Ampicillin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

AMPICILLIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

Author: ICON Health Publications

78 downloads 558 Views 2MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

AMPICILLIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ampicillin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00057-1 1. Ampicillin-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ampicillin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AMPICILLIN............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ampicillin ..................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 15 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AMPICILLIN ..................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ampicillin .................................................................................... 69 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AMPICILLIN .............................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 73 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 76 General References ....................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AMPICILLIN ................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Dissertations on Ampicillin......................................................................................................... 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON AMPICILLIN ........................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patents on Ampicillin .................................................................................................................. 81 Patent Applications on Ampicillin ............................................................................................ 100 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 101 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AMPICILLIN ............................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 103 Academic Periodicals covering Ampicillin ................................................................................ 105 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 107 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 108 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 115 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 117 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 119 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 121 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 123 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 123 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 123 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 129 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 129

viii Contents

AMPICILLIN DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 131 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 185

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ampicillin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ampicillin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ampicillin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ampicillin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ampicillin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ampicillin. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AMPICILLIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ampicillin.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ampicillin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Streptococcus Milleri: A Cause of Pyogenic Liver Abscess Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 93(7-8): 276-277. July-August 2001. Contact: Available from National Medical Association. 1012 Tenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. (202) 347-1895, ext. 267. Website: www.NMAnet.org. Summary: Anemia, leukocytosis (high levels of white blood cells in the blood), elevated abnormal liver function enzymes, hypoalbuminemia (low levels of protein in the blood), fever, and right upper quadrand abdominal pain are common signs and symptoms of liver abscesses. Mortality is high: 100 percent without treatment, and 50 to 65 percent with medical treatment. The bacteria Streptococcus milleri has been found to be associated with liver abscesses significantly more frequently than any other streptococci. S. milleri is also a common cause of liver abscess in patients with Crohn's disease. This

4

Ampicillin

article reports a case of S. milleri in a 47 year old patient with a history of hypertension, alcohol abuse, and tobacco smoking. The authors stress that increased awareness of S. milleri has come from better isolation of Streptococci species. The clinical importance of this awareness is that S. milleri is resistant to metronidazole. Therefore, patients with liver abscesses who receive metronidazole may not respond if S. milleri is the infecting organism. Effective antibiotics include ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and the cephalosporins. 1 figure. 1 table. 3 references. •

Managing Urinary Tract Infections in Men Source: Hospital Practice. 35(1): 53-60, 144. January 15, 2000. Contact: McGraw-Hill Healthcare Publications. 4530 West 77th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55435. (612) 835-3222. Fax (615) 835-3460. Summary: Despite the obvious genitourinary differences between the sexes, management of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) in men is based largely on standards developed from studies in women. This has helped foster misconceptions that, among other problems, add needless complexity and expense to the diagnosis and treatment of male patients with UTIs. This article offers suggestions for managing UTIs in men. The article begins with an illustrative case presentation of a 68 year old man who presented with dysuria (painful urination) and increased urinary frequency. The author notes that among men who are past middle age, or who are institutionalized, the prevalence of UTI is almost the same as it is in women. Risk factors can include catheterization, lack of circumcision, sexual history (UTI in a male patient can be associated with the same pathogen found in the partner's vaginal flora), and exposure to coliform bacteria (usually through insertive anal intercourse). The author notes that in men, compared to women, the necessity of obtaining a clean catch urine specimen is reduced; first void urine specimens are an adequate choice for most men with clinical findings suggesting a bladder infection. If the symptoms are making the patient uncomfortable, empiric antimicrobial therapy for probable UTI is indicated. Once the organism has been identified and characterized, any changes in antibiotic therapy can be undertaken. In the case study, a 10 day regimen of ampicillin was used. Since symptoms resolved during treatment and because it is usually unnecessary to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria, there was no absolute need to repeat the urine culture as confirmation of cure. The author does emphasize that recurrent UTIs in male patients warrant a high degree of suspicion of an underlying structural problem requiring further evaluation. For example, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may result in urine retention in the bladder, with an accompanying higher risk of infection. 2 figures. 10 references.

•

Urinary Tract Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology Source: Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 35(3): 339-342. March 1990. Summary: Escherichia coli is still the most common bacterial pathogen associated with urinary tract infections in women. Because of increasing resistance, ampicillin or a sulfonamide alone is no longer recommended for the empiric treatment of these infections. Antimicrobial therapy that contains a beta-lactamase inhibitor or that is resistant to the action of beta-lactamase is preferred. For the treatment of acute, uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in a young woman, a short course of therapy (single dose) may be adequate. For an upper tract or complicated infection, a longer course of therapy is advised. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy should be treated; a short course of therapy with a beta-lactam antibiotic may be tried only if

Studies

5

posttherapy follow-up cultures are planned. When bacteriuria persists or recurs, a longer course of therapy should follow, with consideration given to a urologic workup after delivery. 3 tables, 12 references. (AA). •

Resistance Trends in Urinary Tract Pathogens and Impact on Management Source: Journal of Urology. 168(4 Part 2): 1720-1722. October 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: In this article, the author reviews the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract pathogens (disease-causing organisms) and determines its clinical impact on management. Although some geographic variation is noted in antibiotic resistance rates among urinary tract Escherichia coli isolates, rates were highest for ampicillin (39 percent to 45 percent) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14 percent to 31.4 percent) and lowest for nitrofurantoin (1.8 percent to 16 percent) and fluoroquinolones (0.7 percent to 10 percent). Resistance rates also varied based on patient age. A few studies suggested that antimicrobial resistance has an impact on clinical and bacteriological outcome, but the results are limited by the small number of patients. The author concludes that resistance rates among common uropathogens continue to evolve and appear to be increasing to many commonly used agents. Continued surveillance of resistance rates among uropathogens is needed to ensure that appropriate recommendations can be made for treatment of infected patients. 1 table. 28 references.

•

Management Strategies for C. Difficile Colitis Source: IM. Internal Medicine. 20(8): 26-29. August 1999. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Summary: Infections caused by Clostridium difficile are very common, especially in hospitalized patients. In this article, the author reviews the pathophysiology of C. difficile, the clinical features of infections, appropriate diagnostic testing, and treatment regimens for this pathogen. There are two patient populations that appear to be particularly vulnerable to C. difficile infection: patients receiving antibiotics who are exposed to an environmental source of C. difficile (in the hospital, for example); and carriers of C. difficile who are subsequently treated with an antibiotic that allows the bacteria to proliferate. Specific antibiotics that put patients at risk for infection with C. difficile include ampicillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins. A wide range of conditions are associated with C. difficile infection: asymptomatic carrier state, antibiotic associated diarrhea without colitis, antibiotic associated colitis without pseudomembrane formation, pseudomembranous colitis, fulminant colitis with toxic megacolon, C. difficile complicating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and nonantibiotic associated C. difficile colitis. The gold standard laboratory test for C. difficile colitis is the tissue culture bioassay for toxin B performed on the patient's stool. The goal of therapy in C. difficile infection is to eliminate the organism from the feces. Oral metronidazole (250 mg four times per day) is the drug of choice for treating C. difficile infection because of the drug's comparable efficacy and lower cost compared to vancomycin. The author concludes by reviewing the treatment of recurrent infection and summarizing the key points of patient care management. 1 figure. 2 tables. 18 references.

6

•

Ampicillin

Acute Urinary Tract Infection in Women: What Kind of Antibiotic Therapy is Optimal? Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 92(6): 159-162, 165-166, 172. November 1, 1992. Summary: Recent data gathered about uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women have led researchers to dispute previously accepted theories and approaches to treatment. This article examines these issues, covering definitions of infection, virulence factors, short-course treatment, single-dose therapy, three-day therapy, persistent infections and relapses, cost-effectiveness, and choice of antibiotics. Drugs discussed include amoxicillin and ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, TMP-SMX, and fluoroquinolones. The author concludes that to appropriately treat patients, while avoiding overtreatment that can increase both costs and side effects, physicians must stay abreast of information about pathogens, mechanisms of disease, new drugs, and common resistance patterns. 2 tables. 33 references. (AA-M).

•

Complicated UTI: Targeting the Pathogens Source: Patient Care. 31(7): 212-216, 221-223. April 15, 1997. Summary: This article guides physicians through the diagnosis and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). Complicated UTI is defined as a symptomatic UTI in a setting that increases the risk of persistence, recurrence, or treatment failure. Such infections usually result from an anatomic abnormality, underlying disease, the presence of an indwelling bladder catheter, or older age. Complicating factors may not be obvious at first, and the clinical spectrum ranges from mild cystitis to life threatening urosepsis. The author notes that complicated UTIs are more likely than uncomplicated infections to involve multiple or unusual organisms, many of which may be resistant to first-line antimicrobials such as ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Pathogens frequently seen include Proteus mirabilis (particularly common in patients with kidney stones), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella species, and Enterococcus faecalis. Patients with diabetes are at greater risk for infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; this group and patients on dialysis are at increased risk for staphylococcal infections. Other topics include the use and abuse of quinolones, the bioavailability of IV versus oral drugs, and followup care for patients with complicated UTIs. Low-dose antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for several months in patients at risk for recurrence of UTI, but this suppressive therapy is usually reserved for children, symptomatic patients, and those at high risk for progressive renal damage. The author cautions, however, that chronic suppressive therapy is not without risks. 3 tables. 14 references. (AA-M).

•

Drug-Induced Acute Renal Failure: Keys to Recognizing and Treating Intrarenal Toxicity Source: Consultant. 37(6): 1592-1599. June 1997. Contact: Available from Consultant. Cliggott Publishing Company, 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. Summary: This article helps readers recognize and treat drug-induced acute renal failure (ARF). Drug-induced acute tubular necrosis is a primary cause of ARF; it may result from the use of such agents as aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, and radiocontrast media. Suggestions are provided to reduce the risk of aminoglycoside toxicity: prescribe the shortest course possible, use once daily dosing, monitor serum concentrations, and avoid using these agents in patients with known risk factors.

Studies

7

Radiocontrast media-associated ARF is most likely to occur with preexisting renal damage, especially in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Since sodium depletion is the most important risk factor for nephrotoxic injury with amphotericin B use, saline loading is recommended both before and during drug administration. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis, another important cause of ARF, has been associated with a number of antibiotics, especially penicillin and ampicillin; many patients recover with the removal of the offending agent. The authors provide three illustrative case reports. 6 tables. 17 references. (AA-M). •

Clostridium Difficile Infection in Obstetric and Gynecologic Patients Source: Southern Medical Journal. 90(9): 889-892. September 1997. Contact: Available from Southern Medical Association. 35 Lakeshore Drive, Birmingham, AL 35209. (205) 945-1840. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to review Clostridium difficile in obstetric and gynecologic patients, with the goal of better characterizing the incidence and course of women with C. difficile infection. The authors reviewed hospital records of women who use obstetrics and gynecologic services and who had a diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, or C. difficile infection Cases were included if there was identification of C. difficile by culture or toxin or endoscopic verification of pseudomembranous colitis. Between January 1985 and June 1995, there were 74,120 admissions to the obstetrics and gynecology services at two tertiary level hospitals. Eighteen women were found to have documented C. difficile infection (0.02 percent). Diarrhea developed from 2 days to 30 days after antibiotics had been given (mean was 10 days). Nine patients had fever, six had nausea and vomiting, and five had abdominal pain. Antimicrobial agents given before infection included cephalexin, cefoxitin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfmethoxazole, ampicillin, gentamicin, and clindamycin. All patients were treated successfully with inpatient antimicrobial agents: 15 with metronidazole and 3 with vancomycin. There was one possible recurrence. 1 table. 14 references. (AA-M).

•

Better Antibiotic for Cholangitis Source: Emergency Medicine. 22(7): 83, 86. April 15, 1990. Summary: This article reports on the continuing search for an improved antibiotic to treat cholangitis. Mezlocillin is nonstandard, but it seems to offer a higher cure rate with fewer relapses than the usual combination of ampicillin with an aminoglycoside. Benefits of mezlocillin include achievement of a higher concentration of bile, coverage of a broader range of pathogens, and potentially fewer relapses. The use of mezlocillin in conjunction with an aminoglycoside also is discussed. Topics include indications and contraindications, administration and dosage, and potential complications. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Ampicillin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ampicillin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration

8

Ampicillin

database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ampicillin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ampicillin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ampicillin: •

Project Title: A GENOMICS APPROACH TO BIOFILMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lewis, Kim; Associate Professor; Biology; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term goal is to elucidate the mechanism of biofilm tolerance to antibiotics. Our preliminary studies suggest that persister cells may be largely responsible for resistance of biofilms and stationary planktonic populations to killing by cidal antimicrobials. The main goal of this proposal is to identify genes responsible for the persister phenotype. This will enable us to directly test the persister hypothesis of biofilm resistance which promises to solve this long-standing riddle, and will provide a new paradigm for the understanding and treatment of biofilm infections. We will use a number of complementary approaches to identify persister genes. We were able to isolate persisters from a high-persistence (hip) strain of E. coli by lysing the bulk of cells with ampicillin, and obtained a preliminary gene expression profile. A detailed time-dependent gene profile of ampicillin treatment will be obtained, providing data for a comprehensive cluster analysis that will indicate candidate persister genes. We will isolate naive persisters using cell sorting with GFP linked to genes that are likely to be expressed in these cells. Additionally, using DNA arrays, we will identify an overlapping set of genes differentially expressed in cells treated with unrelated antibiotics. Persister genes are expected to be among those affecting death and survival. In an independent approach, persister genes will be identified by selection for increased tolerance from a recombinant genomic library. Candidate genes from these approaches will be tested in uniformly constructed strains, each carrying a deletion; and overexpressing the gene from a controllable promoter. Tests with a set of antibiotics will indicate genes that affect persister production in planktonic cultures. Biofilms will then be prepared from persister-deficient or overproducing strains, and tested for tolerance with cidal antibiotics. Correlation between persister status of a strain and biofilm tolerance will provide a definitive test for the persister hypothesis. Identified persister genes will then enable a study of their mechanism of action, which will begin with obtaining an expression profile from strains deficient in; and overproducing the protein of interest. These studies will form the basis for understanding biofilm infections and developing drugs that target persister proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

•

9

Project Title: ANTIBIOTIC HYPERSUSCEPTIBILITY MUTATIONS IN BACTERIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Neyfakh, Alex A.; Associate Professor; Medicinal Chem & Pharmacognosy; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The escalating problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics calls for radical changes in the existing antibacterial therapies. One of the most promising approaches is the use of antibiotic potentiators, compounds that make bacterial cells hypersusceptible to antibiotics. The goal of the project is to identify multiple novel molecular targets for potentiators. This will be accomplished by isolating antibiotic hypersusceptibility mutations of Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter and/or Escherichia coli. These mutations will specify bacterial proteins whose inhibition is likely to potentiate antimicrobial action of antibiotics. Antibiotic hypersusceptibility is a very difficult phenotype to select, and only few such mutations are known. We have designed and tested a novel genetic strategy for selection of hypersusceptibility mutations, termed SDR. Application of this strategy will identify multiple mutations increasing bacterial susceptibility to beta-lactams (ampicillin, ceftazidime, imipenem), translational inhibitors (erythromycin, linezolid, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol) and fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin). The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of the most interesting of these mutations will be analyzed. In addition to identifying promising targets for potentiators, the project will help unravel new aspects of the mechanism of action of antibiotics and new features of bacterial physiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: BETA LACTAMASE MUTATIONS IN ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Palzkill, Timothy; Associate Professor; Molecular Virology & Microbiol; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents has increased in recent years and now represents a significant threat to successful antibiotic therapy. One example of this phenomenon is the development of resistance to B-Iactam antibiotics. B-lactam antibiotics, such as the penicillins and cephalosporins, are among the most frequently used antimicrobial agents. The most common mechanism of resistance to B-lactam antibiotics is the production of B-lactamases, which cleave the antibiotic, rendering it harmless to bacteria. Based on primary sequence homology, Blactamases have been grouped into four classes. Classes A, C and D are active-site serine enzymes that catalyze, via a serine-bound acyl-enzyme intermediate, the hydrolysis of the B-Iactam antibiotic. Class B enzymes require zinc for activity and catalysis does not proceed via a covalent intermediate. Because of the diverse range of substrate specificities of these enzymes, virtually all B-lactam antibiotics are susceptible to hydrolysis. Clearly, the design of new antibiotics that escape hydrolysis by the growing collection of B-lactamase activities will be a challenge. It will be necessary to understand the catalytic mechanism and basis for substrate specificity of each class of B-lactamase. The goal of this work is understand how the amino acid sequence determines the structure, catalysis, and substrate specificity of the IMP-I B-lactamase of class B and the P99 class C B-lactamase. This will be achieved by randomizing amino acid positions in the active-site pocket of each enzyme to sample all possible amino acid substitutions. All of the random substitutions will then be screened to identify those substitutions that

10

Ampicillin

alter the substrate specificity of the enzyme. Enzymes containing substitutions that alter substrate specificity will be purified and characterized biochemically. The sets of random substitutions will also be screened using phage display methodology to identify residues critical for catalysis. A further goal of this proposal is to use the detailed knowledge of the interface between B-lactamase inhibitory protein (BLIP) and Blactamase, in combination with random mutagenesis and phage display, to create derivatives of BLIP that bind and inhibit B-lactamases and penicillin binding proteins. The new' BLIP derivatives will be characterized biochemically and structurally. The information gained from these studies will be useful for the rational design of new antibiotics and inhibitors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--BIOREAGENT AND CELL CULTURE FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tokes, Zoltan A.; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Bioreagent and Cell Culture Core Facility supports cancer related research that requires in vitro experiments, provides reagents for cell culture and prepares bioreagents that are produced by cells grown in the facility. Recently, the Cell Culture Core facility was reorganized to introduce new services of producing bioreagents that were identified as high priority by the investigators during last year's survey. The Core Facility now grows suspension cultures of hybridoma cells in large quantities and produces purified monoclonal antibodies. A recently acquired News Brunswick Bioreactor made the growing of cells in large quantities possible at substantial savings. The facility is in the process of developing and evaluating lipofectin preparations for cell transfection at highly reduced costs. Additional available services are the preparation of specialized serum products, LB matrix coated culture dishes, and Ampicillin /R plates. Studies will be conducted to evaluated the feasibility of producing recombinant proteins, cytokines and growth factors. The Core Facility continues to provide established services of cell culture media preparations in large batches and their distribution at five convenient locations, testing for mycoplasma contaminations, drug testing using cytotoxity and cell proliferation assays, bulk purchase of tissue culture additives, growing attached cells in large quantities using roller bottles, and provides assistance in all techniques related to cell cultures. The Facility is one of the most widely used shared resources, utilized by 62 faculty members, and provides substantial savings of 45% to 90%. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCT FUNCTION STUDIES OF MOESIN, CELLULASES, & FLAVOENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Karplus, P A.; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We are working with medicinal chemists to design inhibitors of clinicallytroublesome bacterial -lactamases, which provide resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins. By working at cryogenic temperatures, we hope to stabilize and visualize reaction intermediates in the inhibition pathway. Four -lactam complexes of two class C -lactamases from Enterobacter cloacae (P99 and GC1) were examined at 100-K on beamline A1 with the 2k Princeton detector in binned mode. Aztreonam and

Studies

11

ampicillin were complexed with the GC1 enzyme, and potential inhibitors KM233 and DVR3 were complexed with the P99 enzyme. The P99 and GC1 complexes gave data to about 2.7 and 2.3 resolution, respectively. Initial phasing will be based on the known native structures. Maps of the GC1 complexes are now being examined. New crystals of the plasmid-mediated SHV class A -lactamase were characterized. The small crystals (25x75 microns) diffracted to 2.4 resolution. A poorly resolved reciprocal spacing on the Princeton detector, estimated to be about 250 -1, has hindered indexing by DENZO so that XGEN will be used instead. Because there appear to at least 4 copies of the molecule per asymmetric unit, we may not continue to use this crystal form. In the remaining time, new 50 micron crystals of vanB, an aminoacid ligase providing vancomycin resistance to enterococci, were quickly characterized in order to plan for future work and were found to diffract to about 4 , for a monoclinic cell with 85x83x83 and =99-. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTICENTER MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Wapner, Ronald J.; Professor; Pediatrics; Drexel University College of Medicine 245 N 15Th St Philadelphia, Pa 19102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Jefferson Medical College is submitting a competing renewal to the "Cooperative Multicenter Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Jefferson has been an active and productive participant in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network over the last four years. The Jefferson Center (JC) has actively recruited for all MFMU protocols and has routinely been among the top centers in patient recruitment, data accuracy, and data reliability. The JC PI is chairman of both the steroid and the genetics subcommittees. JC faculty and staff has partipated on subcommittees, introduced concepts, participated in Steering Committee meetings, and performed secondary analysis of data. The JC provides the Network with over 8,700 deliveries per year of which over 35% are high-risk. All patients are available to participate in trials. The JC has a faculty of 20 Maternal-Fetal Medicine subspecialists with 6 designated physicians having primary responsibility for Network activity. These physicians have adequate protected time. Jefferson has an academic research environment demonstrated by its Network participation to date, participation in other multicenter trials, and existence of an extensive research infrastructure. There are intrapartum and antepartum facilities for research recruitment, hospital staffs experienced in research participation, and a large research staff (nurse coordinator, 3 masters nurses, 6 RNs, 2 research associates, a full-time data base manager and a data entry clerk). The JC has a large academic neonatal service with 1,874 neonates cared for per year by 23 full-time neonatologists. The neonatal unit is submitting an application for participation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Network. The JC offers the Network additional expertise in clinical and molecular genetics, ultrasound, and epidemiology. Administrative strength include a large organized perinatal network (>30,000 births per year) providing additional patients when required. The JC has proposed a concept on the timing of cervical cerclage removal following preterm premature rupture of membranes. The supporting documentation for this prospective randomized trial demonstrates the Center?s research acumen as well as the breath and strength of the data base. The JC is strongly committed and prepared to continue active participation in the MFMU. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

12

•

Ampicillin

Project Title: MULTICENTER NETWORK OF MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sciscione, Anthony; Pediatrics; Drexel University College of Medicine 245 N 15Th St Philadelphia, Pa 19102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Jefferson Medical College is submitting a competing renewal to the "Cooperative Multicenter Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Jefferson has been an active and productive participant in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network over the last four years. The Jefferson Center (JC) has actively recruited for all MFMU protocols and has routinely been among the top centers in patient recruitment, data accuracy, and data reliability. The JC PI is chairman of both the steroid and the genetics subcommittees. JC faculty and staff has partipated on subcommittees, introduced concepts, participated in Steering Committee meetings, and performed secondary analysis of data. The JC provides the Network with over 8,700 deliveries per year of which over 35% are high-risk. All patients are available to participate in trials. The JC has a faculty of 20 Maternal-Fetal Medicine subspecialists with 6 designated physicians having primary responsibility for Network activity. These physicians have adequate protected time. Jefferson has an academic research environment demonstrated by its Network participation to date, participation in other multicenter trials, and existence of an extensive research infrastructure. There are intrapartum and antepartum facilities for research recruitment, hospital staffs experienced in research participation, and a large research staff (nurse coordinator, 3 masters nurses, 6 RNs, 2 research associates, a full-time data base manager and a data entry clerk). The JC has a large academic neonatal service with 1,874 neonates cared for per year by 23 full-time neonatologists. The neonatal unit is submitting an application for participation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Network. The JC offers the Network additional expertise in clinical and molecular genetics, ultrasound, and epidemiology. Administrative strength include a large organized perinatal network (>30,000 births per year) providing additional patients when required. The JC has proposed a concept on the timing of cervical cerclage removal following preterm premature rupture of membranes. The supporting documentation for this prospective randomized trial demonstrates the Center?s research acumen as well as the breath and strength of the data base. The JC is strongly committed and prepared to continue active participation in the MFMU. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: NEW APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PCP THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Cushion, Melanie T.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pneumocystis carinii (PcP) remains an important cause of infection in immunocompromised hosts including patients with AIDS. The most widely utilized therapy is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Recent concerns have arisen over development of mutations to the DHPS locus, which mediates sensitivity to SMX. Accordingly, Dr. Cushion proposes new strategies to develop treatments for Pneumocystis based upon a better understanding of the sterol and mitochondrial metabolism pathways as potential targets for therapy. They propose to first identify efficacious compounds which target enzymatic steps in the sterol biosynthetic and mitochondrial pathways of Pc using in vitro viability assay. Under the

Studies

13

second aim, they will assess the potential mechanisms of action of these inhibitors on each pathway by analysis of gene expression using macroarrays. In the third aim, they will attempt to identify synergistic combinations of the sterol ad mitochondrial inhibitors within and between these pathways by construction of inhibitor isobolograms. Finally, they will select the most efficacious combinations of agents and evaluate their effects on gene expression again using the macroarray approach. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF AMPICILLIN RESISTANCE IN E FACEIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Rice, Louis B.; Professor; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from Applicant's Abstract):The dramatic rise in prevalence of multi-resistant enterococci in United States hospitals over the past decade has limited therapeutic options, affected morbidity and mortality and increased the cost of caring for seriously ill hospitalized patients. The expression of resistance to vancomycin has received the most attention during this time. However, it is equally problematic that virtually all vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are Enterococcus faecium that express resistance to high levels of ampicillin. While it is clear that ampicillin resistance in E. faecium requires expression of low affinity penicillin-binding protein 5 (PBP5), the correlation between the amounts of detectable PBP5 and the level of ampicillin resistance is not exact. Several point mutations in pbp5 have been identified in strains expressing high-level ampicillin resistance, but the specific contributions of these mutations to the levels of resistance have never been assessed. We have identified the first transferable ampicillin resistance described from E. faecium in a VRE strain from Northeast Ohio. The pbp5 gene conferring resistance in this isolate possesses several mutations that have been associated with high-level ampicillin resistance in other E. faecium isolates. Curiously, levels of ampicillin resistance expressed by transconjugant E. faecium strains are not equivalent to those expressed by the donor, despite documentation that equivalent amounts of PBP5 are produced. In the past two years, we have acquired evidence that levels of ampicillin resistance expressed correlate with transcription (but not necessarily translation) of an upstream open reading frame designated ftsWEf. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) perform site directed mutagenesis of E. faecium pbp5 to determine the functional (MIC, affinity) and structural importance of specific mutations. With collaborations in France and Switzerland, we now possess the molecular expertise to create the mutants and analyze their functional impact and determine the crystal structure; 2) to investigate the role of the putative upstream repressor psr in regulating expression of ampicillin resistance in E. faecium; 3) to investigate the mechanisms by which transcription of ftsWEf impacts the levels of ampicillin resistance expressed by E. faecium; 4) to assess whether upstream open reading frames designated nanE-Ef and ywrF-Ef affect levels of ampicillin resistance expressed and 5) to determine whether the peptidoglycan precursors differ in sensitive and resistant strains. These investigations will yield new insights into what is arguably the most resistant nosocomial pathogen of our time by providing important structure-function correlations for PBP5, correlations which may be important for the development of newer and better inhibitory compounds. They will also yield important new information on mechanisms of cell wall synthesis in E. faecium and other Gram-positive bacteria as well as on the mechanisms by which ampicillin resistance in E. faecium is regulated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

