A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Basil: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83781-3 1. Basil-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on basil. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BASIL ......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Basil............................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BASIL ................................................................................................. 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Basil ............................................................................................... 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BASIL ......................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 23 General References ....................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BASIL...................................................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Patents on Basil ........................................................................................................................... 27 Patent Applications on Basil........................................................................................................ 37 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BASIL ......................................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 44 Chapters on Basil ......................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BASIL ........................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 47 Academic Periodicals covering Basil............................................................................................ 48 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 51 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 52 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 55 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 57 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 60 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 61 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 65 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 65 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 71
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Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 71 BASIL DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................................... 73 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 99
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with basil is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about basil, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to basil, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on basil. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to basil, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on basil. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BASIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on basil.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and basil, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “basil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
The Butter with Benefits Source: Health. 13(3):42,44,46. April 1999. Summary: Kelly explores the health value of peanuts and other nuts. According to recent research, peanuts have almost as much monounsaturated fat as olive oil. Individuals who ate peanuts more than five times a week had a lower risk of heart disease than those who ate nuts less often. In addition, a study that examined the effect of low-fat diets on heart disease risk showed that subjects on a high-fat diet that included peanuts had a lower risk of heart disease than those on a low-fat diet without nuts. Researchers have also found that diets including nuts help individuals feel full, thus reducing the urge to eat and helping in weight-loss efforts. Recipes for spicy peanut dip and Thai dressing with basil are included.
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Epipen as an Alternative to Glucagon in the Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Children with Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 24(4): 701-704. April 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article describes a study that determined whether parenteral injection of epinephrine using the Epipen system could provide an effective alternative to injection of glucagon in children with diabetes. The study population consisted of seven female and three male children with type 1 diabetes. Each patient was studied on two occasions separated by an interval of at least 4 weeks. After an overnight equilibration period, hypoglycemia was induced via an insulin pump. At a blood glucose level of 2.8 mmol per liter, either 1 milligram of glucagon or 0.3 milligrams of epinephrine, in random order, was administered intramuscularly and responses were monitored. Basil free insulin levels before the increase in insulin infusion rate were nearly identical during the glucagon and epinephrine studies. Plasma glucose levels increased by 1.7 plus or minus 0.2 mmol per liter in 10 minutes and by 2.6 plus or minus 0.2 mmol per liter in 15 minutes with administration of glucagon and were not consistently increased with administration of epinephrine. Peak glucagon concentrations after administration of glucagon were more than 60 fold higher than basal concentrations. After administration of epinephrine, peak epinephrine levels were 20 fold higher than basal concentrations. The article concludes that epinephrine does not seem to be an adequate substitute for glucagon in the treatment of severe hypoglycemia. The effectiveness of glucagon in reversing hypoglycemia and its side effects of nausea and vomiting are likely related to the markedly supraphysiologic plasma levels achieved with the standard intramuscular dose. 1 figure. 1 table. 10 references. (AA-M).
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The Ten Tastiest Low-Fat Foods Source: Health. p.54-58. July/August 2000. Summary: This article describes ten foods that are low-fat and tasty. It stresses that not all reduced fat foods have fewer calories than the original versions, and notes that they are not always as tasty as the original versions. The low- fat foods the author chose that do not sacrifice flavor are light cream cheese, light sour cream, low fat ricotta cheese, low-fat vanilla ice cream, dry Italian salami, tomato basil sauce, fat free raspberry Danish, hot Italian sausage, reduced fat wheat crackers, and a butter-like spread. In most cases, the author mentions specific brand names except for the light sour cream and low fat ricotta because there are no national brands for these foods. The calorie and saturated fat savings are provided for each food serving.
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Flavoring Out the Fat Source: The Weight Control Digest. 7(1):614; Jan/Feb 1997. Contact: Weight Control Digest, 1555 W. Mockingbird Lane, Suite 203, Dallas, TX 75235. (800) 736-7323. Summary: This article discusses the use of herbs to flavor low fat foods. Suggestions include adding mint to lemon sauces and basil to a tomato salad. A brief history of the use of herbs in cooking is given, and hints on selecting and growing herbs are offered as well.
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Fit Kitchen Source: Shape. p.73-79,124,127. January 1999. Summary: This article discusses ways to stock the kitchen to allow for healthy cooking. Suggestions are offered for tools (blenders, coffee grinders for spices, and stovetop grills), condiments (Chinese five-spice powder, mango chutney, salsa), fruits and vegetables (arugula, kale, plantains), and fresh herbs (thyme, cilantro, basil). VitettaMiller also offers tips on freezer foods (bread, skinless chicken breasts), pantry items (beans, rice mixes, pasta), and staples (cocoa powder, sundried tomatoes). A five-day meal plan offers menus that use some of these ingredients, such as quesadillas, Japanese salmon marinade, fruit smoothies, and beef salad. A list of low-fat cookbooks and a reorganization and clearing plan for the refrigerator are also included.
Federally Funded Research on Basil The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to basil. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to basil. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore basil.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “basil” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for basil in the PubMed Central database:
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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An Investigation of the Storage and Biosynthesis of Phenylpropenes in Sweet Basil. by Gang DR, Wang J, Dudareva N, Nam KH, Simon JE, Lewinsohn E, Pichersky E.; 2001 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64856
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Characterization of Phenylpropene O-Methyltransferases from Sweet Basil Facile Change of Substrate Specificity and Convergent Evolution within a Plant OMethyltransferase Family. by Gang DR, Lavid N, Zubieta C, Chen F, Beuerle T, Lewinsohn E, Noel JP, Pichersky E.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152928
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Differential Production of meta Hydroxylated Phenylpropanoids in Sweet Basil Peltate Glandular Trichomes and Leaves Is Controlled by the Activities of Specific Acyltransferases and Hydroxylases. by Gang DR, Beuerle T, Ullmann P, WerckReichhart D, Pichersky E.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166672
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with basil, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “basil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for basil (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
Comparative studies on the activity of basil--an essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.--against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas by using different test methods. Author(s): Opalchenova G, Obreshkova D. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2003 July; 54(1): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12732427&dopt=Abstract
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Effects on humans elicited by inhaling the fragrance of essential oils: sensory test, multi-channel thermometric study and forehead surface potential wave measurement on basil and peppermint. Author(s): Satoh T, Sugawara Y. Source: Anal Sci. 2003 January; 19(1): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558038&dopt=Abstract
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Ocimum basilicum in acne vulgaris--a controlled comparison with a standard regime. Author(s): Balambal R, Thiruvengadam KV, Kameswarant L, Janaki VR, Thambiah AS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1985 August; 33(8): 507-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2932427&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with basil in Missouri in 1999. Author(s): Lopez AS, Dodson DR, Arrowood MJ, Orlandi Jr PA, da Silva AJ, Bier JW, Hanauer SD, Kuster RL, Oltman S, Baldwin MS, Won KY, Nace EM, Eberhard ML, Herwaldt BL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 April 1; 32(7): 1010-7. Epub 2001 March 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264028&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitivity of PCR detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in raspberries, basil, and mesclun lettuce. Author(s): Steele M, Unger S, Odumeru J. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2003 August; 54(2): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782383&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BASIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and basil.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Basil The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “basil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “basil” (or a synonym): •
First cultivation trials of lemon basil (Ocimum basilicum var. citriodorum) in Turkey. Author(s): Cukurova Univ., Adana (Turkey). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Tansi, S. Nacar, S. Pakistan-Journal-of-Biological-Sciences (Pakistan). (March 2000). volume 3(3) page 395-397.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
An investigation of the storage and biosynthesis of phenylpropenes in sweet basil. Source: Gang, D.R. Wang, J. Dudareva, N. Nam, K.H. Simon, J.E. Lewinsohn, E. Pichersky, E. Plant-physiol. Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-. February 2001. volume 125 (2) page 539-555. 0032-0889
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Anthocyanin inheritance and instability in purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)] Author(s): Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA. Source: Phippen, W B Simon, J E J-Hered. 2000 Jul-August; 91(4): 289-96 0022-1503
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Anticarcinogenic effects of the essential oils from cumin, poppy and basil. Source: Aruna, K. Sivaramakrishnan, V.M. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. November 1996. volume 10 (7) page 577-580. 0951-418X
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Aphidicidal effect of ethanol extracts of the holy basil, Ocimum sanctum. Aphidizide Wirkung ethanolischer Extrakte aus dem Heiligen Basilikum, Ocimum sanctum. Source: Stein, U. Sayampol, B. Klingauf, F. Bestmann, H.J. Vostrowsky, O. Classen, B. Entomol-Gen. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1988. volume 13 (3/4) page 229-237. ill. 0171-8177
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Application of high Cu compost to Swiss chard and basil. Author(s): Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, 50 Pictou Road, Cox Institute R151, PO Box 550, Truro NS, Canada B2N 5E3.
[email protected] Source: Zheljazkov, V D Warman, P R Sci-Total-Environ. 2003 January 20; 302(1-3): 13-26 0048-9697
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Bactericidal activities of essential oils of basil and sage against a range of bacteria and the effect of these essential oils on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Author(s): Department of Food Microbiology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Koga, T Hirota, N Takumi, K Microbiol-Res. 1999 December; 154(3): 267-73 09445013
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Characteristics of plants and plant extracts from five varieties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in Australia. Source: Lachowicz, K.J. Jones, G.P. Briggs, D.R. Bienvenu, F.E. Palmer, M.V. Mishra, V. Hunter, M.M. J-agric-food-chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. July 1997. volume 45 (7) page 2660-2665. 0021-8561
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Characterization of phenylpropene O-methyltransferases from sweet basil: facile change of substrate specificity and convergent evolution within a plant Omethyltransferase family. Author(s): Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA.
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Source: Gang, David R Lavid, Noa Zubieta, Chloe Chen, Feng Beuerle, Till Lewinsohn, Efraim Noel, Joseph P Pichersky, Eran Plant-Cell. 2002 February; 14(2): 505-19 1040-4651 •
Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) found in local accessions and used in traditional medicines in Iran. Author(s): Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran. Source: Javanmardi, J Khalighi, A Kashi, A Bais, H P Vivanco, J M J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5878-83 0021-8561
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Comment on sesquiterpene composition of basil oil. Assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of beta-elemene with two-demensional NMR. Source: Brauchli, R. Thomas, A.F. J-Agric-Food-Chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. February 1991. volume 39 (2) page 431. 0021-8561
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Constituents of the essential oil from the holy basil or tulsi plant, Ocimum sanctum. Source: Laakso, I. Seppanen Laakso, T. Herrmann Wolf, B. Knobloch, K. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. December 1990. volume 56 (6) page 527. 00320943
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Differential production of meta hydroxylated phenylpropanoids in sweet basil peltate glandular trichomes and leaves is controlled by the activities of specific acyltransferases and hydroxylases. Author(s): Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA.
