 153 Malondialdehyde, 4, 153 Mammary, 134, 153 Mania, 54, 153 Manic, 152, 153 Mannitol, 37, 80, 153 Mediate, 7, 137, 153 Mediator, 11, 85, 149, 153 Medicament, 84, 154, 171, 172 MEDLINE, 103, 154 Meglumine, 32, 33, 39, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 154 Melarsoprol, 7, 154 Membrane, 7, 130, 133, 136, 140, 154, 155, 156, 159, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 172 Membrane Glycoproteins, 154 Memory, 136, 154 Meninges, 130, 138, 154 Meningitis, 20, 50, 150, 154 Mental Disorders, 75, 154 Mentors, 11, 154 Mesentery, 154, 161 Metabolic disorder, 136, 144, 154 Metabolite, 23, 39, 136, 137, 151, 154 Metastasis, 154, 157 Metastatic, 14, 154 Methionine, 5, 154, 171 Metoclopramide, 9, 154 MI, 17, 119, 154 Micelle, 27, 154 Microbe, 154, 173 Microbiology, 7, 126, 155 Microcirculation, 152, 155 Microdialysis, 9, 155 Microorganism, 132, 155, 176 Micro-organism, 144, 155 Microscopy, 6, 155 Microsomal, 66, 155 Microspheres, 35, 155 Migration, 153, 155 Mitochondrial Swelling, 155, 157 Mitosis, 125, 155 Mitral Valve, 147, 155 Modeling, 138, 155 Modification, 29, 136, 137, 155, 176 Molecular, 6, 7, 10, 11, 47, 66, 103, 105, 127, 133, 138, 142, 144, 145, 155, 162, 171, 173 Molecule, 8, 125, 127, 132, 138, 139, 146, 155, 159, 166, 173 Monitor, 83, 134, 155, 158
186
Allopurinol
Monocytes, 149, 151, 155 Mononuclear, 155, 173 Monophosphate, 83, 137, 155 Monotherapy, 37, 156 Morphological, 66, 142, 156 Morphology, 46, 53, 130, 153, 156 Motility, 9, 148, 156 Mucocutaneous, 32, 150, 156 Mucolytic, 121, 156 Mucosa, 140, 156, 170 Mucositis, 21, 156 Mucus, 141, 156, 174 Muscular Dystrophies, 138, 156 Mutagenesis, 6, 156 Mutagens, 156 Mycophenolate mofetil, 48, 156 Myocardial infarction, 18, 134, 137, 154, 156 Myocardial Reperfusion, 51, 156, 167 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 156, 167 Myocardium, 12, 47, 154, 156, 175 Myotonia, 156, 165 N Nausea, 124, 138, 157, 174 NCI, 1, 74, 101, 157 Necrosis, 80, 82, 125, 148, 154, 156, 157, 167, 168 Need, 3, 79, 84, 87, 88, 92, 97, 110, 121, 157 Neoplasms, 125, 157 Neoplastic, 152, 157 Nephrectomy, 10, 157 Nephritis, 35, 88, 157 Nephrolithiasis, 23, 79, 157 Nephropathy, 28, 29, 31, 68, 150, 157 Nerve, 122, 124, 126, 154, 157, 159, 160, 161, 167, 168, 170, 173 Nervous System, 130, 153, 157, 171 Neuromuscular, 121, 157, 164, 174 Neuromuscular Junction, 121, 157 Neurons, 132, 143, 157 Neuropathy, 157, 161 Neurotransmitters, 155, 157 Neutrophil, 85, 157 Nifedipine, 45, 157 Nitric Oxide, 8, 10, 85, 158 Nitrogen, 86, 123, 158, 173 Nitrogen Dioxide, 86, 158 Nitroglycerin, 81, 158 Nitroprusside, 4, 158 Norepinephrine, 122, 137, 158 Nuclear, 139, 157, 158, 166
Nucleic acid, 121, 122, 126, 136, 137, 147, 156, 158, 165, 176 Nucleus, 125, 131, 135, 136, 155, 158, 164, 165 O Ointments, 138, 158 Oliguria, 150, 153, 158 Omentum, 145, 158 Oocytes, 7, 158 Opacity, 130, 136, 158 Organ Preservation, 81, 159 Organ Preservation Solutions, 81, 159 Organ Transplantation, 54, 80, 82, 159 Organelles, 130, 135, 155, 159 Ornithine, 22, 37, 41, 43, 46, 47, 51, 83, 135, 159 Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase, 22, 37, 41, 43, 159 Osmolarity, 153, 159 Osteoporosis, 108, 159 Overactive bladder, 88, 159 Overdosage, 20, 159 Oxalate, 56, 79, 147, 159 