14

•

Ampicillin

Project Title: STRUCTURE AND GENETIC CONTROL OF COLICINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Helinski, Donald R.; Professor; None; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1978; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: The research in this proposal is concerned with genetic and biochemical mechanisms responsible for the initiation of replication and partitioning of the broadhost-range plasmid RK2 in Escherichia coli and distantly related Gram-negative bacteria. Plasmid RK2 specifies resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin, tetracycline and kanamycin, and will replicate and is stably maintained in a wide range of Gramnegative bacteria. Mechanisms of plasmid replication initiation and segregation to daughter cells will be investigated in E. coli, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using biochemical, genetic and cytological techniques. RK2 encodes a replication initiation protein (TrfA) and a replication origin that has as its main features 17 base pair repeats (iterons) that are bound by the TrfA protein, four DnaA boxes, and an A+T rich sequence that contains four 13-mer sequences. The plasmid also contains two regions, including the par operons, which are involved in stable maintenance. A major thrust of the proposed research is understanding the unique properties of this plasmid that account for its ability to initiate its replication and faithfully partition itself during cell division in a wide range of bacteria. To this end, the activities of the key host proteins DnaA and DnaB of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and P. putida along with the plasmid specific initiation protein in the initiation of replication of RK2 and narrow-host-range plasmids P1 and F will be determined. In addition, the activities of these various host proteins (along with the DnaC protein of E. coli) at the chromosomal replication origins of E. coli and the two Pseudomonas strains will be compared. Both FISH and GFPtagging techniques will be used to localize the RK2 plasmid in wild-type and mutant E. coli strains and in bacteria distantly related to E. coli. GFP-tagging of RK2 and of specific replication proteins will be used for time-lapse analysis of the dynamic movement of this plasmid and replication proteins during cell growth and division. These various studies should contribute to our understanding of the fundamental processes of initiation of DNA replication, DNA segregation, and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: VIRULENCE OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT AND OTHER E FAECIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Murray, Barbara E.; Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract): For serious infections due to vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium that are also highly ampicillin resistant, there is no known, effective therapy. Surprisingly little is known about E. faecium; indeed, apart from genes from mobile elements or for antibiotic resistances, there are only 5 E. faecium gene sequences deposited in GenBank. Also, there is no grant listed in the NIH databases on E. faecium. The general goals of this proposal are to increase our understanding of E. faecium and to identify properties possibly important for disease. Aim I is to identify in vivo expressed E. faecium proteins, to be accomplished by screening E. faecium DNA libraries with sera from humans with E. faecium infections (particularly endocarditis). The investigators have successfully utilized this technique in their E. faecalis research. The E. faecium libraries will also be screened with DNA probes

Studies

15

from high interest E. faecalis genes, using low stringency hybridization, to look for possible homologs. (An alternative approach for enhancing for genes possibly involved in virulence would be to identify genes encoding export domains by generating alkaline phosphatase fusions.) Aim II is to identify and sequence genes encoding the antigens. This will be done by (1) subcloning DNase I generated fragments into expression vectors, selecting for immunopositive subclones, then sequencing the subcloned regions, or by (2) creating knock-out mutations of immunoreactive clones using a defective transposon and sequencing from the transposon ends; they have used both methods in their E. faecalis project. (If the alternative approach will PhoA fusions is used, inserts in blue colonies would be sequenced using a phoA primer.) Database searches will be performed to identify possible homologies. Aim III is to generate targeted knock-out mutations in E. faecium, starting with clones encoding homologs of proteins implicated in virulence of other organisms. Modified DNA will be introduced back into the E. faecium chromosome, by homologous recombination, and mutants tested in vitro and in vivo. The strategy is based on the hypotheses that (1) among in vivo expressed antigens and exported proteins are ones which are involved in production of disease, and that (2) preventative or therapeutic modalities can be derived from knowledge about these proteins. It is envisioned that results from this project will provide a foundation for the development of non-antibiotic methods (e.g., passive or active immunization) to prevent, control, or combat E. faecium infections, and may identify new targets for traditional antibiotic development strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for ampicillin in the PubMed Central database: •

Antibacterial and immunostimulatory properties of chemotactic N-formyl peptide conjugates of ampicillin and amoxicillin. by Bycroft BW, Lockey PM, Penrose A, Grout RJ, Williams P.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172693

•

Bactericidal activity of deptomycin (LY146032) compared with those of ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and ampicillin against enterococci as determined by kill-kinetic studies. by Stratton CW, Liu C, Ratner HB, Weeks LS.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174863

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

16

Ampicillin

•

Cefoperazone compared with ampicillin plus tobramycin for severe biliary tract infections. by Bergeron MG, Mendelson J, Harding GK, Mandell L, Fong IW, Rachlis A, Chan R, Biron S, Feld R, Segal NB.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172383

•

Characterization of non-beta-lactamase-mediated ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. by Mendelman PM, Chaffin DO, Stull TL, Rubens CE, Mack KD, Smith AL.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284128

•

Comparative efficacies of mezlocillin and ampicillin alone or in combination with gentamicin in the treatment of Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis in rabbits. by Fass RJ, Wright CA.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185540

•

Comparative efficacies of pivmecillinam and ampicillin in acute shigellosis. by Kabir I, Rahaman MM, Ahmed SM, Akhter SQ, Butler T.; 1984 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185605

•

Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of sulbactam and ampicillin after concurrent intravenous administration. by Brown RM, Wise R, Andrews JM, Hancox J.; 1982 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181942

•

Comparison of amoxicillin and ampicillin activities in a continuous culture model of the human urinary bladder. by Anderson JD, Johnson KR, Aird MY.; 1980 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283831

•

Comparison of Inhibitory and Bactericidal Activities and Postantibiotic Effects of LY333328 and Ampicillin Used Singly and in Combination against VancomycinResistant Enterococcus faecium. by Baltch AL, Smith RP, Ritz WJ, Bopp LH.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105897

•

Comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin against experimental infections with Listeria monocytogenes in hydrocortisone-treated mice. by van Ogtrop ML, Mattie H, Sekh BR, van Strijen E, van Furth R.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284338

•

Continuous intravenous versus intermittent ampicillin therapy of experimental endocarditis caused by aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci. by Hellinger WC, Rouse MS, Rabadan PM, Henry NK, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=190330

•

Continuous-infusion ampicillin therapy of enterococcal endocarditis in rats. by Thauvin C, Eliopoulos GM, Willey S, Wennersten C, Moellering RC Jr.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174678

Studies

17

•

Correlation between growth curve and killing curve of Escherichia coli after a brief exposure to suprainhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and piperacillin. by Yourassowsky E, Van der Linden MP, Lismont MJ, Crokaert F, Glupczynski Y.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180323

•

Effect of inoculum size on ampicillin and amoxycillin susceptibility determined by gas-liquid chromatography for members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. by Hayward NJ.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=362831

•

Effect of liposome-entrapped ampicillin on survival of Listeria monocytogenes in murine peritoneal macrophages. by Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Lokerse AF, Vink-van den Berg JC, Roerdink FH, Michel MF.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180537

•

Effect of methylprednisolone on entry of ampicillin and gentamicin into cerebrospinal fluid in experimental pneumococcal and Escherichia coli meningitis. by Scheld WM, Brodeur JP.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184626

•

Effect of pancreatitis on ampicillin excretion in pancreatic fluids of dogs. by Rubinstein E, Haspel J, Klein E, Ben-Ari G, Schwarzkopf R, Tadmor A.; 1980 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283900

•

Effective Combination Therapy for Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia with Ampicillin and Intravenous Immunoglobulins in a Mouse Model. by De Hennezel L, Ramisse F, Binder P, Marchal G, Alonso JM.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90282

•

Effectiveness of nanoparticle-bound ampicillin in the treatment of Listeria monocytogenes infection in athymic nude mice. by Youssef M, Fattal E, Alonso MJ, Roblot-Treupel L, Sauzieres J, Tancrede C, Omnes A, Couvreur P, Andremont A.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172377

•

Effects of ampicillin plus sulbactam on bowel flora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. by Kager L, Liljeqvist L, Malmborg AS, Nord CE, Pieper R.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183712

•

Effects of morphine on the disposition of ampicillin in mice. by Garty M, Hurwitz A.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180289

•

Efficacy of Ampicillin plus Arbekacin in Experimental Rabbit Endocarditis Caused by an Enterococcus faecalis Strain with High-Level Gentamicin Resistance. by Kak V, Donabedian SM, Zervos MJ, Kariyama R, Kumon H, Chow JW.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90103

18

Ampicillin

•

Efficacy of Ampicillin plus Ceftriaxone in Treatment of Experimental Endocarditis Due to Enterococcus faecalis Strains Highly Resistant to Aminoglycosides. by Gavalda J, Torres C, Tenorio C, Lopez P, Zaragoza M, Capdevila JA, Almirante B, Ruiz F, Borrell N, Gomis X, Pigrau C, Baquero F, Pahissa A.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89173

•

Efficacy of ampicillin therapy in experimental listeriosis in mice with impaired Tcell-mediated immune response. by Bakker-Woudenberg IA, de Bos P, van Leeuwen WB, Michel MF.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181360

•

Efficacy of ampicillin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a mouse model of lethal enterococcal peritonitis. by Chenoweth CE, Robinson KA, Schaberg DR.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171930

•

Enhancement by Ampicillin of Antibody Responses Induced by a Protein Antigen and a DNA Vaccine Carried by Live-Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi. by Woo PC, Tsoi HW, Leung HC, Wong LP, Wong SS, Chan E, Yuen KY.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95920

•

In vitro evaluation of the determinants of bactericidal activity of ampicillin dosing regimens against Escherichia coli. by White CA, Toothaker RD, Smith AL, Slattery JT.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176060

•

Influence of four modes of administration on penetration of aztreonam, cefuroxime, and ampicillin into interstitial fluid and fibrin clots and on in vivo efficacy against Haemophilus influenzae. by Lavoie GY, Bergeron MG.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180262

•

Intrarenal concentrations of ampicillin in acute pyelonephritis. by Trottier S, Bergeron MG.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181518

•

Liposome-entrapped ampicillin in the treatment of experimental murine listeriosis and salmonellosis. by Fattal E, Rojas J, Youssef M, Couvreur P, Andremont A.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245097

•

Liquid chromatographic determination of ampicillin in bovine and dog plasma by using a tandem solid-phase extraction method. by Nelis HJ, Vandenbranden J, Verhaeghe B, De Kruif A, Mattheeuws D, De Leenheer AP.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192011

•

Modification of penicillin-binding protein 5 associated with high-level ampicillin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. by Ligozzi M, Pittaluga F, Fontana R.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163115

Studies

19

•

Oxidant-scavenging activities of ampicillin and sulbactam and their effects on neutrophil functions. by Gunther MR, Mao J, Cohen MS.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187859

•

Paradox between the responses of Escherichia coli K1 to ampicillin and chloramphenicol in vitro and in vivo. by Kim KS, Manocchio M, Anthony BF.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=179996

•

Penetration of sulbactam and ampicillin into peritoneal fluid. by Wise R, Donovan IA, Andrews JM, Drumm J, Bennett S.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185155

•

Pharmacodynamic Comparisons of Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Ampicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Model of Infection. by Lacy MK, Lu W, Xu X, Tessier PR, Nicolau DP, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89179

•

Pharmacokinetics and bacteriological efficacy of moxalactam (LY127935), netilmicin, and ampicillin in experimental gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis. by Schaad UB, McCracken GH Jr, Loock CA, Thomas ML.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283800

•

Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of ampicillin and brobactam following oral administration of 2085P. by Wise R, O'Sullivan N, Johnson J, Andrews JM.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188825

•

Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin (2.0 grams) and sulbactam (1.0 gram) coadministered to subjects with normal and abnormal renal function and with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. by Blum RA, Kohli RK, Harrison NJ, Schentag JJ.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172685

•

Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam in patients undergoing heart surgery. by Wildfeuer A, Muller V, Springsklee M, Sonntag HG.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245266

•

Pharmacokinetics of Ampicillin and Sulbactam in Pediatric Patients. by Nahata MC, Vashi VI, Swanson RN, Messig MA, Chung M.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89137

•

Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole and ampicillin in experimental meningitis. by Beaty HN, Walters E.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352909

•

Prediction of Enterococcal Imipenem Susceptibility Using Ampicillin or Penicillin MICs: More Evidence for a Class Concept. by Jones RN.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88444

20

Ampicillin

•

Proposed changes in interpretive criteria and potency of ampicillin and ampicillinsulbactam disks for susceptibility tests. by Barry AL, Jones RN.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266439

•

Randomized trial of high- and low-dose ampicillin therapy for treatment of severe dysentery due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. by Gilman RH, Koster F, Islam S, McLaughlin J, Rahaman MM.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283799

•

Reevaluation of interpretive criteria for Haemophilus influenzae by using meropenem (10-microgram), imipenem (10-microgram), and ampicillin (2- and 10microgram) disks. by Zerva L, Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229164

•

Response of enteric gram-negative bacteria to disks containing 20 micrograms each of ampicillin and sulbactam. by Isenberg HD, Alperstein P, France K.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229618

•

Role of Antibiotic Penetration Limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm Resistance to Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin. by Anderl JN, Franklin MJ, Stewart PS.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89967

•

Role of Nutrient Limitation and Stationary-Phase Existence in Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm Resistance to Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin. by Anderl JN, Zahller J, Roe F, Stewart PS.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152508

•

Simple test of synergy between ampicillin and vancomycin for resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium. by Green M, Barbadora K, Wadowsky RM.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264169

•

Synergistic action of ampicillin and nafcillin against ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. by Yogev R, Burkholder E, Davis AT.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283809

•

Synergistic action of nafcillin and ampicillin against ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats. by Yogev R, Kabat WJ.; 1980 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283950

•

Transformation of Coxiella burnetii to ampicillin resistance. by Suhan ML, Chen SY, Thompson HA.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177998

Studies

21

•

Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis using once-daily dosing regimen of gentamicin plus simulated profiles of ampicillin in human serum. by Gavalda J, Cardona PJ, Almirante B, Capdevila JA, Laguarda M, Pou L, Crespo E, Pigrau C, Pahissa A.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163078

•

Treatment of Infections Caused by Ampicillin-Resistant Pathogens with a Combination of Ampicillin and CP-45,899. by Plouffe JF.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181928

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ampicillin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ampicillin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of culture and PCR to determine the prevalence of ampicillin-resistant bacteria in the faecal flora of general practice patients. Author(s): Heritage J, Ransome N, Chambers PA, Wilcox MH. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 August; 48(2): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11481303

•

A hospital outbreak of high-level beta-lactam-resistant Enterobacter spp.: association more with ampicillin and cephalosporin therapy than with nosocomial transmission. Author(s): Walder M, Haeggman S, Tullus K, Burman LG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996; 28(3): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863365

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

22

Ampicillin

•

A population-based case-control teratologic study of ampicillin treatment during pregnancy. Author(s): Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Sorensen HT, Olsen J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 July; 185(1): 140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483918

•

A randomized, double-blind comparison of ampicillin/sulbactam and ceftriaxone in the prevention of surgical-site infections after neurosurgery. Author(s): Zhu XL, Wong WK, Yeung WM, Mo P, Tsang CS, Pang KH, Po YC, Aung TH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 August; 23(8): 1281-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11558864

•

Activity of beta-lactams (ampicillin, meropenem), gentamicin, azithromycin and moxifloxacin against intracellular Listeria monocytogenes in a 24 h THP-1 human macrophage model. Author(s): Carryn S, Van Bambeke F, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tulkens PM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 April; 51(4): 1051-2. Epub 2003 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654747

•

Adhesion of Enterococcus faecalis 1131 grown under subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and vancomycin to a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic substratum. Author(s): Gallardo-Moreno AM, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Gonzalez-Martin ML, Bruque JM, Perez-Giraldo C. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2001 September 11; 203(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11557143

•

Amoxicillin and ampicillin are not transferred to gastric juice irrespective of Helicobacter pylori status or acid blockade by omeprazole. Author(s): Ortiz RA, Calafatti SA, Corazzi A, Souza JM, Deguer M, De Souza CA, Marchioretto MA, Bernasconi G, Ferraz JG, Pedrazzoli J Jr. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 June; 16(6): 1163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12030960

•

Ampicillin + sulbactam vs clindamycin +/- cephalosporin for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Author(s): Allewelt M, Schuler P, Bolcskei PL, Mauch H, Lode H; Study Group on Aspiration Pneumonia. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004 February; 10(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14759242

Studies

23

•

Ampicillin for neonatal group B streptococcal prophylaxis: how rapidly can bactericidal concentrations be achieved? Author(s): Bloom SL, Cox SM, Bawdon RE, Gilstrap LC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 October; 175(4 Pt 1): 974-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8885758

•

Ampicillin in the treatment of preterm labor: a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Nadisauskiene R, Bergstrom S, Kilda A. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1996; 41(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838966

•

Ampicillin susceptibilities of vaginal and placental isolates of group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli obtained between 1992 and 1994. Author(s): Meyn LA, Hillier SL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 May; 41(5): 1173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145894

•

Ampicillin use in infant fever: a systematic review. Author(s): Brown JC, Burns JL, Cummings P. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 January; 156(1): 27-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11772187

•

Ampicillin, gentamicin and teicoplanin as antimicrobial therapy for recurrent Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis in an intravenous drug abuser with HIV infection. Author(s): Calza L, Manfredi R, Marinacci G, Fortunato L, Chiodo F. Source: Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 49(4): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886057

•

Ampicillin/sulbactam versus cefotetan for the prevention of infection following cesarean delivery in high-risk patients: a randomized double-blind trial. Author(s): Bracero LA. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1997; 44(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9251949

•

Ampicillin/sulbactam vs. clindamycin/gentamicin in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Gall S, Koukol DH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 August; 41(8): 575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8866384

24

Ampicillin

•

Ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in gestational pyelonephritis: increased occurrence and association with the colonization factor Dr adhesin. Author(s): Hart A, Nowicki BJ, Reisner B, Pawelczyk E, Goluszko P, Urvil P, Anderson G, Nowicki S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 May 15; 183(10): 1526-9. Epub 2001 April 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11319690

•

Ampicillin-sensitive, imipenem-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): El Amin N, Wretlind B, Wenger A, Brandt V, Bille J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 February; 40(2): 738. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11826015

•

Ampicillin-specific rashes. Author(s): Adcock BB, Rodman DP. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1996 May; 5(5): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8620271

•

Antibiotic activity in microbiological media versus that in human urine: comparison of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Author(s): Drobot GR, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 January; 40(1): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8787914

•

Antimicrobial surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States during 2000-2001 leads to detection of clonal dissemination of a beta-lactamase-negative and ampicillin-resistant strain. Author(s): Karlowsky JA, Critchley IA, Blosser-Middleton RS, Karginova EA, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 March; 40(3): 1063-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11880440

•

Bacampicillin and ampicillin in urinary tract infections: a double-blind comparison of efficacy and tolerance. Author(s): Muller-Ehrenberg KH, Muller G. Source: Infection. 1979; 7 Suppl 5: S489-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=389825

•

Bacampicillin, Ampicillin, Cephalothin, and Cephapirin levels in human blood and interstitial fluid. Author(s): Tan JS, Salstrom SJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1979 April; 15(4): 510-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=464583

Studies

25

•

Bactericidal action of ampicillin/sulbactam against intracellular mycobacteria. Author(s): Prabhakaran K, Harris EB, Randhawa B. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1999 October; 13(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10595573

•

Bactericidal activity of low-dose ceftizoxime plus metronidazole compared with cefoxitin and ampicillin-sulbactam. Author(s): Freeman CD, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP, Belliveau PP, Tessier PR, Fu Q, Xuan DW, Quintiliani R. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1994 March-April; 14(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8197037

•

Bactericidal synergy between penicillin or ampicillin and aminoglycosides against antibiotic-tolerant lactobacilli. Author(s): Bayer AS, Chow AW, Morrison JO, Guze LB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1980 March; 17(3): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6903434

•

Bacteriology of 100 consecutive diabetic foot infections and in vitro susceptibility to ampicillin/sulbactam versus cefoxitin. Author(s): Borrero E, Rossini M Jr. Source: Angiology. 1992 April; 43(4): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1558322

•

Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis after ampicillin therapy. Author(s): Jiang RS, Hsu CY. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1997 November-December; 11(6): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438060

•

Beta-lactamase production and the role of ampicillin/sulbactam. Author(s): Alpuche-Aranda CM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 March; 17(3 Suppl): S8-11; Discussion S20-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9519908

•

Beta-lactamases in ampicillin-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Author(s): Opferkuch W, Cullmann W. Source: Infection. 1983; 11 Suppl 2: S83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6608500

26

Ampicillin

•

Beta-lactamases in ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from foods, humans, and healthy animals. Author(s): Brinas L, Zarazaga M, Saenz Y, Ruiz-Larrea F, Torres C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 October; 46(10): 3156-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234838

•

Biliary pharmacokinetics of sulbactam plus ampicillin in humans. Author(s): Morris DL, Ubhi CS, Robertson CS, Brammer KW. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1986 November-December; 8 Suppl 5: S589-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3026008

•

Bilirubin-displacing effect of ampicillin, indomethacin, chlorpromazine, gentamicin, and parabens in vitro and in newborn infants. Author(s): Brodersen R, Ebbesen F. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1983 March; 72(3): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6842376

•

Binding to and antibacterial effect of ampicillin, neomycin and polymyxin B on human faeces. Author(s): Hazenberg MP, Pennock-Schroder AM, Van den Boom M, Van de Merwe JP. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1984 August; 93(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6086749

•

Bioavailability of ampicillin (anhydrous) and ampicillin trihydrate. Author(s): Adithan C, Chattopadhyay RN, Shashindran CH, Gandhi IS, Natrajan MK, Parmar NS. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1987 April-June; 31(2): 143-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3666885

•

Bioavailability of bacampicillin and talampicillin, two oral prodrugs of ampicillin. Author(s): Sjovall J, Magni L, Vinnars E. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1981 December; 20(6): 837-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7325647

•

Bioequivalence studies of five brands of ampicillin trihydrate capsules. Author(s): Hamid S, Beg AE. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1987 March; 286(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3592855

Studies

27

•

Biotype of Haemophilus influenzae: correlation with virulence and ampicillin resistance. Author(s): Long SS, Teter MJ, Gilligan PH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1983 May; 147(5): 800-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6601683

•

Blood and milk concentrations of ampicillin in mothers treated with pivampicillin and in their infants. Author(s): Branebjerg PE, Heisterberg L. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1987; 15(6): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3452637

•

Buccal cellulitis in an infant due to ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Taylor CO, Carter JB. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1986 March; 44(3): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3485193

•

Bullous pemphigoid--an adverse effect of ampicillin. Author(s): Hodak E, Ben-Shetrit A, Ingber A, Sandbank M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1990 January; 15(1): 50-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2178821

•

Characterization of a laboratory-derived, high-level ampicillin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain that caused meningitis in an infant. Author(s): Chiu CH, Chu C, Su LH, Wu WY, Wu TL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 May; 46(5): 1604-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11959613

•

Characterization of clinical isolates of beta-lactamase-negative, highly ampicillinresistant Enterococcus faecalis. Author(s): Cercenado E, Vicente MF, Diaz MD, Sanchez-Carrillo C, Sanchez-Rubiales M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 October; 40(10): 2420-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891156

•

Chlorhexidine vaginal flushings versus systemic ampicillin in the prevention of vertical transmission of neonatal group B streptococcus, at term. Author(s): Facchinetti F, Piccinini F, Mordini B, Volpe A. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 February;11(2):84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12375548

28

Ampicillin

•

Clinical effect of ampicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitor (sulbactam/ampicillin) on community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Author(s): Okimoto N, Kurihara T, Honda N, Asaoka N, Fujita K, Ohba H, Nakamura J. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 June; 9(2): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825120

•

Clinical isolation and resistance patterns of and superinfection with 10 nosocomial pathogens after treatment with ceftriaxone versus ampicillin-sulbactam. Author(s): Carmeli Y, Castro J, Eliopoulos GM, Samore MH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 January; 45(1): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11120977

•

Clonality among ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates in Sweden and relationship with ciprofloxacin resistance. Author(s): Torell E, Kuhn I, Olsson-Liljequist B, Haeggman S, Hoffman BM, Lindahl C, Burman LG. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 9(10): 1011-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616743

•

Community-acquired pneumonia in Ugandan adults: short-term parenteral ampicillin therapy for bacterial pneumonia. Author(s): Yoshimine H, Oishi K, Mubiru F, Nalwoga H, Takahashi H, Amano H, Ombasi P, Watanabe K, Joloba M, Aisu T, Ahmed K, Shimada M, Mugerwa R, Nagatake T. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 March-April; 64(3-4): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442214

•

Comparative analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism and pulsed field gel electrophoresis in a hospital outbreak and subsequent endemicity of ampicillinresistant Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Jureen R, Harthug S, Sornes S, Digranes A, Willems RJ, Langeland N. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2004 January 15; 40(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14734184

•

Comparative evaluation of penicillin, ampicillin, and imipenem MICs and susceptibility breakpoints for vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Weinstein MP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 July; 39(7): 2729-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427608

Studies

29

•

Comparative evaluation of the in vitro activity of three combinations of beta-lactams with beta-lactamase inhibitors: piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin/sulbactam. Author(s): Sader HS, Tosin I, Sejas L, Miranda E. Source: The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2000 February; 4(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10788842

•

Comparative in vitro study of the activity of moxifloxacin and other antibiotics against 150 strains of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and against 110 strains of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolated in 19992000 in Spain. Author(s): Alos JI, Oteo J, Aracil B, Gomez-Garces JL. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 July; 48(1): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11418530

•

Comparison of ampicillin-sulbactam and imipenem-cilastatin for the treatment of acinetobacter ventilator-associated pneumonia. Author(s): Wood GC, Hanes SD, Croce MA, Fabian TC, Boucher BA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 June 1; 34(11): 1425-30. Epub 2002 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12015687

•

Comparison of concentrations of sulbactam-ampicillin administered by bolus injections or bolus plus continuous infusion in tissues of patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Author(s): Martin C, Cotin A, Giraud A, Beccani-Argeme M, Alliot P, Mallet MN, Argeme M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 May; 42(5): 1093-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9593133

•

Comparison of in vitro activity of azithromycin and ampicillin against 31 isolates of Streptococcus milleri. Author(s): Kaneko A, Sasaki J. Source: Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1997 September; 22(3): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9618830

•

Comparison of inhibitory and bactericidal activities and postantibiotic effects of LY333328 and ampicillin used singly and in combination against vancomycinresistant Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Baltch AL, Smith RP, Ritz WJ, Bopp LH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 October; 42(10): 2564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9756756

30

Ampicillin

•

Comparison of short versus long duration of ampicillin and gentamicin for radical hysterectomy. Author(s): Maleemonkol S, Chareoniam V, Isariyodom P, Chaiyapan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1998 August; 81(8): 602-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9737113

•

Comparison of the antibacterial activities of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, telithromycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin against intracellular non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Ahren IL, Karlsson E, Forsgren A, Riesbeck K. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 50(6): 903-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12461011

•

Comparison of the bactericidal activities of piperacillin-tazobactam, ticarcillinclavulanate, and ampicillin-sulbactam against clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Author(s): Klepser ME, Marangos MN, Zhu Z, Nicolau DP, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 February; 41(2): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9021203

•

Contamination of ampicillin was probably due to reuse of disposable stoppers. Author(s): Jeene H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 August 10; 313(7053): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8760763

•

Cost-effectiveness of ampicillin/sulbactam versus imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of limb-threatening foot infections in diabetic patients. Author(s): McKinnon PS, Paladino JA, Grayson ML, Gibbons GW, Karchmer AW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 January; 24(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8994756

•

Decrease in resistance to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole in Shigella species isolated from faeces, 1983-1992. Author(s): Reina J, Gomez J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1994 June; 33(6): 1257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7928824