[email protected] Source: Gang, D R Beuerle, T Ullmann, P Werck Reichhart, D Pichersky, E Plant-Physiol. 2002 November; 130(3): 1536-44 0032-0889
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Effect of different transplanting dates and harvesting stages on the quality of French basil oil. Source: Gill, B.S. Randhawa, G.S. J-herbs-spices-med-plants. Binghamton, NY : Food Products Press, c1992-. 1996. volume 4 (3) page 35-42. 1049-6475
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Effects of neem flowers, Thai and Chinese bitter gourd fruits and sweet basil leaves on hepatic monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferase activities, and in vitro metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens in rats. Author(s): Biochemistry and Chemical Carcinogenesis Section, Research Division, National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Kusamran, W R Ratanavila, A Tepsuwan, A Food-Chem-Toxicol. 1998 June; 36(6): 475-84 0278-6915
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Effects of the ratios of K to Ca in the nutrient solution on the growth, nutrient uptake, essential oil content and composition on basil. Source: Takano, T. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. Sept 1993. (331) page 129-135. 0567-7572
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Effects on humans elicited by inhaling the fragrance of essential oils: sensory test, multi-channel thermometric study and forehead surface potential wave measurement on basil and peppermint. Author(s): Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Science, Hiroshima Prefectural Women's University, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan. Source: Satoh, T Sugawara, Y Anal-Sci. 2003 January; 19(1): 139-46 0910-6340
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Efficacy of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. and O. gratissimum L. applied as an insecticidal fumigant and powder to control Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) [Coleoptera: Bruchidae]. Source: Keita, S.M. Vincent, C. Schmit, J.P. Arnason, J.T. Belanger, A. J-stored-prod-res. Oxford, U.K. : Elsevier Science Ltd. October 2001. volume 37 (4) page 339-349. 0022-474X
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Evaluation of gastric anti-ulcer activity of fixed oil of Ocimum basilicum Linn. and its possible mechanism of action. Author(s): College of Pharmacy (University of Delhi), Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India. Source: Singh, S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1999 March; 37(3): 253-7 0019-5189
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Evaluation of the gastric antiulcer activity of fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil). Author(s): College of Pharmacy, University of Delhi, India. Source: Singh, S Majumdar, D K J-Ethnopharmacol. 1999 April; 65(1): 13-9 0378-8741
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External flavones in sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum, and related taxa. Source: Grayer, R.J. Bryan, S.E. Veitch, N.C. Goldstone, F.J. Paton, A. Wollenweber, E. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. November 1996. volume 43 (5) page 1041-1047. 0031-9422
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Flavor volatiles and physical properties of vacuum-microwave- and air-dried sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Author(s): Department of Food Science, University of British Columbia, 6650 North West Marine Drive, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. Source: Yousif, A N Scaman, C H Durance, T D Girard, B J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1999 November; 47(11): 4777-81 0021-8561
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In vitro antiphagocytic effect of basil oil on mouse macrophages. Author(s): Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
[email protected] Source: Courreges, M C Benencia, F Fitoterapia. 2002 August; 73(5): 369-74 0367-326X
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Light reflected from colored mulches affects aroma and phenol content of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves. Author(s): Coastal Plains Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501-1242, USA. Source: Loughrin, J H Kasperbauer, M J J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2001 March; 49(3): 1331-5 0021-8561
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Mechanism of action of antiinflammatory effect of fixed oil of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Author(s): College of Pharmacy (University of Delhi), Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India. Source: Singh, S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1999 March; 37(3): 248-52 0019-5189
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Methyleugenol and eugenol variation in Ocimum basilicum cv. Genovese gigante grown in greenhouse and in vitro. Author(s): Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Vegetali, CBA, Genova. Source: Miele, M Ledda, B Falugi, C Mazzei, M Boll-Soc-Ital-Biol-Sper. 2001 Apr-June; 77(4-6): 43-50 0037-8771
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Methyleugenol in Ocimum basilicum L. Cv. genovese gigante. Author(s): Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Advanced Biotechnology Center (CBA), Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy. Source: Miele, M Dondero, R Ciarallo, G Mazzei, M J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2001 January; 49(1): 517-21 0021-8561
Nutrition
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Modifications of dried basil (Ocinum basilicum) leaf oil by gamma and microwave irradiation. Source: Antonelli, A. Fabbri, C. Boselli, E. Food-chem. Oxford : Elsevier Science Limited. December 1998. volume 63 (4) page 485-489. 0308-8146
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Radioprotective, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties of the Indian holy basil, Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi). Author(s): Department of Radiobiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India.
[email protected] Source: Uma Devi, P Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 March; 39(3): 185-90 0019-5189
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Rebuttal on sesquiterpene composition of basil oil. Assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of beta-elemene with two-dimensional NMR. Source: Faure, R. Gaydou, E.M. J-Agric-Food-Chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. February 1991. volume 39 (2) page 432. 0021-8561
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Recovery of dissolved essential oils from condensate waters of basil and Mentha arvensis distillation. Source: Machale, K.W. NiranJanuary, K. Pangarkar, V.G. J-chem-technol-biotechnol. Chichester, West Sussex, England : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. July 1997. volume 69 (3) page 362-366. 0268-2575
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Substantial UV-B-mediated induction of essential oils in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Source: Johnson, C.B. Kirby, J. Naxakis, G. Pearson, S. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. June 1999. volume 51 (4) page 507-510. 0031-9422
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The effect of essential oils of basil on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Author(s): Australian Food Industry Science Centre, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. Source: Wan, J Wilcock, A Coventry, M J J-Appl-Microbiol. 1998 February; 84(2): 152-8 1364-5072
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The synergistic preservative effects of the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against acid-tolerant food microflora. Author(s): School of Nutrition and Public Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. Source: Lachowicz, K J Jones, G P Briggs, D R Bienvenu, F E Wan, J Wilcock, A Coventry, M J Lett-Appl-Microbiol. 1998 March; 26(3): 209-14 0266-8254
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UV-B is required for normal development of oil glands in Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil). Author(s): Department of Natural Products and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, PO Box 85, Alsyllion Agrokepion, 73100 Chania, Greece. Source: Ioannidis, D Bonner, L Johnson, C B Ann-Bot-(Lond). 2002 October; 90(4): 453-60 0305-7364
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to basil; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Nutrition
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Food and Diet Aromatic Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Basil Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Basmati Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cucumbers Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,18,00.html Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fast Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fresh Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mozzarella Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rice Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rye Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html
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Whole Wheat Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,183,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BASIL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to basil. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to basil and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “basil” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to basil: •
Anthocyanin inheritance and instability in purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)] Author(s): Phippen WB, Simon JE. Source: The Journal of Heredity. 2000 July-August; 91(4): 289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10912675&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-Cryptococcus activity of combination of extracts of Cassia alata and Ocimum sanctum. Author(s): Ranganathan S, Balajee SA. Source: Mycoses. 2000 September; 43(7-8): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11036400&dopt=Abstract
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Antidiarrhoeal activities of Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae). Author(s): Ilori M, Sheteolu AO, Omonigbehin EA, Adeneye AA.
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Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1996 December; 14(4): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9203793&dopt=Abstract •
Antifungal activity of peppermint and sweet basil essential oils and their major aroma constituents on some plant pathogenic fungi from the vapor phase. Author(s): Edris AE, Farrag ES. Source: Die Nahrung. 2003 April; 47(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744290&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. Author(s): Elgayyar M, Draughon FA, Golden DA, Mount JR. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 July; 64(7): 1019-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456186&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. Author(s): Bagamboula CF, Uyttendaele M, Debevere J. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 April; 66(4): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696694&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase inhibitory phenolic compounds from Ocimum sanctum Linn. Author(s): Kelm MA, Nair MG, Strasburg GM, DeWitt DL. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 March; 7(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782484&dopt=Abstract
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Cardioprotective potential of ocimum sanctum in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Author(s): Sharma M, Kishore K, Gupta SK, Joshi S, Arya DS. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 September; 225(1-): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716367&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of phenylpropene O-methyltransferases from sweet basil: facile change of substrate specificity and convergent evolution within a plant Omethyltransferase family. Author(s): Gang DR, Lavid N, Zubieta C, Chen F, Beuerle T, Lewinsohn E, Noel JP, Pichersky E. Source: The Plant Cell. 2002 February; 14(2): 505-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884690&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) found in local accessions and used in traditional medicines in Iran. Author(s): Javanmardi J, Khalighi A, Kashi A, Bais HP, Vivanco JM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358453&dopt=Abstract
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Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from whole, cracked, or flaked and ground spices. Author(s): Glaze LE. Source: J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1975 May; 58(3): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1170162&dopt=Abstract
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Constituents of aromatic plants: II. Estragole. Author(s): De Vincenzi M, Silano M, Maialetti F, Scazzocchio B. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 December; 71(6): 725-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11077188&dopt=Abstract
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Cow's urine concoction: its chemical composition, pharmacological actions and mode of lethality. Author(s): Oyebola DD. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1983 March; 12(1): 57-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6314793&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ocimum sanctum linn on noise induced changes in plasma corticosterone level. Author(s): Dwivedi S. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 October; 41(4): 429-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10235670&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ocimum sanctum on noise induced changes in neutrophil functions. Author(s): Archana R, Namasivayam A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 November; 73(1-2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11025142&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ocimum sanctum roots extract on swimming performance in mice. Author(s): Maity TK, Mandal SC, Saha BP, Pal M. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 March; 14(2): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685110&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Author(s): Soliman KM, Badeaa RI.