Oxalic Acid, 129, 159 Oxidation, 6, 23, 37, 60, 67, 121, 125, 135, 144, 151, 159, 176 Oxidative Stress, 8, 9, 11, 12, 65, 159 Oxygen Consumption, 8, 141, 159, 167 Oxygenator, 129, 159 Oxypurinol, 19, 27, 31, 37, 39, 42, 43, 44, 48, 50, 52, 60, 67, 82, 97, 159 P Pachymeningitis, 154, 159 Palate, 160, 170 Palliative, 160, 172 Pancreas, 80, 121, 137, 145, 149, 151, 160 Pancreatic, 18, 129, 142, 160 Pancreatitis, 15, 28, 49, 50, 61, 67, 160 Parasite, 6, 7, 160 Parasitic, 6, 7, 160 Parietal, 160, 161 Parotid, 160, 168 Particle, 154, 160 Pathogenesis, 11, 86, 89, 160 Pathologic, 12, 121, 125, 134, 147, 160, 175 Pathologic Processes, 125, 160 Patient Education, 108, 114, 116, 119, 160 Penicillamine, 5, 89, 160 Penicillin, 124, 160, 175 Penis, 160, 163 Pentamidine, 7, 15, 52, 160 Pentoxifylline, 60, 160
Index
Pepsin, 131, 161 Pepsin A, 131, 161 Peptide, 161, 162, 164, 165 Percutaneous, 152, 161 Perfusion, 42, 81, 82, 142, 147, 161 Pericardium, 161, 175 Peripheral blood, 31, 161 Peripheral Neuropathy, 47, 161, 176 Peritoneal, 84, 161 Peritoneum, 84, 154, 158, 161 Pest Control, 79, 161 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 130, 141, 143, 161 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 138, 161 Pharmacodynamic, 12, 161 Pharmacokinetic, 39, 161 Pharmacologic, 124, 126, 161, 173 Phenotype, 11, 161 Pheromones, 78, 161 Phosphates, 4, 89, 162 Phosphodiesterase, 160, 162 Phospholipids, 141, 151, 162 Phosphorus, 128, 162 Physical Examination, 109, 162 Physiologic, 10, 80, 122, 127, 149, 162, 164, 166 Pilot study, 61, 162 Piperonyl Butoxide, 66, 162 Plant Growth Regulators, 144, 162 Plants, 123, 126, 132, 143, 149, 156, 158, 159, 162, 173 Plasma cells, 124, 162 Plasminogen, 162, 170 Platelet Aggregation, 85, 158, 160, 162 Platelets, 158, 162, 172 Platinum, 89, 131, 162 Poisoning, 129, 149, 157, 162 Polypeptide, 123, 132, 142, 161, 162 Polyposis, 132, 163 Polysaccharide, 125, 130, 163 Posterior, 123, 138, 160, 163, 168 Postmenopausal, 159, 163 Postoperative, 84, 163 Potassium, 79, 81, 84, 89, 146, 163 Potassium Channels, 84, 163 Potassium Citrate, 79, 89, 163 Potentiates, 149, 163 Practice Guidelines, 104, 163 Precursor, 124, 125, 137, 138, 140, 158, 162, 163, 173, 174, 175 Prednisolone, 28, 39, 163 Prednisone, 15, 93, 163
187
Pregnatrienes, 84, 163 Preload, 11, 163 Prevalence, 53, 163 Priapism, 85, 163 Probe, 155, 163 Probenecid, 13, 31, 93, 109, 163 Progression, 28, 29, 124, 164 Progressive, 10, 31, 136, 138, 144, 156, 157, 164, 167 Proline, 132, 146, 164 Propantheline, 9, 164 Prophase, 158, 164, 174 Prophylaxis, 6, 14, 17, 45, 79, 164 Prostaglandin, 84, 164 Prostaglandins A, 148, 164 Prostate, 131, 164 Prostate gland, 131, 164 Prostatitis, 18, 46, 164 Protease, 148, 164, 168 Protective Agents, 129, 165 Protein C, 122, 123, 125, 151, 165, 174 Protein S, 78, 88, 127, 165 Proteins, 6, 123, 125, 130, 131, 132, 134, 139, 149, 155, 158, 161, 162, 165, 166, 169, 173, 175 Protons, 146, 165, 166 Protozoa, 150, 155, 165, 173, 175 Psychic, 165, 168 Public Policy, 103, 165 Publishing, 13, 165 Pulmonary, 127, 133, 141, 142, 150, 165, 175 Pulmonary Artery, 127, 165, 175 Pulse, 155, 165 Purines, 6, 7, 14, 42, 78, 93, 165, 176 Purulent, 165, 175 Pustular, 22, 32, 165 Pyrazinamide, 38, 40, 165 Q Quinine, 16, 131, 165 R Radiation, 142, 147, 166 Radiation therapy, 142, 147, 166 Radioactive, 146, 148, 158, 166 Radioactivity, 134, 166 Raffinose, 81, 166 Randomized, 4, 15, 17, 37, 46, 53, 54, 55, 61, 138, 166 Randomized clinical trial, 15, 53, 55, 61, 166 Reabsorption, 146, 163, 166 Reactivation, 24, 166