Studies

31

•

Delayed allergic reactions to beta-lactams. Four cases with intolerance to amoxicillin or ampicillin and good tolerance to penicillin G and V. Author(s): Vega JM, Blanca M, Carmona MJ, Garcia J, Claros A, Juarez C, Moya MC. Source: Allergy. 1991 February; 46(2): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1903905

•

Detection of ampicillin resistance in Enterococcus spp. by disk diffusion and two commercial automated systems. Author(s): Willey BM, Kreiswirth BN, Williams G, Low DE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 November; 12(11): 860-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8112359

•

Determination of ampicillin in biological fluids by coupled-column liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization. Author(s): Lanbeck-Vallen K, Carlqvist J, Nordgren T. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 June 14; 567(1): 121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1918239

•

Determination of ampicillin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Akhtar MJ, Khan S, Khan MA. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1993 April-May; 11(4-5): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8357874

•

Determination of ampicillin in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization. Author(s): Lal J, Paliwal JK, Grover PK, Gupta RC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1994 April 22; 655(1): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8061823

•

Determination of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae susceptibility to ampicillin and other antibiotics. Author(s): Urbaskova P, Thuy HT. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1992; 36(1): 93-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1619296

32

Ampicillin

•

Determination of the etiological organism during acute exacerbations of COPD and efficacy of azithromycin, ampicillin-sulbactam, ciprofloxacin and cefaclor. Turkish Thoracic Society COPD Working Group. Author(s): Umut S, Tutluoglu B, Aydin Tosun G, Musellim B, Erk M, Yildirim N, Vahapoglu H, Yilmaz N, Arseven O, Turker H, Erelel M, Ilvan A, Goylusun V, Yilmaz Kuyucu T, Kosar F, Soysal F, Gur A, Unutmaz S, Ozturk S, Akman M. Source: J Chemother. 1999 June; 11(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435684

•

Development of PCR assays to detect ampicillin resistance genes in cerebrospinal fluid samples containing Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Tenover FC, Huang MB, Rasheed JK, Persing DH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 November; 32(11): 2729-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7852564

•

Differential effect of type I and type II diabetes mellitus on serum ampicillin levels. Author(s): Adithan C, Sriram G, Swaminathan RP, Shashindran CH, Bapna JS, Krishnan M, Chandrasekar S. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1989 October; 27(10): 493-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2583876

•

Differentiation of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae from other H. influenzae strains by a disc method. Author(s): Ubukata K, Chiba N, Hasegawa K, Shibasaki Y, Sunakawa K, Nonoyama M, Iwata S, Konno M. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2002 March; 8(1): 50-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11957120

•

Disc diffusion susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae by NCCLS methodology using low-strength ampicillin and co-amoxiclav discs. Author(s): Karpanoja P, Nissinen A, Huovinen P, Sarkkinen H. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2004 April; 53(4): 660-3. Epub 2004 February 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14973151

•

Discriminative criteria for Neisseria meningitidis isolates that are moderately susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin. Author(s): Campos J, Trujillo G, Seuba T, Rodriguez A. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1992 May; 36(5): 1028-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1510389

Studies

33

•

Distribution of ampicillin to chronic maxillary inflammatory tissues (granuloma) after administration of a single dose of bacampicillin. Author(s): Heimdahl A, Movin G, Englund G, Nord CE. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1988 February; 21(2): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3360688

•

Does treatment of bloody diarrhea due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1 with ampicillin precipitate hemolytic uremic syndrome? Author(s): Bin Saeed AA, El Bushra HE, Al-Hamdan NA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1995 October-December; 1(4): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8903184

•

Double-blind trial comparing trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (Bactrim) with ampicillin in treating urinary infections. Author(s): Bell SM, Harvey KJ, Smith DD. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1972 February 26; 1(9): 442. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4554238

•

Double-blind trial comparing trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (bactrim) with ampicillin in treating urinary infections. Author(s): Wren BG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1972 February 5; 1(6): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4552260

•

Drug utilization review of ampicillin/sulbactam. Author(s): Sesin GP. Source: Dicp. 1990 July-August; 24(7-8): 782-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2375148

•

Drugs recently released in Belgium. Sulbactam/ampicillin--cetirizine. Author(s): Harvengt C. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1988; 43(1): 86-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3364141

•

Duplex real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Mohn SC, Ulvik A, Jureen R, Willems RJ, Top J, Leavis H, Harthug S, Langeland N. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004 February; 48(2): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742209

34

Ampicillin

•

Effect of bacampicillin and ampicillin on the phagocytic, microbicidal functions of human macrophages. Author(s): Cuffini AM, Carlone NA, Tullio V. Source: J Chemother. 1991 January; 3 Suppl 1: 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12041745

•

Effect of cefaperazone/sulbactam and ampicillin/sulbactam on the in vitro activity of human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Author(s): Ciftci M, Buyukokuroglu ME, Kufrevioglu OI. Source: J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2001; 12(4): 305-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868906

•

Effect of Khat chewing on the bioavailability of ampicillin and amoxycillin. Author(s): Attef OA, Ali AA, Ali HM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1997 April; 39(4): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145827

•

Effect of single-dose prophylactic ampicillin and sulbactam on wound infection after tension-free inguinal hernia repair with polypropylene mesh: the randomized, double-blind, prospective trial. Author(s): Yerdel MA, Akin EB, Dolalan S, Turkcapar AG, Pehlivan M, Gecim IE, Kuterdem E. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2001 January; 233(1): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11141221

•

Effect of time and temperature on inactivation of aminoglycosides by ampicillin at neonatal dosages. Author(s): Daly JS, Dodge RA, Glew RH, Keroack MA, Bednarek FJ, Whalen M. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1997 January-February; 17(1): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9069064

•

Effectiveness of ampicillin and combination of penicillin and chloramphenicol in the treatment of pneumonias: randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Deivanayagam N, Nedunchelian K, Ashok TP, Mala N, Sheela D, Rathnam SR. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 October; 33(10): 813-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057377

Studies

35

•

Effects of amino acid alterations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1a, 2b, and 2x on PBP affinities of penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefditoren, cefuroxime, cefprozil, and cefaclor in 18 clinical isolates of penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant pneumococci. Author(s): Nagai K, Davies TA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 May; 46(5): 1273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11959556

•

Efficacy and cost of ampicillin-sulbactam and ticarcillin-clavulanate in the treatment of hospitalized patients with bacterial infections. Author(s): McKinnon PS, Neuhauser MM. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 June; 19(6): 724-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10391418

•

Efficacy and safety of ampicillin/sulbactam and cefuroxime in the treatment of serious skin and skin structure infections in pediatric patients. UNASYN Pediatric Study Group. Author(s): Azimi PH, Barson WJ, Janner D, Swanson R. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 July; 18(7): 609-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10440436

•

Efficacy of ampicillin combined with ceftriaxone and gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis with no high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. Author(s): Gavalda J, Onrubia PL, Gomez MT, Gomis X, Ramirez JL, Len O, Rodriguez D, Crespo M, Ruiz I, Pahissa A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 52(3): 514-7. Epub 2003 August 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917251

•

Efficacy of sulbactam alone and in combination with ampicillin in nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Author(s): Corbella X, Ariza J, Ardanuy C, Vuelta M, Tubau F, Sora M, Pujol M, Gudiol F. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 December; 42(6): 793-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052904

•

Efficacy of sulbactam-ampicillin for the treatment of severe diabetic foot infections. Author(s): Akova M, Ozcebe O, Gullu I, Unal S, Gur D, Akalin S, Tokgozoglu M, Telatar F, Akalin HE. Source: J Chemother. 1996 August; 8(4): 284-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8873834

36

Ampicillin

•

Emergence in vivo of resistance to ampicillin in a clinical isolate of Enterococcus hirae. Author(s): Massa R, Bantar C, Mollerach M, Nicola F, Murray BE, Smayevsky J, Gutkind G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 October; 42(4): 559-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818766

•

Endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an immunocompromised patient: cure by administering combination therapy with quinupristin/dalfopristin and high-dose ampicillin. Author(s): Thompson RL, Lavin B, Talbot GH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 August; 96(8): 818-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14515928

•

Enhancement of in vitro renaturation of recombinant human pro-urokinase by ampicillin. Author(s): Hua ZC, Dong C, Zhu DX. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1996 August; 39(6): 1093-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8876961

•

Epidemiology of nalidixic acid resistance and TEM-1- and TEM-52-mediated ampicillin resistance of Shigella sonnei isolates obtained in Korea between 1980 and 2000. Author(s): Jeong YS, Lee JC, Kang HY, Yu HS, Lee EY, Choi CH, Tae SH, Lee YC, Cho DT, Seol SY. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 47(12): 3719-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638472

•

Epidemiology, resistance, and outcomes of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia treated with imipenem-cilastatin or ampicillin-sulbactam. Author(s): Jellison TK, Mckinnon PS, Rybak MJ. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 February; 21(2): 142-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11213849

•

Evaluation of the activities of two-drug combinations of rifampicin, polymyxin B and ampicillin/sulbactam against Acinetobacter baumannii. Author(s): Tascini C, Menichetti F, Bozza S, Del Favero A, Bistoni F. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 August; 42(2): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9738852

Studies

37

•

Experience with ampicillin/sulbactam in severe infections. Author(s): Kanra G. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002; 30 Suppl 1: 20A-30A. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11921491

•

Failure of excessive doses of ampicillin to prevent bacterial relapse in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Author(s): Ode B, Broms M, Walder M, Cronberg S. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1980; 207(4): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7386225

•

Failure to correlate ampicillin and amoxicillin resistance by standard disk susceptibility tests and minimal inhibitory concentration in Haemophilus species. Author(s): Pellegrino MB, Stefani S, Russo G. Source: Microbiologica. 1989 July; 12(3): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2789330

•

Failure to detect ampicillin-resistant, non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae by standard disk susceptibility testing. Author(s): Mendelman PM, Chaffin DO, Clausen C, Stull TL, Needham C, Williams JD, Smith AL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1986 August; 30(2): 274-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3490217

•

Fairfax data show no consistent trend in ampicillin-resistant H influenzae. Author(s): Schwartz RH, Goldenberg RI. Source: Va Med. 1984 April; 111(4): 225. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6610256

•

Family outbreak of chloramphenicol-ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Author(s): Brightman CA, Crook DW, Kraak WA, Dimopoulou ID, Anderson EC, Nichols WW, Slack MP. Source: Lancet. 1990 February 10; 335(8685): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1967783

•

Fatal pseudomembranous enterocolitis following oral ampicillin therapy. Author(s): Auritt WA, Hervada AR, Fendrick G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 November; 93(5): 882-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=712502

38

Ampicillin

•

Fecal carriage of vancomycin- and ampicillin-resistant Enterococci observed in Swedish adult patients with diarrhea but not among healthy subjects. Author(s): Olofsson MB, Pornull KJ, Karnell A, Telander B, Svenungsson B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(9): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11669222

•

First report of ampicillin and glycopeptide resistant Enterococcus faecium VanA bacteraemia in Greece. Author(s): Kouppari G, Papadaki H, Arida C, Sakellariou J, Legakis NJ, Papaparaskevas J. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 November; 16(3): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11185546

•

Fixed combination mezlocillin/oxacillin injected intramuscularly. Comparative study of local tolerability compared with ampicillin and determination of effectiveness and tolerability in the treatment of surgical and urinary tract infections. Author(s): Belli L, Freylejer A, Ginesin LM, Rios JF, Gandolfo S. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1980; 30(10): 1804-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6449205

•

Fixed drug eruption following ampicillin. Author(s): Panagariya A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1986 June; 34(6): 458. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2945813

•

Fixed drug eruption to bacampicillin (ampicillin). Author(s): Chan HL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 April; 120(4): 542. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6231005

•

Flare-up of skin tests to amoxycillin and ampicillin. Author(s): Llamazares AA, Chamorro M, Robledo T, Cimarra M, Palacios R, Rodgriguez A, Martinez-Cocera C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 March; 42(3): 166. Erratum In: Contact Dermatitis 2001 February; 44(2): 135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10727170

•

Fluorimetric determination of ampicillin and epicillin. Author(s): Barbhaiya RH, Turner P. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1977 September; 3(5): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=20439

Studies

39

•

Fluorometric analysis of ampicillin in biological fluids. Author(s): Jusko WJ. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1971 May; 60(5): 728-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5125772

•

Fluorometric determination of ampicillin and aminobenzylpenicilloic acid in presence of pivampicillin in body fluids. Author(s): Miyazaki K, Ogino O, Nakano M, Arita T. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1975 January; 23(1): 178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1164776

•

Follow-up of prospective randomized trial of ampicillin or chloramphenicol versus moxalactam treatment of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Author(s): Kaplan SL, Mason SK, Mason EO Jr, Murphy M, Smith EO. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1988 May; 112(5): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2452245

•

Fosfomycin versus ampicillin in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Author(s): Ode B, Haidl S, Hoffstedt B, Walder M, Ursing J. Source: Chemioterapia. 1988 April; 7(2): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3396118

•

Fosfomycin-ampicillin versus gentamicin-ampicillin in the treatment of critically ill patients with pneumonia. Author(s): Nissen LR, Jacobsen J, Ravn TJ, Wahlgreen C, Auning-Hansen H. Source: Infection. 1986 September-October; 14(5): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3641787

•

Frequency of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus parainfluenzae in children. Author(s): Scheifele DW, Fussell SJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1981 March; 143(3): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6785367

•

Furazolidone versus ampicillin in the treatment of traveler's diarrhea. Author(s): DuPont HL, Ericsson CD, Galindo E, Wood LV, Morgan D, Bitsura JA, Mendiola JG. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1984 August; 26(2): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6385838

40

Ampicillin

•

Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism of two 35S-labelled ampicillin esters. Author(s): Swahn A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1976 February 6; 9(4): 299-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9302

•

Gastrointestinal blood loss in man during administration of two ampicillin esters. Author(s): Magnusson B, Solvell L, Wessman J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1977; 9(3): 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=333557

•

Gastrointestinal side effects of clindamycin and ampicillin therapy. Author(s): Lusk RH, Fekety FR Jr, Silva J Jr, Bodendorfer T, Devine BJ, Kawanishi H, Korff L, Nakauchi D, Rogers S, Siskin SB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1977 March; 135 Suppl: S111-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=850084

•

Generalized seizures and ampicillin. Author(s): Serdaru M, Diquet B, Lhermitte F. Source: Lancet. 1982 September 11; 2(8298): 617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6125769

•

Gentamicin and ampicillin in human bile. Author(s): Smithivas T, Hyams PJ, Rahal JJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1971 December; 124: Suppl 124: 106-. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5126238

•

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome in association with Epstein-Barr virus altered by ampicillin. Author(s): Hefelfinger DC. Source: Ala Med. 1985 October; 55(4): 16-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4072847

•

Granuloma inguinale in Vietnam: successful therapy with ampicillin and lincomycin. Author(s): Breschi LC, Goldman G, Shapiro SR. Source: J Am Vener Dis Assoc. 1975 March; 1(3): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1165215

Studies

41

•

Group B Streptococcus and preterm premature rupture of membranes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of antepartum ampicillin. Author(s): Grable IA, Garcia PM, Perry D, Socol ML. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 October; 175(4 Pt 1): 103642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8885772

•

Growth kinetics of respiratory pathogens after short exposures to ampicillin and erythromycin in vitro. Author(s): Gerber AU, Craig WA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1981 November; 8 Suppl C: 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6976346

•

Haemophilus influenza type b resistant to both chloramphenicol and ampicillin in Britain. Author(s): Macmahon P, Sills J, Hall E, Fitzgerald T. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 April 24; 284(6324): 1229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6803913

•

Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Author(s): Gairi JM, Campos J, Garcia-Tornel S. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1986 December; 61(12): 1245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3492969

•

Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Author(s): Guiscafre H, Solorzano F, Delgado O, Munoz O. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1986 July; 61(7): 691-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3488712

•

Haemophilus influenzae type b resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Author(s): Kabani A, Joffe A, Jadavji T. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1990 September; 9(9): 681. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2235198

•

Haemophilus influenzae type b resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin. Author(s): Sills JA, MacMahon P, Hall E, Fitzgerald T. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 February 26; 286(6366): 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6402223

42

Ampicillin

•

Helicobacter pylori may survive ampicillin treatment in the remnant stomach. Author(s): Hosaka Y, Okamoto R, Irinoda K, Kaieda S, Koizumi W, Saigenji K, Inoue M. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2002 May; 55(5): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139018

•

Hemophilus influenza endocarditis: successful treatment with ampicillin and early valve replacement. Author(s): Danford DA, Kugler JD, Cheatham JP, Penn RG, Hofschire PJ, Fleming WH, Burghart RL. Source: Nebr Med J. 1984 April; 69(4): 88-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6610131

•

High dose ampicillin for the treatment of high-level aminoglycoside resistant enterococcal endocarditis. Author(s): Jones BL, Ludlam HA, Brown DF. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1994 April; 33(4): 891-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8056716

•

High failure rates in outpatient treatment of salpingitis with either tetracycline alone or penicillin/ampicillin combination. Author(s): Thompson SE, Brooks C, Eschenbach DA, Spence MR, Cheng S, Sweet R, McCormack WM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 July 15; 152(6 Pt 1): 635-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3895937

•

High frequency of strains multiply resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline isolated from patients with shigellosis in northeastern Brazil during the period 1988 to 1993. Author(s): Lima AA, Lima NL, Pinho MC, Barros Junior EA, Teixeira MJ, Martins MC, Guerrant RL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 January; 39(1): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7695319

•

High occurrence of esp among ampicillin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium clones from hospitalized patients. Author(s): Coque TM, Willems R, Canton R, Del Campo R, Baquero F. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 50(6): 1035-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12461029

Studies

43

•

High resolution 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of the metabolism and excretion of ampicillin in rats and amoxycillin in rats and man. Author(s): Connor SC, Everett JR, Jennings KR, Nicholson JK, Woodnutt G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1994 February; 46(2): 128-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8021801

•

High voltage electrophoresis of amino acids in urine containing ampicillin. Author(s): Thuy LP, Nyhan WL. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1993 October; 26(5): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8299209

•

High-dose ampicillin plus streptomycin for treatment of a patient with severe infection due to multiresistant enterococci. Author(s): Dodge RA, Daly JS, Davaro R, Glew RH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 November; 25(5): 1269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402411

•

High-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococcus causing endocarditis successfully treated with a combination of ampicillin, imipenem and vancomycin. Author(s): Antony SJ, Ladner J, Stratton CW, Raudales F, Dummer SJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 29(6): 628-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9571747

•

High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of ampicillin and its prodrug lenampicillin. Author(s): Marzo A, Monti N, Ripamonti M, Arrigoni Martelli E, Picari M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1990 May 16; 507: 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2380291

•

High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of ampicillin, amoxicillin and ciclacillin in serum and urine using a pre-column reaction with 1,2,4-triazole and mercury(II) chloride. Author(s): Haginaka J, Wakai J. Source: The Analyst. 1985 November; 110(11): 1277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4083501

•

Hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide and ampicillin associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis: case report. Author(s): Waters VV. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1989 April; 141(4): 936-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2926894

44

Ampicillin

•

Hydrophobic response of Escherichia coli exposed to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Author(s): Salami JO, Bassey E. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1993 December; 22(4): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7839930

•

Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitic syndrome, asthma and anaphylactic reaction with ampicillin. Author(s): Estrada Rodriguez JL, Lopez Serrano C, Belchi Hernandez J, Florido Lopez F, Martinez Gomez W. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1991 February; 1(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1669567

•

Identification of beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae with four methods and eight media. Author(s): Barry AL, Fuchs PC, Brown SD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 May; 45(5): 1585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11302835

•

Immunologic response to different determinants of benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. Comparison between urticaria and anaphylactic shock. Author(s): Torres MJ, Mayorga C, Pamies R, Rodriquez JL, Juarez C, Romano A, Blanca M. Source: Allergy. 1999 September; 54(9): 936-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10505456

•

Impact of intrapartum intravenous ampicillin on pregnancy outcome in women with preterm labor: a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Nadisauskiene R, Bergstrom S. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1996; 41(2): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838965

•

Improvement of some pharmaceutical properties of drugs by cyclodextrin complexation. Part 6: Ampicillin. Author(s): Ammar HO, el-Nahhas SA, Ghorab MM. Source: Pharmazie. 1996 August; 51(8): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8794467

Studies

45

•

In vitro activities of ampicillin, sulbactam and a combination of ampicillin and sulbactam against isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex isolated in Chile between 1990 and 1998. Author(s): Bello H, Dominguez M, Gonzalez G, Zemelman R, Mella S, Young HK, Amyes SG. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 May; 45(5): 712-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10797101

•

In vitro activities of piperacillin against beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Morikawa Y, Kitazato M, Mitsuyama J, Mizunaga S, Minami S, Watanabe Y. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004 April; 48(4): 1229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047524

•

In vitro activity of ampicillin-sulbactam against clinical multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Author(s): Gales AC, Sader HS, Sinto S, Santos OP, Mendes CM. Source: J Chemother. 1996 December; 8(6): 416-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8981180

•

In vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin and other antibiotics against ampicillinresistant enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Wang FD, Liu IM, Liu CY. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2000 February; 63(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10677922

•

In vitro and in vivo activities of meropenem and comparable antimicrobial agents against Haemophilus influenzae, including beta-lactamase-negative ampicillinresistant strains. Author(s): Miyazaki S, Fujikawa T, Kanazawa K, Yamaguchi K. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 November; 48(5): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679563

•

In vitro assessment of urinary isolates of ampicillin-resistant enterococci. Author(s): Williamson JC, Craft DW, Butts JD, Raasch RH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 February; 36(2): 246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11847942

•

In vitro effect of ampicillin/sulbactam on Acinetobacter species. Author(s): Hostacka A. Source: Microbios. 2001; 106 Suppl 2: 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11548205

46

Ampicillin

•

In vitro effects of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin on Salmonella typhi within human monocyte-derived macrophages. Author(s): Ekinci B, Coban AY, Durupinar B. Source: J Chemother. 2001 December; 13(6): 661-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11806630

•

In vitro investigation of the susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical specimens to ampicillin/sulbactam alone and in combination with amikacin. Author(s): Savov E, Chankova D, Vatcheva R, Dinev N. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 November; 20(5): 390-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431877

•

In vitro susceptibilities of 180 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Author(s): Delmee M, Carpentier M, Glupczynski Y, Gordts B, Magerman K, Simon A, Surmont I, Van de Vyvere M, Van Landuyt H, Van Nimmen L, Van Noyen R. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1996; 51(4): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858889

•

Inadvertent intrauterine infusion of ampicillin-sulbactam. Author(s): Sigg TR, Kuhn BR. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2000 February 1; 57(3): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10674773

•

Increase in incidence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim in clinical isolates of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium with investigation of molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance. Author(s): Gallardo F, Ruiz J, Marco F, Towner KJ, Vila J. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1999 April; 48(4): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10509479

•

Influence of variations in test methods on susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and telithromycin. Author(s): Fuchs PC, Barry AL, Brown SD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 January; 39(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136745

Studies

47

•

Inhibition of amniotic interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 release by ampicillin. Author(s): Vesce F, Pavan B, Lunghi L, Giovannini G, Scapoli C, Piffanelli A, Biondi C. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 January; 103(1): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704253

•

In-vitro activity of the combination of ampicillin and arbekacin against high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci. Author(s): Kariyama R, Kumon H, Chow L, Zervos MJ, Takata T, Tabata M, Chow JW. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 December; 42(6): 836-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052913

•

In-vitro synergistic activity of the combination of ampicillin and arbekacin against vancomycin-and high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecium with the aph(2")-Id gene. Author(s): Kak V, You I, Zervos MJ, Kariyama R, Kumon H, Chow JW. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2000 August; 37(4): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10974585

•

Kinetics and dose calculations of ampicillin and gentamicin given as continuous intravenous infusion during parenteral nutrition in 88 newborn infants. Author(s): Colding H, Moller S, Bentzon MW. Source: Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1983; 6(6): 365-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6416802

•

Latency period after preterm premature rupture of membranes: a comparison of ampicillin with and without sulbactam. Author(s): Lewis DF, Fontenot MT, Brooks GG, Wise R, Perkins MB, Heymann AR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 September; 86(3): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7651649

•

Late-onset group B streptococcal disease after peripartum ampicillin prophylaxis. Author(s): Aucoin PJ, Cheeseman SH. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1984 August; 138(8): 795. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6377874

•

Leprosy resistant to multi-drug-therapy (MDT) successfully treated with ampicillinsulbactam combination--(a case report). Author(s): Mehta VR. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1996 November; 50(11): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141351

48

Ampicillin

•

Letter: Amoxycillin, talampicillin, and ampicillin. Author(s): Grant IW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 July 10; 2(6027): 106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1276794

•

Letter: Ampicillin resistance in Staphylococci. Author(s): Cargill JS. Source: Lancet. 1976 January 24; 1(7952): 200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=54715

•

Letter: Ampicillin-associated colitis? Author(s): Childs HJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 July; 89(1): 163. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=932895

•

Letter: Ampicillin-associated diarrhea. Author(s): Seigel E, Wechsler A. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1975 November; 20(11): 1096-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1200005

•

Letter: Anaphylactoid reaction immediately after opening of ampicillin bottle. Author(s): Bajoghli M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 November 27; 293(22): 1153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1186782

•

Letter: The use of ampicillin in acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Craig RM, Dordal E, Myles L. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1975 December; 83(6): 831-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1106281

•

Levels of ampicillin and doxycycline in human oviduct mucosa and serum. Author(s): Brihmer C, Brundin J. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1983; 62(3): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6624395

•

Levels of antibiotic in human blood and interstitial fluid after oral administration of bacampicillin or phenoxymethyl penicillin and intravenous administration of amoxicillin or ampicillin. Author(s): Tan JS, Salstrom SJ, File TM Jr. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1981 January-February; 3(1): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6784223

Studies

49

•

Limited in vitro activity of cefamandole against 100 beta-lactamase- and non-betalactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae strains: comparison of moxalactam, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin. Author(s): Bergeron MG, Claveau S, Simard P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1981 January; 19(1): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6454379

•

Linkage of heat-stable enterotoxin activity and ampicillin resistance in a plasmid isolated from an Escherichia coli strain of human origin. Author(s): Stieglitz H, Fonseca R, Olarte J, Kupersztoch-Portnoy YM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1980 November; 30(2): 617-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6254890

•

Listeria meningitis resistant to ampicillin. Author(s): Lyn PC, Lim TH. Source: J Singapore Paediatr Soc. 1986; 28(3-4): 247-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3110504

•

Listeria monocytogens: synergistic effects of ampicillin and gentamicin. Author(s): Azimi PH, Koranyi K, Lindsey KD. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1979 December; 72(6): 974-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=117697

•

Localisation of the ampicillin-resistance gene in isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in Hong Kong. Author(s): Ling JM, Woo TH, Cheng AF, French GL. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1993 May; 26(3): 334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8505571

•

Localized pustular skin eruption. Localized pustular drug eruption secondary to ampicillin. Author(s): Jay S, Kang J, Watcher MA, Broska P, Jeffes EW 3rd. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 June; 130(6): 787, 790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002656

•

Long-acting chloramphenicol versus intravenous ampicillin for treatment of bacterial meningitis. Author(s): Pecoul B, Varaine F, Keita M, Soga G, Djibo A, Soula G, Abdou A, Etienne J, Rey M. Source: Lancet. 1991 October 5; 338(8771): 862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1681224