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Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 November; 40(11): 1669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176092&dopt=Abstract •
Evaluation of a microbiological method for detection of irradiation of spices. Author(s): Manninen M, Sjoberg AM. Source: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1991 March; 192(3): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2038893&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenumgraecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpus marsupium Linn in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. Author(s): Vats V, Grover JK, Rathi SS. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 January; 79(1): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744301&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of immunomodulatory potential of Ocimum sanctum seed oil and its possible mechanism of action. Author(s): Mediratta PK, Sharma KK, Singh S. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 April; 80(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891082&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the gastric antiulcer activity of fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil). Author(s): Singh S, Majumdar DK. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 April; 65(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350365&dopt=Abstract
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Hypoglycaemic activity of Ocimum gratissimum in rats. Author(s): Aguiyi JC, Obi CI, Gang SS, Igweh AC. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71(4): 444-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10925022&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro susceptibility of opportunistic Fusarium spp. to essential oils. Author(s): Rai MK, Qureshi S, Pandey AK. Source: Mycoses. 1999 April; 42(1-2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394856&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus by some herbs and spices. Author(s): Yin MC, Cheng WS.
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Source: J Food Prot. 1998 January; 61(1): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708267&dopt=Abstract •
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteriditis by combinations of plant oils and derivatives of benzoic acid: the development of synergistic antimicrobial combinations. Author(s): Fyfe L, Armstrong F, Stewart J. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1997 January; 9(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552716&dopt=Abstract
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Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro. Author(s): Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 March; 48(3): 849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10725162&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA. Author(s): Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1999 August; 181(15): 4505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10419946&dopt=Abstract
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Miraculous healings as a time- and space-conditioned category--the example of St. Thecla. Author(s): Muzur A, Skrobonja A. Source: Coll Antropol. 2002 June; 26(1): 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137317&dopt=Abstract
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Omegacoeur, a Mediterranean nutritional complement, stimulates Na,K-ATPase activity in human endothelial cells. Author(s): Duran MJ, Sabatier F, Pieroni G, Gerber G, Sampol J, Maixent JM. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2001 March; 47(2): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11355006&dopt=Abstract
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Patients sue “AIDS-cure” Kenyan scientist. Author(s): Dodd R. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 15; 347(9016): 1688. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642971&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological investigation of Ocimum gratissimum in rodents. Author(s): Aziba PI, Bass D, Elegbe Y.
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Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 August; 13(5): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441786&dopt=Abstract •
Radical scavenger and antihepatotoxic activity of Ganoderma formosanum, Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum. Author(s): Lin JM, Lin CC, Chen MF, Ujiie T, Takada A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 June 23; 47(1): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7564419&dopt=Abstract
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Radioprotective effect of leaf extract of Indian medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum. Author(s): Devi PU, Ganasoundari A. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1995 March; 33(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7601491&dopt=Abstract
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Radioprotective, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties of the Indian holy basil, Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi). Author(s): Uma Devi P. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 March; 39(3): 185-90. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495275&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized placebo-controlled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Agrawal P, Rai V, Singh RB. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 September; 34(9): 406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8880292&dopt=Abstract
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Shigellocidal properties of three Nigerian medicinal plants: Ocimum gratissimum, Terminalia avicennoides, and Momordica balsamina. Author(s): Iwalokun BA, Gbenle GO, Adewole TA, Akinsinde KA. Source: J Health Popul Nutr. 2001 December; 19(4): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855356&dopt=Abstract
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Spice allergy evaluated by results of patch tests. Author(s): Futrell JM, Rietschel RL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1993 November; 52(5): 288-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299390&dopt=Abstract
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Suppressive effects of rosmarinic acid on mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in rats. Author(s): Makino T, Ono T, Liu N, Nakamura T, Muso E, Honda G.
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Source: Nephron. 2002 December; 92(4): 898-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399637&dopt=Abstract •
The effect of essential oils of basil on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Author(s): Wan J, Wilcock A, Coventry MJ. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 1998 February; 84(2): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9633630&dopt=Abstract
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The formulation of an effective topical antibacterial product containing Ocimum gratissimum leaf essential oil. Author(s): Orafidiya LO, Oyedele AO, Shittu AO, Elujoba AA. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2001 August 14; 224(1-2): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472827&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of superficial mycoses with Ocimum gratissimum. Author(s): Obot MJ, Aluyi HS. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 June; 6(2): 151. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146502&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to basil; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Alternative Therapy Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Origanum Alternative names: Oregano; Origanum vulgare Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Prunella Alternative names: Self Heal; Prunella vulgaris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BASIL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “basil” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on basil, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Basil By performing a patent search focusing on basil, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on basil: •
Anti-inflammatory, sleep-promoting herbal composition and method of use Inventor(s): Newmark; Thomas (704 Cordell Ct., St. Louis, MO 63132), Schulick; Paul (222 Kipling Rd., Brattleboro, VT 05301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,391,346 Date filed: April 5, 2001 Abstract: An orally administered composition capable of reducing inflammation in animals, preferably humans, while promoting sleep for such animals, contains a therapeutically effective amount of a post-supercritical carbon dioxide hydroalcoholic extract of ginger, therapeutically effective amounts of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of hops, chamomile, ginger, valerian and melissa; and therapeutically effective amounts of hydroalcoholic extracts of holy basil, turmeric, scutellaria baicalensis, chamomile and hops. The composition is preferably orally administered on a daily basis for at least about 4 weeks. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to herbal compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to an herbal composition capable of reducing inflammation in bones and joints in animals, particularly humans, while promoting safe and restful sleep. The present invention further relates to methods of using such herbal composition to reduce inflammation in bones and joints in animals, particularly humans, while promoting safe and restful sleep. Arthritic disorders, including rheumatism, osteoarthritis, dysplasia, lupus, bursitis, and gout, are all characterized by inflammation and pain in bones, joints, muscles, and related connective tissues. Most of the forms are progressive. Bone and joint inflammation is a scourge of both animals and humans. Those who suffer from inflammation experience pain and discomfort and may, in advanced cases, lose the effective use of inflamed joints. Thus, the goal of therapeutic methods for treating bone or joint inflammation is the relief of pain and discomfort and the restoration of use of inflamed joints. Natural ingredients, e.g., herbs, have been used to treat bone and joint inflammation, especially in eastern countries, and, increasingly, in western countries. Compositions composed of natural ingredients and said to be useful in reducing inflammation are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,494,668; 5,683,698; 5,916,565; 5,854,291; and 5,910,307. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06391346__
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Composition for the treatment of viral infections including HIV Inventor(s): Pruthi; Som C. (2001 N. Ocean Blvd., #1602, Boca Raton, FL 33431), Pruthy; Jasvant Rai (2001 N. Ocean Blvd., #1602, Boca Raton, FL 33431), Pruthy; Pankaj (2001 N. Ocean Blvd., #1602, Boca Raton, FL 33431) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,980,903 Date filed: August 27, 1998
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Abstract: A composition for use in treating viral infections includes: 25%-75% Thymol (crystals of Bishop's Weed) by weight; 20%-40% fruit of Chebulic myroblan by weight; and 5%-35% leaves of Holy Basil by weight. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition, and more particularly, to a composition comprising natural ingredients for the treatment of viral infections, including HIV. Viral infections present a serious threat to the health and well being of people of all ages. At present, there is no cure for viral infections and disease which results from infection. Once infected with a virus, the human body must rely on its own immune system to fight off infection. However, new types of viruses are emerging which are able to overpower the immune system and weaken the body's defenses. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), in particular, is one such virus that has proven to be impervious to attack and is winning the battle against the human body's immune system. Presently, millions of people around the world are HIV infected. Most of these people will suffer gradual health decline due to a weakened immune system which eventually leads to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This ferocious viral disease has claimed 4.5 million lives worldwide. According to government statistics, AIDS is now the leading killer of American men and women, 15 to 44 years old. HIV infection has now become an epidemic and is spreading relentlessly, threatening to claim many more millions of lives before the end of the century. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05980903__ •
Composition for use in oral cavity Inventor(s): Arai; Kenichi (Takasaki, JP), Hirose; Kazuko (Tokyo, JP), Inoue; Takeshi (Utsunomiya, JP), Maeda; Kouji (Utsunomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Kao Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,149,521 Date filed: August 28, 1991 Abstract: A composition for use in the oral cavity comprising (A) an easily breakable granule, (B) menthol and/or a natural substance containing menthol, and (C) a flavoring component such as basil, laurel, lavender or a lactone. Although the composition contains an easily breakable granule, which causes a powdery sensation characteristic of compositions containing granules, the present composition exhibits a greatly reduced powdery feeling, and gives a pleasant feeling to users. The composition is particularly suitable as a dentifrice. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition for use in the oral cavity, and more particularly to a composition for use in the oral cavity comprising an easily breakable granule, capable of giving a pleasant feeling to users. In order to impart an abrading property, various granules have been incorporated into compositions for use in the oral cavity, such as a tooth paste and a tooth powder. For example, the granule disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 53-7570 is prepared by using a water-insoluble abrading agent suitable for use in a dentifrice, and an agglomerating agent by means of a dry- or wet-type granulation method. Further examples include a macroscopic agglomerate of finely divided particles of an abrading agent, ground with a waterinsoluble binder, as disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 48-13558; a granule as disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 58-126806, comprising ethyl cellulose, which is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol, and a water-insoluble powder; a granule as disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent
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Application No. 63-130522, which is prepared by mixing a granular material containing a powder which is substantially insoluble in water and a water-soluble polymer having a functional group which is reactive with a polyvalent metal ion, and treating the mixture with the polyvalent metal ion; a granule as disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 63-250313, which contains as essential components magnesium aluminate metasilicate and polyphosphate; and a granule as disclosed in Japanese LaidOpen Patent Application No. 1-299211, which is prepared by binding a water-insoluble powder with a water-insoluble inorganic binder, and which can pass through a 30-mesh sieve but cannot pass through a 200-mesh sieve, and is breakable under a pressure resulting from a load of 0.1 to 10 g per particle thereof. The present composition for use in the oral cavity is required to give a pleasant feeling to users. For this reason, prior compositions generally incorporated a flavoring material, such as menthol or a natural substance containing menthol, into the composition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05149521__ •
Distinct variety of basil Inventor(s): Bowden; Donald R. (Oceanside, CA), Friedman; Paul W. (Del Mar, CA) Assignee(s): Herb Thyme Farms, Inc. (So. San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 6,552,247 Date filed: August 4, 1999 Abstract: The new basil plant is reproduced asexually, with cuttings maturing into transplantable plants in only a few days with a nearly 90% survivability rate. A crop of new basil plants has a die-off rate of typically less that 10% when attacked by Fusarium wilt. High leaf to stem ratio, fast growth, large leaf, and tall plants provide superior production rates. Excerpt(s): The field of the present invention is plants. More specifically, the present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of basil plant. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a popular herb having cooking and medicinal uses. In cooking, the herb is often used either fresh or dried to impart its distinctive flavor into various dishes, especially Italian cuisine. The most common types of basil for cooking purposes are the Sweet Italian basil varieties. As an herbal medicine, basil is believed to have a soothing effect on the digestive system. Basil is commonly used in cooking in either a fresh or dried form. Recently, the demand for fresh basil has mushroomed. Not only has there been a general trend in cooking to use fresh ingredients, but modern cooks are discovering the taste advantages of using fresh herbs such as basil. As with the sale of any harvested fresh plant, visual appeal and fresh characteristics are important to obtain maximum commercial value. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06552247__
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Hand exerciser and stress relieving device Inventor(s): Juarez; Mark Reinle (2141 W. 133rd Ave., San Leandro, CA 94577) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,830,109 Date filed: June 26, 1997
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Abstract: The present invention provides a new hand exerciser and stress relieving device that provides exercise to the muscles of the arm, wrist and hand of a user and a means for general stress relief. According to the invention, the hand exerciser and stress relieving device possess an overall digitate shape that easily adapts to the hand of a user and generally comprises a pliable outer cover and an inner malleable core that is nonelastic or has low elasticity. Also according to the teaching of the invention, the digitate shape of the device has a central region and a plurality of rounded pods that radially extend from the central region. The central region of the device is configured to lie comfortably in the palm of a user's hand. The rounded pods are configured to fit comfortably between the fingers of a user's hand as the user squeezes and kneads the device. This overall configuration achieves a novel hand exerciser and stress relieving device that provides gripping features for the user, as well as an easy and comfortable fit within the user's hand. Scented or aromatic materials, such as basil, cinnamon, clove, eucalyptus, juniper, lavender, lemon, lime, mint, orange, rose, rosemary, vanilla and the like may also be placed in the core of the device. As the user manipulates the device, a pleasing scent emanates from the device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a small exercising and stress relieving device that can be held in the user's hand, for providing exercise of the muscles of the arm, hand, and wrist, when the user flexes his or her fingers to squeeze and deform the device. Many hand-held exercise and stress relief devices are known in the prior art. An example of such a prior art hand exercise device is a substantially spherical ball having a pliable outer coating and a flexible or pliable core material. To exercise the hand, the user simply squeezes the device with the fingers. This squeezing action may provide a form of stress relief for the user. Other prior art hand exercisers possess the same general spherical shape, but differ in materials. For example, one such hand exerciser comprises a flexible thick latex cover with a gel-like core. To exercise the hand, the user simply squeezes and manipulates the malleable device. Resistance to the user's hand flexing is provided by the viscous gel-like core. While the hand exercisers and stress relief devices of the prior art fulfill their respective objectives and requirements, the prior art devices do not disclose or suggest a hand exerciser and stress relief device formed to have a digitate configuration with a central region and a plurality of extending pods. This configuration provides a hand exerciser and stress relieving device that easily adapts to the user's palm and fingers for enhanced gripping action. In this respect, the hand exerciser and stress relief device according to the present invention represents a substantial improvement over the concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides a novel hand exerciser and stress relief device primarily ergonomically developed for the purpose of easily adapting to the palm and fingers of a user and providing hand exercise and stress relief. Therefore, it can be appreciated that a need exists for a new hand exerciser and stress relief device that is inexpensive to manufacture and has a digitate configuration with a central region and a plurality of pods radially extending therefrom to easily adapt to the hand of the user providing an enhanced exercising and stress relieving effect. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05830109__
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Herbal composition for reducing inflammation and methods of using same Inventor(s): Newmark; Thomas (704 Cordell Ct., St. Louis, MO 63132), Schulick; Paul (222 Kipling Rd., Brattleboro, VT 05301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,264,995 Date filed: February 25, 2000 Abstract: An herbal composition reducing inflammation in bones and joints by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 is prepared from holy basil, turmeric, ginger, green tea, rosemary, huzhang, Chinese goldthread, barberry, oregano and scutellariae baicalensis. More particularly, the herbal composition of the present invention contains therapeutically effective amounts of the supercritical extracts of ginger, rosemary and oregano, and therapeutically effective amounts of extracts of holy basil, turmeric, green tea, huzhang, Chinese goldthread, barberry, rosemary and scutellariae baicalensis. The herbal composition can be administered orally, topically or parenterally. Particularly preferred embodiments are soft gel capsules for oral administration and creams for topical application. In addition to reducing inflammation, the herbal composition also promotes healthy joint function and, because it inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the composition also promotes normal cell growth. Furthermore, the herbal composition contains organic anti-aging constituents that inactivate oxygen free radicals, thereby providing antioxidant benefits in addition to anti-inflammatory benefits. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to herbal compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to an herbal composition capable of reducing inflammation in bones and joints. The present invention further relates to methods of using such herbal composition to reduce inflammation. Arthritic disorders, including rheumatism, osteoarthritis, dysplasia, lupus, bursitis, and gout, are all characterized by inflammation and pain in bones, joints, muscles, and related connective tissues. Most of the forms are progressive. Bone and joint inflammation is a scourge of both animals and humans. Those who suffer from inflammation experience pain and discomfort and may, in advanced cases, lose the effective use of inflamed joints. Thus, the goal of therapeutic methods for treating bone or joint inflammation is the relief of pain and discomfort and the restoration of use of inflamed joints. Certain enzymes appear to play a role in causing inflammation. One of the features of inflammation is increased oxygenation of arachidonic acid which is metabolized by two enzymic pathways--the cyclooxygenase (CO) and the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathways--leading to the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are mediators of inflammation. Therapies designed to inhibit cydooxygenase and/or lipoxygenase activity are therefore of great interest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264995__
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Method for producing vegetable pasta Inventor(s): Irvin; Scot A. (Grayslake, IL), Maksimoski; Richard C. (Gurnee, IL), Villota; Ricardo (Lake Zurich, IL) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,508,053 Date filed: October 4, 1994
Patents 33
Abstract: A method is provided for the production of vegetable or herb pasta, especially thin-walled vegetable or herb pasta, containing high levels of vegetable solids, i.e., about 4 to about 15 weight percent vegetable solids, or high levels of herb solids, i.e., about 2 to 15 weight percent herb solids. Vegetable pasta can be prepared using vegetable solids derived from beet, broccoli, carrot, celery, corn, green pepper, red pepper, spinach, tomato, and the like. Herb pasta can be prepared using herb solids derived from oregano, basil, coriander, tarragon, onion, parsley, sage, garlic, and the like. Such vegetable and herb pastas are produced by carefully drying the formed pasta shapes under high temperature and low relative humidity conditions, whereby the vegetable or herb pasta is obtained with a moisture content of about 11 to about 13 weight percent and vegetable solids content of about 4 to about 15 weight percent or herb solids content of about 2 to about 15 weight percent, wherein the pasta has, after processing and subsequent cooking, good color, texture, integrity, and vegetable or herb flavor. The vegetable and herb pastas produced by this method also have excellent storage stability. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to methods for the production of vegetable pastas and herb pastas and to the vegetable pastas and herb pastas so produced. More specifically, this invention provides improved methods for the production of vegetable-containing or herb-containing pastas, especially thin-walled pastas, which contain high levels of vegetable solids or herb solids, respectively. The vegetable pastas and herb pastas of this invention retain good color, texture, integrity, and flavor after cooking. Conventional vegetable pastas, such as spinach- and tomatocontaining pastas, consist mainly of wheat flour with only about 3 to 3.5 weight percent or less vegetable solids. Attempts to prepare wheat flour-based vegetable pastas with higher vegetable solids levels have generally been unsatisfactory. Processes for the commercial manufacture of pasta, including vegetable pasta with low levels of vegetable solids, are well known. These processes involve mixing flour and water and, in the case of vegetable pasta, the appropriate vegetable solids, to form a paste. Typically the paste is shaped by forcing it through holes in an extruder die at high pressure and elevated temperature to form extrudates of the desired cross-sectional shape. The extrudates may, if desired, be cut to desired lengths. The extrudates are usually dried to a moisture content of generally less than about 14 weight percent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05508053__ •
Method of making pizza dough Inventor(s): Poulgouras; Konstantinos (Box 1975, Tisdale, Saskatchewan, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,954,357 Date filed: May 3, 1989 Abstract: There is described an improved method of making pizza dough in which flavor material is added to the dough prior to cooking it. The flavor material could be of any suitable form such as anise, basil, mint or any herb, fruit, spice, artifical or natural flavoring. An improved dough and an improved pizza crust permeated by the required flavor is obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pizza doughs and pizzas and particularly to the preparation thereof. In the normal preparation of pizzas a plain bread-like dough is prepared to which the ingredients forming the pizza filling are added immediately prior to cooking. After cooking the taste of the pizza is obtained from the fillings cooked with
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the pizza dough, the pizza dough itself maintaining a bread-like taste and texture. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved pizza dough culminating in an improved pizza shell or crust. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04954357__ •