188
Allopurinol
Reactive Oxygen Species, 8, 11, 166 Reagent, 159, 166, 172 Receptor, 29, 125, 133, 137, 166 Recombinant, 32, 166 Rectum, 125, 128, 132, 137, 142, 143, 148, 150, 164, 166, 171 Recurrence, 89, 166 Refer, 1, 128, 132, 142, 146, 166 Refractory, 18, 28, 166 Regimen, 39, 138, 166, 167 Reliability, 57, 61, 167 Remission, 121, 166, 167 Renal failure, 42, 46, 48, 55, 57, 167, 174 Renal pelvis, 150, 167 Renal tubular, 135, 164, 167 Renin, 10, 124, 167 Reperfusion, 17, 20, 24, 25, 44, 47, 53, 60, 61, 65, 82, 85, 156, 167 Reperfusion Injury, 20, 24, 25, 47, 53, 60, 61, 65, 82, 85, 167 Replantation, 53, 167 Resolving, 6, 167 Respiration, 155, 167 Restoration, 82, 156, 166, 167 Resuscitation, 82, 167 Retina, 150, 167, 175 Retreatment, 44, 167 Retrospective, 29, 167 Rheology, 160, 168 Rhinitis, 164, 168 Ribonuclease, 7, 168 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 147, 168 Ribose, 121, 168 Risk factor, 10, 93, 109, 168 Ritonavir, 9, 168 Rotenone, 162, 168 S Salicylate, 137, 168 Salivary, 135, 137, 168 Salivary glands, 135, 137, 168 Saphenous, 134, 168 Saphenous Vein, 134, 168 Sarcoidosis, 14, 22, 48, 55, 69, 168 Schizoid, 168, 176 Schizophrenia, 17, 168, 176 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 168, 176 Sclera, 168, 175 Screening, 6, 83, 132, 168 Secretion, 84, 131, 134, 136, 146, 156, 168 Seizures, 16, 67, 140, 168 Selenium, 14, 66, 169
Senile, 159, 169 Sepsis, 85, 169 Septic, 126, 169 Serous, 139, 169 Serum, 10, 32, 56, 122, 132, 134, 152, 169, 171, 173 Shock, 45, 67, 85, 89, 152, 169, 173 Side effect, 53, 73, 87, 95, 97, 122, 137, 147, 154, 169, 173, 176 Skeletal, 32, 134, 156, 169 Skeleton, 150, 164, 169 Small intestine, 131, 138, 146, 147, 149, 169 Smooth muscle, 85, 123, 126, 128, 146, 158, 169, 171 Sodium, 25, 32, 56, 79, 81, 89, 144, 146, 165, 166, 169 Sodium Bicarbonate, 79, 89, 169 Solid tumor, 83, 169 Solvent, 61, 141, 161, 169 Somatic, 155, 161, 169 Sorbitol, 153, 154, 169 Specialist, 110, 137, 169 Species, 6, 8, 13, 85, 132, 140, 150, 153, 155, 159, 160, 161, 166, 170, 171, 173, 176 Specificity, 5, 50, 122, 170 Spectrum, 150, 170 Sperm, 131, 170 Spinal cord, 130, 131, 138, 154, 157, 159, 163, 170 Spleen, 135, 152, 168, 170 Stavudine, 9, 170 Steel, 170, 174 Sterile, 126, 170 Sterility, 148, 170 Steroids, 66, 134, 143, 170 Stimulant, 128, 137, 146, 170, 175 Stimulus, 133, 170, 172 Stomach, 121, 126, 137, 140, 143, 145, 146, 150, 157, 158, 161, 169, 170 Stomatitis, 14, 21, 54, 170 Stool, 148, 150, 170 Streptococci, 170 Streptokinase, 82, 170 Stress, 8, 9, 12, 30, 88, 89, 130, 157, 159, 170 Stroke, 11, 33, 75, 82, 85, 102, 129, 171 Stroke Volume, 12, 129, 171 Structure-Activity Relationship, 5, 171 Subacute, 148, 171 Subclinical, 148, 168, 171 Subcutaneous, 55, 138, 171 Subspecies, 170, 171 Substance P, 154, 168, 171
Index