50

Ampicillin

•

Low dose ceftriaxone versus ampicillin/gentamicin combination in the treatment of serious community-acquired infections in the elderly. Author(s): Schlaeffer F, Fried V, Neuman L, Levy R, Alkan M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 February; 27(2): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2055815

•

Management of severe incisional abscesses following laparotomy. Early reclosure under cover of metronidazole and ampicillin. Author(s): Gottrup F, Gjode P, Lundhus F, Andrup H, Holm CN, Terpling S. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1989 June; 124(6): 702-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2730323

•

Management of severe intra-abdominal sepsis: single agent antibiotic therapy with cefotetan versus combination therapy with ampicillin, gentamicin and metronidazole. Author(s): Huizinga WK, Baker LW, Kadwa H, van den Ende J, Francis AJ, Francis GM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1988 November; 75(11): 1134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3061561

•

Mechanism of absorption enhancement in humans after rectal administration of ampicillin in suppositories containing sodium caprate. Author(s): Lindmark T, Soderholm JD, Olaison G, Alvan G, Ocklind G, Artursson P. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1997 July; 14(7): 930-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9244152

•

Mechanisms of resistance to imipenem in imipenem-resistant, ampicillin-sensitive Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): El Amin N, Lund B, Tjernlund A, Lundberg C, Jalakas K, Wretlind B. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2001 November; 109(11): 791-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11900060

•

Mecillinam activity compared to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin against urinary tract isolates of gram-negative bacilli. Author(s): Zhanel GG, Karlowsky JA, Schwartz B, Jensen SB, Hoban DJ. Source: Chemotherapy. 1998 November-December; 44(6): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9755298

•

Meconium-stained amniotic fluid-associated infectious morbidity: a randomized, double-blind trial of ampicillin-sulbactam prophylaxis. Author(s): Adair CD, Ernest JM, Sanchez-Ramos L, Burrus DR, Boles ML, Veille JC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 August; 88(2): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8692505

Studies

51

•

Meningitis caused by ampicillin and chloramphenicol-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Conde-Glez CJ, Calderon E. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1988 May; 7(5): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3260023

•

Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis C relatively resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. Author(s): Pisano A, Perez G, Hortal M, Giordano P. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 July; 15(7): 643. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8823870

•

Meningitis due to a strain of Haemophilus influenzae type f with intermediate susceptibility to ampicillin. Author(s): Yagupsky P, Rosenthal D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1988 March; 16(2): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3258343

•

Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Author(s): Givner LB, Abramson JS, Wasilauskas B. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1989 March-April; 11(2): 329-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2649966

•

Meningitis due to penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae occurring in a patient on long term ampicillin prophylaxis. Author(s): Chadwick PR, Keaney MG, Jones RA. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1993 November; 27(3): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8308320

•

Microbiologic and pharmacodynamic principals applied to the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of ampicillin/sulbactam: analysis of the correlations between in vitro test results and clinical response. Author(s): Jones RN, Dudley MN. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1997 May; 28(1): 5-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9218913

•

Microbiological assay of ampicillin in serum and aqueous humor of patients given ampicillin-sulbactam injection. Author(s): Madhavan HN, Biswas A, Malathy J, Mukesh BN. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1998 June; 46(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9847483

52

Ampicillin

•

Molecular analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin from three outbreaks of food poisoning in Shiga prefecture. Author(s): Matsune W, Ishikawa K, Hayashi KI, Tsuji M, Izumiya H, Watanabe H. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 June; 54(3): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11544401

•

Molecular epidemiology of ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Author(s): Biendo M, Thomas D, Dechepy O, Laurans G, Eb F. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 June; 293(2-3): 21923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12868659

•

Molecular epidemiology of ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella enteritidis. Author(s): Vatopoulos AC, Mainas E, Balis E, Threlfall EJ, Kanelopoulou M, Kalapothalki V, Malamou-Lada H, Legakis NJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 May; 32(5): 1322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8051261

•

Molecular epidemiology of ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Gazagne L, Delmas C, Bingen E, Dabernat H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 December; 36(12): 3629-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9817886

•

Molecular typing of ampicillin-resistant, non-beta-lactamase-producing Enterococcus faecium isolates from diverse geographic areas. Author(s): Donabedian SM, Chow JW, Boyce JM, McCabe RE, Markowitz SM, Coudron PE, Kuritza A, Pierson CL, Zervos MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 November; 30(11): 2757-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1333477

•

Monitoring of ampicillin and its related substances by NMR. Author(s): Shamsipur M, Talebpour Z, Bijanzadeh HR, Tabatabaei S. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 November 7; 30(4): 1075-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408898

Studies

53

•

Myocardial injury caused by an anaphylactic reaction to ampicillin/sulbactam in a patient with normal coronary arteries. Author(s): Rich MW. Source: Texas Heart Institute Journal / from the Texas Heart Institute of St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital. 1998; 25(3): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9782559

•

Near absence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci but high carriage rates of quinolone-resistant ampicillin-resistant enterococci among hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized individuals in Sweden. Author(s): Torell E, Cars O, Olsson-Liljequist B, Hoffman BM, Lindback J, Burman LG. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 November; 37(11): 3509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10523543

•

Neonatal early-onset Escherichia coli disease. The effect of intrapartum ampicillin. Author(s): Joseph TA, Pyati SP, Jacobs N. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1998 January; 152(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452705

•

Neonatal sepsis and death caused by resistant Escherichia coli: possible consequences of extended maternal ampicillin administration. Author(s): Terrone DA, Rinehart BK, Einstein MH, Britt LB, Martin JN Jr, Perry KG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 June; 180(6 Pt 1): 1345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10368469

•

Neonatal sepsis in Turkey: the comparison between penicillin plus aminoglycoside and ampicillin plus third-generation cephalosporin chemotherapies. Author(s): Gokalp AS, Oguz A, Gultekin A, Icagasioglu D. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1991 July-September; 23(3): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1842721

•

Neonatal sepsis in Turkey: the comparison between penicillin plus aminoglycoside and ampicillin plus third-generation cephalosporin chemotherapies. Author(s): Gokalp AS, Oguz A. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1990 August; 36(4): 200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2213988

•

No effect of topical ampicillin prophylaxis in elective operations of the colon or rectum. Author(s): Raahave D, Hesselfeldt P, Pedersen T, Zachariassen A, Kann D, Hansen OH. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989 February; 168(2): 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2643188

54

Ampicillin

•

No increase in rates of early-onset neonatal sepsis by non-group B Streptococcus or ampicillin-resistant organisms. Author(s): Chen KT, Tuomala RE, Cohen AP, Eichenwald EC, Lieberman E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 October; 185(4): 854-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11641665

•

Non-fatal anaphylaxis caused by ampicillin scratch-test. Report of case. Author(s): Stefanoff V. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1989 February; 18(1): 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2497203

•

Nontraditional dosing of ampicillin-sulbactam for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Author(s): Cawley MJ, Suh C, Lee S, Ackerman BH. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 April; 22(4): 527-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939689

•

Nosocomial acquisition of beta-lactamase--negative, ampicillin-resistant enterococcus. Author(s): Chirurgi VA, Oster SE, Goldberg AA, McCabe RE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 July; 152(7): 1457-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1627025

•

Nosocomial multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection: risk factors and outcome with ampicillin-sulbactam treatment. Author(s): Smolyakov R, Borer A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F, Alkan M, Porath A, Rimar D, Almog Y, Gilad J. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 May; 54(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12767844

•

Nosocomial outbreak of ampicillin resistant Enterococcus faecium: risk factors for infection and fatal outcome. Author(s): Harthug S, Eide GE, Langeland N. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2000 June; 45(2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10860690

•

Novel antibiotic regimens against Enterococcus faecium resistant to ampicillin, vancomycin, and gentamicin. Author(s): Landman D, Mobarakai NK, Quale JM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 September; 37(9): 1904-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239604

Studies

55

•

Oral absorption of pivampicillin and ampicillin in young children: cross-over study using equimolar doses of a suspension. Author(s): Pedersen-Bjergaard L, Petersen KE. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1977 November-December; 2(6): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=338235

•

Oral bioavailability of ampicillin and amoxycillin alone and bound in fixed proportions to sulbactam and clavulanic acid. Author(s): Desager JP, Costermans J, Van Nieuwenhuyze Y, Harvengt C. Source: J Int Med Res. 1989 November-December; 17(6): 532-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2628130

•

Oral cefuroxime axetil compared with oral ampicillin in treating acute uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Author(s): Wanas TM, Williams PE. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1986 August; 62(4): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3733084

•

Oral cyclacillin interacts with the absorption of oral ampicillin, amoxycillin, and bacampicillin. Author(s): Sjovall J, Alvan G, Westerlund D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985; 29(4): 495-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3912193

•

Oral once-daily cefadroxil compared with ampicillin in the treatment of urinary tract infection in children. Author(s): Malaka-Zafiriu K, Papadopoulos F, Augoustidousavvopoulou P, Papachristos F, Cassimos C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142093

•

Otitis media secondary to ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae. An update. Author(s): Schwartz RH, Rodriguez WJ, Khan WN. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1982 May-June; 91(3 Pt 1): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6979968

•

Outbreak of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium--risk factors for faecal colonisation. Author(s): Mohn SC, Harthug S, Langeland N. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2000 April; 108(4): 296-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10843419

56

Ampicillin

•

Outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium gastroenteritis due to an imported strain resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a nursery. Author(s): Lamb VA, Mayhall CG, Spadora AC, Markowitz SM, Farmer JJ 3rd, Dalton HP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1984 December; 20(6): 1076-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6394611

•

Outbreak of vancomycin-, ampicillin-, and aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in an adult oncology unit. Author(s): Montecalvo MA, Horowitz H, Gedris C, Carbonaro C, Tenover FC, Issah A, Cook P, Wormser GP. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 June; 38(6): 1363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092838

•

Outcome at three to five years of primary closure of perianal and pilonidal abscess. A randomised, double-blind clinical trial with a complete three-year followup of one compared with four days' treatment with ampicillin and metronidazole. Author(s): Lundhus E, Gottrup F. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1993 October; 159(10): 5558. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286514

•

Oxidant-scavenging activities of ampicillin and sulbactam and their effects on neutrophil functions. Author(s): Gunther MR, Mao J, Cohen MS. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 May; 37(5): 950-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8390814

•

Penetration of a single infusion of ampicillin and sulbactam into prostatic tissue during transurethral prostatectomy. Author(s): Klotz T, Braun M, Bin Saleh A, Orlovski M, Engelmann U. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1999; 31(2): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10481965

•

Penetration of ampicillin and sulbactam into human epididymis and testis. Author(s): Klotz T, Braun M, Wildfeuer A, Engelmann U. Source: Infection. 1996 September-October; 24(5): 372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8923048

Studies

57

•

Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and ampicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin once daily or thrice daily against Enterococcus faecalis in an in vitro infection model. Author(s): Houlihan HH, Stokes DP, Rybak MJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 July; 46(1): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10882693

•

Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam in pediatric patients. Author(s): Nahata MC, Vashi VI, Swanson RN, Messig MA, Chung M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 May; 43(5): 1225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10223940

•

Possible high rate of transmission of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, including beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strains, between children and their parents. Author(s): Watanabe H, Hoshino K, Sugita R, Asoh N, Watanabe K, Oishi K, Nagatake T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 January; 42(1): 362-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715779

•

Potential consequences of widespread antepartal use of ampicillin. Author(s): Towers CV, Carr MH, Padilla G, Asrat T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 October; 179(4): 879-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9790363

•

Prediction of enterococcal imipenem susceptibility using ampicillin or penicillin MICs: more evidence for a class concept. Author(s): Jones RN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 39(10): 3810-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599520

•

Prevalence of and detection of resistance to ampicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae in Denmark. Author(s): Arendrup M, Knudsen JD, Jensen ET, Jensen IP, Frimodt-Moller N. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(4): 266-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11345218

58

Ampicillin

•

Prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from clinical specimens and use of antimicrobials in five Nordic hospitals. Author(s): Simonsen GS, Smabrekke L, Monnet DL, Sorensen TL, Moller JK, Kristinsson KG, Lagerqvist-Widh A, Torell E, Digranes A, Harthug S, Sundsfjord A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 51(2): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562698

•

Preventing recurrent second trimester group B streptococcus chorioamnionitis by intermittent prophylactic ampicillin. Author(s): Marinoff DN, Chinn A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 98(5 Pt 2): 918-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704202

•

QT prolongation after ampicillin anaphylaxis. Author(s): Mehta D, Warwick GL, Goldberg MJ. Source: British Heart Journal. 1986 March; 55(3): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3954915

•

Quality and bioavailability of ampicillin capsules dispensed in a Nigerian semiurban community. Author(s): Okeke IN, Lamikanra A. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001 March-June; 30(1-2): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510150

•

Quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatographic analysis of ampicillin in human urine. Author(s): Mrhar A, Kozjek F, Prosek M, Dobovisek A. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1983 October 14; 277: 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6643611

•

Rapidly increasing prevalence of beta-lactamase-nonproducing, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b in patients with meningitis. Author(s): Hasegawa K, Chiba N, Kobayashi R, Murayama SY, Iwata S, Sunakawa K, Ubukata K. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004 May; 48(5): 1509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15105098

•

Recurrent cholestasis due to ampicillin. Author(s): Koklu S, Yuksel O, Filik L, Uskudar O, Altundag K, Altiparmak E. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 March; 37(3): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639171

Studies

59

•

Regional variation in ampicillin and trimethoprim resistance in Escherichia coli in England from 1990 to 1997, in relation to antibacterial prescribing. Author(s): Livermore DM, Stephens P, Weinberg J, Johnson AP, Gifford T, Northcott D, James D, George RC, Speller DC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 September; 46(3): 411-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980168

•

Resistance of enterococci to ampicillin and glycopeptide antibiotics in Italy. The Italian Surveillance Group for Antimicrobial Resistance. Author(s): Fontana R, Ligozzi M, Mazzariol A, Veneri G, Cornaglia G. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 August; 27 Suppl 1: S84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9710675

•

Restricting the use of ampicillin-sulbactam. Author(s): Zavascki AP, Sandri AM. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2004 February; 56(2): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15019231

•

Revised approach for identification and detection of ampicillin and vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus species by using MicroScan panels. Author(s): Iwen PC, Kelly DM, Linder J, Hinrichs SH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 July; 34(7): 1779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8784589

•

Risk factors associated with ampicillin resistance in patients with bacteraemia caused by Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Fortun J, Coque TM, Martin-Davila P, Moreno L, Canton R, Loza E, Baquero F, Moreno S. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 50(6): 1003-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12461024

•

Risk factors for recovery of ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant Escherichia coli in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Kaye KS, Harris AD, Gold H, Carmeli Y. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 April; 44(4): 1004-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10722504

•

Role of penicillin-binding protein 5 in expression of ampicillin resistance and peptidoglycan structure in Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Sifaoui F, Arthur M, Rice L, Gutmann L. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 September; 45(9): 2594-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11502534

60

Ampicillin

•

Role of sultamicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam in the treatment of upper and lower bacterial respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Lode H. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2001 September; 18(3): 199-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11673031

•

Self-transmissible antibiotic resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracyclin found in Escherichia coli isolates from contaminated drinking water. Author(s): Walia SK, Kaiser A, Parkash M, Chaudhry GR. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. 2004; 39(3): 651-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055932

•

Sepsis and multiple brain abscesses caused by Salmonella paratyphi B in an infant: successful treatment with sulbactam-ampicillin and surgical drainage. Author(s): Yildiran A, Siga E, Baykal S, Okten A. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2001 January-March; 43(1): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11297167

•

Serious bacterial infections in febrile infants younger than 90 days of age: the importance of ampicillin-resistant pathogens. Author(s): Byington CL, Rittichier KK, Bassett KE, Castillo H, Glasgow TS, Daly J, Pavia AT. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 May; 111(5 Pt 1): 964-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12728072

•

Severe nosocomial infections with imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with ampicillin/sulbactam. Author(s): Levin AS, Levy CE, Manrique AE, Medeiros EA, Costa SF. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 January; 21(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507838

•

Simple high-performance liquid chromatography determination of ampicillin in human serum using solid-phase extraction disk cartridges. Author(s): Ishida M, Kobayashi K, Awata N, Sakamoto F. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 April 30; 727(1-2): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10360445

Studies

61

•

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and tobramycin administered by hypodermoclysis in young and older healthy volunteers. Author(s): Champoux N, Du Souich P, Ravaoarinoro M, Phaneuf D, Latour J, Cusson JR. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 September; 42(3): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8877023

•

Studies of the prophylactic use of a combination of ampicillin and flucloxacillin in patients undergoing major thoracic surgery. Author(s): Moghissi K, Strugnell F, Green J. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1981 July-August; 35(7-8): 268-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7032567

•

Successful treatment with ampicillin and fluoroquinolones of human endocarditis due to high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci. Author(s): Tripodi MF, Locatelli A, Adinolfi LE, Andreana A, Utili R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 October; 17(10): 7346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9865990

•

Susceptibility of European respiratory tract isolates to trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and ampicillin. Author(s): Pontani D, Washton H, Bouchillon S, Johnson J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 June; 17(6): 413-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9758284

•

Synergistic effect of gentamicin plus ampicillin on enterococci with differing sensitivity to gentamicin: a phenotypic assessment of NCCLS guidelines. Author(s): Dressel DC, Tornatore-Reuscher MA, Boschman CR, Stosor V, Zembower T, Postelnick MJ, Noskin GA, Peterson LR. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1999 November; 35(3): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10626133

•

Tazobactam-piperacillin compared with sulbactam-ampicillin, clavulanic acidticarcillin, sulbactam-cefoperazone, and piperacillin for activity against betalactamase-producing bacteria isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections. Author(s): Nomura S, Hanaki H, Nagayama A. Source: J Chemother. 1997 April; 9(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9176745

62

Ampicillin

•

The clinical relevance of in-vitro resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin and alternative agents, for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Author(s): Klugman KP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 July; 38 Suppl A: 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858479

•

The effects of the level of ampicillin resistance and the inoculum size on the in-vitro bactericidal activity of the combination of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin against highlevel gentamicin-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Tripodi MF, Rambaldi A, Sarnataro G, Ragone E, Utili R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 November; 44(5): 719-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10552994

•

The mechanism of ampicillin resistance in enterobacteriaceae isolated in Vellore. Author(s): Jesudason SM, Amyes SG. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2000 January; 43(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583420

•

The prevalence of faecal carriage of ampicillin-resistant and high-level gentamicinresistant enterococci among inpatients at 10 major Norwegian hospitals. Author(s): Harthug S, Jureen R, Mohn SC, Digranes A, Simonsen GS, Sundsfjord A, Langeland N; Norwegian Enterococcal Study Group. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002 February; 50(2): 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846543

•

The role of sulbactam-ampicillin/sultamicillin in mixed infections. Author(s): Moosdeen F. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1999 August; 12 Suppl 1: S1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10526866

•

Treating foot infections in diabetic patients: a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial of linezolid versus ampicillin-sulbactam/amoxicillin-clavulanate. Author(s): Lipsky BA, Itani K, Norden C; Linezolid Diabetic Foot Infections Study Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 January 1; 38(1): 17-24. Epub 2003 December 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14679443

Studies

63

•

Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to ampicillin-susceptible or ampicillinresistant Salmonella enteritidis. Author(s): Fernandez Guerrero ML, Torres Perea R, Verdejo Morcillo C, Fernandez Roblas R, de Gorgolas M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 July; 40(7): 1589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8807045

•

Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis with ampicillin/sulbactam. Author(s): Jimenez-Mejias ME, Pachon J, Becerril B, Palomino-Nicas J, RodriguezCobacho A, Revuelta M. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 May; 24(5): 932-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9142795

•

Type-I hypersensitivity to ceftriaxone and cross-reactivity with cefalexin and ampicillin. Author(s): Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Cirkovic Velickovic T, Vuckovic O, Todoric D. Source: Allergy. 2003 June; 58(6): 537-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12757464

•

Ultraviolet recall phenomenon following the use of ampicillin. Author(s): Blanco J, Manzanedo L, Gutierrez MC, Fuentes M. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(3): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530122

•

Unasyn (ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium). Author(s): Claussen DW. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 1993 August; 16(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8399439

•

Use of ampicillin and corticosteroids in premature rupture of membranes: a randomized study. Author(s): Morales WJ, Angel JL, O'Brien WF, Knuppel RA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 May; 73(5 Pt 1): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2704497

64

Ampicillin

•

Use of ampicillin plus ranitidine for Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Author(s): Ferrari AP, Geocze S, Lanzoni VP, Toledo MR, Trabulsi LR, Vilela MP. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1991; 24(6): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1823272

•

Use of ampicillin/sulbactam (sultamicillin) in the management of pediatric infections. Introduction. Author(s): Arredondo-Garcia JL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 March; 17(3 Suppl): S3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9519906

•

Use of ampicillin/sulbactam and sultamicillin in pediatric infections: a re-evaluation. Author(s): Dajani A. Source: J Int Med Res. 2001 July-August; 29(4): 257-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675898

•

Use of ampicillin/sulbactam versus imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of limbthreatening foot infections in diabetic patients. Author(s): Grayson ML, Gibbons GW, Habershaw GM, Freeman DV, Pomposelli FB, Rosenblum BI, Levin E, Karchmer AW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 May; 18(5): 683-93. Erratum In: Clin Infect Dis 1994 October; 19(4): 820. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8075257

•

Use of ampicillin-sulbactam before and after formulary inclusion. Author(s): Koch KE, Taylor MR. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991 July; 48(7): 1492-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1882880

•

Use of inhaled ampicillin-sulbactam against multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in bronchial secretions of intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Horianopoulou M, Kanellopoulou M, Paraskevopoulos I, Kyriakidis A, Legakis NJ, Lambropoulos S. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004 January; 10(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706094

Studies

65

•

Use of sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infection. Author(s): Rotowa NA, Asuzu MC, Adelusi B, Osoba A. Source: Drugs. 1988; 35 Suppl 7: 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3220013

•

vanA and vanB incorporate into an endemic ampicillin-resistant vancomycinsensitive Enterococcus faecium strain: effect on interpretation of clonality. Author(s): Suppola JP, Kolho E, Salmenlinna S, Tarkka E, Vuopio-Varkila J, Vaara M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 December; 37(12): 3934-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10565910

•

Vancomycin resistance emerging in a clonal outbreak caused by ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Harthug S, Digranes A, Hope O, Kristiansen BE, Allum AG, Langeland N. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 January; 6(1): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168032

•

Variability and predictability of the plasma concentration of ampicillin and kanamycin in new-born infants. Author(s): Driessen OM, Sorgedrager N, Michel MF, Kerrebijn KF, Hermans J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 March 26; 15(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=436921

•

Variable resistance of Shigellae to ampicillin within a single community. Author(s): Wald ER, Wald A, Charache P, Arthurs RR. Source: Md State Med J. 1979 January; 28(1): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=253865

•

Virulence of non-beta-lactamase-mediated ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Rubin LG, Mendelman PM, Rakita RM, Rosen H. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1991 November 1; 68(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1769551

•

When should old therapies be abandoned? A modern look at old studies on topical ampicillin. Author(s): Charalambous C, Tryfonidis M, Swindell R, Lipsett AP. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2003 October; 47(3): 203-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963381

66

Ampicillin

•

Women at risk for gonorrhea: comparison of rosaramicin and ampicillin plus probenecid in the eradication of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and genital mycoplasmas. Author(s): Batteiger BE, Zwickl BE, French ML, Jones RB. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1985 January-March; 12(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3890223

•

Worldwide variation in the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis and its association with ampicillin resistance. Author(s): Gessner BD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 February; 21(2): 7987. Erratum In: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002 July; 21(7): 569-574. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939404

•

Wound antibiotics in gastro-intestinal surgery. Comparison of ampicillin with penicillin and sulphadiazine. Author(s): Stoker TA, Ellis H. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1972 March; 59(3): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4622562

•

Wound infection following laryngectomy. The effect of topical ampicillin and carbenicillin. Author(s): Robinson JM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1976 May; 90(5): 415-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1270915

•

Wound infection in emergency appendectomy: a prospective trial with topical ampicillin and savlon. Author(s): Tanphiphat C, Udomchanya S, Wacharasin T, Suwanpen T, Panichabhongse V, Vajrabukka C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1976 August; 59(8): 355-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=965871

•

Wound infection in emergency appendicectomy: a prospective trial with tropical ampicillin and antiseptic solution irrigation. Author(s): Tanphiphat C, Sangsubhan C, Vongvaravipatr V, La-Ongthong B, Chodchoy V, Treesaranuvatana S, Ittipong P. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1978 February; 65(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=342043

Studies

67

•

Wound infection prophylaxis with topical ampicillin (Pentrexyl R ) in gastric surgery. Author(s): Madsen P, Rasmussen F, Hansen OH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1971; 6(3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4934711

•

Wound infections after appendicectomy. I. A controlled trial on the prophylactic efficacy of topical ampicillin in non-perforated appendicitis. II. A controlled trial on the prophylactic efficacy of delayed primary suture and topical ampicillin in perforated appendicitis. Author(s): Andersen B, Bendtsen A, Holbraad L, Schantz A. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1972; 138(5): 531-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4560252

69

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AMPICILLIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ampicillin.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Ampicillin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

70

Ampicillin

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ampicillin” (or a synonym): •

Pharmacokinetics of amikacin and ampicillin in dogs following single administration and co-administration with flunixin meglumine in dogs. Author(s): Thracian University - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Stara Zagora (Bulgaria) Source: Haritova, A. Pashov, D. Bakalov, D. Bulgaria-Journal-of-Veterinary-Medicine. (2001). volume 4(2) page 77-86.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Biotransformations catalyzed by multimeric enzymes: stabilization of tetrameric ampicillin acylase permits the optimization of ampicillin synthesis under dissociation conditions. Author(s): Departamento de Biocatalisis, Instituto de Catalisis, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autonoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Source: Fernandez Lafuente, R Hernandez Justiz, O Mateo, C Terreni, M Fernandez Lorente, G Moreno, M A Alonso, J Garcia Lopez, J L Guisan, J M Biomacromolecules. 2001 Spring; 2(1): 95-104 1525-7797

•

Effect of manufacturing technology on the dissolution of ampicillin tablets. Author(s): Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Source: Gonzalez, M Retaco, P Pizzorno, M T Volonte, M G Boll-Chim-Farm. 1995 September; 134(8): 448-53 0006-6648

•

Effect of the interval between feeding and drug administration on oral ampicillin absorption in dogs. Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Kung, K Hauser, B R Wanner, M J-Small-Anim-Pract. 1995 February; 36(2): 65-8 0022-4510

•

Enhancing effect of 5 alpha-cyprinol sulfate on mucosal membrane permeability to sodium ampicillin in rats. Author(s): Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. Source: Murakami, T Ohoku, K Yumoto, R Yoshii, M Une, M Kuramoto, T Hoshita, T Yata, N Eur-J-Pharm-Biopharm. 2000 March; 49(2): 111-7 0939-6411

•

Evaluation of hypersensitivity to microencapsulated ampicillin in guinea pigs. Author(s): US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5300, USA. Source: Barsoum, I S Kopydlowski, K M Cuenin, P Setterstrom, J A J-AntimicrobChemother. 1997 January; 39(1): 63-9 0305-7453

•

Influence of sulbactam plus ampicillin on theophylline clearance. Author(s): 36th Division of Pneumology and Respiratory Allergy, A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy. Source: Cazzola, M Santangelo, G Guidetti, E Mattina, R Caputi, M Girbino, G Int-J-ClinPharmacol-Res. 1991; 11(1): 11-5 0251-1649

•

Penicillin acylase-catalyzed ampicillin synthesis using a pH gradient: a new approach to optimization. Author(s): Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia.