Method of manufacturing a lemon-basil garlic marinade Inventor(s): Vella; Salvatore (20 Julian Way, Marlboro, NJ 07746) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,171,639 Date filed: December 27, 1999 Abstract: A method for preparing a lemon-basil garlic marinade, which combines an Italian dressing with water, granulated garlic and dried basil at room temperature, where both the granulated garlic and dried basil are slowly poured into the mixture and easily stirred, and where the Italian dressing is a blended dressing including lemon juice as an ingredient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of condiments, in general, and to a lemonbasil garlic marinade for poultry and fish products, in particular. As will become clear from the discussion that follows, the lemon-basil garlic marinade of the invention includes an Italian dressing mixed with water at a rate of substantially six gallons of water per twenty gallons of dressing--with granulated garlic then being poured in, and with the mixture so formed being easily stirred for a period of approximately three to four minutes. Dried basil is then poured in further, and easily stirred for another four to five minutes to produce the marinade. Experimentation has shown that the resultant taste afforded will be uniform throughout the mix if the ingredients are poured in slowly--with the easy stirring and slow pouring all being done at room temperature. Being then immediately ready as a marinade--especially for a boneless and skinless turkey breast--experimentation has shown that additional refrigeration after use prolongs the taste of the marinade, and produces optimal results. Experimentation has further shown that uniformity of taste results when using an Italian dressing which is blended (i.e. one where, upon sitting, the oil does not rise to the top with the spices settling to the bottom) and enhanced taste results when lemon juice is included as an ingredient of the dressing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06171639__
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Methods and compositions for producing weight loss Inventor(s): Kuhrts; Eric H. (P.O. Box 387, 1109 Tannery Creek Rd., Bodega, CA 94922) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,475,530 Date filed: October 4, 2000 Abstract: Dislcosed are methods and compositions for producing weight loss in a mammal by administration of a composition containing a weight loss effective amount of a noradrenaline stimulating compound such as ephedrine, mahuang (a plant source of ephedrine alkaloids), citrus aurantium (bitter orange), synephrine, norephedrine, psuedophedrine, a methylxanthine, such as caffeine or guarana, and a botanical COX
Patents 35
inhibitor such as resveratrol polygonum cuspidatum, scutellaria baicalensis, turmeric, curcumin, rosmary, green tea, ocimum sanctum (holy basil), or ginger, instead of an NSAID such as aspirin, and optionally a free fatty acid reducing compound. The thermogenic formula is coupled with a growth hormone stimulating formulation containing L-arginine or L-omithine, L-lysine, and a free fatty acid reducing agent such as nicotinic acid. The thermogenic formula would preferably be administered in the daytime, and the growth hormone producing formula at nighttime. The two compositions form a system of AM and PM weight loss strategy for the therapeutic intervention of obesity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and compositions for producing weight loss in mammals. One of the greatest problems confronting modem society in economically successful countries today is obesity. Unfortunately, obesity brings with it the conditions that are ripe for the more serious disease of diabetes. Among the many possible solutions for treating obesity are formulations of weight loss products that work with some of the basic biochemical processes involved in fat metabolism. This process has been exploited through pharmaceutical intervention at the neurocrine level as well as at the level of fat cells themselves, or the way fat cells metabolize fats in brown adipose tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475530__ •
Modified basil essential oil and process for the production thereof Inventor(s): Hasegawa; Yoshihiro (Chiba, JP), Tajima; Katsuhiko (Chiba, JP) Assignee(s): KAO Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,173,479 Date filed: September 26, 1991 Abstract: The modified basil essential oil of the present invention comprises 87% by weight or more of sesquiterpene compounds.The process for the production of a modified basil essential oil of the present invention comprises rectifying basil essential oil to thereby distill a fraction of a boiling point of from 82.degree. to 92.degree. C. under reduced pressure (2.0 to 3.0 mmHg), treating the distillate with an alkali and removing the aqueous phase to thereby give a modified basil essential oil containing 87% by weight or more of sesquiterpene compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a modified basil essential oil and a process for the production thereof. More particularly, it relates to a basil essential oil which has been improved in its odor or aroma so as to be effectively available as a perfume material for use in, for example, compound perfumes to elevate the content of specific components thereof. The present invention also relates for treating basil essential oil in such a manner as to elevate the content of specific components. Natural basil essential oil widely used for compound perfumes in various cosmetics, perfumes and the like, contains estragole and linalool as the major components. It is thought that basil essential oil further contains a number of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes in trace amounts. However it is very difficult to synthesize the aforesaid sesquiterpene compounds. It is known that the content of sesquiterpene compounds in basil essential oil can be elevated by steam distillation. However the distillate thus obtained usually comprises 10% by weight of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 0.3% by weight of oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 60 to 80% by weight of estragole, 10 to 40% by weight of linalool and 5% by weight of eugenol. Estragole exists as the major
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component, and substances of similar properties are contained together therein. This makes it very difficult to separate the sesquiterpene compounds at a high yield. Thus a method of efficiently separating these components on an industrial scale has not been developed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05173479__ •
Natural pesticide Inventor(s): Chang; Chun-Hua Lily (Ventura, CA), Hsu; Hsinhung John (Ventura, CA), Zhou; Jian (Ventura, CA) Assignee(s): Safer Gro Laboratories, Inc. (Ventura, CA) Patent Number: 6,231,865 Date filed: March 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention describes a synergistic effect when garlic oil or extract is combined with essential oils which results in an improved insecticide/fungicide which is natural and contains no chemical additives. Essential oils are defined in this application to be volatile liquids obtained from plants and seeds including cotton seed oil, soybean oil, cinnamon oil, corn oil, cedar oil, castor oil, clove oil, geranium oil, lemongrass oil, linseed oil, mint oil, sesame oil, thyme oil, rosemary oil, anise oil, basil oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, lemon oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, pine needle oil, pepper oil, rose oil, tangerine oil, tea tree oil, tee seed oil, mineral oil and fish oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition of matter used as a natural pesticide and a method for inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi and insect pests. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) and/or its extract have been reported to have antibacterial and/or antifungal properties. It is known that Allicin isolated from the cloves of garlic had antibacterial properties against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Further, aqueous extracts of garlic have been reported to inhibit the growth of a variety of yeast-like fungi in the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhudotoruto, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. It has also been previously reported that garlic extract and chips inhibit the growth of fungi such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Because of its antifungal and antibacterial properties, garlic or its extract have been used as pesticides to control plant diseases such as mildew. It has also been used as an insecticide to control plant insects such as army worms, aphids and Colorado beetles. Most recently, a method used to repel mosquitos using garlic extract and water was granted U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,552 issued to Anderson et. al. The present invention is directed to a composition of matter which comprises garlic extract and essential oils. This combination of natural ingredients, when applied to plants, has superior antifungal and anti-bacterial qualities, than if applied separately. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231865__
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Patent Applications on Basil As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to basil: •
Deodorant composition Inventor(s): Miyasaka, Masataka; (Hiratsuka-shi, JP), Nagano, Junko; (Hiratsuka-shi, JP), Sakurai, Kazutoshi; (Hiratsuka-shi, JP) Correspondence: SUGHRUE MION, PLLC; 2100 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20030180238 Date filed: March 19, 2003 Abstract: A deodorant composition which has a superior effect in masking unpleasant smells originated from components such as ammonia formulated in compositions for hair color and compositions for hair bleach and which is also stable in alkaline products and acidic solution products. A deodorant composition is prepared by adding at least one compound or essential oil selected from Koavone, linalool oxide, rosephenone, Sandalore, Sandalmysore core, Bacdanol, Kephalis, cis-p-menthan-7-ol, nerolidol, raspberry ketone,.alpha.,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanemethyl formate, p-methoxyphenethyl alcohol, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1crotonylcyclohexane, tansy oil and basil oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a deodorant composition for hair color, which has a superior effect to mask unpleasant smells originated from substances such as ammonia and is stable in alkaline and acidic solutions. It also relates to a deodorant composition for hair bleach, which has a superior effect to mask unpleasant smells originated from substances such as ammonia and is stable in alkaline and acidic solutions. The invention further relates to a hair color composition and a hair bleach composition, which comprise the respective deodorant compositions. Each of many hair dyes is constituted from two types of preparations called a first preparation (to be referred sometimes to as "hair color first preparation" hereinafter) and a second preparation (to be referred sometimes to as "hair color second preparation" hereinafter). The first preparation contains dye intermediates including, e.g., an alkaline agent such as ammonia or alkanolamine and a surfactant, and the second preparation contains, e.g., an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide and a pH adjusting agent. The main role of the first preparation is to effect penetration of the dye intermediates and oxidizing agent into hair through swelling of hair by the alkaline agent, and the main role of the second preparation is to remove melanin pigment from hair, develop a color through mutual binding of molecules of the dye intermediates and thereby fix the pigment into hair. Various deodorant compositions have been examined in order to mask unpleasant smells originated from the smells such as of ammonia and alkanolamine formulated in the first preparation. However, since the first preparation generally shows an alkalinity of from pH 8 to 11 due to large amount of the formulated ammonia, it is required that a fragrance to be formulated has a property of being stable to the alkaline nature. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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•
Deodorant composition for permanent wave Inventor(s): Miyasaka, Masataka; (Hiratsuka-shi, JP), Nagano, Junko; (Hiratsuka-shi, JP), Sakurai, Kazutoshi; (Hiratsuka-shi, JP) Correspondence: SUGHRUE MION, PLLC; 2100 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20030180241 Date filed: March 19, 2003 Abstract: A deodorant composition for permanent wave, which is excellent in stability and has a superior effect in masking unpleasant smell originated from mercapto compounds not only during the permanent treatment but also after the treatment. A deodorant composition is prepared by containing at least one compound or essential oil selected from Koavone, linalool oxide, rosephenone, Sandalore, Sandalmysore core, Bacdanol, Kephalis, cis-p-menthan-7-ol, nerolidol, raspberry ketone,.alpha.,3,3trimethylcyclohexanemethyl formate, p-methoxyphenethyl alcohol, 2,2,6trimethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-crotonylcyclohexane, tansy oil and basil oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a deodorant composition for permanent wave, which has a superior effect to mask unpleasant smells originated from thioglycollic acid used in the wave treatment with permanent wave, ammonia used in pH adjusting agents and the like, also has a superior effect to mask unpleasant smell originated from mercapto compounds remaining during permanent wave treatment and also after the treatment and is excellent in storage stability. Conventionally, wave treatment of hair by permanent wave preparations is carried out using a first preparation containing a reducing agent and the like (to be referred sometimes to as "permanent wave first preparation" hereinafter) and a second preparation containing an oxidizing agent and the like (to be referred sometimes to as "permanent wave second preparation" hereinafter). Since reducing agent in the first preparation contains thioglycollic acid or the like mercapto compound as the main component, permanent wave treatment accompanies an unpleasant smell, and this unpleasant smell remains on hair and cannot be removed easily by shampooing in many cases. Several methods for removing this unpleasant smell caused by permanent wave have been reported. For example, deodorant compositions for masking unpleasant smell originated from mercapto compounds and the like by containing a specified plant extract in permanent wave preparations, and a natural essential oil therein, have been reported in JP-A-4-247013 and JP-A-8-277210, respectively. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
FABRIC PROTECTANT AGAINST PESTS Inventor(s): SUGANO, MASAYO; (OSAKA, JP), WATANABE, KEISUKE; (ASHIYASHI, JP) Correspondence: PILLSBURY MADISON & SUTRO; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GROUP; 1100 NEW YORK AVENUE NW; NINTH FLOOR EAST TOWER; WASHINGTON; DC; 200053918 Patent Application Number: 20010006685 Date filed: February 18, 1999
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Abstract: A fabric protectant comprising of a carrier and a plant oil selected from the group consisting of horseradish oil, bay oil, basil oil, calamus oil, ginger oil, palmarosa oil, cinnamon oil, ylang-ylang oil, perilla oil, valerian oil, clove oil, star anise oil, milfoil oil, fennel oil, oregano oil and angelica oil, efficaciously controls fabric-related pests. In addition, a method of protecting fabric which comprises dispersing, spraying, spreading and setting an effective amount of the plant oil selected from the group given above is an excellent method to control fabric-related pests. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fabric protectant that has a plant oil as an active ingredient. A fabric protectant is usually deployed to keep treated fabric unencumbered from certain damages. One of the damages a fabric material may encounter is related to pests. An assortment of pests are known to damage fabrics by means such as feeding upon the fabric material. Clothing may be victim to these fabricrelated pests and a fabric protectant against the said fabric-related pests would be an advantage. The objective of the present invention is to serve a fabric protectant that efficaciously controls fabric-related pests. The plant oils of horseradish oil, bay oil, basil oil, calamus oil, ginger oil, palmarosa oil, cinnamon oil, ylang-ylang oil, perilla oil, valerian oil, clove bud oil, star anise oil, milfoil oil and fennel oil surprisingly control fabric-related pests efficaciously and, therefore, are utilized to produce the fabric protectant of the present invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for killing house dust mites in clothing and other soft materials Inventor(s): Miller, Jeffrey D.; (Ridgefield, CT) Correspondence: DARBY & DARBY P.C.; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020022043 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: The present inventor has found, surprisingly, that exposing woolen or other fabrics to the vapors of certain pleasant-smelling plant oils, including wintergreen oil, lavandin oil, Ylang-Ylang oil, and others, kills house dust mites in those fabrics. In one aspect of the present invention, a method for killing house dust mites which are living in or infesting a fabric substrate is disclosed. The method includes the step of exposing said mite-infested substrate to a vapor of at least one plant oil. The plant oil is selected from the group of Anise, Balsam, Basil, Bay, Birch, Cajeput, Camphor, Caraway, Cinnamon, Clove, Coriander, Dill, Fennell, Fir, Garlic, Lavender, Lavendin, Lemongrass, Marjoram, Nutmeg, Peppermint, Pine, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, Spearmint, Tea Tree, Thuja, Thyme, Wintergreen and Ylang-Ylang. In a preferred method, the exposing step comprises placing the mite-infested substrate in a closed drawer or other closed container along with a volume of the selected plant oil. The plant oil can be applied to the substrate in a variety of manners as can be understood from the following detailed description. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a method for killing house dust mites in soft materials such as clothing. It has been known for many years that common house dust is an important cause of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in allergic individuals. The mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and related mites are the major sources of house dust allergen in temperate climates including the United States. Dust mites are eight-legged arachnids, relatives of spiders. They live in close association with humans, their main food source being the shed scales from skin. A major protein allergen present in the fecal particles of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Der p I, can cause acute asthma
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symptoms when present at levels greater than 10.mu.g per gram of dust. Dust mites are photophobic, and live within soft materials such as pillows, mattresses, blankets and clothing. One study revealed 20,000 live dust mites in a jacket. Another study showed mean Der p I levels of 15.9.mu.g/gm in all clothing and 21.0.mu.g/gm in woolen garments. Hot water washing, dry cleaning, freezing and prolonged sun exposure can kill mites in fabrics. These methods are not practical for all fabrics, or may not be practical to do frequently. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Oily paste which contains herbs Inventor(s): Floter, Eckhard; (Vlaardingen, NL), Heetvelde van, Ingeborg Sonja; (Vlaardingen, NL) Correspondence: UNILEVER; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 45 RIVER ROAD; EDGEWATER; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20030003195 Date filed: June 18, 2002 Abstract: An aromatic paste consisting of a blended mixture containing 3-20 wt. % of basil leaves, 1-30 wt. % of nuts or seeds, 0-20 wt. % of tomato flesh, 0-20 wt. % of tomato paste, 0-25 wt. % of sundried tomatoes, 5-30 wt. % of cheese, 20-60 wt. % of a vegetable fat, 0-2 wt. % of citric acid, 0-1 wt. % of potassium sorbate and 0-5 wt. % of salt, characterized in that the paste is a water and oil emulsion which is either fat continuous or bi-continuous.A preferred paste is pesto which typically contains basil leaves, pine seeds, Parmesan cheese and olive oil and which additionally contains about 5 wt. % of a saturated fat which preferably is hydrogenated high erucic rapeseed oil or hydrogenated palm oil. In contrast to traditional pesto's the invented paste will resist soaking the crumb of bread on which it has been spread and so will increase by prolonged freshnes the shelf life of bread snacks spreaded with that paste. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an oily herbs containing paste having the consistency of and comprising pesto which is a viscous, semi-liquid mixture containing herbs, particularly basil leaves, cheese, olive oil and usually also nuts or seeds and which is known for its employment in the preparation of pasta's and other Italian style dishes. Generally mixtures containing oil and herbs are known from the prior art. In EP 775444 a pourable mixture is described comprising herbs, cheese, salt and at least 50 wt. % of liquid oil containing some hardened fat. WO 98/47386 describes another pourable fat composition comprising an oil containing a hardened fat component and additionally a thickening agent. Herbs and nuts are optional ingredients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with basil, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “basil” (or synonyms) into the
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“Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on basil. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning basil. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BASIL Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to basil. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on basil include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “basil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on basil: •
Quick and Healthy Recipes and Ideas Contact: ScaleDown Publishing, Inc., 1519 Hermits Way, The Dalles, OR 97058. (541) 296-5859, Fax (541) 296-1875, Email
[email protected]. Summary: In this book, Ms. Ponichtera offers a wide variety of healthy, tasty meals from many cultures. All are fairly simple to cook and have ingredients found at any grocery store. Included are suggestions for healthy snacks, diabetic exchanges and nutrition information for each recipe, and complete menu plans. Ms Ponichtera has also included recipes for healthy substitutes for such staples as soy sauce, breading, and cream soup base. The dishes cover a wide range, from beverages (yogurt shakes) to appetizers (smoked salmon spread), breads (blueberry coffee cake), poultry (oven fried chicken), meat (beef fajitas), soups (tomato-shrimp soup), vegetables (basil tomatoes), salads (curry tuna salad), and even desserts (mandarin orange cake).
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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “basil” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “basil” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “basil” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Sprig of Basil: Twenty-Five Classic Recipes by John Midgley, Ian Sidaway (Illustrator); ISBN: 0821220977; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821220977/icongroupinterna
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Basil: A Book of Recipes (The Little Recipe Book Series) by Lorenz Books; ISBN: 1859673643; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859673643/icongroupinterna
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Basil: An Herb Lover's Guide by Thomas Debaggio, Susan Belsinger (Contributor) (1996); ISBN: 1883010195; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883010195/icongroupinterna
•
Basil: The Genus Ocimum (Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Industrial Profiles) by Raimo Hiltunen (Editor), Yvonne Holm (Editor); ISBN: 9057024322; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9057024322/icongroupinterna
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The Basil Book by Marilyn Hampstead; ISBN: 0671506854; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671506854/icongroupinterna
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The Basil Brush Cook Book by Kit Broughton, Babette Cole (Illustrator); ISBN: 0718203283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0718203283/icongroupinterna
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The Fragrance of Basil by Raffaela Delmonte (2003); ISBN: 0143018299; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0143018299/icongroupinterna
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The Pesto Manifesto: Recipes for Basil and Beyond by Lorel Nazzaro (2002); ISBN: 1890132950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890132950/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Basil In order to find chapters that specifically relate to basil, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and basil using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “basil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on basil:
Books
•
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Grains, Beans, and Starchy Vegetables: The Foundation of Healthy Eating Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 23-89. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: This chapter on grains, beans and starchy vegetables is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. With this chapter, the authors move beyond introductory and planning information to actual recipes and the use of these foods in everyday eating. The text reviews the digestion and nutrition of starches, the different types of grains, and how to use and store beans, peas and lentils. Numerous recipes are provided: nutty blueberry pancakes, couscous, quinoa stuffed peppers, quinoa salad, wild rice salad, Italian wild rice pilaf, confetti rice and beans, basic polenta, cranberry rice, fusilli with sage and peppers, pasta primavera, penne pasta with basil vinaigrette, Asian noodle salad, oven-dried tomatoes, garlic and pasta, Asian scallop fettucine, angel hair with feta and capers, chicken, spinach and shell soup, marinara sauce, pesto sauce, almond-pesto white beans and vegetables, bow tie pasta with sun- dried tomato pesto and white beans, colorful lentil salad, pasta fagioli, bean salad, black bean jicama salad, Spanish black bean soup, white bean chili, red bean Creole, Tex-Mex beans, shrimp and bean skillet, herbed chickpeas and potatoes, couscous bean pilaf, sweet potato fries, festive sweet potatoes, foil-roasted herb potatoes, creamy mashed potatoes, twice-baked potatoes, chive corn pudding, vegetable burritos, glazed parsnips, and butternut squash and pear soup. The chapter concludes with a special focus section on portion control.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BASIL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover basil.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on basil is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “basil” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to basil. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “basil” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for basil: •
Cyclosporiasis Linked to Fresh Basil Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 01, 1997
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “basil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “basil” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to basil, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “basil” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Basil Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to basil. In addition to these
Periodicals and News
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sources, you can search for articles covering basil that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for basil. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with basil. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following
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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to basil: Basiliximab •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Simulect http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203592.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “basil” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “basil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Grains, Beans, and Starchy Vegetables: The Foundation of Healthy Eating Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 23-89. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: This chapter on grains, beans and starchy vegetables is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. With this chapter, the authors move beyond introductory and planning information to actual recipes and the use of these foods in everyday eating. The text reviews the digestion and nutrition of starches, the different types of grains, and how to use and store beans, peas and lentils. Numerous recipes are provided: nutty blueberry pancakes, couscous, quinoa stuffed peppers, quinoa salad, wild rice salad, Italian wild rice pilaf, confetti rice and beans, basic polenta, cranberry rice, fusilli with sage and peppers, pasta primavera, penne pasta with basil vinaigrette, Asian noodle salad, oven-dried tomatoes, garlic and pasta, Asian scallop fettucine, angel hair with feta and capers, chicken, spinach and shell soup, marinara sauce, pesto sauce, almond-pesto white beans and vegetables, bow tie pasta with sun- dried tomato pesto and white beans, colorful lentil salad, pasta fagioli, bean salad, black bean jicama salad, Spanish black bean soup, white bean chili, red bean Creole, Tex-Mex beans, shrimp and bean skillet, herbed chickpeas and potatoes, couscous bean pilaf, sweet potato fries, festive sweet potatoes, foil-roasted herb potatoes, creamy mashed potatoes, twice-baked potatoes, chive corn pudding, vegetable burritos, glazed parsnips, and butternut squash and pear soup. The chapter concludes with a special focus section on portion control.
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The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “basil” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 175 465 83 0 0 723
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “basil” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI 13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
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staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on basil can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to basil. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to basil. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “basil”:
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Other guides Diabetes Insipidus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesinsipidus.html Dietary Fats http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html Mouth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mouthdisorders.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to basil. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to basil. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with basil. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about basil. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “basil” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “basil”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “basil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “basil” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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BASIL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acyltransferases: Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps
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to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH]
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Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU]
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Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Autoclave: Apparatus using superheated steam under pressure. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophages: Viruses whose host is a bacterial cell. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH]
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Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a
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plasticizer. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA
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molecules. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU]
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Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporiasis: Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus Cyclospora. It is distributed globally and causes a diarrheal illness. Transmission is waterborne. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]
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Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly
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into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU]
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Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Flour: A flour made of pulverized, dried fish or fish parts. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less
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than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair Dyes: Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily. [NIH]
Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydroalcoholic: Of or relating to water and alcohol. [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive
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isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]
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Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is
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cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]
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Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locus Control Region: A regulatory region first identified in the human beta-globin locus but subsequently found in other loci. The region is believed to regulate transcription by opening and remodeling chromatin structure. It may also have enhancer activity. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU]
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Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign
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neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]
Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation)
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from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch Tests: Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH]
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Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH]
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Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation
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therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Rehabilitation Centers: Facilities which provide programs for rehabilitating the mentally or physically disabled individuals. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a
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gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH]
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Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synephrine: Sympathetic alpha-adrenergic agonist with actions like phenylephrine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, and glaucoma. [NIH]
Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone,
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which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH]
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Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Acceptor, 73, 91 Acne, 7, 73 Acne Vulgaris, 7, 73 Acyl, 73 Acyltransferases, 6, 11, 73 Adenosine, 73, 77 Adipose Tissue, 35, 73 Adrenal Medulla, 73, 82, 90 Adrenergic, 73, 82, 91, 96 Adverse Effect, 73, 95 Affinity, 73, 95 Agonist, 73, 82, 91, 96 Alertness, 73, 77 Algorithms, 73, 76 Alimentary, 74, 86, 91 Alkaline, 37, 74, 77, 91 Allergen, 39, 74 Alpha Particles, 74, 93 Alternative medicine, 48, 74 Ammonia, 37, 38, 74 Amygdala, 74, 87 Anaesthesia, 74, 85 Anal, 6, 11, 19, 74, 88 Analog, 74, 86 Anaphylatoxins, 74, 79 Anesthetics, 74, 82 Ankle, 74 Antagonism, 74, 77 Antibacterial, 23, 36, 74, 95 Antibody, 73, 74, 75, 79, 85, 86, 89, 94, 98 Anticarcinogenic, 10, 13, 22, 74 Antifungal, 18, 36, 75 Antigen, 73, 74, 75, 79, 85 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 75, 79 Anti-infective, 75, 77, 85 Anti-inflammatory, 28, 32, 75, 76, 94 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 75, 76 Antimicrobial, 18, 21, 75, 96 Antioxidant, 13, 18, 22, 32, 75 Antipruritic, 75, 77 Aphids, 36, 75 Aqueous, 21, 35, 36, 75, 76, 81, 85 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 75, 87 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 75, 87 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 75, 87 Arachidonic Acid, 32, 75, 87, 92 Arginine, 35, 74, 75
Aromatic, 15, 19, 31, 40, 44, 75, 79, 95 Arterial, 75, 93 Arteries, 75, 76, 80, 88, 89, 96 Articular, 75, 87, 90 Aspirin, 35, 76 Astringents, 76, 82 Autoclave, 76 B Bacteria, 10, 36, 73, 74, 75, 76, 88, 89, 95, 97 Bactericidal, 10, 76, 82 Bacteriophages, 21, 76 Base, 43, 76, 87, 89, 91, 96 Benzoic Acid, 21, 76 Biochemical, 35, 76, 90 Biosynthesis, 6, 10, 75, 76 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 12, 13, 48, 57, 76 Bladder, 76, 85, 97 Blood Glucose, 4, 76, 85, 86 Blood pressure, 76, 89, 95 Blood vessel, 76, 77, 82, 95, 96, 97 Body Fluids, 76, 95 Boron, 76, 80 Bowel, 74, 76, 81, 86, 87 Bowel Movement, 76, 81 Brachytherapy, 76, 86, 94, 98 Branch, 69, 77, 91, 95, 96 Breakdown, 77, 81, 83 Bronchi, 77, 82, 86, 97 Bronchitis, 77, 82 Bronchodilator, 77, 86 Buccal, 77, 88 Bupivacaine, 77, 87 Bursitis, 28, 32, 77 C Caffeine, 34, 77 Calcium, 14, 77, 78, 79 Calculi, 77, 84 Camphor, 36, 39, 77 Capsules, 32, 77 Carbohydrate, 45, 58, 77, 92 Carbon Dioxide, 28, 77, 94 Carcinogenic, 77, 92 Carcinogens, 11, 77 Cardiac, 77, 82, 87, 89 Cardiovascular, 77, 87 Castor Oil, 36, 77 Cell, 11, 18, 21, 32, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 82, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98
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Cell Division, 76, 78, 84, 92 Cell proliferation, 78, 90 Cellobiose, 78 Cellulose, 29, 78, 92 Central Nervous System, 77, 78, 82, 84, 87 Cerebral, 78, 82, 96 Chamomile, 28, 78 Chemotactic Factors, 78, 79 Cholesterol, 78, 94 Choline, 78 Chromatin, 78, 88 Chronic, 73, 78, 85, 96, 98 CIS, 37, 38, 78 Citric Acid, 40, 78 Citrus, 34, 78 Clinical trial, 5, 57, 78 Cloning, 76, 78 Cod Liver Oil, 79, 81 Cofactor, 79, 93 Communis, 77, 79 Complement, 21, 74, 79 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 25, 79 Complementary medicine, 17, 79 Computational Biology, 57, 79 Condiments, 5, 34, 79 Congestion, 79, 96 Conjugated, 76, 80 Connective Tissue, 28, 32, 80, 94 Connective Tissue Cells, 80 Contraindications, ii, 80 Corn Oil, 36, 80 Coronary, 80, 88, 89 Coronary Thrombosis, 80, 88, 89 Coumarins, 78, 80 Curative, 80, 96 Curcumin, 35, 80 Cutaneous, 22, 80, 88 Cyclic, 77, 80 Cyclosporiasis, 7, 47, 80 D Dairy Products, 80, 94 Databases, Bibliographic, 57, 80 Degenerative, 80, 90 Dermatitis, 80, 81 Deuterium, 80, 84 Diabetes Mellitus, 22, 80, 84 Diagnostic procedure, 27, 48, 80 Diarrhea, 81, 82 Digestion, 45, 58, 74, 76, 81, 86, 87, 96 Digestive system, 30, 81 Diploid, 81, 92
Direct, iii, 51, 81, 94 Disinfectant, 81, 82 Distal, 81, 93 Diuresis, 77, 81 Diurnal, 81 Drive, ii, vi, 9, 12, 81 Drug Interactions, 52, 81 Dysplasia, 28, 32, 81 E Eczema, 39, 81 Effector, 79, 81 Elasticity, 31, 81 Electrolyte, 81, 92, 95 Electrons, 75, 76, 81, 86, 91, 93, 94 Embryo, 81, 85 Emollient, 81, 89, 90 Emulsion, 40, 81 Endocrine System, 81, 82, 90 Endocrinology, 82 Endothelial cell, 21, 82 Endotoxins, 79, 82 Enhancer, 82, 88 Environmental Health, 56, 58, 82 Enzymatic, 77, 79, 82 Enzyme, 32, 73, 75, 81, 82, 87, 88, 93, 96, 98 Ephedrine, 34, 82 Epidemic, 29, 82 Epinephrine, 4, 73, 82, 86, 90 Esophagus, 81, 82, 96 Ethanol, 10, 29, 82 Eucalyptus, 31, 36, 82 Exogenous, 81, 82 External-beam radiation, 82, 86, 93, 98 Extracellular, 80, 82, 95 Extracellular Matrix, 80, 82 Extraction, 19, 82 F Family Planning, 57, 83 Fat, 3, 4, 5, 15, 35, 40, 73, 75, 83, 87, 89, 94, 95, 96 Fatty acids, 83, 87, 92, 96 Filtration, 83 Fish Flour, 83 Fish Products, 34, 83 Flavoring Agents, 82, 83 Fold, 4, 83 Fungi, 18, 19, 36, 75, 83, 88, 89, 97, 98 Fungicide, 36, 83 Fungistatic, 76, 83 G Gallbladder, 81, 83 Gas, 74, 77, 83, 84, 96
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Gastric, 12, 20, 83 Gastrin, 83, 84 Gastrointestinal, 82, 83, 87 Gastrointestinal tract, 82, 83, 87 Gene, 76, 83, 90 Ginger, 28, 32, 35, 36, 39, 83 Gland, 73, 83, 91, 94, 95, 96 Glomerular, 83 Glomeruli, 83 Glomerulonephritis, 22, 83 Glucose, 4, 76, 78, 80, 83, 86 Glucose Intolerance, 80, 83 Glycine, 76, 84 Goats, 80, 84 Gout, 28, 32, 84 Governing Board, 84, 92 Granule, 29, 84 Growth, 11, 13, 23, 30, 32, 35, 36, 74, 75, 78, 83, 84, 89, 90, 92, 97 Growth factors, 84, 90 H Hair Color, 37, 84 Hair Dyes, 37, 84 Hair follicles, 84, 98 Haploid, 84, 92 Headache, 77, 84 Heart failure, 82, 84 Hepatic, 11, 84 Heredity, 17, 73, 83, 84 Heterotrophic, 83, 84 Hormone, 35, 82, 83, 84, 86, 96 Host, 76, 84, 87 Hydroalcoholic, 28, 84 Hydrogen, 37, 73, 76, 77, 80, 84, 85, 89, 90, 93 Hydrogen Peroxide, 37, 85 Hypersensitivity, 74, 85, 87, 91 Hyperuricemia, 84, 85 Hypoglycemia, 4, 85 Hypoglycemic, 20, 85 I Ice Cream, 4, 85 Id, 14, 23, 62, 68, 70, 85 Immune response, 75, 85, 98 Immune system, 29, 85, 87, 98 Implant radiation, 85, 86, 94, 98 In vitro, 11, 12, 20, 21, 85 In vivo, 85, 96 Incontinence, 82, 85 Indicative, 44, 85, 91, 97 Induction, 13, 85 Infarction, 85
Infection, 29, 78, 80, 85, 88, 96, 98 Infiltration, 83, 85, 92 Inflammation, 28, 32, 73, 75, 76, 77, 80, 85, 87, 93, 94, 98 Infusion, 4, 86 Inlay, 86, 94 Inorganic, 30, 86 Insecticides, 86, 91 Insight, 86 Insulin, 4, 21, 86 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 86 Internal Medicine, 82, 86 Internal radiation, 86, 93, 98 Interstitial, 76, 86, 98 Intestinal, 86, 88 Intestine, 76, 86, 87 Intracellular, 77, 85, 86, 92 Intramuscular, 4, 86, 91 Intravenous, 86, 91 Ions, 76, 81, 84, 86 Irradiation, 13, 20, 86, 98 Isoproterenol, 18, 86 J Joint, 28, 32, 75, 86, 90 Juniper, 31, 86 K Kb, 56, 87 L Labile, 79, 87 Large Intestine, 81, 86, 87, 94, 95 Laxative, 87, 89 Lesion, 87, 97 Leukotrienes, 32, 75, 87 Library Services, 68, 87 Lidocaine, 87 Life cycle, 83, 87 Ligaments, 80, 87 Limbic, 74, 87 Limbic System, 74, 87 Lipid, 78, 86, 87 Lipoxygenase, 32, 75, 87 Liver, 24, 75, 76, 81, 83, 84, 87 Localized, 85, 87, 92, 97 Locomotion, 88, 92 Locus Control Region, 88 Longitudinal study, 88 Luciferase, 88 Lupus, 28, 32, 88 Lymph, 82, 88 Lymphatic, 85, 88 Lysine, 35, 88
102 Basil
M Malabsorption, 88 Meat, 43, 88, 94 MEDLINE, 57, 88 Melanin, 37, 88 Membrane, 79, 82, 88, 89, 91, 94 Meninges, 78, 88 Menthol, 29, 30, 88 Mentors, 88 Metabolic disorder, 84, 88 Methyltransferase, 6, 10, 18, 88 MI, 71, 88 Microbiological, 6, 7, 20, 88 Microbiology, 10, 23, 88, 89 Microorganism, 79, 89, 98 Milligram, 4, 89 Mineral Oil, 36, 89 Molecular, 10, 11, 18, 57, 60, 76, 79, 89 Molecule, 75, 76, 79, 81, 89, 91, 94, 96 Monitor, 89, 90 Monoclonal, 86, 89, 94, 98 Monounsaturated fat, 3, 89 Motion Sickness, 89 Mucosa, 88, 89 Myocardial infarction, 18, 80, 88, 89 Myocardium, 88, 89 N Narcolepsy, 82, 89 Nausea, 4, 89 NCI, 1, 55, 78, 89 Necrosis, 85, 88, 89 Need, 3, 31, 43, 44, 58, 63, 89 Neoplasms, 77, 89, 94 Neoplastic, 90 Nerve, 73, 90, 92, 96 Nervous System, 78, 90, 96 Neuroendocrine, 90 Neurotic, 90, 97 Neutrons, 74, 86, 90, 93 Neutrophil, 19, 90 Norepinephrine, 73, 82, 90 Nuclear, 81, 87, 89, 90 Nuclei, 74, 81, 87, 90, 93 O Odour, 75, 90 Ointments, 78, 90 Oncogenes, 90, 93 Osteoarthritis, 28, 32, 90 Outpatient, 90 Oxidation, 73, 75, 90 Oxidative metabolism, 87, 91 Oxygenation, 32, 91
P Palliative, 91, 96 Pancreas, 81, 86, 91 Parasitic, 80, 91 Parenteral, 4, 91 Particle, 30, 91 Patch, 22, 91 Patch Tests, 22, 91 Pathologic, 80, 85, 91, 97 Pesticides, 36, 86, 91 Petrolatum, 81, 91 Petroleum, 89, 91 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 78, 82, 91 Pharmacologic, 91, 97 Phenolphthalein, 81, 91 Phenylephrine, 91, 96 Phospholipids, 83, 91 Physiologic, 73, 76, 92 Physiology, 82, 92 Pigment, 37, 92 Plant Diseases, 36, 92 Plants, 10, 11, 18, 19, 22, 30, 36, 44, 75, 77, 78, 83, 90, 92, 95, 97 Plasma, 4, 19, 83, 92 Poisoning, 89, 92 Polysaccharide, 75, 78, 92 Polyvalent, 30, 92 Potassium, 40, 92 Practice Guidelines, 59, 92 Precursor, 75, 78, 81, 82, 90, 92 Procaine, 87, 92 Progressive, 28, 32, 84, 89, 90, 92 Promoter, 92 Prospective study, 88, 92 Prostaglandins, 32, 75, 92, 93 Prostaglandins A, 32, 93 Prostaglandins D, 93 Protein Kinases, 90, 93 Protein S, 76, 93 Proteins, 75, 78, 79, 89, 92, 93, 95, 97 Proteolytic, 79, 93 Protons, 74, 84, 93 Proto-Oncogenes, 90, 93 Protozoa, 80, 88, 89, 93, 97 Proximal, 81, 93 Pruritic, 81, 93 Public Policy, 57, 93 Publishing, 5, 43, 93 Pulmonary, 76, 87, 93, 96, 98 Pustular, 73, 93 R Radiation, 82, 86, 93, 94, 98
Index 103
Radiation therapy, 82, 86, 93, 98 Radioactive, 84, 85, 86, 90, 93, 94, 98 Radiolabeled, 86, 94, 98 Radiology, 94 Radiotherapy, 76, 86, 94, 98 Reagent, 88, 94 Rectum, 76, 81, 83, 85, 87, 94 Refer, 1, 77, 79, 83, 88, 90, 94 Rehabilitation Centers, 94 Respiration, 77, 89, 91, 94 Restoration, 28, 32, 94 Rheumatism, 28, 32, 94 Rhinitis, 39, 82, 94 Rigidity, 92, 94 Rodenticides, 91, 94 S Salicylate, 78, 94 Salivary, 81, 94 Salivary glands, 81, 94 Saturated fat, 4, 40, 94 Screening, 78, 94 Sebaceous, 94, 98 Sebum, 73, 94 Secretion, 73, 86, 94 Sedative, 95, 97 Serum, 74, 79, 95 Side effect, 4, 51, 73, 85, 95, 97 Skeletal, 86, 95 Skeleton, 86, 95 Skull, 95, 96 Small intestine, 84, 86, 95 Smooth muscle, 74, 77, 80, 95 Sodium, 84, 95 Soft tissue, 95 Solvent, 82, 95 Soybean Oil, 36, 95 Specialist, 63, 95 Species, 78, 82, 89, 91, 95, 97 Spectrum, 80, 95 Spices, 5, 11, 18, 19, 20, 34, 95 Spinal cord, 78, 88, 90, 95 Sterile, 95 Sterilization, 95 Stimulant, 77, 86, 96 Stimulus, 81, 96 Stomach, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89, 95, 96 Stress, 30, 31, 89, 96 Subacute, 85, 96 Subclinical, 85, 96 Subcutaneous, 91, 96 Substrate, 6, 10, 18, 39, 96 Substrate Specificity, 6, 10, 18, 96
Suction, 83, 96 Surfactant, 37, 96 Sympathomimetic, 82, 86, 90, 96 Synephrine, 34, 96 Synergistic, 13, 21, 36, 96 Systemic, 52, 76, 82, 85, 86, 94, 96, 98 T Tea Tree Oil, 36, 96 Temporal, 74, 96 Temporal Lobe, 74, 96 Therapeutics, 52, 96 Thrombosis, 93, 96 Thromboxanes, 75, 96 Thyroid, 96 Tissue, 73, 75, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97 Topical, 23, 32, 76, 82, 85, 91, 96, 97 Toxic, iv, 97 Toxicity, 81, 97 Toxicology, 20, 58, 97 Toxins, 75, 82, 85, 97 Trachea, 77, 96, 97 Transcription Factors, 90, 97 Transfection, 76, 97 Trees, 82, 97 Tuberculosis, 88, 97 U Ulcer, 12, 97 Unconscious, 74, 85, 97 Urethra, 97 Uric, 84, 85, 97 Urinary, 77, 82, 85, 97 Urine, 19, 76, 81, 85, 97 V Vaccines, 97, 98 Valerian, 28, 39, 97 Vascular, 85, 97 Vasoconstriction, 82, 97 Vein, 86, 90, 98 Venous, 93, 98 Ventricle, 74, 98 Veterinary Medicine, 57, 98 Viral, 28, 29, 90, 93, 98 Virus, 29, 75, 82, 98 Virus Diseases, 75, 98 Vitro, 98 Vivo, 98 Vulgaris, 25, 98 W Weight-Bearing, 98 White blood cell, 74, 90, 98 Windpipe, 96, 98
104 Basil
X X-ray, 86, 90, 93, 94, 98 X-ray therapy, 86, 98
Y Yeasts, 83, 98
Index 105
106 Basil
Index 107
108 Basil