Substrate, 6, 8, 140, 171 Sulfinpyrazone, 93, 109, 171 Sulfur, 154, 171 Superoxide, 8, 32, 45, 61, 66, 85, 171 Superoxide Dismutase, 32, 61, 171 Supplementation, 5, 171 Suppositories, 60, 143, 171 Suppression, 30, 134, 171, 177 Survival Rate, 83, 171 Sympathomimetic, 137, 140, 158, 171 Symptomatic, 160, 172 Synergist, 162, 172 Synovial, 93, 172 Synovial Fluid, 93, 172 Synovial Membrane, 172 Systemic, 19, 50, 86, 96, 125, 127, 140, 145, 148, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172 Systolic, 147, 172 T Tachycardia, 126, 137, 172 Tachypnea, 126, 172 Tacrolimus, 10, 172 Terminator, 136, 137, 172, 176 Theophylline, 165, 172 Therapeutics, 11, 20, 23, 42, 43, 96, 172 Thioacetamide, 66, 172 Threshold, 147, 172 Thrombin, 141, 162, 165, 172 Thromboembolism, 82, 172 Thrombolytic, 162, 170, 172 Thrombolytic Therapy, 170, 172 Thrombosis, 82, 165, 171, 172 Thrombus, 134, 148, 156, 162, 172 Thymus, 147, 152, 172 Tiazofurin, 32, 50, 173 Tin, 161, 162, 173 Tissue Preservation, 81, 173 Topical, 61, 140, 146, 169, 173 Torsion, 148, 173 Toxic, iv, 7, 35, 125, 126, 131, 135, 147, 157, 160, 169, 173, 176, 177 Toxicity, 8, 24, 26, 47, 138, 173 Toxicology, 66, 104, 173 Toxins, 125, 139, 144, 148, 173 Transcriptase, 136, 137, 170, 173, 176 Transfection, 127, 173 Translocation, 7, 173 Transmitter, 121, 137, 154, 158, 173 Transplantation, 30, 40, 46, 48, 53, 80, 81, 82, 147, 173 Trauma, 84, 145, 157, 160, 173 Triamterene, 89, 173
189
Trypanosomiasis, 39, 160, 173 Tryptophan, 132, 173 Tumor Lysis Syndrome, 47, 173 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 52, 173 Tungsten, 9, 130, 173 Type 2 diabetes, 3, 174 Tyrosine, 137, 174 U Ulcerative colitis, 17, 20, 174 Unconscious, 147, 174 Univalent, 146, 159, 174 Uracil, 174 Uraemia, 160, 174 Urea, 50, 159, 174 Uremia, 150, 167, 174 Ureter, 152, 167, 174 Urethra, 160, 164, 174, 175 Uric, 10, 28, 32, 38, 53, 56, 61, 78, 79, 88, 89, 93, 109, 123, 127, 144, 147, 165, 174 Uricosuric, 127, 163, 171, 174 Uridine Monophosphate, 83, 174 Urinary tract, 87, 136, 152, 174 Urinary tract infection, 87, 174 Urine, 48, 83, 127, 129, 134, 136, 137, 147, 148, 150, 158, 159, 167, 174 Uterus, 131, 175 Uvea, 175 Uveitis, 66, 175 V Vaccines, 123, 175, 176 Vagina, 131, 175 Vaginal, 44, 175 Vaginitis, 44, 175 Valine, 160, 175 Valves, 175 Vascular, 4, 11, 33, 36, 82, 85, 128, 139, 148, 152, 155, 158, 172, 175 Vasculitis, 22, 24, 36, 160, 175 Vasoconstriction, 137, 140, 175 Vasodilation, 85, 175 Vasodilator, 128, 138, 146, 156, 157, 158, 175 Vein, 124, 149, 158, 160, 168, 175 Venous, 158, 165, 175 Ventricle, 155, 165, 172, 175 Ventricular, 11, 33, 138, 156, 175 Ventricular Dysfunction, 138, 175 Ventricular Pressure, 12, 175 Venules, 127, 129, 139, 155, 175 Verapamil, 80, 175 Vesicular, 146, 155, 175 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 176
190
Allopurinol
Viral, 85, 121, 136, 137, 139, 143, 176 Virulence, 6, 173, 176 Virus, 143, 176 Visceral, 15, 18, 34, 39, 49, 50, 53, 56, 57, 150, 161, 176 Viscosity, 121, 168, 176 Vitro, 9, 11, 145, 176 Vivo, 9, 22, 30, 176 W White blood cell, 124, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 162, 176 Withdrawal, 47, 48, 176
X Xanthine Dehydrogenase, 14, 176 Xanthine Oxidase, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 37, 40, 42, 47, 60, 66, 78, 85, 123, 147, 159, 176 Xenograft, 124, 176 Y Yeasts, 142, 161, 176 Z Zalcitabine, 9, 176 Zidovudine, 9, 176
Index
191
192
Allopurinol