Nutrition

71

Source: Youshko, M I van Langen, L M de Vroom, E van Rantwijk, F Sheldon, R A Svedas, V K Biotechnol-Bioeng. 2002 June 5; 78(5): 589-93 0006-3592 •

Promotion of rectal absorption of sodium ampicillin by disodium glycyrrhetinic acid 3 beta-O-monohemiphthalate in rats. Author(s): Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Mishima, M Nagatomi, A Yamakita, T Miura, Y Tsuzuki, O Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1995 April; 18(4): 566-70 0918-6158

•

Rectal absorption enhancement of rate-controlled delivered ampicillin sodium by sodium decanoate in conscious rats. Author(s): Division of Pharmacology, Sylvius Laboratories, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands. Source: Van Hoogdalem, E J De Boer, A G Breimer, D D Pharm-Weekbl-Sci. 1988 April 22; 10(2): 76-9 0167-6555

•

The effect of a combination of Iso-Sensitest agar and ampicillin on the detection of enterobacter beta-lactamase. Author(s): Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland. [email protected] Source: Osterblad, M Huovinen, P J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1998 January; 41(1): 107-10 0305-7453

•

The influence of cefuroxime and ampicillin on uterus contractility. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. Source: Kouvelas, D Athanassiades, A Argyriou, A Crassaris, L G Paradelis, A G JChemother. 1995 November; 7 Suppl 499-100 1120-009X

•

Toxicity studies of amphetamine sulfate, ampicillin trihydrate, codeine, 8methoxypsoralen, alpha-methyldopa, penicillin VK and propantheline bromide in rats and mice. Author(s): National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Source: Dunnick, J K Elwell, M R Toxicology. 1989 June 1; 56(2): 123-36 0300-483X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

72

Ampicillin

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to ampicillin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

73

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AMPICILLIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ampicillin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ampicillin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ampicillin: •

6-(substituted methylene)penems, potent broad spectrum inhibitors of bacterial betalactamase. V. Chiral 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives. Author(s): Bennett IS, Brooks G, Broom NJ, Calvert SH, Coleman K, Francois I. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1991 September; 44(9): 969-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1938620

•

A combination effect of epigallocatechin gallate, a major compound of green tea catechins, with antibiotics on Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro. Author(s): Yanagawa Y, Yamamoto Y, Hara Y, Shimamura T. Source: Current Microbiology. 2003 September; 47(3): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570277

•

A galinstan expansion femtosyringe for microinjection of eukaryotic organelles and prokaryotes. Author(s): Knoblauch M, Hibberd JM, Gray JC, van Bel AJ.

74

Ampicillin

Source: Nature Biotechnology. 1999 September; 17(9): 906-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10471935 •

Carnitine supplementation in pivampicillin treatment. Author(s): Melegh B. Source: Lancet. 1989 November 4; 2(8671): 1096. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2572813

•

Cell division in a chain-forming envA mutant of Escherichia coli K12. Fine structure of division sites and effects of EDTA, lysozyme and ampicillin. Author(s): Normark S, Boman HG, Bloom GD. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [b] Microbiol Immunol. 1971; 79(5): 651-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4999789

•

Chelatometric determination of ampicillin in some pharmaceutical preparations. Author(s): Tawakkol MS, Ismaiel SA, Amer MM. Source: Pharmazie. 1975 August; 30(8): 542. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=809785

•

Colicin tolerance induced by ampicillin or mutation to ampicillin resistance in a strain of Escherichia coli K-12. Author(s): Burman LG, Nordstrom K. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1971 April; 106(1): 1-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4994599

•

Disposition of ampicillin in honeybees and hives. Author(s): Nakajima C, Okayama A, Sakogawa T, Nakamura A, Hayama T. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 1997 September; 59(9): 765-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9342699

•

Enhancement of ampicillin efficacy by peroral levodopa in rat pyelonephritis. Author(s): Burrous SE, Siedler AJ, Eudy WW. Source: Life Sci Ii. 1972 November 22; 11(22): 1087-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4197568

•

Epigallocatechin gallate synergy with ampicillin/sulbactam against 28 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Hu ZQ, Zhao WH, Hara Y, Shimamura T.

Alternative Medicine 75

Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 September; 48(3): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11533000 •

Fluorimetric determination of ampicillin by use of non-toxic catalysts. Estimation of beta-lactamase activity and parameters. Author(s): Baker WL. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 December; 51(12): 1461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678504

•

Hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis induced by high-dose ampicillin sodium. Author(s): Gill MA, DuBe JE, Young WW. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977 May; 34(5): 528-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=326044

•

Incidence of diarrhea in the treatment of genitourinary tract infections with ampicillin. Author(s): Horrax TM. Source: Conn Med. 1971 May; 35(5): 301-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5089290

•

Intra- and inter-individual variation in pharmacokinetics of intravenously infused amoxycillin and ampicillin to elderly volunteers. Author(s): Sjovall J, Alvan G, Huitfeldt B. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 February; 21(2): 171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3954933

•

Liquid chromatographic determination of ampicillin and its metabolites in human urine by postcolumn alkaline degradation. Author(s): Haginaka J, Wakai J. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1987 January; 39(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2880985

•

Resistance of Escherichia coli to penicillins. 8. Physiology of a class II ampicillinresistant mutant. Author(s): Nordstrom K, Burman LG, Eriksson-Grennberg KG. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1970 March; 101(3): 659-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4985589

•

The first phase of pseudomonadal pneumonia influenced by the administration of ampicillin + EDTA in vivo. Author(s): Nezval J, Sedlacek J, Mraz J, Brazdova K.

76

Ampicillin

Source: Int Z Klin Pharmakol Ther Toxikol. 1970 May; 3(2): 152-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4987602

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to ampicillin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 77

•

Herbs and Supplements Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ampicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antibiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cephalosporins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L. Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactobacillus Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Penicillins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

79

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AMPICILLIN Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ampicillin. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ampicillin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ampicillin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Ampicillin ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ampicillin. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Characterization of structure and mechanism of mobilization of the ampicillin resistance plasmids of Haemophilus ducreyi and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by McNicol, Patricia Jean; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK57678

•

Epidemiology of enterococci with acquired resistance to antibiotics in Sweden: Special emphasis on ampicillin and vancomycin by Torell, Erik Gunnar; PhD from Uppsala Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f486817

•

Replication of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi ampicillin resistance plasmids pFA3 and pJB1 by Gilbride, Kimberley A; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL50996

80

Ampicillin

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

81

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON AMPICILLIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ampicillin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ampicillin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Ampicillin By performing a patent search focusing on ampicillin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

82

Ampicillin

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ampicillin: •

6-Aminoalkylpenicillanic acid 1,1-dioxides as beta-lactamase inhibitors Inventor(s): Barth; Wayne E. (East Lyme, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,452,796 Date filed: October 21, 1982 Abstract: Beta-lactamase inhibitors which are 6-alpha- and 6-beta-(aminomethyl) and (1aminoethyl)pencillanic acid 1,1-dioxides; pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof; conventional esters thereof which are hydrolyzable in vivo; bis-methanediol esters thereof; or mixed methanediol esters with said beta-lactamase inhibitors and sulbactam. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising said beta-lactamase inhibitors and a conventional beta-lactam antibiotic, used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Compounds useful as intermediates in the synthesis of said beta-lactamase inhibitors. Antibacterial mixed bis-methanediol esters of said aminoalkyl penicillanic acid 1,1dioxides and ampicillin or amoxicillin, also used in the treatment of bacterial infections; and intermediates therefor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to 6-alpha- and 6-beta-(aminomethyl and 1aminoethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxides, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, conventional esters thereof which are hydrolyzable in vivo, bis-methanediol esters thereof; or mixed methanediol esters with said beta-lactamase inhibitors and sulbactam (penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide), said methanediol esters also hydrolyzable in vivo. While some of these compounds possess antibacterial activity per se, their principal value is as beta-lactamase inhibitors. Thus they are useful in combination with conventional betalactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins) against microorganisms resistant or partially resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics through production of beta-lactamase enzymes. Also encompassed by the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a present beta-lactamase inhibiting compound and a known beta-lactam antibiotic; mixed bis-methanediol esters of the present beta-lactamase inhibiting compounds and either ampicillin or amoxicillin; pharmaceutical compositions of the latter mixed esters; methods of treating bacterial infections with either of the above pharmaceutical compositions; and compounds useful as intermediates in the preparation of these various compounds. Related compounds, viz, penicillanic acid 1,1dioxide and esters thereof readily hydrolyzable in vivo (Barth, U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,579); the bis-methanediol ester of sulbactam (Bigham, U.S. Pat. No. 4,309,347); various 6-beta(hydroxymethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxides and esters thereof (Kellogg, U.S. Pat. No. 4,287,181); and 6-beta-(aminomethyl)penicillanic acid (McCombie, U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,051) have been previously described as beta-lactamase inhibitors useful in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections. Antibacterial bis-esters of methanediol with penicillins and penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide (Bigham, U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,951; Godtfredsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,772) have also been described. the pharmaceutically-acceptable cationic salts thereof when R.sup.1 is hydrogen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04452796__

Patents 83

•

6-substituted penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide compounds Inventor(s): Barth; Wayne E. (East Lyme, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,590,073 Date filed: July 2, 1985 Abstract: A series of novel derivatives of penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide, having a disubstituted methyl group of the formula X--CH--Y at the 6-position, and the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof and the pharmaceutically-acceptable esters thereof readily hydrolyzable in vivo, wherein X is hydroxy, acylated hydroxy or amino and Y is carboxy or esterified carboxy. The compounds of the invention are inhibitors of bacterial beta-lactamases, and they will protect certain beta-lactamase-susceptible betalactam antibiotics, e.g. ampicillin, against inactivation by beta-lactamases. Coadministration of a compound of the invention with a beta-lactam antibiotic such as ampicillin to a mammalian subject increases the effectiveness of the beta-lactam antibiotic against infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new chemical compounds. More particularly it relates to new chemical compounds which are of value for use in combination with betalactam antibiotics, to increase their effectiveness. One of the most well-known and widely-used classes of antibacterial agents is the class known as the beta-lactam antibiotics. These compounds are characterized in that they have a nucleus consisting of a 2-azetidinone (beta-lactam) ring fused to either a thiazolidine or a dihydro-1,3-thiazine ring. When the nucleus contains a thiazolidine ring, the compounds are usually referred to generically as penicillins, whereas when the nucleus contains a dihydrothiazine ring, the compounds are referred to as cephalosporins. Typical examples of penicillins which are commonly used in clinical practice are benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), ampicillin and carbenicillin; typical examples of common cephalosporins are cephalothin, cephalexin and cefazolin. However, despite the wide use and wide acceptance of the beta-lactam antibiotics as valuable chemotherapeutic agents, they suffer from the major drawback that certain members are not active against certain microorganisms. It is thought that in many instances this resistance of a particular microorganism to a given beta-lactam antibiotic results because the microorganism produces a beta-lactamase. The latter substances are enzymes which degrade the penicillin or cephalosporin, rendering it inactive as an antibacterial agent. However, certain substances will inhibit beta-lactamase enzymes, and when a betalactamase inhibitor is used in combination with a beta-lactamase-susceptible beta-lactam antibiotic, the effectiveness of the beta-lactam antibiotic is increased or enhanced. Such an effect is known as synergy. Synergy is deemed to be exhibited by a combination of a beta-lactamase inhibitor and a beta-lactam antibiotic when the antibacterial activity of the combination is significantly greater than the sum of the antibacterial activities of the individual components. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04590073__

84

•

Ampicillin

Acetylmethyl ester of hetacyllin and/or salts of this ester Inventor(s): Borowski; Edward (Gdansk, PL), Busko-Oszczopowicz; Irena M. (Warsaw, PL), Cieslak; Jerzy J. (Warsaw, PL), Gdulewicz-Gruszecka; Maria (Gdansk, PL), Gruszecki; Wojciech A. (Gdansk, PL), Gumiezna; Teresa (Warsaw, PL) Assignee(s): Instytut Przemyslu Farmaceutyoznego Majakowskiego (Warsaw, PL), Politechnika Gdanska (Gdansk, PL) Patent Number: 4,439,363 Date filed: February 25, 1982 Abstract: The acetylmethyl ester of hetacyllin and/or its salts of an organic or inorganic acid are described and methods for their synthesis wherein a tertiary amine and chloroacetone are introduced to hetacyllin in an organic solvent or chloroacetone is introduced to hetacyllin in the form of a salt with an alkali metal in an organic solvent, and then from the reaction mixture, the acetylmethyl ester of hetacyllin is isolated in free form and, if desired, a salt of the ester is obtained by reaction with an organic or inorganic acid in an organic solvent.As tertiary amines, trialkylamine, Nmethylpiperidine, N-ethylpiperidine or N-methylmorpholine are used; as organic solvents in obtaining the ester, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide or dimethylsulfoxide are used. In obtaining salts of the ester the organic solvents used are aliphatic alcohols of a chain length C.sub.2 -C.sub.5; ketones, preferably acetone; ethers, such as diethyl, dipropyl, diisopropyl, dibutyl ethers, or their mixtures.The obtained compounds show an antibacterial action like ampicillin but after administration per os they show a considerably higher level of the antibiotic than that after administration of free ampicillin or its esters. Excerpt(s): As the solvent the synthesis of the ester of hetacyllin, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide or dimethylsulfoxide is used. As tertiary amines trialkylamine, Nmethylpiperidine, N-ethylpiperidine or N-methylmorpholine are used. The obtained ester is converted into the salt in a medium of aliphatic alcohols of the chain length of C2 to C5 or ethers such as diethyl, dipropyl, diisopropyl, dibutyl ether or ketones, preferably acetone, or their mixtures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04439363__

•

Administration of an injectable antibiotic in the ear of an animal Inventor(s): Brown; Scott A. (Galesburg, MI) Assignee(s): Pharmacia & Upjohn Company () Patent Number: 6,074,657 Date filed: March 20, 1997 Abstract: The present invention provides for a method of injecting an antibiotic in the ear of an animal, such as cattle, swine, sheep and goats. These injectable antibiotics include the following: injectable suspensions of sparingly water-soluble antimicrobial agents, such as procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin, ceftiofur crystalline free acid ceftiofur hydrochloride, ampicillin trihydrate and amoxicillin trihydrate; sustainedrelease non-aqueous solutions of sparingly water-soluble antimicrobial agents, such as oxytetracycline, erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin and florfenicol; and injectable solutions of zwitterionic antimicrobial agents, such as enrofloxacin, danofloxacin and premafloxacin. Specifically, the present invention provides for a method of injecting a

Patents 85

relatively large volume (1 to 15 mL) of a sterile oil suspension of an antibiotic, such as ceftiofur crystalline free acid, in the posterior of the ear of cattle and swine. Excerpt(s): The injection of many antibiotics produces irritation and, potentially, illegal drug residues at the injection site of food-producing animals. Current cattle practice is oriented toward changing from an intramuscular injection of drugs and vaccines, which then leaves both irritation and possibly drug residues in edible meat, to subcutaneous injection, which places those unwanted occurrences at the surface of the carcass in cattle. Because the hide of cattle is removed at slaughter, the injection sites are potentially visible and will be trimmed from the carcass. Even if that is not done, the edible meat is not damaged because the injection is not into muscle. Nevertheless, even with subcutaneous administration, injection site irritation and potentially violative drug residues still remain on an edible portion of the carcass, namely the surface of the carcass itself. Furthermore, any violative drug residues at the injection site cannot be monitored by current United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspectors, who require a "target tissue" for residue monitoring to homogeneously contain drug residues and always be readily identifiable to the layman. These target tissues are now defined as the kidney, liver, muscle and fat; and an injection site in any edible tissue, regardless of whether the injection is intramuscular or subcutaneous, fails the criteria for a target tissue because it is not always readily identifiable, circumscript or homogenous with respect to drug residues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06074657__ •

Antibacterial esters of resorcinol with ampicillin and penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide derivatives Inventor(s): Pirie; Donald K. (Uncasville, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,351,840 Date filed: September 18, 1981 Abstract: Bis-esters of resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) with ampicillin or amoxicillin and penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide or 6-beta-(hydroxymethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide, having utility as antibacterial agents; processes therefor; and intermediates therefor, including m-hydroxyphenyl esters of penicillanic acid, 6-beta(hydroxymethyl)penicillanic acid, and azidocillin. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with bis-esters of resorcinol (1,3dihydroxybenzene) with ampicillin or amoxicillin and penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide or 6beta-(hydroxymethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide, their utility as antibacterial agents, particularly via the oral route of administration, and intermediates therefor. Ampicillin and amoxicillin are well-known members of the penicillin class of antibiotics, widely used in clinical practice. The beta-lactamase inhibitors, penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide and 6-beta-(hydroxymethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide represent more recent discoveries (Barth, U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,579 and U.K. Patent Application No. 2,061,930, respectively). The latter compounds find utility in enhancing the effectiveness of such beta-lactam antibiotics as ampicillin and amoxicillin, in particular extending the spectrum to bacterial organisms otherwise resistant to ampicillin or amoxicillin because of their production of beta-lactamase. Even more recently ampicillin, amoxicillin and other penicillins have been combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide in the form of 1,1-alkanediol esters (e.g. Bigham, U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,951).

86

Ampicillin

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04351840__ •

Bis-esters of 4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxole as antibacterial agents Inventor(s): Welch, Jr.; Willard M. (Mystic, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,434,173 Date filed: November 15, 1982 Abstract: Derivatives of 4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxole in which one hydroxy group has been esterified through the carboxy group of ampicillin or amoxicillin, and the other hydroxy group has been esterified through the carboxy group of sulbactam (penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide), are useful as antibacterial agents. Certain novel compounds, which are useful as intermediates to the aforesaid antibacterial agents, are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new chemical compounds. More particularly it relates to new chemical compounds which are of value as antibacterial agents. These new antibacterial agents are bis-esters of 4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxole, in which one hydroxy group has been esterified with the carboxy group of 6-(2-amino-2phenylacetamido)penicillanic acid (ampicillin) or 6-(2-amino-2-[4hydroxyphenyl]acetamido)penicillanic acid (amoxicillin), and the other hydroxy group has been esterified with the carboxy group of penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide (sulbactam). European patent application No. 39,086, published Nov. 4, 1981, discloses esters of 4hydroxymethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxole, optionally further substituted at the 5-position, in which the hydroxy group has been esterified with the carboxy group of 6-(2-amino-2phenylacetamino)penicillanic acid. U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,951 discloses bis-esters of methanediol in which one hydroxy group has been esterified with the carboxy group of certain 6-acrylaminopenicillanic acids and the other hydroxy group has been esterified using penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide. In like manner, U.S. Pat. No. 4,359,472 discloses bisesters of di(hydroxymethyl) carbonate with certain 6-acrylaminopenicillanic acid compounds and penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide. Penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,579 as an antibacterial agent and beta-lactamase inhibitor. The antibacterial agents of the present invention are efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, and after absorption they are transformed into 6-(2amino-2-phenylacetamido)penicillanic acid (ampicillin) or 6-(2-amino-2-[4hydroxyphenyl]acetamido)penicillanic acid (amoxicillin) and penicillanic acid 1,1dioxide (sulbactam). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04434173__

•

Bis-esters of methanediol with acetonides of ampicillin or amoxicillin and penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide Inventor(s): Crawford; Thomas C. (Gales Ferry, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,321,196 Date filed: March 23, 1981

Patents 87

Abstract: Bis-esters of methanediol wherein one hydroxy group of the methanediol is esterified with the carboxy group of hetacillin (or of the p-hydroxy analog of hetacillin) and the other hydroxy group of the methanediol is esterified with penicillanic acid 1,1dioxide. These orally effective compounds have a particularly broad spectrum of antibacterial activity in mammals, and have an unusually long serum half-life. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to bis-esters of methanediol wherein one of the hydroxy groups of the methanediol is esterified with hetacillin (or the p-hydroxy analog thereof), and the other hydroxy group of the methanediol is esterified with penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide. These compounds have particular value in mammals as oral antibacterial agents against penicillinase producing bacteria. They are efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. After absorption they are transformed, providing unusually long-lasting serum levels of ampicillin/amoxicillin and penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide. By its penicillinase inhibitory activity, the latter enhances the activity of the former against penicillinase producing bacteria. The present compounds are acetonide derivatives of compounds earlier described in British patent application Ser. No. 2,044,255 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,951. Unexpectedly the present compounds show a greatly increased serum half-life of ampicillin/amoxicillin and penicillanic acid 1,1dioxide in comparison to the parent compounds disclosed in these references. Hetacillin (and the p-hydroxy analog thereof) have been described in the literature [Handcastle et al., J. Org. Chem. 31, pp. 897-899 (1966); Long et al., J. Chem. Soc. (C); pp. 1920-1922 (1971)]. Esters of hetacillin (and of the p-hydroxy analog thereof) have also been reported as especially usable for oral administration (von Daehne, U.S. Pat. No. 3,954,735, see also Sleezer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,185,015), but these compounds are not known to be beta-lactamase inhibitors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04321196__ •

Chimeric plasmids Inventor(s): Ishiwa; Hiromi (Kodaira, JP), Mutai; Masahiko (Higashiyamato, JP), Shibahara; Harue (Nishitama, JP), Tsuchida; Nobuo (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,876,202 Date filed: November 18, 1987 Abstract: A variety of chimeric plasmids each of which comprises (a) a tetracycline resistance gene (Tc) deriving from pAM.alpha.1, one of the plasmids retained by Streptococcus faecalis, (b) an ampicillin resistance gene (Amp) deriving from pACYC177, one of the vectors applicable to Escherichia coli and (c) either or both of origins, an origin (OripAM.alpha.1) deriving from the plasmid pAM.alpha.1 and an origin (Ori177) deriving from the vector pACYC177, the tetracycline resistance gene existing on each of which has the unique cleavage site for the restriction enzyme BalI on the entire DNA of the same plasmid and the ampicillin resistance gene existing on each of which has the unique cleavage sites for respective restriction enzymes BglI and PstI on the entire DNA on the same plasmid.There is also provided a chimeric plasmid vector containing (a) a tetracycline resistance gene region (Tc) derived from the plasmid pAM.alpha.1 of Streptococcus faecalis DS5 (ATCC14508), (b) an ampicillin resistance gene region (Amp) derived from the vector pACYC177 of E. coli, (c) a first DNA replication origin (OripAM.alpha.1) derived from the plasmid pAM.alpha.1, (d) a second DNA replication origin (Ori177) derived from the vector pACYC177, and (e) a polylinker region having recognition and cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes

88

Ampicillin

EcoRI at one terminal and HindIII at the other terminal of the polylinker DNA sequence.This is a Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 574,180, filed Jan. 24, 1984 abandoned, and Ser. No. 737,038, filed May 22, 1985, abandoned. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a variety of chimeric plasmids which are useful as cloning vectors functioning at least for Escherichia coli and/or Bacillus subtilis and which are synthesized from a plasmid retained by Streptococcus faecalis, one of the gram-positive bacteria, and a vector taken out of E. coli, one of the gram-negative bacteria. More specifically, the present invention relates to a variety of chimeric plasmids each of which comprises (a) a tetracycline resistance gene (Tc) deriving from pAM.alpha.1, one of the plasmids retained by S. faecalis, (b) an ampicillin resistance gene (Amp) deriving from pACYC177, one of the vectors applicable to E. coli, and (c) either or both of the areas at which replication originates (hereinafter referred to as an origin) (OripAM.alpha.1) deriving from the aforementioned plasmid pAM.alpha.1 and the origin (Ori177) deriving from the aforementioned plasmid pACYC177, wherein the aforementioned tetracycline resistance gene contains the only site at which the chimeric plasmid is specifically cleaved by the restriction enzyme BalI and the aforementioned ampicillin resistance gene contains the only site at which the chimeric plasmid is specifically cleaved by the restriction enzymes BglI and PstI. The present invention also relates to a specific group of novel chimeric plasmids vector which are also useful as a cloning vector for Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. These chimeric plasmids contain (a) tetracycline resistance gene region (Tc) derived from the plasmid pAM.alpha.1 of Streptococcus faecalis DS5 (ATCC14508), (b) and ampicillin resistance gene region (Amp) derived from the vector pACYC177 of E. coli, (c) at first DNA replication origin (OripAM.alpha.1) derived from the plasmid pAM.alpha.1, (d) a second DNA replication origin (Ori177) derived from the vector pACYC177, and (e) a polylinker region having recognition and cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes EcoRI at one terminal and HindIII at the other terminal of the polylinker DNA sequence. Insofar as an in vitro gene manipulation technology is concerned, it is required that a vector which is accepted by a host be available to allow a foreign DNA to migrate in a cell of the host and to allow the foreign DNA to express the genetic information thereof in the cell of the host. The behavior of a vector is clear, to a considerable extent, for the host-vector system in which Escherichia coli is employed, because efforts have been concentrated thereon so far. At present, however, many efforts are being used for development of host-vector systems which employ various microorganisms other than E. coli, such as Bacillus subtilis which is one of the microorganisms useful from the industrial viewpoint, Actinomycetes which are microorganisms capable of producing antibiotics, and yeast which is widely employed for brewing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04876202__ •

Cloning systems for Rhodococcus and related bacteria Inventor(s): Finnerty; William R. (Athens, GA), Singer; Mary E. (Decatur, GA) Assignee(s): University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. (Athens, GA) Patent Number: 4,952,500 Date filed: February 1, 1988 Abstract: A plasmid transformation system for Rhodococcus was developed using an Escherichia coli-Rhodococcus shuttle plasmid. Rhodococcus sp. H13-A contains three cryptic indigenous plasmids, designated pMVS100, pMVS200 and pMVS300, of 75, 19.5 and 13.4 kilobases (Kb), respectively. A 3.8 Kb restriction fragment of pMVS300 was

Patents 89

cloned into pIJ30, a 6.3 Kb pBR322 derivative, containing the E. coli origin of replication (ori) and ampicillin resistance determinant (bla) as well as a Streptomyces gene for thiostrepton resistance, tsr. The resulting 10.1 Kb recombinant plasmid, designated pMVS301, was isolated from E. coli DH1 (pMVS301) and transformed into Rhodococcus sp. AS-50, a derivative of strain H13-A, by polyethylene glycol-assisted transformation of Rhodococcus protoplasts and selection for thiostrepton-resistant transformants. This strain was deposited with the ATCC on Feb. 1, 1988 and assigned ATCC 53719.The plasmid contains the Rhodococcus origin of replication. The plasmid and derivatives thereof can therefore be used to introduce nucleic acid sequences to and from Rhodococcus for subsequent expression and translation into protein. The isolated origin of replication can also be used in the construction of new vectors. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cloning vectors for use in Rhodococcus and related bacteria. Members of the genus Rhodococcus are gram-positive, aerobic, nonsporulating, partially acid-fast Actinomycetes, which were formerly classified as Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Gordona, Jensenia, or in the "rhodochrous" complex. Nocardia, Corynebacteria and Mycobacterium are closely related to Rhodococcus, each exhibiting nocardioform morphology, having mycolic acids, meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose in their cell walls and having a high G+C content (>59 mol %) in their cellular DNA. Most members of the genus are saprophytic soil organisms, although several pathogenic species exist, including R. bronchialis, a human pathogen, R. equi, an animal pathogen and R. fascians, a plant pathogen. Rhodococci exhibit a wide range of metabolic activities including antibiotic production, amino acid production, degradation of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, biotransformation of steroids and a number of xenobiotic compounds, lignin degradation, chemolithoautotrophic growth in the presence of hydrogen and carbon dioxide and production of biosurfactants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04952500__ •

Derivatives of ampicillin and amoxicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitors Inventor(s): Myers; Robert F. (East Lyme, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,377,590 Date filed: May 10, 1982 Abstract: Certain beta-lactamase inhibitors which have a beta-lactam ring as well as a carboxy group have been linked through their carboxy group to either the amino group of ampicillin, the amino group of amoxicillin or the phenolic hydroxy group of amoxicillin. This affords novel antibacterial agents. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the chemotherapy of bacterial infections. More particularly it relates to the chemotherapy of bacterial infections using certain new derivatives of ampicillin and amoxicillin. Ampicillin and amoxicillin are two, wellknown, penicillin antibiotics, which are widely used in medical practice today. Although both antibiotics have a reasonably broad spectrum of activity, both antibiotics suffer from the fact that they are susceptible to beta-lactamases. Accordingly both antibiotics tend to show weak activity against beta-lactamase producing microorganisms. One solution to this problem which has been developed is to coadminister a beta-lactamase inhibitor, such as penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide (sulbactam), during a course of treatment with ampicillin or amoxicillin. See further U.S. Pat. No.

90

Ampicillin

4,234,579. More recently, the antibacterial spectrum of ampicillin and amoxicillin has been expanded by making a bis-ester of methanediol, in which one of the hydroxy groups of the methanediol has been esterified using the carboxy group of ampicillin or amoxicillin, and the other hydroxy group has been esterified using the carboxy group of a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as sulbactam. See further U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,951 and published British patent application No. 2,044,255A. In the novel antibacterial agents of the present invention, a beta-lactamase inhibitor which has a beta-lactam ring as well as a carboxy group (e.g. sulbactam) has been linked through its carboxy group to either the amino group of ampicillin, the amino group of amoxicillin or the phenolic hydroxy group of amoxicillin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04377590__ •

Escherichia coli Candida maltosa Saccharomyces cerevisiae shuttle vectors and method for making Inventor(s): Morikawa; Minoru (Kashiwa, JP), Shibuya; Ichiro (Kashiwa, JP), Takagi; Masamichi (Fuchu, JP), Yano; Keiji (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Nikka Whisky Distilling Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,879,230 Date filed: December 24, 1985 Abstract: The present invention relates to plasmids whose hosts can be Escherichia coli and some kinds of yeasts, namely, shuttle vectors, as well as to processes for producing said plasmids. There are provided in the present invention (1) plasmids containing an autonomously replicating sequence of Candida maltosa, Leu 2 gene derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and an ampicillin resistance gene and (2) plasmids further containing a tetracycline resistance gene as well as the genes described in (1).The plasmids (shuttle vectors) of the present invention can be utilized as follows. A useful foreign gene is inserted into plasmids of the present invention; using the resulting new plasid, Escherichia coli is transformed and cultured in order to obtain the plasmid in a large amount; and using this plasmid, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Candida maltosa as a host is allowed to produce useful substances such as hormones and enzymes on a large scale. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to plasmids whose hosts can be Escherichia coli and some kinds of yeasts, namely, shuttle vectors. In recent years, attention is being paid to production of useful substances using a recombinant DNA technique brought about by the development of molecular biology and genetic engineering. As a method of producing useful substances or as a method of incorporating a useful gene into a microorganism, insertion of a gene of interest into a plasmid and subsequent transformation of a host microorganism are ordinarily conducted. In this case, in order to supplement the low frequency of transformation of yeast and to isolate a plasmid of interest in a large amount, required is such a vector (referred particularly to as a shuttle vector) that can transform both Escherichia coli and yeast. There are already several reports on shuttle vectors which can act in both Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a kind of yeast), such as YE.sub.p 13 [Broach, J. R., Strathern, N.J., Hicks, J. B., Gene, 8, 121, (1979)] and YR.sub.p 7 [Struhl, K., Stinchcomb, D. T., Scherer, S., Davis, R. W., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 76, 1035 (1979)]. However, a shuttle vector capable of acting in a wider range of hosts is required. The present inventors paid attention to an autonomously replicating sequence (hereinafter referred to as ARS) from Candida maltosa which is a yeast but is different from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and by using the

Patents 91

ARS they succeeded in construction of plasmids capable of becoming stable shuttle vectors not only in Escherichia coli and Candida maltosa but also in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04879230__ •

Factor IX preparations uncontaminated by plasma components or pox virus Inventor(s): Anson; Donald S. (Hailey, GB2), Brownlee; George G. (Oxford, GB2), Jones; Ian M. (Oxford, GB2) Assignee(s): National Research Development Corporation (London, GB2) Patent Number: 5,171,569 Date filed: September 23, 1991 Abstract: The blood-clotting protein, factor IX, is synthesized in the bod in liver cells, where it undergoes three distinct types of post-translational modification before it is secreted into the bloodstream as a 415 amino acid long protein. It is therefore a difficult protein to produce by recombinant DNA technology in a highly biologically active form. Nevertheless, such a result has been achieved by the present invention in which typically factor IX cDNA in a plasmid is linearized and inserted into an expression vector having a promoter sequence of SV40 early gene, an SV40 polyadenylation sequence, the TK/NEO selectable marker and an ampicillin resistance gene. Mammalian cells such as from a dog kidney or rat liver are transfected by the calcium phosphate precipitation method. High levels of factor IX in a fully or near-fully biologically active form, useful as a plasma-free preparation for treatment of patients suffering from Christmas Disease (haemophilia B), are obtainable without recourse to poxvirus vectors which would contaminate the protein. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to factor IX protein, a protein involved in the bloodclotting mechanism of warm-blooded animals, and its production by recombinant DNA technology. Haemophilia B, or Christmas disease, is an inherited, X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a defect in clotting factor IX. Injection of factor IX concentrate obtained from blood donors allows most patients to be successfully managed. However, due to impurities in the factor IX concentrate in use at present, this treatment involves some risk of infection by blood-borne viruses such as non-A, non-B hepatitis virus and the virus that causes AIDS. Despite recent apparent success in the heat-inactivation of the virus which causes AIDS, non-A non-B hepatitis virus remains resistant, see P. M. Mannucci et al., Lancet (ii) page 1013 (Nov. 2, 1985). Because of the considerable risk of viral infection in haemophiliacs, a factor IX preparation derived from a source other than blood is desirable. Factor IX DNA was cloned in 1982, see K. H. Choo et al., Nature 299, 178-180 (1982), K. Kurachi et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6461-6464 (1982) and European Patent Application Publication No. 107278A (NRDC). The work is summarised with sequence data and genome maps by D. S. Anson et al., EMBO J., 3 1053-1060 (1984) as well as in the above Patent Application. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05171569__

92

•

Ampicillin

Methampicillin Lysinate and its method of manufacture Inventor(s): Kim; Young Sul (302-62, Yichon-dong, Yong San, Seoul, KS) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,066,640 Date filed: January 26, 1977 Abstract: Water soluble Methampicillin Lysinate is disclosed along with a method of making the compound. The compound of the invention has superior stability and, because of its greater solubility, has a high rate of absorption into the gastrointestinal tract.Methampicillin Lysinate is prepared by converting ampicillim to methyleneampicillin which is reacted with L-Lysine to produce the compound of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a new form of ampicillin having superior water solubility and utility as an antibiotic and to a method of manufacturing this compound which is identified as methampicillin lysinate. As originally discovered, penicillin-G had the disadvantages of chemical instability which affected its activity and also the fact that its use as an antibiotic was limited to gram-positive bacteria. Subsequent discovery of ampicillin, which was derived from 6-amino penicillanic acid, provided an antibiotic having greater stability then penicillin-G and also which was effective against gram-negative bacteria. Unfortunately, these forms of penicillin have continued to have some of the deleterious side effects of natural penicillin and also a low solubility in water. Thus, the solubility of ampicillin or methampicillin is relatively low and this lack of solubility has an adverse effect upon the absorption of the antibiotic into the gastro-intestinal tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04066640__

•

Method for protein N-myristoylation Inventor(s): Duronio; Robert J. (St. Louis, MO), Gordon; Jeffrey I. (St. Louis, MO), Olins; Peter O. (Ballwin, MO) Assignee(s): Washington University (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 5,436,138 Date filed: July 12, 1993 Abstract: There is disclosed a method for providing for the coexpression of Nmyristoyltransferase and a protein substrate for said N-myristoyltransferase in E. coli comprising introducing into E. coli a dual plasmid system comprising (A) the isopropyl.beta.-D-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible tac promoter, the g10-L ribosome binding site, a NMT gene, the kanamycin resistance gene and the p15A origin of replication in operable sequence and (B) the recA promoter, the g10-L ribosome binding site, a mammalian gene, the ampicillin resistance gene and the Col E1 origin of replication in operable sequence. This allows production of mammalian N-myristoylproteins or proteins containing covalently linked analogs of myristate with altered physicalchemical properties. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for producing N-myristoylated protein and, more particularly, to the co-expression of N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) and its protein substrates in E. coli. Fatty acid acylation of specific eukaryotic proteins is a well established process which can conveniently be divided into two categories. On the one hand, palmitate (C16:0) is linked to membrane proteins via ester or thioester linkage

Patents 93

post-translationally. On the other hand, it is known that myristate (C14:0) becomes covalently bound to soluble and membrane proteins via amide linkage. This is believed to be a co-translational event. In the N-myristoylated proteins, amino-terminal glycine residues are known to be the site of acylation. Myristoyl CoA: protein Nmyristoyltransferase (NMT, E.C. 2.3.1.97) catalyzes this co-translational modification. The NMT structural gene (NMT1) has recently been cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See Duronio et al., Science 243, 796-800 (1989). This gene encodes a polypeptide of 455 amino acids (M.sub.r =52,837). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05436138__ •

Penicillin salt Inventor(s): Callander; Sidney E. (Worthing, GB2), Khan; Karrar A. (Worthing, GB2), Utting; Kenneth (Lower Kingswood, GB2) Assignee(s): Beecham Group Limited (GB2) Patent Number: 4,481,209 Date filed: November 7, 1980 Abstract: Ampicillin phthalidyl ester naphthalene-2-sulphonate, its preparation, and its use in pharmaceutical compositions to treat infections. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a penicillin salt. More specifically this invention relates to the naphthalene 2-suphonate salt of ampicillin phthalidyl ester, its preparation, and its use in the therapy of disease. Due to its ready solubility and ease of preparation, talampicillin is normally used in the form of its hydrochloride salt. However, in this form the ester has an unpleasant taste which makes formulations thereof such as syrups and uncoated tablets unpalatable. It is an object of this invention to provide a form of talampicillin which has a greatly improved taste relative to talampicillin hydrochloride whilst retaining therapeutically effective bioavailability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04481209__

•

Penicillin synthesis Inventor(s): Callander; Sidney E. (Worthing, EN) Assignee(s): Beecham Group Limited (UK) Patent Number: 4,072,677 Date filed: November 30, 1976 Abstract: Process of preparing phthalidyl ampicillin or other orally absorbable penicillin ester by esterification of the parent penicillin in a two-phase system using a phase transfer catalyst which increases the solubility of a salt form of the penicillin in the water-immiscible solvent used in the process. The phase transfer catalysts are quaternary ammonium salts or tertiary amines of non-low molecular weight, or crown ethers. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for preparing certain orally absorbable penicillin esters. More specifically, this invention relates to the preparation of certain orally absorbable penicillin esters by the esterification of the parent penicillin in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Reactions between simple organic acid salts and

94

Ampicillin

alkyl halides in the presence of quaternary ammonium salts or tertiary amines as catalysts to give the corresponding acid-alkyl esters are known, for example Hennis et al: I and E.C. Product Research and Development 7 (2) 96-101 (1968). In this paper, for example, sodium acetate was reacted with benzyl chloride in an organic solvent in the presence of different tertiary amines as catalysts, and satisfactory yields of benzyl acetate were obtained in several cases. Also sodium benzoate was reacted with n-butyl chloride in an organic solvent in the presence of triethylamine and an alkyl iodide, or in the presence of the corresponding pre-formed quaternary salt, as catalyst, and satisfactory yield of n-butyl benzoate were again obtained in several cases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04072677__ •

Process and kit for fragment cloning Inventor(s): Metzler; Thomas (Maistr. 57, D-80337 Munchen, DE), Reichhuber; Rolf (Am Burgholz 4a, D-82377 Penzberg, DE), Sobek; Harald (Am Burgholz 4a, D-82377 Penzberg, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,162,633 Date filed: November 17, 1998 Abstract: The subject matter of the invention concerns three cosmid vectors which are suitable for fragment cloning of a size between 7 and 36 kb. These vectors consist of an E. coli ColE1 replica, an ampicillin resistance gene, a multiple cloning cassette, cos sites for in vitro packaging with the lambda packaging extracts as well as fragments from the genome of the bacteriophage lambda. The lambda sequences were selected in a way to prevent lytic processes, vector instabilities (deletions) and unwanted recombination events between lambda DNA and the fragment to be cloned. Depending on the length of the lambda fragment inserted in the corresponding vector heterologous fragments of different lengths can be cloned. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 97 120 089.4, filed Nov. 17, 1997. The invention concerns a process and kit for cloning of DNA fragments as for example PCR amplification products which cannot be cloned with plasmids because of their size and which are too small to be cloned in cosmids. For this purpose modified cosmid vectors were constructed which are suitable for cloning of DNA amplification products and DNA fragments of a certain size. Several state of the art methods for cloning of heterologous DNA are known. The simplest method is the use of plasmid vectors which contain a suitable replication origin, an antibiotic resistance gene as a selection marker as well as at least one suitable restriction site. If heterologous DNA fragments exceeding 10 kb are however inserted in conventional plasmids such as pUC or other pBR derivatives this may lead to structures which cannot, as experience has shown, be cloned without deletions in recombination deficient host cells. The disadvantage of this method is the fact that only DNA fragments of a limited maximum size of approximately 10 kb can be cloned efficiently. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06162633__

Patents 95

•

Process for preparation of alkali metal salts of ampicillin Inventor(s): Essig; Dieter (Bad Kreuznach, DE1), Roos; Otto (Ingelheim am Rhein, DE1) Assignee(s): Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH (Ingelheim am Rhein, DE1) Patent Number: 4,130,558 Date filed: May 18, 1977 Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkali metal salt of ampicillin, especially the sodium salt, which comprises adding to an aqueous suspension of ampicillin, at a temperature not exceeding about 4.degree. C, an aqueous solution of an equimolar or somewhat lesser amount of an alkali metal base, filtering the resulting solution until sterile, freezing the filtrate, and lyophilizing the frozen filtrate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of alkali metal salts of ampicillin, particularly the sodium salt, by freeze-drying. German Pat. No. 1,197,460 discloses a process for the preparation of very pure salts of ampicillin which comprises reacting crude ampicillin with a trialkylamine in an organic solvent to form the corresponding ammonium salt of ampiillin and, after separating impurities, precipitating the alkali metal salt of ampicillin by further reaction with an alkali metal salt of a carboxylic acid. The said German Patent teaches, inter alia, that aqueous solutions of salts of ampicillin, which may be prepared by dissolving ampicillin in an aqueous solution of the calculated amount of sodium bicarbonate for example, are not very stable; upon evaporation of such solutions, even under the most gentle conditions such as in the rotary evaporator or by freeze-drying, about half of the ampicillin in the recovered salt has been destroyed. Therefore, it does not appear to be possible to isolate salts of ampicillin from aqueous solutions without significant decomposition of the ampicillin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04130558__

•

Process for preparing ampicillin Inventor(s): Bharucha; Kekhusroo R. (Toronto, CA), Schrenk; Heinrich M. (Don Mills, CA), Slemon; Clarke E. (Toronto, CA) Assignee(s): Canada Packers Limited (CA) Patent Number: 4,248,780 Date filed: August 21, 1979 Abstract: A process for preparing ampicillin trihydrate is disclosed which comprises acylating silylated 6-aminopenicillanic acid with D(-)-.alpha.-phenylglycylchloride hydrochloride directly in the silylation reaction mixture in the presence of urea as an acid acceptor, hydrolyzing the reaction product and precipitating ampicillin-trihydrate from the resulting aqueous solution. The amounts of reactants, in particular of solvents and water, are adjusted to provide good yields of a product of high purity. Excerpt(s): A commonly used procedure for carrying out the above acylation of 6-APA, comprises silylating 6-APA with a silylating agent such as an organo-silyl chloride in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine and a solvent, then coupling the silylated 6-APA with the phenylglycylchloride.HCl in the presence of a weak base and a solvent, hydrolyzing the resulting silylated ampicillin to remove the protective silyl group therefrom and isolating the formed ampicillin from the reaction mixture. The key step in the conversion of 6-APA into ampicillin is the amide bond forming reaction in

96

Ampicillin

the presence of a weak base. The latter has to serve as an acid acceptor for the hydrochloric acid generated in this step, yet should not adversely affect the condensation reaction between the acyl chloride and the amino group of the silylated 6APA. N,N-dimethylaniline has been found to be a suitable acid acceptor providing good yields of ampicillin on an industrial scale production. Unfortunately dimethylaniline is a cancer suspect agent and residual amounts of dimethylaniline or its hydrochloride in the final ampicillin product may provide a serious health hazard. The present invention provides a process for preparing ampicillin from 6-APA using urea as a hydrogen halide acceptor rather than dimethylaniline, whereby health hazards due to impurities of a suspect nature are avoided. It has been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,351,597 to use urea as a hydrogen halide acceptor in a process for acylating 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. However, when we attempted to use urea in the ampicillin reaction, we were unable to obtain satisfactory yields of high purity product. Many problems arose, including problems due to insolubility of the solid crystalline urea in polar solvents, the lumping of the reaction mass during the coupling of the.alpha.-phenylglycylchloride reagent with the silylated 6-APA, the decrease in yields when the amount of solvent was increased and the increase in impurities when the amount of solvent was decreased, difficulties in reaction control and in finding the proper solvents, solvent/dilutions and reaction conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04248780__ •

Process for production of composition containing lecithin and polyvinylpyrrolidone Inventor(s): Vartan; Robert R. (Bristol, TN) Assignee(s): Beecham Group p.l.c. (GB2) Patent Number: 4,898,728 Date filed: April 7, 1988 Abstract: A process for the production of a sterile composition containing lecithin and polyvinyl pyrrolidone is disclosed in which the lecithin and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, optionally with one or more preservative powders are admixed in a solvent comprising about 75% to 90% methyl isobutyl ketone and about 10% to 25% isopropyl alcohol, and the solution passed through a millipore filter in order to render the ingredients sterile. The process is usefully employed in the production of injectable compositions of amoxycillin and ampicillin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes for the production of injectable compositions containing a.beta.-lactam antibiotic such as amoxycillin trihydrate or ampicillin trihydrate. An injectable composition of amoxycillin which provides unusually sustained effective levels of the antibiotic in the blood of humans and domestic animals after conventional administration has been disclosed and claimed in UK patent No. 1532993. The composition disclosed therein comprises an aqueous suspension of a powder comprising fine particles of amoxycillin trihydrate coated with a dispersing agent the ratio of amoxycillin trihydrate to dispersing agent being in the range 1000:1 to 20:1. A sterile composition in accordance with this patent containing amoxycillin trihydrate particles, a dispersing agent which is a mixture of lecithin and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a preservative which is a mixture of methyl and propyl esters of p-hydroxy benzoic acid, a buffer such as sodium citrate and an ionic salt such as sodium chloride is commercially available from Beecham Group plc under the Trade Mark AMOXI-INJECT. A number of processes are disclosed in the patent for effecting sterilisation of the compositions disclosed and claimed therein. One process comprises

Patents 97

subjecting a non-sterile mix of all of the ingredients to ethylene oxide gas for 12 hours at appropriate temperature and pressure conditions followed by remilling under sterile conditions. An alternative process comprises sterilisation of the mixture by irradiation with an appropriate Megarad dose. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04898728__ •

Process for the recovery of ampicillin Inventor(s): Boesten; Wilhelmus H. J. (Sittard, NL), Moody; Harold M. (Maastricht, NL), Roos; Eric C. (Maastricht, NL) Assignee(s): Chemferm V.O.F. (Breda, NL) Patent Number: 5,916,762 Date filed: September 30, 1997 Abstract: Process for the recovery of ampicillin from a mixture containing ampicillin and 6-aminopenicillic acid (6-APA), in which a mixture of ampicillin and 6-APA, with a pH higher than 7, which apart from any solid ampicillin being present is homogeneous at a pH between 7 and 8.5, is subjected to a pH lowering till a pH lower than 8.2 is reached, and the solid substance present is recovered. The process is in particular suitable to be applied to the reaction mixture which is obtained after the enzymatic acylation reaction of 6-APA with a phenylglycidine derivative as acylation agent. Pure ampicillin can thus be recovered in a simple way. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the recovery of ampicillin from a mixture containing ampicillin and 6-aminopenicillic acid (6-APA). In the preparation of ampicillin, with 6-APA being acylated with a D-phenylglycine derivative, the recovery of the ampicillin and working up of the reaction mixture are difficult in general. A process for isolating the ampicillin pure from a mixture containing ampicillin and minor quantities of 6-APA is described in JP-A-47030687. According to the process described in this Japanese publication, an acid aqueous mixture containing 6-APA and ampicillin is subjected to an extraction with butanol or isoamylalcohol, after which the pH is raised to a value between 6 and 7 and the product is recovered by complete boiling down and freeze-drying. The drawback of this method is that organic solvents that are alien to the process have to be added. In addition, complete boiling down and freeze-drying is not industrially practicable. Moreover, the process involves formation of salts that are included in the freeze-dried product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05916762__

•

Production of human proinsulin using a novel vector system Inventor(s): Kang; Yup (Seoul, KR), Kim; Choong S. (Seoul, KR), Lee; Hyune S. (Seoul, KR), Lee; Hyune W. (Seoul, KR), Lee; Jae H. (Seoul, KR), Yoon; Ji W. (Alberta, CA) Assignee(s): Cheil Foods & Chemicals, Inc. (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 5,460,954 Date filed: September 30, 1992 Abstract: The specification describes a process for producing human proinsulin in Escherichia coli (E. coli) using gene manipulation technology. The process can provide for human proinsulin in high yields by a novel expression vector having strong

98

Ampicillin

regulatory elements of an insulin gene and a stable recombinant gene product. The expression vector of the present invention is characterized in that: 1) it has an 11 amino acid leader peptide containing six threonines in order to ensure an intracellular stability of proinsulin fusion protein, 2) it contains two copies of a DNA expression cassette each comprising a strong lambda P.sub.R promoter, a lac ribosome binding site, a proinsulin gene with a 17 amino acid leader peptide sequence containing a DNA sequence encoding (Thr).sub.6, and a strong fd phage transcription terminator (combination of phage fd terminator and translation stop codon), etc. successively ligated, 3) it has an ampicillin resistance gene, 4) it can be very stably retained within a cultured cell, and 5) there are a number of these expression vectors in E. coli by which the expression can be significantly increased. Human insulin is prepared from the proinsulin fusion protein by in vitro conversion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing human proinsulin in Escherichia coli (E. coli) using gene manipulation technology. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for producing human proinsulin in a high yield by a novel expression vector having strong regulatory elements for the proinsulin gene and capable of producing a stable recombinant gene product. The synthesis of human insulin using gene manipulation technology has been accomplished by one of the following two methods. In the first method, each gene of the alpha and beta chains of insulin is cloned and expressed. The proteins were purified followed by refolding them into insulin (Goeddel et al., (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76: 106-110; Chance et al., (1981) Diabetes Care, 4:149-154). However, this method has serious defects because separate preparation of two chains imposes undue tasks to those skilled in the art, and reconstitution of the two chains results in a significant decrease in yields. In addition, the reconstitution procedures are very complicated. The second method is a direct production of insulin which comprises cloning a gene encoding the alpha and beta chains fused with another protein gene in a plasmid to produce the proinsulin fusion protein in bacteria analogous to the process by which insulin is secreted in the pancreas (William et al., (1982) Science, 215:687-689; Frank et al., (1981) in Peptides: Synthesis, Structure and Function; Proceedings of the Seventh American Peptide Symposium, Rich, D. H. and Gross, E., eds., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill., pp. 729-738). This method is useful since it requires a single fermentation and a simple isolation procedure to obtain the proinsulin. In addition, the proinsulin can be refolded into tertiary structure more efficiently as compared to the first method. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05460954__ •

Salts of 6-alpha-(aminomethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide esters and beta-lactam antibiotics Inventor(s): Hamanaka; Ernest S. (Gales Ferry, CT), Stam; John G. (Waterford, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,521,533 Date filed: July 12, 1984 Abstract: Salts of readily hydrolyzable esters of 6-alpha-(aminomethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide and (a) prodrug forms of ampicillin and amoxicillin or (b) ampicillin and amoxicillin and a dibasic acid are readily absorbed following oral adminstration, and are useful in treating bacterial infections.

Patents 99

Excerpt(s): One of the most well-known and widely used class of antibacterial agents are the so-called beta-lactam antibiotics. These compounds are characterized in that they have a nucleus consisting of a 2-azetidinone (beta-lactam) ring fused to either a thiazolidine or a dihydro-1,3-thiazine ring. When the nucleus contains a thiazolidine ring, the compounds are usually referred to generically as penicillins, whereas when the nucleus contains a dihydrothiazine ring, the compounds are referred to as cephalosporins. Typical examples of penicillins which are commonly used in clinical practice are benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), ampicillin and carbenicillin; typical examples of common cephalosporins are cephalothin, cephalexin and cefazolin. However, despite the wide use and wide acceptance of the beta-lactam antibiotics as valuable chemotherapeutic agents, they suffer from the major drawback that certain members are not active against certain microorganisms. It is thought that in many instances this resistance of a particular microorganism to a given beta-lactam antibiotic results because the microorganism produces a beta-lactamase. The latter substances are enzymes which cleave the betalactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins to give products which are devoid of antibacterial activity. However, certain substances have the ability to inhibit betalactamases, and when a beta-lactamase inhibitor is used in combination with a penicillin or cephalosporin it can increase or enhance the antibacterial effectiveness of the penicillin or cephalosporin against certain beta-lactamase producing microorganisms. It is considered that there is an enhancement of antibacterial effectiveness when the antibacterial activity of a combination of a beta-lactamase inhibiting substance and a beta-lactam antibiotic is significantly greater than the sum of the antibacterial activities of the individual components against beta-lactamase producing microorganisms. The present invention relates to salts of 6-alpha-(aminomethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide esters readily hydrolyzable in vivo and the prodrug 6-(4-phenyl-2,2-dimethyl-5oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)penicillanic acid (hetacillin) and the prodrug 6-(4-phydroxyphenyl-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)penicillanic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04521533__ •

Trimethylsilyl substituted penicillins Inventor(s): Johnson; David A. (Fayetteville, NY), Sapino; Chester (East Syracuse, NY), Silvestri; Herbert H. (Dewitt, NY), Walker; Derek (Jamesville, NY) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,240,960 Date filed: March 19, 1979 Abstract: Trimethylsilyl or another easily hydrolyzed ester of 6trimethylsilyloxycarbonylaminopenicillanic acid was prepared by bubbling dry carbon dioxide into an anhydrous solution of the corresponding 6trimethylsilylaminopenicillanate and found to be a useful intermediate in the production of penicillins, e.g., amoxicillin and ampicillin, by its acylation in anhydrous media with the appropriate acid chloride or acid chloride hydrochloride. Excerpt(s): The process of the present invention produces an antibacterial agent of the class commonly called semi-synthetic penicillins and, preferably, of the subclass characterized by an.alpha.-amino group on the acyl sidechain at the 6-position as in ampicillin and amoxicillin. The first commercial penicillin having an.alpha.-amino group on the 6-acylamido sidechain was ampicillin, which is 6-(D-.alpha.-amino.alpha.-phenylacetamido)penicillanic acid (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,985,648). Amoxicillin is an

100

Ampicillin

antibacterial agent used in human therapy and marketed as the trihydrate of the free acid (i.e., the zwitterion). It is described, for example, in J. Chem. Soc. (London), pages 1920-1922 (1971) and Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy-1970, pages 407-430 (1971) and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,776 (see also U.S. Pat. No. 3,192,198). Its chemical name is 6-[D-.alpha.-amino-.alpha.-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]penicillanic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04240960__

Patent Applications on Ampicillin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ampicillin: •

Compositions and methods for treating bacterial infections Inventor(s): Batts, Donald H.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Hiramatsu, Keiichi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Marshall, O'toole, Gerstein, Murray & Borun; 6300 Sears Tower; 233 South Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606-6402; US Patent Application Number: 20020022610 Date filed: June 21, 2001 Abstract: A composition having antibacterial activity is disclosed. More particularly, a mixture of an oxazolidinone compound, sulbactam, and ampicillin active agents, demonstrating activity against resistant strains of bacteria is disclosed. Methods for using an oxazolidinone compound, sulbactam, and ampicillin to treat a bacterial infection are also described. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/215,418, filed Jun. 30, 2000, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/232,773, filed Sep. 15, 2000, and 60/279,306, filed Mar. 28, 2001, the respective disclosures of which are each incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to compositions having antibacterial activity, and methods of treating bacterial infections. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of an oxazolidinone compound, sulbactam, and ampicillin in treating a patient having a bacterial infection. Many classes of compounds, including aminoglycosides, oxazolidinones, and.beta.-lactams, have been described for the treatment of infectious diseases, particularly bacterial infections. As the use of the these antibacterial agents becomes more widespread, the emergence of new resistant strains of bacteria is imminent. The new resistant strains, for example, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), glycopeptideintermediate Staphylococcus aureus (GISA), and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), have reduced susceptibility to known antibacterial agents, creating an ongoing need for developing effective therapeutic measures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 101

•

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF AMPICILLIN Inventor(s): BOESTEN, WILHELMUS H.J.; (SITTARD, NL), MOODY, HAROLD M.; (MAASTRICHT, NL) Correspondence: Pillsbury Madison & Sutro Llp; Intellectual Property Group; 1600 Tysons Boulevard; Mclean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020009769 Date filed: December 10, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of ampicillin in which 6aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) is subjected to an enzymatic acylation reaction with the aid of a phenylglycine derivative, with the total concentration of the 6-APA present in the reaction mixture, plus ampicillin, being greater than 250 mM, the concentration of 6APA in solution being kept lower than 300 mM and the molar ratio of acylation agent to 6-APA which is employed being less than 2.5.The concentration of 6-APA present in the reaction mixture in dissolved form can be kept low in various ways. One possibility of keeping the concentration of dissolved 6-APA low is to initially charge only part of the total amount of 6-APA and to add the remainder during the reaction. The total amount of 6-APA is preferably initially charged at the start of the reaction. A suitable method of nevertheless achieving a low concentration of dissolved 6-APA is, for example, to keep the pH at a lower value than the pH at which maximum solubility of the reactants is achieved, by ensuring that the concentration of the phenylglycine derivative is kept low, for example by metering in the phenylglycine derivative partially in the course of the reaction, for example in the form of a salt thereof, preferably the salt of PGA and a mineral acid. In this way it is possible in a simple way to achieve optimum metering of the PGA by keeping the pH constant. PGA 1/2H.sub.2SO.sub.4 is preferably used. Excerpt(s): WO-A-92/01061 describes the preparation of b-lactam derivatives, including ampicillin, via enzymatic acylation of a b-lactam nucleus, for example 6-APA, at high concentrations of acylation agent plus b-lactam derivative. The concentration of the blactam nucleus is kept relatively low. From the examples it can be deduced that high conversions are achieved at a high molar ratio of acylation agent to b-lactam nucleus, whereas the conversion is significantly lower at a lower molar ratio of acylation agent to b-lactam nucleus. A disadvantage of the use of a high molar ratio of acylation agent to blactam nucleus is that large amounts of acylation agent are lost because of hydrolysis of the acylation agent. In addition it has been found that upgrading of ampicillin is hampered by a relatively large quantity of D-phenylglycine, relative to ampicillin, being present in the reaction mixture obtained after the enzymatic acylation reaction, as a result of which a smaller quantity of ampicillin can be isolated. It has been found that in order to achieve a high conversion in the process it is of great importance to be able to carry out the reaction at high concentrations, and therefore also at a high concentration of b-lactam nucleus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ampicillin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent,

102

Ampicillin

and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ampicillin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ampicillin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

103

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AMPICILLIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ampicillin.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ampicillin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ampicillin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ampicillin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ampicillin: •

Empiric ampicillin for febrile infants justifiable in first month of life Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 29, 2002

•

No substantial teratogenicity linked to ampicillin use during pregnancy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 14, 2001

104

Ampicillin

•

Listeria incidence falls, ampicillin resistance rises Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 24, 1999

•

Intrapartum Ampicillin May Cause Antibiotic-Resistant Infection In Neonates Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 02, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ampicillin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ampicillin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

105

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ampicillin” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Ampicillin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ampicillin. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ampicillin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

107

CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for ampicillin. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with ampicillin. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

108

Ampicillin

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to ampicillin: Penicillins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amoxil; Bactocill; Beepen-VK; Betapen-VK; Bicillin L-A; Cloxapen; Crysticillin 300 A.S.; Dycill; Dynapen; Geocillin; Geopen; Ledercillin VK; Mezlin; Nafcil; Nallpen; Omnipen; Omnipen-N; Pathocil; Pen Vee K; Pentids; Permapen; Pfizerpen; Pfizerpen-AS; Pipracil; Polycillin; Polycillin-N; Polymox; Principen; Prostaphlin; Spectrobid; Staphcillin; Tegopen; Ticar; Totacillin; Totacillin-N; Trimox; Unipen; V-Cillin K; Veetids; Wycillin; Wymox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html

Penicillins and Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Augmentin; Timentin; Unasyn; Zosyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202705.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA

Researching Medications

109

through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

111

APPENDICES

113

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

114

Ampicillin

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

115

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

116

Ampicillin

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 27485 80 957 347 43 28912

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “ampicillin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

117

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

119

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ampicillin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ampicillin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ampicillin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ampicillin”:

120

Ampicillin

Anthrax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentalhealth.html Streptococcal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/streptococcalinfections.html Syphilis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/syphilis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on ampicillin. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Gynecologic Problems: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Contact: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, PO Box 96920, Washington, DC, 20090-6920, (202) 638-5577, http://www.acog.com. Summary: This pamphlet addresses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Most cases of PID develop as a result of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. PID is normally treated with a combination of two or more antibiotics, such as ampicillin and tetracycline, to combat the wide variety of organisms associated with PID. The pamphlet recommends prevention strategies that include barrier contraception, spermicides, and limiting the number of sexual partners. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ampicillin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or

Patient Resources

121

specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ampicillin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ampicillin. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ampicillin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ampicillin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

122

Ampicillin

Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ampicillin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ampicillin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ampicillin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

123

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

124

Ampicillin

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

125

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

126

Ampicillin

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

127

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

128

Ampicillin

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

129

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

131

AMPICILLIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acinetobacter: A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family Neisseriaceae, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acute tubular: A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need dialysis. Kidney function often improves if the underlying disease is successfully treated. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]

132

Ampicillin

Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may

Dictionary 133

occur. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminoethyl: A protease inhibitor. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampicillin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH]

134

Ampicillin

Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Dictionary 135

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH]

136

Ampicillin

Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with grampositive organisms. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage lambda: A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambdalike Phages, in the family Siphoviridae. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, except for 12 complementary bases at the 5'-termini of the polynucleotide chains. The DNA circularizes on infection. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in

Dictionary 137

the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH]

138

Ampicillin

Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bolus injection: The injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion). [EU] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or

Dictionary 139

within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, cephalexin derivative. [NIH] Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections. [NIH]

Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH]

140

Ampicillin

Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infections and to date no severe side effects have been noted. [NIH] Cefoxitin: Semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. [NIH] Ceftazidime: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. [NIH]

Ceftizoxime: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of betalactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH]

Dictionary 141

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioamnionitis: An inflammatory process involving the chorion, its fetal blood vessels, the umbilical cord, and the amnion by extension of the inflammation, as the amnion itself has no blood supply. This inflammatory process is potentially fatal to mother and fetus. [NIH]

Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH]

142

Ampicillin

Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with welldefined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen,

Dictionary 143

which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Community-Acquired Infections: Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (cross infection). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

144

Ampicillin

Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU]

Dictionary 145

Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cosmids: Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of phage lambda. They are used as cloning vehicles for the study of aberrant eukaryotic structural genes and also as genetic vectors for introducing the nucleic acid of transforming viruses into cultured cells. [NIH]

Cross Infection: Any infection which a patient contracts in a healthcare institution. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of penicillanic acid. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant

146

Ampicillin

and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The

Dictionary 147

dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Combinations: Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture. It is differentiated from combination drug therapy in which two or more drugs are administered separately for a combined effect. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU]

148

Ampicillin

Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enterobacter: Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of man and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products. [NIH] Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. [NIH] Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus Streptococcus, it is now recognized as a separate genus. [NIH]

Dictionary 149

Enterococcus faecium: A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Unlike Enterococcus faecalis, this species may produce an alpha-hemolytic reaction on blood agar and is unable to utilize pyruvic acid as an energy source. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU]

150

Ampicillin

Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Formulary: A book containing a list of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and means of preparation. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the

Dictionary 151

reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Library: A large collection of cloned DNA fragments from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (genomic library) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH]

152

Ampicillin

Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Vectors: Any DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from plasmids, bacteriophages or viruses. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain genetic markers to facilitate their selective recognition. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomic Library: A form of gene library containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycyrrhetinic Acid: 3-beta-Hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. A product from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Leguminosae with some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral

Dictionary 153

properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-Positive Cocci: Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Haematuria: Blood in the urine. [EU] Haemophilia: A haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms: 1. Haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; 2. Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also Xlinked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the

154

Ampicillin

mouth, gums, lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospital Records: Compilations of data on hospital activities and programs; excludes patient medical records. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen

Dictionary 155

cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and

156

Ampicillin

disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisional: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic

Dictionary 157

clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy,

158

Ampicillin

implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kanamycin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the antibiotic kanamycin, which can bind to their 70S ribosomes and cause misreading of messenger RNA. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the

Dictionary 159

body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligase: An enzyme that repairs single stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell. Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together. [NIH]

160

Ampicillin

Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH]

Dictionary 161

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microgram: A unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (10-

162

Ampicillin

6 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.). [EU] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the cephalosporins except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain cephalosporins. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections. [NIH]

Dictionary 163

Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]

Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephrotoxic: Toxic or destructive to kidney cells. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU]

164

Ampicillin

Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and longterm suppression. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]

Dictionary 165

Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ori region: The point or region (origin) at which DNA replication begins in a bacterium or virus. Plasmids used in rec DNA research always contain an ori region, which gives very efficient initiation of replication. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the

166

Ampicillin

electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxytetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Dictionary 167

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillinase: A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroral: Performed through or administered through the mouth. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived

168

Ampicillin

from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics. [NIH]

Piperacillin-tazobactam: A combination of drugs used to fight infections in people who have cancer. Piperacillin is a synthetic penicillin; tazobactam enhances the effectiveness of piperacillin. [NIH] Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of ampicillin. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that

Dictionary 169

sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyxin: Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of

170

Ampicillin

action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proinsulin: The substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin. When insulin is purified from the pancreas of pork or beef, all the proinsulin is not fully removed. When some people use these insulins, the proinsulin can cause the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin is injected. The purified insulins have less proinsulin and other impurities than the other types of insulins. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]

Dictionary 171

Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pseudomembranous Colitis: Severe irritation of the colon. Caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria. Occurs after taking oral antibiotics, which kill bacteria that normally live in the colon. [NIH] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

172

Ampicillin

Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purified Insulins: Insulins with much less of the impure proinsulin. It is thought that the use of purified insulins may help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH]

Dictionary 173

Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Replication Origin: The point or region (origin) at which DNA replication begins in a bacterium or virus. Plasmids used in rec DNA research always contain an ori region, which gives very efficient initiation of replication. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into

174

Ampicillin

the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Fibrosis: A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis. [NIH]

Retroperitoneal Space: An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme

Dictionary 175

dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin.

176

Ampicillin

[NIH]

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]

Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH]

Dictionary 177

Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stringency: Experimental conditions (e. g. temperature, salt concentration) used during the hybridization of nucleic acids. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally

178

Ampicillin

conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Sulbactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Dictionary 179

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Talampicillin: An ester of ampicillin which is readily hydrolysed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Teratogenicity: The power to cause abnormal development. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetracycline Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of a microbe (usually a bacterium) to the action of tetracycline, which binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the normal binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiostrepton: Polypeptide-containing antibiotic isolated from a species of Streptomyces in New Mexican soil. It appears to be highly active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, thiostrepton has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular. [NIH]

180

Ampicillin

Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to carbenicillin in action. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]

Dictionary 181

Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trimethoprim Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of a bacterium to the action of trimethoprim. [NIH]

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tylosin: Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and

182

Ampicillin

constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uricosuric: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. An agent that promotes uricosuria. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Utilization Review: An organized procedure carried out through committees to review admissions, duration of stay, professional services furnished, and to evaluate the medical necessity of those services and promote their most efficient use. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vancomycin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of bacteria, especially gram-positive cocci, to the action of vancomycin, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

Dictionary 183

Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

185

INDEX A Abdomen, 131, 138, 147, 149, 153, 158, 159, 160, 167, 174, 176, 177 Abdominal, 3, 7, 50, 131, 151, 166, 167, 174 Abdominal Pain, 3, 7, 131, 151, 167 Aberrant, 131, 145 Abscess, 3, 22, 56, 131, 153 Acceptor, 95, 96, 131, 165 Acetone, 84, 131, 159 Acinetobacter, 9, 29, 35, 36, 45, 46, 54, 60, 63, 64, 131 Acremonium, 131, 140 Acute renal, 6, 131, 154 Acute tubular, 6, 131 Acyl, 9, 96, 99, 131, 149 Acylation, 92, 95, 97, 99, 101, 131 Adaptation, 131, 141 Adenosine, 131, 168, 179 Adrenal Cortex, 131, 132, 155, 170 Adrenergic, 131, 135, 147, 161, 178 Adverse Effect, 27, 92, 131, 175 Aerobic, 89, 132, 140, 155, 162, 171 Aerosol, 132, 178 Affinity, 13, 132, 176 Agar, 71, 132, 145, 149, 156 Agonist, 132, 147, 161 Aldosterone, 132, 153 Algorithms, 132, 138 Alimentary, 22, 132, 166 Alkaline, 15, 75, 132, 133, 139 Alkaline Phosphatase, 15, 132 Alkaloid, 132, 162, 179 Alkalosis, 75, 132 Allergic Rhinitis, 132, 141 Allylamine, 132, 133 Alternative medicine, 104, 132 Amebiasis, 132, 161 Amikacin, 46, 70, 133 Amine, 84, 133, 154 Amino Acid Sequence, 9, 133, 134, 151 Amino Acid Substitution, 9, 133 Amino Acids, 43, 93, 133, 142, 149, 151, 165, 167, 169, 171, 174, 175, 180, 181 Aminoethyl, 82, 133 Amino-terminal, 93, 133 Ammonia, 133, 181 Amnion, 133, 141 Amniotic Fluid, 50, 133

Amoxicillin, 5, 6, 15, 16, 22, 31, 35, 37, 43, 44, 48, 62, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 98, 99, 133 Amphetamine, 71, 133, 145 Amplification, 94, 133 Ampulla, 134, 141, 148 Anaerobic, 134, 140, 148, 155, 162, 163 Anal, 4, 134, 143 Analgesic, 134, 142, 162, 165 Analog, 87, 134, 139, 142, 145, 168 Analogous, 98, 134, 168, 180 Anaphylactic, 44, 53, 134 Anaphylaxis, 54, 58, 134 Anesthesia, 134, 170 Anhydrous, 26, 99, 134 Anions, 134, 158, 169 Anorexia, 134, 151, 181 Antagonism, 134, 179 Anthrax, 120, 134 Antiallergic, 134, 152 Antibodies, 134, 154, 155, 156, 162 Antibody, 18, 132, 134, 135, 143, 145, 154, 156, 158, 162, 172, 176, 183 Anticholinergic, 134, 141 Antiemetic, 134, 135, 141 Antifungal, 135, 176 Antigen, 18, 132, 134, 135, 143, 154, 155, 156 Antihypertensive, 135, 161 Anti-infective, 135, 164 Anti-inflammatory, 135, 152, 156 Antipsychotic, 135, 141 Antiseptic, 66, 131, 135 Antispasmodic, 135, 165, 170 Antiviral, 135, 152 Anus, 134, 135, 138, 143, 167, 173 Aortic Aneurysm, 135, 174 Appendectomy, 66, 135 Appendicitis, 67, 135 Aqueous, 51, 84, 95, 96, 97, 135, 137, 141, 145, 148, 159, 160 Aqueous humor, 51, 135, 141 Arachidonic Acid, 135, 170 Arterial, 132, 135, 155, 171, 179 Arteries, 53, 135, 138, 144, 181 Aspiration, 22, 136 Assay, 12, 33, 43, 51, 136, 174, 181 Astringents, 136, 161

186

Ampicillin

Asymptomatic, 4, 5, 132, 136, 153, 166 Attenuated, 18, 136, 182 Auditory, 136, 174 Autacoids, 136, 156 Autodigestion, 136, 166 Azithromycin, 22, 29, 32, 46, 61, 136 Aztreonam, 10, 18, 136 B Bacillus, 88, 134, 136, 169 Bacteraemia, 38, 59, 136, 153 Bacteremia, 20, 36, 56, 136 Bacterial Infections, 35, 60, 82, 89, 98, 100, 136 Bacterial Physiology, 9, 131, 136 Bacterial Proteins, 9, 136 Bactericidal, 15, 16, 18, 23, 25, 29, 30, 62, 136, 149 Bacteriophage lambda, 94, 136 Bacteriostatic, 136, 149 Bacterium, 136, 144, 154, 165, 173, 175, 179, 181 Bacteriuria, 4, 136 Base, 11, 12, 14, 95, 132, 137, 150, 151, 158, 168, 179, 181 Benign, 4, 137, 154, 172 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 4, 137 Benzoic Acid, 96, 137, 176 Beta-Lactamases, 83, 89, 99, 136, 137, 140, 155, 178 Bile, 7, 40, 137, 141, 151, 160, 161, 174, 177 Bile Acids, 137, 177 Bile Acids and Salts, 137 Bile duct, 137, 141, 174 Biliary, 16, 26, 137, 141, 166 Biliary Tract, 16, 137, 166 Bioassay, 5, 137 Bioavailability, 6, 26, 34, 55, 58, 93, 137, 179 Biochemical, 14, 137, 159 Biofilms, 8, 137 Biological therapy, 137, 153 Biological Transport, 137, 146 Biosynthesis, 135, 138, 175 Biotechnology, 15, 21, 74, 104, 115, 138 Biotransformation, 89, 138 Bladder, 4, 6, 16, 136, 137, 138, 145, 156, 157, 170, 171, 173, 174, 182, 183 Blennorrhoea, 138, 153 Blood Coagulation, 138, 139, 174 Blood pressure, 131, 135, 138, 155, 162, 176 Blood vessel, 138, 139, 144, 152, 154, 172, 176, 179, 180, 182

Blood-Brain Barrier, 138, 159, 162 Body Fluids, 39, 132, 138, 147, 176 Bolus, 29, 138 Bolus infusion, 138 Bolus injection, 29, 138 Bone Marrow, 138, 156, 160 Bowel, 17, 134, 138, 149, 157, 158, 159, 167, 177 Bowel Movement, 138, 177 Brachytherapy, 138, 157, 158, 172, 183 Broad-spectrum, 133, 139, 140, 165, 168, 180 Bronchi, 139, 149, 179 Bronchial, 64, 139, 154, 179 C Calcium, 91, 139, 143 Capsules, 26, 58, 139 Carbenicillin, 66, 83, 99, 139, 180 Carbon Dioxide, 89, 99, 139, 145, 174 Carboxy, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 139 Carcinogen, 139, 161 Carcinogenic, 139, 157, 170, 177 Cardiac, 132, 139, 148, 177 Cardiovascular, 133, 139, 179 Carrier State, 5, 132, 139 Case report, 7, 43, 47, 139, 150 Catheter, 6, 139, 158 Catheterization, 4, 139, 158 Caudal, 139, 169 Cefadroxil, 55, 139 Cefamandole, 19, 49, 139 Cefazolin, 83, 99, 139 Cefoperazone, 16, 61, 139 Cefotaxime, 46, 139 Cefotetan, 23, 50, 140 Cefoxitin, 7, 25, 140 Ceftazidime, 9, 140 Ceftizoxime, 25, 140 Ceftriaxone, 18, 22, 28, 35, 50, 63, 140 Cefuroxime, 18, 35, 46, 55, 71, 140 Cell Division, 14, 136, 140, 153, 168, 175 Cell membrane, 137, 140, 168, 169 Cell proliferation, 10, 140 Cell Survival, 140, 153 Cellulitis, 27, 140 Central Nervous System, 133, 140, 145, 154, 159, 162, 179 Cephalexin, 7, 83, 99, 139, 140 Cephaloridine, 140 Cephalosporins, 4, 5, 9, 10, 77, 82, 83, 99, 137, 140, 162 Cephalothin, 24, 83, 99, 140

187

Cerebrospinal, 17, 32, 141 Cerebrospinal fluid, 17, 32, 141 Cervical, 11, 12, 141 Cervix, 141 Cetirizine, 33, 141 Chemotherapeutic agent, 83, 99, 141 Chlamydia, 66, 120, 141 Chlorpromazine, 26, 141 Cholangitis, 7, 141 Cholestasis, 58, 141 Cholesterol, 137, 141, 160, 177 Chorioamnionitis, 58, 141 Chorion, 141 Chromosomal, 14, 133, 141, 168, 179 Chromosome, 15, 141, 144, 153, 160, 175, 179 Chronic, 6, 25, 33, 132, 141, 142, 146, 148, 156, 159, 166, 174, 175, 177, 181 Cilastatin, 29, 30, 36, 64, 141, 155 Ciliary, 135, 141, 163 Ciliary processes, 135, 141 Ciprofloxacin, 7, 9, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 46, 50, 61, 62, 141 Circumcision, 4, 142 Clarithromycin, 30, 46, 61, 142 Clavulanic Acid, 29, 55, 61, 142 Cleave, 9, 99, 142 Clindamycin, 4, 5, 7, 22, 23, 40, 142 Clinical trial, 8, 41, 56, 115, 142, 144, 147, 173 Cloning, 88, 89, 94, 98, 138, 142, 145, 159 Cluster Analysis, 8, 142 Coagulation, 138, 142, 153 Codeine, 71, 142, 165 Codon, 98, 142, 151 Cofactor, 142, 171 Colitis, 5, 7, 48, 142, 157 Collagen, 142, 150, 155 Collagen disease, 142, 155 Collapse, 134, 143 Colloidal, 143, 148, 178 Colon, 53, 142, 143, 147, 157, 159, 161, 171 Colorectal, 17, 29, 143 Colorectal Surgery, 17, 29, 143 Combination Therapy, 17, 36, 50, 143 Community-Acquired Infections, 50, 143 Complement, 143, 152 Complementary and alternative medicine, 73, 77, 143 Complementary medicine, 73, 143 Computational Biology, 115, 144 Conception, 144, 150, 169

Conjugated, 137, 144 Conjugation, 138, 144 Conjunctiva, 144, 157 Connective Tissue, 138, 140, 142, 144, 150, 160 Consciousness, 134, 144, 146 Constipation, 135, 144, 167 Continuous infusion, 29, 144 Contraception, 120, 144 Contractility, 71, 144 Contraindications, ii, 7, 144 Contrast medium, 144, 161 Controlled study, 23, 44, 144 Cornea, 135, 144 Coronary, 53, 144 Cortical, 144, 175 Corticosteroids, 63, 145, 152, 169 Cosmids, 94, 145 Cross Infection, 143, 145 Crossing-over, 145, 173 Cryptosporidiosis, 136, 145 Culture Media, 10, 132, 145 Cultured cells, 145 Curative, 145, 179 Cutaneous, 134, 145, 153, 158 Cyclacillin, 55, 145 Cyclic, 145, 170, 179 Cystitis, 6, 145 Cytokines, 10, 145 Cytoplasm, 140, 145, 153, 160, 174 D Dairy Products, 145, 148 Deamination, 145, 181 Decarboxylation, 145, 154, 161 Degenerative, 145, 154 Dehydration, 145, 175 Deletion, 8, 145 Deuterium, 145, 155 Dextroamphetamine, 133, 145 Diabetes Insipidus, 146, 155 Diabetes Mellitus, 7, 32, 146, 152 Diabetic Foot, 25, 35, 62, 146 Diagnostic procedure, 81, 104, 146 Dialyzer, 146, 154 Diarrhea, 5, 7, 33, 38, 39, 48, 75, 132, 145, 146, 175 Diarrhoea, 146, 151 Diastolic, 146, 155 Diathesis, 146, 153 Diffusion, 31, 32, 137, 146, 156, 157 Digestion, 132, 137, 138, 146, 158, 160, 177, 182

188

Ampicillin

Dimethyl, 99, 146 Direct, iii, 98, 107, 146, 147, 152, 155, 173 Disposition, 17, 74, 146 Dissociation, 70, 132, 146 Dissociative Disorders, 146 Diuresis, 146, 179 Diuretic, 146, 155, 176 Dopa, 146, 159 Dopamine, 133, 135, 141, 146, 147, 159, 162, 164 Dorsal, 147, 169 Double-blind, 22, 23, 24, 33, 34, 41, 50, 56, 147 Doxycycline, 48, 147 Drug Combinations, 36, 147 Drug Interactions, 108, 147 Drug Tolerance, 147, 180 Duct, 134, 139, 147, 149 Duodenum, 137, 147, 148, 177 Dura mater, 147, 161, 166 Dysentery, 20, 132, 147 Dysuria, 4, 147 E Edema, 147, 155, 159, 181 Efficacy, 5, 17, 18, 19, 24, 32, 35, 67, 74, 140, 147, 155 Elective, 53, 147 Electrolyte, 132, 147, 153, 169, 176, 181 Electrons, 137, 148, 158, 165, 172 Electrophoresis, 28, 43, 148, 156 Embryo, 133, 148, 168, 169, 177, 181 Embryo Transfer, 148, 169 Empiric, 4, 103, 148 Emulsions, 132, 148 Endemic, 65, 148 Endocarditis, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 35, 36, 42, 43, 61, 63, 148, 153 Endocardium, 148 Endocrine Glands, 148 Endocrinology, 148, 153 Endoscope, 148 Endoscopic, 7, 148 End-stage renal, 19, 148 Enterobacter, 10, 21, 71, 148 Enterobacteriaceae, 17, 25, 62, 148 Enterocolitis, 37, 149 Environmental Health, 71, 114, 116, 149 Enzymatic, 12, 97, 101, 139, 143, 149, 154 Enzyme, 9, 11, 87, 88, 132, 133, 149, 150, 156, 159, 162, 168, 171, 178, 180, 183 Epidemiological, 149, 150 Epidermis, 149, 172

Epigastric, 149, 166 Erythema, 149, 182 Erythromycin, 4, 9, 41, 84, 136, 142, 149 Esophagus, 149, 167, 177, 179 Esterification, 93, 149 Ethanol, 149, 150 Ether, 84, 149 Eukaryotic Cells, 149, 165 Exocrine, 149, 166 Exogenous, 138, 149 Expectorant, 149, 176 External-beam radiation, 149, 158, 172, 183 Extracellular, 137, 144, 149, 150, 176 Extraction, 18, 60, 97, 150 F Faecal, 21, 55, 62, 146, 150 Family Planning, 115, 150 Fat, 85, 135, 137, 138, 150, 159, 160 Fatal Outcome, 54, 150 Fatty acids, 150, 170 Febrile, 60, 103, 150 Feces, 5, 144, 148, 150, 177 Fermentation, 98, 150 Fertilization in Vitro, 150, 169 Fetal Blood, 141, 150 Fetus, 141, 150, 177, 181, 182 Fibrin, 18, 138, 150, 167, 180 Fibrinogen, 150, 180 Fibroblasts, 150, 157 Fibrosis, 132, 150, 174 Flatus, 150, 151 Foot Ulcer, 146, 150 Formulary, 64, 150 Frameshift, 150, 181 Frameshift Mutation, 150, 181 Free Radicals, 146, 151 Freeze-dried, 97, 151 Fungistatic, 137, 151 Fungus, 140, 151 G Gallate, 73, 74, 151 Gallbladder, 131, 137, 151 Gas, 17, 97, 133, 139, 146, 148, 150, 151, 155, 164, 178 Gastric, 22, 67, 133, 136, 139, 151, 154, 155, 165, 173 Gastric Acid, 133, 151, 165 Gastritis, 64, 151 Gastroenteritis, 56, 151 Gastrointestinal, 40, 86, 87, 92, 141, 149, 151, 173, 178, 179

189

Gastrointestinal tract, 86, 87, 92, 149, 151, 179 Gene, 8, 13, 14, 47, 49, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 138, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 165, 175 Gene Expression, 8, 13, 151 Gene Library, 151, 152 Genetic Code, 151, 164 Genetic Engineering, 90, 138, 142, 152 Genetic Vectors, 145, 152 Genetics, 11, 12, 144, 152 Genital, 66, 141, 152, 153, 182 Genitourinary, 4, 55, 75, 152, 182 Genomic Library, 8, 151, 152 Genotype, 152, 167 Germ Cells, 152, 179 Gestation, 152, 167, 177 Gestational, 24, 152 Giardiasis, 152, 161 Gland, 131, 152, 160, 166, 170, 171, 175, 177 Glomeruli, 152, 172 Glomerulus, 152, 163 Glucocorticoid, 152, 155, 169 Glucose, 34, 146, 152, 157, 173, 174, 176 Glucose Intolerance, 146, 152 Glycine, 93, 137, 152, 164, 175 Glycogen, 141, 152 Glycyrrhetinic Acid, 71, 152 Goats, 84, 145, 153 Gonadal, 153, 177 Gonorrhea, 66, 120, 140, 153 Gonorrhoea, 55, 153 Governing Board, 153, 169 Gram-positive, 13, 88, 89, 92, 136, 140, 148, 149, 153, 155, 163, 164, 165, 177, 179, 182 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 88, 92, 153, 165, 179 Gram-Positive Cocci, 153, 182 Granule, 153, 174 Granulocytes, 153, 183 Granuloma, 33, 40, 153 Groin, 153, 157 Growth factors, 10, 153 Gynecology, 4, 7, 22, 23, 41, 42, 47, 50, 53, 54, 57, 58, 63, 153 H Haematuria, 153, 154 Haemophilia, 91, 153 Half-Life, 87, 140, 154 Haptens, 132, 154 Headache, 154, 157

Hemodialysis, 19, 146, 154, 159 Hemolysis, 148, 154 Hemolytic, 33, 149, 154 Hepatitis, 91, 154 Hepatocyte, 141, 154 Heredity, 151, 152, 154 Heterogeneity, 132, 154 Histamine, 135, 141, 154, 173 Homogeneous, 97, 154 Homologous, 15, 145, 154, 175 Hormone, 132, 137, 145, 154, 157, 161, 170 Hospital Records, 7, 154 Hybrid, 154 Hybridization, 15, 154, 177 Hybridoma, 10, 154 Hydrochloric Acid, 96, 155 Hydrochlorothiazide, 43, 155 Hydrocortisone, 16, 155 Hydrogen, 82, 89, 96, 131, 133, 137, 145, 155, 162, 164, 165, 171 Hydrogenation, 155, 172 Hydrolysis, 9, 101, 137, 138, 155, 169, 171 Hydrophilic, 22, 155 Hydrophobic, 22, 44, 155, 160 Hypersensitivity, 63, 70, 134, 155 Hypertension, 4, 154, 155, 181 Hypertrophy, 137, 155 Hypoxic, 155, 161 Hysterectomy, 30, 155 I Imidazole, 154, 155, 173 Imipenem, 7, 9, 19, 20, 24, 28, 29, 30, 36, 43, 50, 57, 60, 64, 141, 155 Immune response, 18, 135, 154, 155, 156, 175, 178, 183 Immune Sera, 155, 156 Immune system, 137, 155, 156, 160, 183 Immunization, 15, 156 Immunocompromised, 12, 36, 156 Immunocompromised Host, 12, 156 Immunodeficiency, 156 Immunodiffusion, 132, 156 Immunoelectrophoresis, 132, 156 Immunologic, 44, 156, 172 Immunology, 28, 132, 156 Immunosuppression, 156, 178 Immunosuppressive, 152, 156 Impairment, 141, 156, 169 Implant radiation, 156, 158, 172, 183 In vivo, 14, 18, 19, 36, 45, 75, 82, 83, 99, 156 Incision, 156, 159, 171 Incisional, 50, 156

190

Ampicillin

Incontinence, 156, 170 Indomethacin, 26, 156 Infiltration, 157, 170 Inflammatory bowel disease, 5, 157 Influenza, 41, 42, 157 Infusion, 16, 46, 47, 56, 138, 157 Ingestion, 134, 157, 168 Inguinal, 34, 157 Inguinal Hernia, 34, 157 Inhalation, 132, 157, 168 Initiation, 14, 157, 165, 173, 177 Inner ear, 140, 157, 161, 182 Inoculum, 17, 62, 157 Inorganic, 84, 157, 163 Inpatients, 62, 157 Insulin, 98, 157, 159, 170 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 157 Intensive Care, 11, 12, 64, 157 Interleukin-6, 47, 157 Intermittent, 16, 58, 157 Internal radiation, 157, 158, 172, 183 Interstitial, 7, 18, 24, 48, 138, 158, 163, 183 Intestinal, 66, 92, 145, 148, 149, 158 Intestinal Mucosa, 149, 158 Intestine, 137, 138, 158, 159, 177 Intracellular, 22, 25, 30, 98, 156, 158, 161, 169, 170, 174 Intracellular Membranes, 158, 161 Intramuscular, 85, 153, 158, 166 Intramuscular injection, 85, 158 Intravenous, 16, 17, 23, 44, 47, 48, 49, 138, 157, 158, 166 Intrinsic, 132, 158 Introns, 152, 158 Intubation, 139, 158 Ions, 137, 146, 147, 155, 158, 176 Irradiation, 97, 158, 183 Irrigation, 66, 158 Irritants, 147, 158 Isopropyl, 92, 96, 158 K Kanamycin, 14, 65, 92, 133, 158 Kanamycin Resistance, 92, 158 Kb, 88, 94, 114, 158 Ketoacidosis, 131, 158 Ketone Bodies, 131, 158, 159 Kidney Failure, 148, 159 Kidney stone, 6, 159, 173 Kinetic, 15, 159 L Laparotomy, 50, 159 Large Intestine, 158, 159, 173, 176

Laryngectomy, 66, 159 Larynx, 159 Laxative, 132, 159, 176 Lectin, 159, 161 Lens, 135, 159 Lesion, 150, 153, 159, 181 Lethal, 18, 136, 159 Leukocytosis, 3, 159 Levodopa, 74, 147, 159 Ligaments, 144, 159 Ligase, 11, 159 Lincomycin, 40, 142, 160 Linkage, 49, 92, 160, 167 Lipid, 148, 157, 160 Lipopolysaccharide, 153, 160 Lipoprotein, 153, 160, 183 Liposome, 17, 18, 160 Liver, 3, 85, 91, 131, 135, 137, 150, 151, 152, 154, 160, 176, 181 Localized, 49, 131, 156, 160, 168, 181, 182 Lymph, 141, 160 Lymph node, 141, 160 Lymphatic, 157, 160, 176, 180 Lymphocytes, 135, 156, 160, 176, 180, 183 Lymphoid, 134, 145, 160 Lytic, 94, 160 M Macrophage, 22, 160 Mastitis, 160, 179 Maxillary, 33, 160, 166 Meat, 85, 160 Mediate, 147, 160, 173 Medical Records, 154, 160 MEDLINE, 115, 161 Megacolon, 5, 161 Meglumine, 70, 161 Membrane Proteins, 92, 161, 171 Meninges, 136, 140, 147, 161 Meningitis, 17, 19, 20, 27, 39, 41, 49, 51, 54, 58, 63, 66, 76, 153, 161 Mental, iv, 7, 114, 116, 146, 161, 171, 181 Mental Processes, 146, 161, 171 Mercury, 43, 161 Metabolite, 138, 146, 161, 170 Methyldopa, 71, 161 Methylprednisolone, 17, 161 Metronidazole, 4, 5, 7, 25, 50, 56, 161 Mezlocillin, 7, 16, 38, 161 Microbe, 133, 161, 179, 180 Microbiological, 24, 51, 161 Microgram, 20, 161

191

Microorganism, 83, 90, 99, 142, 162, 166, 183 Milligram, 162 Mitochondria, 162, 165 Mitochondrial Swelling, 162, 163 Mobilization, 79, 162 Modification, 18, 91, 93, 152, 162 Molecular, 9, 11, 12, 13, 46, 52, 90, 93, 115, 117, 134, 137, 138, 144, 150, 162, 178, 180 Molecule, 11, 131, 135, 137, 143, 146, 152, 155, 159, 162, 164, 165, 168, 172, 178, 182 Monitor, 6, 162, 164 Monoamine, 133, 146, 162 Monoclonal, 10, 158, 162, 172, 183 Monoclonal antibodies, 10, 162 Monocyte, 46, 162 Mononuclear, 153, 162 Morphine, 17, 142, 162, 163, 165 Morphology, 89, 162 Motility, 156, 162 Motion Sickness, 162, 163 Moxalactam, 19, 39, 49, 162 Mucociliary, 163, 175 Mucosa, 48, 163 Mucus, 138, 147, 149, 163 Mutagenesis, 10, 13, 163 Mutagens, 151, 163 Myalgia, 157, 163 Mycoplasma, 10, 66, 163 Myeloma, 155, 163 Myristate, 92, 93, 163 N Nafcillin, 20, 163 Nalidixic Acid, 36, 163 Narcotic, 162, 163 Nasal Mucosa, 157, 163 Nausea, 7, 134, 135, 151, 163, 181 Nebramycin, 163, 180 Necrosis, 6, 163 Neomycin, 26, 163 Neonatal, 11, 12, 23, 27, 34, 53, 54, 153, 163 Nephritis, 7, 163 Nephrotoxic, 7, 163 Nervous System, 133, 140, 163, 164, 167, 178 Netilmicin, 19, 163 Neuromuscular, 163, 169, 170, 181 Neurons, 159, 164, 178 Neurosurgery, 22, 164 Neurotransmitter, 131, 147, 152, 154, 164, 178 Neutrons, 158, 164, 172

Neutrophil, 19, 56, 164 Nitrofurantoin, 5, 6, 50, 164 Nitrogen, 132, 133, 164 Norepinephrine, 131, 147, 161, 164 Nosocomial, 13, 21, 28, 35, 54, 60, 164 Nuclear, 144, 148, 149, 163, 164 Nuclei, 144, 148, 152, 158, 164, 171 Nucleic acid, 89, 145, 151, 154, 163, 164, 172, 177 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 154, 164 Nucleus, 83, 99, 101, 145, 149, 160, 162, 164, 171 Nursing Care, 165, 166 O Obstetrics, 4, 7, 22, 23, 41, 42, 47, 50, 53, 54, 57, 58, 63, 165 Ofloxacin, 46, 165 Omeprazole, 22, 165 Oncology, 56, 165 Oophoritis, 153, 165 Open Reading Frames, 13, 165 Operon, 165, 173 Opiate, 162, 165 Opium, 162, 165 Organ Culture, 165, 180 Organelles, 73, 145, 165, 168 Ori region, 165, 173 Ototoxic, 133, 165 Outpatient, 42, 165 Oxazolidinones, 100, 165 Oxidation, 131, 138, 165 Oxidation-Reduction, 138, 165 Oxytetracycline, 84, 166 P Pachymeningitis, 161, 166 Palliative, 166, 179 Pancreas, 98, 131, 157, 166, 170 Pancreatic, 17, 166 Pancreatitis, 17, 48, 76, 166 Paranasal Sinuses, 166, 175 Parasitic, 145, 147, 166, 174 Parenteral, 28, 47, 166 Parenteral Nutrition, 47, 166 Parietal, 165, 166, 167 Parkinsonism, 135, 159, 166 Particle, 160, 166 Parturition, 165, 166 Pathogen, 4, 5, 13, 89, 157, 166, 178 Pathologic, 144, 155, 166 Pathophysiology, 5, 166 Patient Care Management, 5, 166 Patient Education, 120, 124, 126, 129, 166

192

Ampicillin

Pelvic, 120, 167, 170, 174 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 120, 167 Pelvis, 131, 167, 172, 174, 182 Penicillin, 7, 10, 13, 18, 19, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 42, 48, 51, 53, 57, 59, 62, 66, 70, 71, 83, 84, 85, 89, 92, 93, 99, 133, 134, 139, 161, 163, 167, 168, 180 Penicillinase, 87, 139, 167 Peptide, 15, 98, 142, 167, 169, 171 Peptide Chain Elongation, 142, 167 Perianal, 56, 167 Perinatal, 11, 12, 27, 34, 167 Peripheral Nervous System, 161, 164, 167, 178 Peritoneal, 17, 19, 167 Peritoneum, 167, 174 Peritonitis, 18, 153, 167 Peroral, 74, 167 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 74, 149, 167, 176 Pharmacodynamic, 19, 51, 167 Pharmacokinetic, 167 Pharmacologic, 134, 136, 154, 167, 180 Pharynx, 157, 167 Phenotype, 8, 9, 167 Phenyl, 99, 167 Phospholipids, 150, 160, 167 Phosphorus, 139, 168 Physiologic, 132, 138, 147, 154, 168, 170 Physiology, 75, 148, 153, 168, 178 Piperacillin, 17, 29, 30, 45, 61, 168 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 30, 168 Pivampicillin, 27, 39, 55, 74, 168 Plants, 132, 139, 152, 159, 162, 164, 168, 171, 174, 177, 180 Plasma, 18, 31, 65, 91, 134, 140, 150, 152, 159, 163, 168 Plasmid, 11, 14, 49, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 98, 168, 182 Plastids, 165, 168 Pneumonia, 17, 22, 28, 29, 39, 62, 75, 144, 168, 181 Point Mutation, 13, 168 Poisoning, 52, 76, 151, 161, 163, 168 Pollen, 141, 168 Polyethylene, 89, 168, 178 Polymerase, 168, 173 Polymers, 137, 169, 171 Polymorphism, 28, 169 Polymyxin, 26, 36, 169 Polypeptide, 93, 133, 142, 150, 154, 169, 171, 179

Posterior, 85, 134, 147, 166, 169, 174 Post-translational, 91, 93, 169 Potassium, 132, 155, 169 Practice Guidelines, 116, 169 Precipitation, 91, 169 Precursor, 135, 147, 149, 159, 164, 169, 170 Prednisolone, 161, 169 Pregnancy Outcome, 44, 169 Prepuce, 142, 169 Prevalence, 4, 5, 13, 21, 57, 58, 62, 169 Probenecid, 66, 169 Procaine, 84, 169 Prodrug, 43, 98, 99, 170 Progesterone, 170, 177 Progressive, 6, 147, 163, 170, 174 Proinsulin, 97, 98, 170, 172 Promoter, 8, 91, 92, 98, 170 Propantheline, 71, 170 Prophylaxis, 23, 47, 50, 51, 53, 67, 164, 170 Prostaglandin, 47, 170 Prostaglandins A, 156, 170 Prostate, 137, 170, 171, 181 Prostatectomy, 56, 171 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 171 Protease, 133, 143, 171 Protein C, 133, 142, 152, 160, 171, 181, 183 Protein Conformation, 133, 171 Protein S, 92, 138, 142, 149, 151, 163, 171, 174, 177, 179 Proton Pump, 165, 171 Protons, 155, 171, 172 Protozoa, 144, 147, 161, 162, 171, 177, 182 Pseudomembranous Colitis, 5, 7, 171 Pseudomonas, 6, 14, 30, 139, 140, 163, 168, 171, 180 Pseudomonas Infections, 168, 171 Psychic, 161, 171, 175 Psychology, 146, 171 Psychotomimetic, 133, 146, 171 Public Policy, 115, 171 Publishing, 6, 15, 171 Puerperium, 165, 172 Pulmonary, 138, 159, 172, 179 Pulse, 162, 172 Purified Insulins, 170, 172 Purines, 172, 175 Purulent, 153, 172 Pustular, 49, 172 Pyelonephritis, 18, 24, 37, 39, 74, 172 Pyrimidines, 172, 175 Q Quality of Health Care, 172, 181

193

Quaternary, 93, 94, 171, 172 Quinolones, 6, 172 R Radiation, 149, 151, 156, 158, 161, 172, 183 Radiation therapy, 149, 158, 172, 183 Radioactive, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162, 164, 172, 183 Radiolabeled, 158, 172, 183 Radiotherapy, 138, 158, 172, 183 Randomized, 11, 12, 20, 22, 23, 34, 39, 41, 50, 62, 63, 147, 173 Ranitidine, 64, 173 Reabsorption, 155, 169, 173 Reagent, 96, 155, 173 Recombinant, 8, 10, 36, 89, 90, 91, 98, 173, 182 Recombinant Proteins, 10, 173 Recombination, 15, 94, 144, 173 Rectal, 50, 71, 173, 178 Rectum, 53, 135, 138, 143, 150, 151, 156, 157, 159, 170, 173 Recurrence, 6, 7, 173 Red blood cells, 154, 173, 174 Refer, 1, 143, 164, 173, 180 Refraction, 173, 176 Regimen, 4, 21, 147, 173 Relapse, 37, 173 Reliability, 11, 12, 173 Remission, 173 Renal pelvis, 159, 173 Renal tubular, 169, 173 Replication Origin, 14, 87, 88, 94, 173 Repressor, 13, 165, 173 Respiration, 139, 162, 173 Retroperitoneal, 43, 174 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, 43, 174 Retroperitoneal Space, 174 Retropubic, 171, 174 Reversion, 174, 181 Rhinitis, 170, 174 Ribosome, 92, 98, 174, 180 Rickettsiae, 174, 182 Risk factor, 4, 6, 54, 55, 59, 174 Risk patient, 23, 174 Ristocetin, 174, 182 Rod, 136, 148, 171, 174 Ruminants, 153, 174 S Saline, 7, 174 Salmonellosis, 18, 174 Salpingitis, 42, 153, 174 Saponins, 174, 177

Screening, 14, 142, 175 Secretion, 154, 157, 163, 165, 173, 175, 182 Secretory, 165, 175 Sedative, 142, 175 Segregation, 14, 136, 173, 175 Seizures, 40, 175 Semisynthetic, 133, 139, 140, 142, 155, 161, 163, 168, 175 Sepsis, 50, 53, 54, 60, 175 Sequence Homology, 9, 175 Sequencing, 15, 175 Serine, 9, 175 Serum, 6, 10, 21, 31, 32, 43, 48, 51, 60, 87, 133, 139, 143, 155, 167, 175 Sexual Partners, 120, 175 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 66, 120, 175 Shigellosis, 16, 42, 175 Shock, 44, 134, 155, 175, 181 Side effect, 6, 40, 92, 107, 131, 135, 137, 140, 141, 175, 180 Signs and Symptoms, 3, 173, 175, 181 Sinusitis, 25, 175 Skeleton, 170, 175 Skin test, 38, 175 Small intestine, 147, 152, 154, 157, 158, 176 Smooth muscle, 132, 136, 154, 162, 176, 178 Sodium, 7, 50, 63, 70, 71, 75, 94, 95, 96, 132, 155, 173, 176 Sodium Acetate, 94, 176 Sodium Benzoate, 94, 176 Sodium Bicarbonate, 95, 176 Solvent, 84, 93, 94, 95, 96, 131, 149, 176 Sorbitol, 161, 176 Specialist, 121, 176 Specificity, 9, 132, 176 Spectroscopic, 43, 176 Spectrum, 6, 73, 85, 87, 89, 139, 140, 155, 162, 176, 178 Sperm, 120, 141, 168, 176 Spinal cord, 140, 141, 147, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 176, 178 Spirochete, 176, 178 Spleen, 154, 160, 176 Spontaneous Abortion, 169, 177 Spores, 157, 177 Stabilization, 70, 177 Staphylococcal Infections, 6, 177 Sterile, 85, 95, 96, 177 Steroid, 11, 12, 137, 174, 177 Stillbirth, 169, 177

194

Ampicillin

Stimulant, 133, 145, 154, 177 Stimulus, 144, 177, 180 Stomach, 42, 131, 136, 149, 151, 154, 163, 167, 174, 176, 177 Stool, 5, 143, 156, 159, 177, 179 Streptococcal, 23, 47, 120, 160, 177 Streptococci, 3, 177 Streptococcus, 3, 16, 19, 23, 27, 29, 41, 51, 54, 58, 62, 87, 88, 148, 177 Streptomycin, 42, 43, 52, 60, 177 Stress, 4, 151, 163, 177, 182 Stringency, 15, 177 Subacute, 156, 175, 177 Subclinical, 156, 175, 177 Subcutaneous, 85, 140, 147, 153, 166, 177 Subspecies, 176, 177 Substance P, 97, 149, 161, 174, 175, 177, 178 Substrate, 9, 178 Substrate Specificity, 9, 178 Superinfection, 28, 136, 178 Supplementation, 74, 178 Suppository, 140, 178 Suppression, 164, 178 Suppressive, 6, 178 Suppurative, 140, 153, 178 Suspensions, 84, 178, 182 Sympathetic Nervous System, 164, 178 Sympathomimetic, 133, 146, 147, 164, 178 Symptomatic, 6, 166, 178 Synergistic, 13, 20, 47, 49, 61, 178 Syphilis, 120, 178 Systemic, 27, 108, 134, 138, 142, 157, 158, 169, 172, 176, 179, 180, 183 Systolic, 155, 179 T Tachycardia, 136, 179 Tachypnea, 136, 179 Talampicillin, 26, 48, 93, 179 Teichoic Acids, 153, 179 Teicoplanin, 23, 179 Telomere, 153, 179 Tenesmus, 147, 179 Teratogenicity, 103, 179 Terminator, 98, 142, 179 Testis, 56, 179 Tetracycline, 9, 14, 42, 87, 88, 90, 120, 147, 179 Tetracycline Resistance, 87, 88, 90, 179 Theophylline, 70, 172, 179 Therapeutics, 22, 108, 179 Thermal, 146, 164, 179

Thiostrepton, 89, 179 Thoracic, 32, 61, 179 Thoracic Surgery, 61, 179 Threonine, 175, 180 Threshold, 155, 180 Thrombin, 150, 171, 180 Thrombosis, 171, 180 Thymus, 156, 160, 180 Ticarcillin, 29, 30, 35, 61, 180 Tissue Culture, 5, 10, 180 Tobramycin, 16, 61, 180 Tolerance, 8, 24, 31, 74, 152, 180 Topical, 53, 65, 66, 67, 136, 149, 176, 180 Toxic, iv, 5, 60, 75, 144, 163, 180, 182 Toxicity, 6, 71, 147, 161, 163, 174, 180 Toxicokinetics, 180 Toxicology, 71, 116, 180 Toxin, 5, 7, 180 Toxoplasmosis, 136, 180 Transfection, 10, 138, 180 Transfer Factor, 156, 180 Translation, 13, 89, 98, 149, 163, 180 Translational, 9, 93, 181 Translocation, 142, 149, 181 Transmitter, 147, 161, 164, 181 Transplantation, 148, 156, 181 Transurethral, 56, 171, 181 Transurethral resection, 171, 181 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 171, 181 Trauma, 154, 163, 166, 181, 183 Treatment Failure, 6, 181 Trichomoniasis, 161, 181 Trimethoprim Resistance, 59, 181 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 5, 6, 12, 18, 24, 42, 56, 181 Tunica, 163, 181 Tylosin, 84, 181 TYPHI, 46, 181 Typhimurium, 27, 46, 52, 56, 181 Typhoid fever, 181 U Ulcer, 140, 181 Umbilical Cord, 141, 181 Uraemia, 166, 181 Urea, 95, 96, 181 Ureters, 159, 174, 182 Urethra, 137, 170, 181, 182 Urethritis, 153, 182 Uricosuric, 169, 182 Urinary tract, 4, 5, 6, 24, 38, 50, 55, 61, 136, 140, 163, 164, 182

195

Urinary tract infection, 4, 6, 24, 38, 55, 61, 136, 163, 164, 182 Urinate, 182, 183 Urine, 4, 24, 43, 58, 75, 136, 137, 138, 139, 146, 153, 156, 159, 173, 182 Urogenital, 152, 153, 182 Urokinase, 36, 182 Urticaria, 44, 134, 141, 182 Uterus, 71, 141, 155, 170, 182 Utilization Review, 33, 182 V Vaccines, 85, 182, 183 Vacuoles, 165, 182 Vagina, 141, 182 Vaginal, 4, 23, 27, 178, 182 Vancomycin Resistance, 11, 59, 182 Vascular, 132, 134, 146, 157, 182 Vasculitis, 166, 182 Vector, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 97, 98, 182 Vein, 158, 164, 181, 182 Venereal, 178, 183 Venous, 171, 183

Ventricles, 141, 183 Veterinary Medicine, 70, 115, 179, 183 Viral, 91, 157, 183 Virion, 136, 183 Virulence, 6, 15, 27, 65, 136, 178, 180, 183 Virus, 40, 91, 152, 165, 173, 183 Vitro, 10, 12, 15, 18, 19, 25, 26, 29, 34, 36, 41, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 57, 62, 73, 88, 94, 98, 148, 156, 174, 178, 180, 183 Vivo, 15, 82, 183 Void, 4, 183 W White blood cell, 3, 134, 160, 162, 163, 164, 183 Womb, 182, 183 Wound Infection, 34, 183 X X-ray, 144, 158, 164, 172, 183 X-ray therapy, 158, 183 Y Yeasts, 90, 151, 167, 183

196

Ampicillin

Ampicillin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Ampicillin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents