Cellulitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CELLULITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cellulitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83815-1 1. Cellulitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cellulitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CELLULITIS ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cellulitis........................................................................................ 9 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CELLULITIS ...................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cellulitis ...................................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULITIS................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CELLULITIS.................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Dissertations on Cellulitis ........................................................................................................... 65 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CELLULITIS ............................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Recent Trials on Cellulitis ........................................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 68 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CELLULITIS ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Cellulitis..................................................................................................................... 71 Patent Applications on Cellulitis................................................................................................. 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CELLULITIS ................................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 85 Chapters on Cellulitis .................................................................................................................. 86 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CELLULITIS ..................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Bibliography: Multimedia on Cellulitis ....................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 102 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 105 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 105 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 105

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 111 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 114 CELLULITIS DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 169

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cellulitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cellulitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cellulitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cellulitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cellulitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cellulitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CELLULITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cellulitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cellulitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Rare Complication of Tooth Abscess: Ludwig's Angina and Mediastinitis Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 67(6): 324-327. June 2001. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: Deep neck infections are a rare but potentially fatal complication of pulpal abscess of the teeth. If an infection can progress rapidly from a toothache to a life threatening infection, then it is critical that dentists be able to recognize the danger signs and identify patients who are at risk. This article reviews a case of a seemingly innocuous toothache which rapidly progressed to Ludwig's angina and mediastinitis. The authors discuss how to recognize and manage these life threatening infections. The case report described a 74 year old woman who saw her dentist for removal of deep

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caries of tooth 37 and restoration with amalgam. Six months later, the patient presented for a regular check up and noted that the tooth was mildly tender but otherwise asymptomatic. Two weeks after the checkup, the patient deteriorated rapidly; the patient returned to the dental office with massive facial swelling that had developed over a 24 hour period. The bacteria from tooth 37 had perforated the lingual (tongue) plate of the mandible (lower jaw) and spread along the planes of the cervical fascia (neck muscles). The sublingual (under the tongue) and submandibular (under the lower jaw) spaces were infected by direct extension causing Ludwig's angina (bilateral, or both sides, cellulitis of the sublingual and submandibular spaces). In adults, 52 percent of cases of Ludwig's angina are caused by dental caries and have a mortality rate of 8 to 10 percent. The patient was treated surgically and followed in the intensive care unit for 9 days. The patient made an uneventful recovery, except for an uncomplicated course of Clostridium difficile colitis and a bout of reversible hearing loss attributed either to the antibiotics or to an otitis media (middle ear infection) resulting from prolonged nasal intubation. The authors encourage dentists to become familiar with the signs and symptoms of deep neck infection, which include swelling below the inferior border of the mandible, fever, excessive trismus (difficulty opening the jaw), and deviation of the pharyngeal walls; as well as with the signs of an impending airway disaster, including muffled voice, inability to tolerate secretions, and protruding tongue. Quick referral to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and early definitive care will minimize the morbidity and mortality of these serious infections. 6 figures. 2 tables. 15 references. •

Dens Evaginatus: A Diagnostic and Treatment Challenge: Case Report Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 133 (2): 190-193. February 2002. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867. Website: www.ada.org. Summary: Dens evaginitus (ED) is an uncommon dental anomaly in which an extra cusp or tubercle protrudes from the occlusal (chewing) surface of posterior teeth, as well as from the lingual (tongue) side of anterior teeth. Tubercles are frequently susceptible to fractures and pulpal complications. In this article, the authors present the case of a 9 year old Hispanic girl who presented for six emergency visits over a five-week period. Her chief complaint was of pain associated with a maxillary primary second premolar. Clinically, the tooth appeared to be noncarious (without cavities), but it had an abnormal appearing root. The tooth was extracted after the patient presented with a left facial cellulitis. DE often challenges the practitioner with its frequent and early pulpal complications. The signs and symptoms in this case resulted in a different diagnosis and limited treatment options. 4 figures. 16 references.

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Dental Management of a Patient with a Cocaine-Induced Maxillofacial Defect: A Case Report Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 20(4): 139-142. July-August 2000. Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Fax (312) 440-2824. Summary: There are several dental complications associated with cocaine abuse, including adverse reactions to dental anesthetics, postoperative bleeding, and cellulitis, which can lead to necrosis (tissue death) of orbital, nasal, and palatal bones. This article offers a report of the initial treatment rendered to a patient who had destroyed most of her hard palate over a ten year period of cocaine abuse. The authors describe the

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patient's presentation, and the dental treatment plan established by a multidisciplinary team of care providers. The authors note that drug abuse victims may present as patients in any dental office. There are no classic socioeconomic or educational profiles for abusers of cocaine. Though there are certain classic physiological and psychological symptoms of their condition, they may not display symptoms at all. 4 figures. 20 references. •

Periodontal Enigma Source: Access. 15(3): 28-32. March 2001. Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association. 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Summary: This article familiarizes dental hygienists with the relationship between pulp and periodontal tissues, types of endodontic periodontal lesions, and common diagnostic processes helpful in distinguishing these lesions. The author notes that determining an accurate diagnosis when endodontic periodontic disease is present can be challenging. These lesions typically show symptoms of either disease process in varying combinations. The clinical features of the combined periodontal endodontic lesions (abscesses) are: smooth shiny swelling of the gingiva or mucosa, pain with the area of swelling tender to touch or a purulent exudate (bad smelling fluid), sensitivity to percussion (tapping) and possible tooth mobility (movement or looseness), possible presence of a fistulous track (an opening), possible rapid loss of the periodontal attachment and periradicular tissues, and possible facial swelling or cellulitis. Diagnosis includes physical examination, probing of gingival tissues, radiographs, pulp vitality testing, and thermal stimulation. Management of the endodontic lesion should involve root canal therapy only. Treatment of the periodontal lesion involves root surface debridement, oral hygiene instruction, and monitoring of pulp vitality during and after periodontal treatment depending on the patient's presenting signs and symptoms. If deeper defects are present with periodontal abscesses, a tissue regeneration procedure may be indicated. 1 table. 6 references.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Dental Caries-Related Emergencies in a Children's Hospital Source: Pediatric Dentistry. 19(8): 470-475. November-December 1997. Summary: This article reports on a comprehensive review of 362 caries related (dental cavities) emergency visits presenting to a children's hospital. The review was undertaken to investigate aspects of care which have not been previously reported. Areas of interest included patient characteristics such as age and whether the emergency visit was the first contact with a dentist, association of the emergency visit with a nursing bottle habit, diagnoses, treatment provided, and behavior management techniques used at the emergency visit. The emergency appointment was the first contact with a dentist for 27 percent of all patients and for 52 percent of children 3.5 years and younger. Patient visits related to nursing caries totaled 19 percent, and these patients had a disproportionately high share of all primary tooth diagnoses. Nursing caries (baby bottle tooth decay) patients accounted for 48 percent of patients requiring papoose restraint and were the majority of patients receiving multiple extractions. Papoose restraint was used most often for young patients needing extraction who presented during clinic hours and were treated by an attending dentist. Maxillary first and second primary molars were implicated in a high number of cellulitis patients (57 percent) yet represented only 23 percent of primary tooth diagnoses. For the vast

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majority of patients, the emergency diagnosis was not complex and the treatment provided was straightforward. 3 figures. 3 tables. 8 references. (AA-M). •

Common Dental Emergencies Source: American Family Physician. 67(3): 511-516. February 1, 2003. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. Publications Division, 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 944-0000 or (913) 906-6000. Website: www.aafp.org/afp. Summary: This article reviews the diagnosis and management of common dental emergencies. Dental caries, a bacterial disease of teeth characterized by destruction of enamel and dentine, is often the underlying cause of dental pain. When a carious lesion impinges on the dental pulp, pulpitis follows and, ultimately, necrosis (death) of the pulp occurs. Immediate treatment involves antibiotic therapy for cellulitis, perhaps with drainage of abscesses, while definitive treatment requires root canal therapy or extraction of the involved tooth. Pericoronitis is an inflammation of the soft tissue overlying a partially erupted tooth. Localized cases respond to irrigation. Secondary cellulitis can develop. Definitive treatment may require surgical extraction of the underlying tooth or excision of the gum flap. Avulsion (knocking out) of a permanent tooth secondary to trauma is a true dental emergency. The tooth should be reimplanted on the spot, and the patient should be seen immediately by a dentist for splinting and antibiotic prophylaxis. Most dental problems can be prevented with regular dental care and steps to minimize risks of oral trauma. 8 figures. 1 table. 15 references.

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Working With Challenging Skin Source: Massage and Bodywork. 140-141,144. August/September 2003. Summary: This journal article discusses symptoms and considerations when practicing massage therapy on geriatric patients. When working with geriatric patients, massage therapists need to be aware that skin has less collagen and elastic fibers resulting in thinner skin that may tear more easily. The most common skin conditions found in geriatric patients are cellulitis, decubitus ulcers (bedsores), scleroderma, and benign skin tumors. Cellulitis is caused by a bacterial infection and generally affects the extremities and face. As long as the therapist avoids infected areas (to keep the infection from spreading and causing inflammation), massage is appropriate. The massage table should be disinfected afterwards to prevent the spread of infection. Decubitis ulcers form when epidural cells and skin tissue do not receive adequate blood supply. These ulcers appear as black or gray areas on the tissue over the bone. Massage should not be performed on the ulcer itself, but around the area of the ulcer, possibly helping to increase circulation. Scleroderma is a condition in which the connective tissue in the skin, organs, and muscles become hardened and inflamed. Symptoms include joint stiffness, decreased range of motion, and swelling. Massage can help alleviate joint stiffness, edema, and muscle spasms and improve circulation. Benign skin tumors such as moles and skin tags are not contraindications for massage therapy. Massage therapists should note any changes in the appearance of moles or skin tags as they may indicate malignancy. Therapists should avoid using strokes that work deep into the tissue as this may bruise or tear skin. Lighter, fluffing strokes promote circulation and relaxation in the geriatric patient. 5 references.

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Common Bacterial Skin Infections Source: American Family Physician. 66(1): 119-124. July 1, 2002.

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Summary: This journal article discusses the etiology, presentation, and treatment of cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles and carbuncles. Cellulitis is an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue that has poorly demarcated borders and is usually caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus species. Erysipelas is a superficial form of cellulitis with sharply demarcated borders and is caused almost exclusively by Streptococcus. Impetigo is caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus and can lead to lifting of the stratum corneum resulting in the commonly seen bullous effect. Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles. When the infection is bacterial rather than mechanical in nature, it is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus. If the infection of the follicle is deeper and involves more follicles, it moves into the furuncle and carbuncle stages and usually requires incision and drainage. All of these infections are typically diagnosed by clinical presentation and treated empirically. If antibiotics are required, one that is active against gram-positive organisms such as penicillinaseresistant penicillins, cepahalosporins, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones should be chosen. Children, patients with diabetes, or patients with immunodeficiencies are more susceptible to gram-negative infections and may require treatment with a second- or third-generation cephalosporin. 6 figures, 1 table, and 27 references. (AAM). •

Lipodermatosclerosis: Review of Cases Evaluated at Mayo Clinic Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 46(2): 187-192. February 2002. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a retrospective study that examined the demographic and clinical features of patients presenting to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester between 1976 and 1998 with a diagnosis of lipodermatosclerosis. The study identified 132 patients with clinical findings consistent with lipodermatosclerosis, but 35 of them were excluded. Thus, results are drawn from the medical records of the remaining 97 patients. Of these, 84 were women and 96 were white. The mean age at diagnosis was 62 years. The mean duration of disease symptoms at the time of presentation to the clinic was 42 months. Mean body mass index was 34.3. Comorbidities in the patients included deep venous thrombosis, a previous diagnosis of lower extremity cellulitis, hypertension, thyroid disease, atherosclerosis obliterans, psychiatric illness, and peripheral neuropathy. Clinical signs were bilateral involvement in 44 patients, induration localized to a discrete plaque in 49, erythema in 69, hyperpigmentation in 57, ulceration in 13, concomitant edema in 69, and varicosities in 55. Vascular studies performed in 72 patients showed abnormalities in 49: deep venous incompetence in 33, calf muscle pump abnormality in 19, abnormal pulsatility in 10, and obstruction in 1. Compression therapy was given to 88 patients, and 3 patients received stanozolol. Topical medications were recommended for 38 patients. The article concludes that lipodermatosclerosis was associated with female gender, middle age, high body mass index, and venous abnormalities. 2 figures, 2 tables, and 36 references. (AA-M).

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Hair Diseases Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 82(5): 1155-1169. September 1998. Summary: This journal article provides primary care physicians with information on the diagnosis of hair loss, or alopecia. The most common method of classifying hair loss distinguishes nonscarring from scarring alopecia. Although many physicians begin the evaluation of hair loss by ordering laboratory tests, a careful history is the most important and useful part of the evaluation. Determining whether the patient is experiencing hair shedding or hair thinning is important, and family history can also be

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important because androgenetic alopecia is heritable. Grooming practices must be explored if hair fragility is suspected. The physical examination should focus on the pattern of hair loss experienced by the patient, and an examination of the scalp surface should be performed in all cases of hair loss. A scalp biopsy is also useful in the evaluation of hair loss. Other diagnostic tests are the hair pull and hair pluck tests. A serologic test for syphilis should be performed in all patients with unexplained hair loss. Common types of nonscarring alopecia include androgenetic alopecia, senescent alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, syphilitic alopecia, trichotillomania, traction alopecia, and tinea capitis. The article discusses the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these forms of nonscarring alopecia. Scarring alopecia encompasses a heterogenous group of diseases in which hair loss is permanent. The most familiar form of scarring alopecia is discoid lupus erythematosus of the scalp. Another common form of scarring alopecia is central, centrifugal scarring alopecia. Other forms of scarring alopecia include lichen planopilaris and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. The article describes the features of these forms of scarring alopecia. 9 figures, 1 table, and 18 references. •

Acquired Scalp Alopecia. Part II: A Review Source: Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 40(2): 61-72. May 1999. Summary: This journal article, the second of a two part series, provides health professionals with information on the clinical manifestations of acquired scalp alopecias, including pustular scarring alopecias such as folliculitis decalvans (FD), tufted folliculitis, erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp, acne keloidalis nuchae, dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, follicular degeneration syndrome, and cicatricial pemphigoid. Early stages include follicular based pustules and inflammatory papules. Later, follicular abscesses, cysts, necrosis, and, in some conditions, abscess and sinus formation occur. These conditions are usually associated with bacterial infection by Staphylococcus aureus and occasionally other organisms. FD may affect any region of the scalp and is characterized by recurrent follicular pustules. Tufted folliculitis is characterized by extensive secondary follicular fusion in the presence of S. aureus. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp is a chronic pustular process leading to scarring alopecia. Acne keloidalis nuchae is a chronic scarring folliculitis predominantly affecting the nape of the neck of young adult African American males. Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, which also occurs in young adult African American males, may accompany other conditions in the follicular occlusion triad. Follicular degenerative syndrome occurs almost exclusively in African American women and men and primarily involves the crown and vertex. Infiltrative scarring alopecia presents with progressive scarring alopecia with indurated nodules and other suggestive findings. The article also discusses the management of androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, effluvium, trichotillomania, lymphocyte associated scarring alopecias, and pustular scarring alopecia. More specific agents targeting components of the androgen system will make the treatment of androgenic alopecia more effective. Similarly, new immunomodulatory therapies show great promise for the lymphocyte associated alopecias and include a new generation of macrolide immunosuppresives, some of which appear to have good transcutaneous absorption. A continuing medical education examination accompanies the article. 7 figures and 60 references. (AA-M).

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Pink Is Not a Good Eye Color Source: Diabetes In the News. 13(1): 26-27. January-February 1994.

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Summary: This patient education article discusses common eye infections, focusing on the importance for people with diabetes to control and prevent even minor eye infections. Topics include conjunctivitis (pink eye); styes; cellulitis; treatment options, including antibiotics; eye irritations that are caused by allergies or by dry eyes; and eye injuries, including scratches, cuts, and bruises. The article concludes with recommendations for contact lens wearers. Two sidebars summarize the symptoms of an eye infection and the recommendations for preventing eye infections.

Federally Funded Research on Cellulitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cellulitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cellulitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cellulitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cellulitis: •

Project Title: FDG-PET IMAGING IN COMPLICATED DIABETIC FOOT Principal Investigator & Institution: Alavi, Abass; Professor of Radiology, Neurology and Ps; Radiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Approximately 25 percent of the 11 million Americans with diabetes suffer from peripheral neuropathy and diabetic related foot complications account for the majority of nontraumatic amputations of the lower extremity. In this population, osteomyelitis and deep infection of the foot are relatively common complications. Early diagnosis of these complications is crucial in the management of these patients, because prompt antibiotic treatment cure infection and therefore can decrease the rate of amputation. However, establishing the diagnosis of osteomyelitis is quite difficult in this setting because of concurrent conditions, such as peripheral vascular disease, cellulitis, neuropathy and osteoarthropathy, which can obscure the clinical manifestations of osteomyelitis. Much of the amputations are due to the lack of a single test that is highly sensitive, specific and cost effective in the early diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Current diagnostic tests including routine radiography, laboratory studies, nuclear medicine procedures, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suffer from significant shortcomings such as inadequate accuracy and cost. It has been shown that [18F] fluorine deoxyglucose (FDG) and Positron Emission Tomography

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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(PET) reveal sites of inflammation with high sensitivity and accuracy. In the pilot study conducted at our institution, we have been able to demonstrate that FDG-PET imaging has high accuracy in the diagnosis of orthopedic infection in a small patient population. The main objective of the proposed research study is to determine the efficacy of FDGPET imaging in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis or deep infection in patients with diabetic foot in a large patient population. We also intend to compare FDG-PET imaging directly to MRI to determine whether FDG-PET imaging is superior to this commonly used technique. We will also examine the potential utility of a novel magnetic resonance (MR) technique (developed by one of our investigators) in detecting marrow edema and bone loss as a result of such complications. We plan to enroll 240 patients over four years for the purposes outlined in the application. By utilization of the proposed work, we will be able to demonstrate the sensitivity, specificity, and effectiveness of this technique in the management of patients with diabetic foot. We believe this promising technology has great potential for the accurate diagnosis of this serious and challenging clinical problem, and may substantially influence the outcome in these patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERACTION OF GROUP A STREP WITH THE PLASMINOGEN SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Boyle, Michael D.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Medical College of Ohio at Toledo Research & Grants Admin. Toledo, Oh 436145804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Group A streptococci are significant human pathogens associated with a variety of diseases including pharyngitis, impetigo, and invasive infections such as cellulitis and bacteremia. Recently, the incidence and severity of streptococcal disease has increased and the exact nature of the invasive phenotype has not been fully elucidated. Studies in Dr. Boyle's laboratory have shown that group A streptococci can interact with the human plasmin(ogen) system by a number of different mechanisms to acquire surface proteolytic enzymatic activity, which cannot be inhibited by physiological protease inhibitors like alpha-2 antiplasmin. These pathways include direct binding of plasmin to surface binding proteins, as well as a more complicated pathway involving two host proteins (plasminogen and fibrinogen) and two bacterial proteins (the secreted bacterial plasminogen activator, streptokinase (SK), and a surface fibrinogen-binding protein). Preliminary evidence, using a mouse model of skin infection, suggests that acquisition of this host protease activity enhances the ability of group A streptococci to cause a systemic infection. The significance of the interaction of group A streptococci with the human plasmin(ogen) system will be studied by: 1) establishing the host and bacterial factors required for acquiring surface plasminogen activator and plasmin(ogen)-dependent enzymatic activity under conditions that would exist in the infected host; and 2) determining the consequences of the acquired enzymatic activity in a mouse model of skin infection. These studies will use an established mouse model of skin infection using outbred CD1 mice as well as studies in transgenic plasminogen gene knock-out mice reconstituted with mouse or human plasminogen. Regulation of key bacterial factors involved in acquisition of host plasmin(ogen)-dependent activity under conditions that mimic those group A streptococci could encounter in the infected host will also be analyzed. These studies will lead to a clearer understanding of the interaction of group A streptococci with the human plasmin(ogen) system and the importance of this interaction on the course, severity, and nature of invasive infections. With the reported increase in mortality and

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morbidity associated with invasive streptococcal infections, a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic process is important. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS FOR KERATINOCYTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RESPONSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Reardon, Christopher L.; Associate Professor; Dermatology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Through a unique form of innate immunity, keratinocytes from humans and mice respond to the bacterial product, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), present in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria by secreting inflammatory mediators. The overall objective of the proposed research herein is to define the keratinocyte LPS receptors, LPS-associated functions and signaling mechanisms that occur in this innate keratinocyte anti-bacterial defense system so that patients, who develop a functional loss of this skin-defense system leading up to recurrent bacterial skin injections, may be helped to avoid progressions to bacterial cellulitis and sepsis. We propose: (1) To identify LPS receptors on human and murine keratinocytes in vitro, in situ and in vivo and to determine what agents modulate their expression. Preliminary data shown that the membrane- bound LPS receptors, CD143, CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18 and CD11c/CD18 are expressed on human and mouse keratinocytes similar to macrophages. We will use primary keratinocytes and cell lines to further characterize and define the control of the expression of various LPS receptors with several agents and cytokines. We will induce and modulate the expression of LPS receptors in skin organ cultures and in live skin. Keratinocytes from different LPS receptor knock-out mice will be used for comparison. (2) To characterize cellular functions induced by LPS activation of human and murine keratinocytes by determining what cytokines by determining what cytokines and inflammatory mediators are specifically made in response to bacterial product and to define how these functions can be controlled with agents that modulate the LPS receptors or affect their interactions with LPS. With various methods, we will define the array of inflammatory cytokines and mediators, such as nitric oxide, that are produced following keratinocyte activation with LPS. Keratinocyte functions will be monitored following cell treatments that affect LPS receptor expression to help evaluate which LPS receptors are the most important for the gene promoter transcriptional activators, NFkappaB and NF-IL-6, and up-regulation of CD14-associated type-2 Toll- like receptors following LPS receptor triggering in human and murine keratinocytes and how these events can be controlled through LPS receptor modulation. Cell activation by LPS leads to induction of calcium mobilization across the cell membrane, up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) molecules which trigger nuclear translocation of transcriptional activators, such as NF-kappaB and NF-IL-6, which in turn bind cytokine gene promoters. We will attempt to show with gel-shift assays. Western blots and quantitative RT-PCR that these signaling agents play an important role in LPS-induced activation of keratinocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for cellulitis in the PubMed Central database: •

Capnocytophaga cynodegmi Cellulitis, Bacteremia, and Pneumonitis in a Diabetic Man. by Sarma PS, Mohanty S.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88077

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Escherichia coli cellulitis in broiler chickens: clonal relationships among strains and analysis of virulence-associated factors of isolates from diseased birds. by Ngeleka M, Kwaga JK, White DG, Whittam TS, Riddell C, Goodhope R, Potter AA, Allan B.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174196

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Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus from a Patient with Cellulitis. by Briedis DJ, Khamessan A, McLaughlin RW, Vali H, Panaritou M, Chan EC.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154594

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Mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus: cellulitis in the leg of a diabetic patient cured by amputation. by West BC, Oberle AD, Kwon-Chung KJ.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228705

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Murine model of recurrent group G streptococcal cellulitis: no evidence of protective immunity. by Bisno AL, Gaviria JM.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175710

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Oral pristinamycin versus standard penicillin regimen to treat erysipelas in adults: randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. by Bernard P, Chosidow O, Vaillant L.; 2002 Oct 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129632

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Penetration of Fosfomycin into Inflammatory Lesions in Patients with Cellulitis or Diabetic Foot Syndrome. by Legat FJ, Maier A, Dittrich P, Zenahlik P, Kern T, Nuhsbaumer S, Frossard M, Salmhofer W, Kerl H, Muller M.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148983

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Risk factors for erysipelas of the leg (cellulitis): case-control study. by Dupuy A, Benchikhi H, Roujeau JC, Bernard P, Vaillant L, Chosidow O, Sassolas B, Guillaume JC, Grob JJ, Bastuji-Garin S.; 1999 Jun 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28138

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Vancomycin-resistant Aureobacterium species cellulitis and bacteremia in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. by Nolte FS, Arnold KE, Sweat H, Winton EF, Funke G.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229168

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cellulitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cellulitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of cellulitis of the big toe? Author(s): Jackson FI. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1997 September; 70(837): 970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9486082&dopt=Abstract

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A case of dissecting cellulitis and a review of the literature. Author(s): Scheinfeld NS. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 February; 9(1): 8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639466&dopt=Abstract

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A case of orbital myositis secondary to orbital cellulitis in a child. Author(s): Manuchehri K, Lagnado R, Butler L. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 April; 17(3): 434-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724715&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of Plesiomonas shigelloides cellulitis and bacteraemia from northern Europe. Author(s): Jonsson I, Monsen T, Wistrom J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 29(6): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9571748&dopt=Abstract

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A case of preseptal cellulitis. Author(s): Sanfilippo P, Troutbeck R. Source: Clin Exp Optom. 2003 July; 86(4): 250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859245&dopt=Abstract

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A case of varicella complicated by cellulitis and scarlet fever due to Streptococcus pyogenes. Author(s): Oyake S, Ohi T, Koga M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138545&dopt=Abstract

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A marine-acquired infection with rapidly progressive cellulitis. Author(s): Mullins ME, Matthews MD. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1998 June; 5(6): 650-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9660296&dopt=Abstract

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A postoperative complication far worse than endophthalmitis: the coexistence of orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Lip PL, Moutsou M, Hero M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 May; 85(5): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351979&dopt=Abstract

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Abdominal wall cellulitis and sepsis secondary to percutaneous cecostomy. Author(s): Maginot TJ, Cascade PN. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1993 September-October; 16(5): 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269434&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cellulitis: an unusual manifestation of meningococcal disease. Author(s): Porras MC, Martinez VC, Ruiz IM, Encinas PM, Fernandez MT, Garcia J, Martin Martin LC. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(1): 56-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234980&dopt=Abstract

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Acute orbital cellulitis after peribulbar injection. Author(s): Hofbauer JD, Gordon LK, Palmer J. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 September 15; 118(3): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8085597&dopt=Abstract

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Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus presenting as orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Oh KT, Alford M, Kotula RJ, Nerad JA. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000 July; 118(7): 986-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10900116&dopt=Abstract

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Adult pneumococcal cellulitis: case report and review. Author(s): Parada JP, Maslow JN. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 April; 28(4): 918. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10825066&dopt=Abstract

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Aeromonas jandaei cellulitis and bacteremia in a man with diabetes. Author(s): Sarma PS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 March; 112(4): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893376&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative diagnoses that often mimic cellulitis. Author(s): Hepburn MJ, Dooley DP, Ellis MW. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 June 15; 67(12): 2471. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825838&dopt=Abstract

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An adult case of retropharyngeal cellulitis; diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Matsuki M, Matsuo M, Kaji Y, Okada N. Source: Radiat Med. 1998 July-August; 16(4): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814424&dopt=Abstract

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An elderly man with diarrhoea and cellulitis. Author(s): Hussien M, Ismail ME. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1999 November; 75(889): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10621885&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual case of diabetic cellulitis due to Pasturella multocida. Author(s): Yu GV, Boike AM, Hladik JR. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1995 January-February; 34(1): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7780401&dopt=Abstract

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Anaerobic cellulitis as the result of Clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of vascular access graft infection. Author(s): Claeys LG, Matamoros R. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 June; 35(6): 1287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042743&dopt=Abstract

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Anthrax as the cause of preseptal cellulitis and cicatricial ectropion. Author(s): Soysal HG, Kiratli H, Recep OF. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 79(2): 208-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284766&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic treatment of orbital cellulitis: an analysis of pathogenic bacteria and bacterial susceptibility. Author(s): Chang CH, Lai YH, Wang HZ, Su MY, Chang CW, Peng CF. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000 February; 16(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10673134&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic-resistant cellulitis acquired in Turkey. Author(s): Wong YW, Waghorn D, Ratnavel RC. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 January; 96(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519802&dopt=Abstract

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Apparent cellulitis with a prolonged APTT. Activated partial thromboplastin time. Author(s): Kudva GC, Sundaram M, Joist JH. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 February; 96(2): 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562979&dopt=Abstract

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Arcanobacterium haemolyticum sinusitis and orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Limjoco-Antonio AD, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 May; 22(5): 465-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797314&dopt=Abstract

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Ascending cellulitis after an insect bite. Author(s): Slevogt H, Schiller R, Wesselmann H, Suttorp N. Source: Lancet. 2001 March 10; 357(9258): 768. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11253972&dopt=Abstract

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Aspiration of the possibly septic joint through potential cellulitis: just do it! Author(s): Dooley DP. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 August; 23(2): 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359298&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical cellulitis due to group B streptococcus. Author(s): Doedens RA, Miedema CJ, Oetomo SB, Kimpen JL. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995; 27(4): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8658078&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical cellulitis. Author(s): Ray D, Khakhar M, Flowerdew A. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 July; 76(897): 434, 446-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878215&dopt=Abstract

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Avoiding hospitalizations for cellulitis. Author(s): Sherman FT. Source: Geriatrics. 2001 August; 56(8): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505858&dopt=Abstract

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Aztreonam treatment of Pasteurella multocida cellulitis and bacteremia. Author(s): Winner JS, Gentry CA, Machado LJ, Cornea P. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 March; 37(3): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639170&dopt=Abstract

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Bacillus cereus cellulitis from contaminated heroin. Author(s): Dancer SJ, McNair D, Finn P, Kolsto AB. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2002 March; 51(3): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871624&dopt=Abstract

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Bacillus cereus necrotizing cellulitis mimicking clostridial myonecrosis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Meredith FT, Fowler VG, Gautier M, Corey GR, Reller LB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 29(5): 528-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9435050&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteremic cellulitis caused by Non-01, Non-0139 Vibrio cholerae: report of a case in a patient with hemochromatosis. Author(s): Fernandez JM, Serrano M, De Arriba JJ, Sanchez MV, Escribano E, Ferreras P. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2000 May; 37(1): 77-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10794945&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteremic pneumococcal cellulitis compared with bacteremic cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Author(s): Capdevila O, Grau I, Vadillo M, Cisnal M, Pallares R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 June; 22(6): 337-41. Epub 2003 June 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783279&dopt=Abstract

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Biopsy specimen findings in patients with previous lower extremity cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Author(s): Baddour LM, Googe PB, Stevens SL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 August; 37(2 Pt 1): 2469. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270511&dopt=Abstract

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Blood cultures in children with cellulitis. Author(s): Jain P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 June; 35(6): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216664&dopt=Abstract

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Blood cultures in the evaluation of children with cellulitis. Author(s): Sadow KB, Chamberlain JM. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 March; 101(3): E4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481023&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cellulitis after conservative surgery and radiotherapy. Author(s): Rescigno J, McCormick B, Brown AE, Myskowski PL. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1994 April 30; 29(1): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8175424&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cellulitis complicating breast conservation therapy. Author(s): Baddour LM. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999 January; 245(1): 5-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10095811&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cellulitis following breast conservation therapy: a novel complication of medical progress. Author(s): Mertz KR, Baddour LM, Bell JL, Gwin JL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 February; 26(2): 481-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502474&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous cellulitis caused by Serratia marcescens. Author(s): Cooper CL, Wiseman M, Brunham R. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 1998 July-September; 3(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9831674&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome) associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Author(s): Schuttelaar ML, Jonkman MF. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 January; 17(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602982&dopt=Abstract

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Cadaveric study of blood supply to the lower intraorbital fat: etiologic relevance to the complication of anaerobic cellulitis in orbital floor fracture. Author(s): Chien HF, Wu CH, Wen CY, Shieh JY. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 March; 100(3): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393115&dopt=Abstract

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Capnocytophaga cynodegmi cellulitis, bacteremia, and pneumonitis in a diabetic man. Author(s): Sarma PS, Mohanty S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 39(5): 2028-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326042&dopt=Abstract

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Carcinoma erysipeloides from prostate cancer presenting as cellulitis. Author(s): Ng CS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 April; 65(4): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10795081&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac cirrhosis with cellulitis caused by Burkholderia cepacia bacteremia. Author(s): Lau SM, Yu WL, Wang JH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 August; 29(2): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10476761&dopt=Abstract

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Case report. Cryptococcal cellulitis showing necrotizing vasculitis. Author(s): Kimura M, Kadota E, Satou T, Yoneda E, Furuta T. Source: Mycoses. 2001 May; 44(3-4): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413923&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: toxic shock syndrome arising from cellulitis. Author(s): DiTomaso A, Warner EA, Holt D, Ritrosky S. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1994 August; 308(2): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042650&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis after axillary lymph node dissection. Author(s): Martinez E, Marcos A, Domingo P. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 August; 97(2): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8059792&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis and bacteraemia due to Chryseobacterium indologenes. Author(s): Green BT, Nolan PE. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 April; 42(3): 219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545560&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis and deep vein thrombosis: a controversial association. Author(s): Bersier D, Bounameaux H. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 April; 1(4): 867-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12871436&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis and erysipelas. Author(s): Morris A. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1483-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230764&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis and sepsis due to sphingobacterium. Author(s): Marinella MA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 October 23-30; 288(16): 1985. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387649&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis and septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila acquired at home. Author(s): Grobusch MP, Gobels K, Teichmann D. Source: Infection. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339474&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis as first clinical presentation of disseminated cryptococcosis in renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Horrevorts AM, Huysmans FT, Koopman RJ, Meis JF. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994; 26(5): 623-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7855562&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis associated with bacteremia due to Flavobacterium meningosepticum. Author(s): Abter EI, Lutwick LI, Torrey MJ, Mann R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 November; 17(5): 929-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8286646&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis complicating lymphoedema. Author(s): Woo PC, Lum PN, Wong SS, Cheng VC, Yuen KY. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 April; 19(4): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10834819&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis owing to Aeromonas hydrophilia: treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Mathur MN, Patrick WG, Unsworth IP, Bennett FM. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1995 May; 65(5): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7741686&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis syndromes: an update. Author(s): Baddour LM. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 March; 14(2): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720800&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis. Author(s): Danik SB, Schwartz RA, Oleske JM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 September; 64(3): 157-60, 163-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500915&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis: evaluation of possible predisposing factors in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Koutkia P, Mylonakis E, Boyce J. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1999 August; 34(4): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459485&dopt=Abstract

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Central retinal artery occlusion following staphylococcal orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Bhola RM, Dhingra S, McCormick AG, Chan TK. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 January; 17(1): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579188&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical cellulitis and mediastinitis caused by odontogenic infections: report of two cases and review of literature. Author(s): Zeitoun IM, Dhanarajani PJ. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1995 February; 53(2): 203-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7830190&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical syndromes associated with adult pneumococcal cellulitis. Author(s): Parada JP, Maslow JN. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(2): 133-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826896&dopt=Abstract

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Cold cellulitis: an unusual presentation of leprosy. Author(s): Shelleh HH, Al-Shayeb AM, Khan SA, Khan LA, Al-Hateeti HS. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 April; 22(4): 372-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331500&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of linezolid with oxacillin or vancomycin in the empiric treatment of cellulitis in US hospitals. Author(s): Vinken AG, Li JZ, Balan DA, Rittenhouse BE, Willke RJ, Goodman C. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 July-August; 10(4): 264-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845390&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomographic findings in peritonsillar abscess and cellulitis. Author(s): Sakaguchi M, Sato S, Asawa S, Taguchi K. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 May; 109(5): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798007&dopt=Abstract

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Corynebacterium minutissimum bacteremia in an immunocompetent host with cellulitis. Author(s): Granok AB, Benjamin P, Garrett LS. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 August 15; 35(4): E40-2. Epub 2002 July 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145741&dopt=Abstract

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Cost-effectiveness of blood cultures for adult patients with cellulitis. Author(s): Perl B, Gottehrer NP, Raveh D, Schlesinger Y, Rudensky B, Yinnon AM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 December; 29(6): 1483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10585800&dopt=Abstract

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Cryptococcal cellulitis in a diabetic, kidney transplant patient. Author(s): Gloster HM Jr, Swerlick RA, Solomon AR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 June; 30(6): 1025-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8188868&dopt=Abstract

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Current treatment and outcome in orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Ferguson MP, McNab AA. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 December; 27(6): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641894&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous cryptococcosis mimicking bacterial cellulitis in a liver transplant recipient: case report and review in solid organ transplant recipients. Author(s): Singh N, Rihs JD, Gayowski T, Yu VL. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1994 August; 8(4): 365-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7949540&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed breast cellulitis following breast conserving operation. Author(s): Zippel D, Siegelmann-Danieli N, Ayalon S, Kaufman B, Pfeffer R, Zvi Papa M. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2003 May; 29(4): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711284&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed cellulitis associated with conservative therapy for breast cancer. Author(s): Miller SR, Mondry T, Reed JS, Findley A, Johnstone PA. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1998 April; 67(4): 242-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579371&dopt=Abstract

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Dermal cellulitis--a hypersensitivity reaction from dobutamine hydrochloride. Author(s): Cernek PK. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994 July-August; 28(7-8): 964. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7949525&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic imaging in patients with orbital cellulitis and inflammatory pseudotumor. Author(s): Uehara F, Ohba N. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2002 Winter; 42(1): 133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189609&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiation of necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis using MR imaging. Author(s): Schmid MR, Kossmann T, Duewell S. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1998 March; 170(3): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9490940&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse acute cellulitis with severe neurological sequelae. A clinical case. Author(s): Mallagray R, Betoret J, Navarro Cuellar C, Lavorgna G, Pisano R, Casella A. Source: Minerva Stomatol. 1999 April; 48(4): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431537&dopt=Abstract

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Dissecting cellulitis in a white male: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Stites PC, Boyd AS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 January; 67(1): 37-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204602&dopt=Abstract

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Dissecting cellulitis in a white male: response to isotretinoin. Author(s): Koca R, Altinyazar HC, Ozen OI, Tekin NS. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 41(8): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207770&dopt=Abstract

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Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp: response to isotretinoin. Author(s): Scerri L, Williams HC, Allen BR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 June; 134(6): 1105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8763434&dopt=Abstract

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E coli panophthalmitis with orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Burns SJ, Scott JA, Hiscott PS, Hebbar G, Kamaruddin K, Jalili IK. Source: Eye (London, England). 1997; 11 ( Pt 3): 436-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9373510&dopt=Abstract

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E. coli cellulitis. Author(s): Gach JE, Charles-Holmes R, Ghose A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 September; 27(6): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372100&dopt=Abstract

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Ear cellulitis and rash in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. Author(s): Davis ML. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1999 July-August; 12(4): 334-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10477197&dopt=Abstract

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Economic evaluation of linezolid, flucloxacillin and vancomycin in the empirical treatment of cellulitis in UK hospitals: a decision analytical model. Author(s): Vinken A, Li Z, Balan D, Rittenhouse B, Wilike R, Nathwani D. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 December; 49 Suppl A: S13-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926436&dopt=Abstract

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ED management of cellulitis: a review of five urban centers. Author(s): Dong SL, Kelly KD, Oland RC, Holroyd BR, Rowe BH. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 November; 19(7): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698996&dopt=Abstract

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Edwardsiella tarda septicemia with cellulitis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Fournier S, Pialoux G, Feuillie V, Fleury J, Dupont B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 July; 16(7): 551-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9272398&dopt=Abstract

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Endodontic cellulitis 'flare-up'. Case report. Author(s): Matusow RJ. Source: Aust Dent J. 1995 February; 40(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7710414&dopt=Abstract

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Endodontic cellulitis 'flare-up'. Case report. Author(s): Weisman MI. Source: Aust Dent J. 1996 June; 41(3): 213. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8768650&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome) associated with ascariasis. Author(s): Tsuda S, Tanaka K, Miyasato M, Nakama T, Sasai Y. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 July; 74(4): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7976090&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome) successfully treated with low-dose cyclosporine. Author(s): Herr H, Koh JK. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 October; 16(5): 664-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641541&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis (Well's syndrome): a new case description. Author(s): Ferreli C, Pinna AL, Atzori L, Aste N. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 July; 13(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565629&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome): treatment with minocycline. Author(s): Stam-Westerveld EB, Daenen S, Van der Meer JB, Jonkman MF. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 March; 78(2): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534905&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Author(s): Farrar CW, Guerin DM, Wilson NJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 145(4): 678-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703307&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis case report: treatment options. Author(s): Lee MW, Nixon RL. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1994; 35(2): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702498&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis following the lines of Blaschko. Author(s): Sommer S, Wilkinson SM, Merchant WJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 November; 24(6): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606945&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis in a child successfully treated with cetirizine. Author(s): Aroni K, Aivaliotis M, Liossi A, Davaris P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 July; 79(4): 332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10430002&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophilic cellulitis in a newborn. Author(s): Kuwahara RT, Randall MB, Eisner MG. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 January-February; 18(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207988&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and microbiology of cellulitis and bacterial soft tissue infection during HIV disease: a 10-year survey. Author(s): Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 March; 29(3): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972714&dopt=Abstract

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Erysipelas: recognition and management. Author(s): Bonnetblanc JM, Bedane C. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2003; 4(3): 157-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627991&dopt=Abstract

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Erysipelas-like cellulitis with Pasteurella multocida bacteremia after a cat bite. Author(s): Bradaric N, Milas I, Luksic B, Bojcic-Tonkic M, Karanovic J. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2000 December; 41(4): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063772&dopt=Abstract

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Escherichia coli chest-wall hemorrhagic cellulitis associated with central-line placement. Author(s): Hansen EA, Cunha BA. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2000 November-December; 29(6): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11080327&dopt=Abstract

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Ethmoid sinus osteoma presenting as epiphora and orbital cellulitis: case report and literature review. Author(s): Mansour AM, Salti H, Uwaydat S, Dakroub R, Bashshour Z. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1999 March-April; 43(5): 413-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10340560&dopt=Abstract

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Extended pterional orbital decompression in severe orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Korinth MC, Weinzierl MR, Banghard W, Gilsbach JM. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 April; 145(4): 283-7; Discussion 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748888&dopt=Abstract

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Facial and periorbital cellulitis with orbital involvement. Author(s): Duarte Reis M, Freitas IP, Sousa Coutinho V, Guerra Rodrigo F. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 March; 16(2): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046822&dopt=Abstract

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Facial cellulitis and Pseudomonas luteola bacteremia in an otherwise healthy patient. Author(s): Rastogi S, Sperber SJ. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1998 December; 32(4): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9934547&dopt=Abstract

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Facial cellulitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neutropenic patient. Author(s): Tallamraju A, Greene JN, Ganguly R, Sandin RL. Source: Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center. 2001 July-August; 8(4): 364-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11483890&dopt=Abstract

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Facial cellulitis during oral isotretinoin treatment for acne. Author(s): Boffa MJ, Dave VK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 November; 31(5 Pt 1): 800-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7929928&dopt=Abstract

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Facial cellulitis in childhood: a changing spectrum. Author(s): Fisher RG, Benjamin DK Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 July; 95(7): 672-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144069&dopt=Abstract

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Factors associated with complications and mortality in adult patients hospitalized for infectious cellulitis. Author(s): Carratala J, Roson B, Fernandez-Sabe N, Shaw E, del Rio O, Rivera A, Gudiol F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 March; 22(3): 151-7. Epub 2003 March 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649712&dopt=Abstract

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Familial eosinophilic cellulitis, dysmorphic habitus, and mental retardation. Author(s): Davis MD, Brown AC, Blackston RD, Gaughf C, Peterson EA, Gleich GJ, Leiferman KM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 June; 38(6 Pt 1): 919-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631998&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal acute cellulitis due to Neisseria meningitidis. Author(s): Cartolano GL, Barbier C, Arnoult L, Simon D, Ricome JL, Hayon J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3996-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904440&dopt=Abstract

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Fingertip cellulitis after fingerstick for capillary microhematocrit measurement in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an uncommom infectious complication. Author(s): Arellano-Rodrigo E, Rovira M, Cibeira MT, Abello D, Montserrat E. Source: Haematologica. 2002 December; 87(12): Ecr39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495910&dopt=Abstract

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Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides with large-cell transformation presenting as dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. Author(s): Gilliam AC, Lessin SR, Wilson DM, Salhany KE. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1997 March; 24(3): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9085153&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant orbital cellulitis with complete loss of vision. Author(s): Connell B, Kamal Z, McNab AA. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 29(4): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545428&dopt=Abstract

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Further characterization of postradiotherapy cellulitis and efforts at prevention. Author(s): Rescigno J, McCormick B. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1995 January 1; 31(1): 204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7995758&dopt=Abstract

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Ga-67-avid massive cellulitis within a chronic lymphedematous limb in a survivor of Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Suga K, Ariga M, Motoyama K, Hara A, Kume N, Matsunaga N. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 September; 26(9): 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507304&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric carcinoma presenting with cellulitis-like cutaneous metastasis. Author(s): Foo KF, Tao M, Tan EH. Source: Singapore Med J. 2002 January; 43(1): 037-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008775&dopt=Abstract

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Gout related upper limb cellulitis: an ultrasound study. Author(s): Wakefield RJ, Emery P, Pease C. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 February; 30(2): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563707&dopt=Abstract

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Gram-negative bacillary cellulitis in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Author(s): Corredoira JM, Ariza J, Pallares R, Carratala J, Viladrich PF, Rufi G, Verdaguer R, Gudiol F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 January; 13(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8168554&dopt=Abstract

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Group B streptococcal cellulitis in a child with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Sickler SJ, Edwards MS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 October; 20(10): 1007-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642620&dopt=Abstract

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Group B streptococcal cellulitis of perineum and lower abdomen: report of one case. Author(s): Chen HJ, Lee PI, Huang LM, Teng RJ, Tsou Yau KI, Lee CY. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1996 March-April; 37(2): 1357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8935414&dopt=Abstract

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Group B streptococcal retropharyngeal cellulitis in a young infant: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Kelly CP, Isaacman DJ. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 August; 23(2): 179-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359288&dopt=Abstract

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Group B streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome with fulminant cellulitis. Author(s): Thomas S, Cunha BA. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1996 November-December; 25(6): 497-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8950130&dopt=Abstract

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Group C streptococcal cellulitis and bacteremia. Author(s): Bisno AL. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1996 January-February; 25(1): 85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775878&dopt=Abstract

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Group G streptococcal cellulitis and bacteremia. Author(s): Yeavasis-Lupenko E, Gill V, Cunha BA. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1995 January-February; 24(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7706106&dopt=Abstract

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Haemophilus influenza cellulitis. A review and case report. Author(s): Branca G, Dym H. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 2003 March; 69(3): 34-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12764985&dopt=Abstract

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Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis after bite injuries in children. Author(s): Rolle U. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 September; 35(9): 1408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10999714&dopt=Abstract

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Haemorrhagic cellulitis. Author(s): Danielsen L, Balslev E, Thomsen HK. Source: J Wound Care. 1999 March; 8(3): 108-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10362986&dopt=Abstract

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Haemorrhagic cellulitis: a syndrome associated with tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Author(s): Heng MC, Khoo M, Cooperman A, Fallon-Friedlander S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 January; 130(1): 65-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305320&dopt=Abstract

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Head and neck cellulitis in hospitalized adults. Author(s): Kimura AC, Pien FD. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1993 September-October; 14(5): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8238763&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia associated with localized pain but not with cellulitis. Author(s): van der Ven AJ, Kullberg BJ, Vandamme P, Meis JF. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 April; 22(4): 710-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8729212&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter cinaedi-associated bacteremia and cellulitis in immunocompromised patients. Author(s): Kiehlbauch JA, Tauxe RV, Baker CN, Wachsmuth IK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 July 15; 121(2): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8017741&dopt=Abstract

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Hemophilus influenzae biotype III cellulitis in an adult. Author(s): Lev EI, Onn A, Levo OY, Giladi M. Source: Infection. 1999 January-February; 27(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027107&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex virus type 2-associated eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome). Author(s): Ludwig RJ, Grundmann-Kollmann M, Holtmeier W, Wolter M, Glas J, Podda M, Kaufmann R, Zollner TM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 May; 48(5 Suppl): S601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734477&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco. Author(s): Binswanger IA, Kral AH, Bluthenthal RN, Rybold DJ, Edlin BR. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 March; 30(3): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722447&dopt=Abstract

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Home parenteral antibiotic therapy: benefits in the treatment of cellulitis. Author(s): Swanston WH. Source: Trop Doct. 1997 April; 27(2): 109-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9133801&dopt=Abstract

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Home-based treatment of cellulitis with twice-daily cefazolin. Author(s): Leder K, Turnidge JD, Grayson ML. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 November 16; 169(10): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861908&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging of superficial soft-tissue infections: sonographic findings in cases of cellulitis and abscess. Author(s): Loyer EM, DuBrow RA, David CL, Coan JD, Eftekhari F. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 January; 166(1): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8571865&dopt=Abstract

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Immune response to anaerobic bacteria in patients with peritonsillar cellulitis and abscess. Author(s): Brook I, Foote PA Jr, Slots J. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1996 November; 116(6): 888-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973727&dopt=Abstract

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Immune response to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia in patients with peritonsillar cellulitis and abscess. Author(s): Brook I, Foote PA Jr, Slots J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 June; 20 Suppl 2: S220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7548558&dopt=Abstract

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Incisional cellulitis after total hip replacement. Author(s): Deshmukh RG. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1999 March; 81(2): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10204959&dopt=Abstract

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Incisional cellulitis after total hip replacement. Author(s): Rodriguez JA, Ranawat CS, Maniar RN, Umlas ME. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1998 September; 80(5): 876-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9768902&dopt=Abstract

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Increased therapeutic failure for cephalexin versus comparator antibiotics in the treatment of uncomplicated outpatient cellulitis. Author(s): Madaras-Kelly KJ, Arbogast R, Jue S. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 February; 20(2): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678298&dopt=Abstract

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Infected cephalohematoma associated with sepsis and scalp cellulitis: a case report. Author(s): Fan HC, Hua YM, Juan CJ, Fang YM, Cheng SN, Wang CC. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 June; 35(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099334&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammatory tinea pedis/manuum masquerading as bacterial cellulitis. Author(s): Sweeney SM, Wiss K, Mallory SB. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 November; 156(11): 1149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413346&dopt=Abstract

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Injectable silicone: cause of facial nodules, cellulitis, ulceration, and migration. Author(s): Rapaport MJ, Vinnik C, Zarem H. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1996 May-June; 20(3): 267-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8670396&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon alfa treatment of a patient with eosinophilic cellulitis and HIV infection. Author(s): Husak R, Goerdt S, Orfanos CE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 August 28; 337(9): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9280840&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis

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Is it acceptable to discharge a heroin user with an intravenous line to complete his antibiotic therapy for cellulitis at home under a nurse's supervision? No: a home central line is too hazardous. Author(s): Mallon WK. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2001 March; 174(3): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238332&dopt=Abstract

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Is it acceptable to discharge a heroin user with an intravenous line to complete his antibiotic therapy for cellulitis at home under a nurse's supervision? Yes: supervised home care ensures continued treatment at lower cost. Author(s): Riazati N. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2001 March; 174(3): 156. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238331&dopt=Abstract

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Is lumbar puncture necessary to exclude meningitis in neonates and young infants: lessons from the group B streptococcus cellulitis- adenitis syndrome. Author(s): Albanyan EA, Baker CJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 October; 102(4 Pt 1): 985-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9786777&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus from a patient with cellulitis. Author(s): Briedis DJ, Khamessan A, McLaughlin RW, Vali H, Panaritou M, Chan EC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 40(12): 4792-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454199&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of group A streptococci from children with perianal cellulitis and from their siblings. Author(s): Barzilai A, Choen HA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 April; 17(4): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9576401&dopt=Abstract

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Kaposi's sarcoma mimicking cellulitis. Author(s): Oehler RL, Sinnott JT, Arepally G, Dunn YP. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1993 December; 94(8): 139-44, 149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8247991&dopt=Abstract

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Kawasaki disease presenting as orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Sheard RM, Pandey KR, Barnes ND, Vivian AJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2000 March-April; 37(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10779274&dopt=Abstract

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Klebsiella oxytoca cellulitis after electroneurography. Author(s): Herrero MA, Garcia-Patos V, Fort Ros J, Bartralot Soler R, Ruiz Valverde P, Robert LP. Source: Nephron. 1998 August; 79(4): 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689167&dopt=Abstract

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Klebsiella pneumoniae orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Lin CT, Tsai YY. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2001 September; 64(9): 551-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768288&dopt=Abstract

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Late bacterial scleritis following beta irradiation presenting as orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Furness GA, Atkinson PL. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 May; 23(2): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546693&dopt=Abstract

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Lesson of the week: importance of distinguishing between cellulitis and varicose eczema of the leg. Author(s): Quartey-Papafio CM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 June 19; 318(7199): 1672-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10373173&dopt=Abstract

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Ligneous cellulitis following spontaneous vaginal delivery. Author(s): Wyatt JF, Monif GR. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999; 7(3): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371476&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging in adults presenting with severe acute infectious cellulitis. Author(s): Saiag P, Le Breton C, Pavlovic M, Fouchard N, Delzant G, Bigot JM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 September; 130(9): 1150-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8085870&dopt=Abstract

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Major cellulitis following percutaneous tracheostomy. Author(s): Mohammedi I, Vedrinne JM, Ceruse P, Duperret S, Allaouchiche B, Motin J. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1997 April; 23(4): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9142586&dopt=Abstract

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Management and morbidity of cellulitis of the leg. Author(s): Cox NH, Colver GB, Paterson WD. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1998 December; 91(12): 634-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730111&dopt=Abstract

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Management of lower leg cellulitis. Author(s): Cox NH. Source: Clinical Medicine (London, England). 2002 January-February; 2(1): 23-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871634&dopt=Abstract

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Managing orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Nelson LB, Wagner RS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1998 March-April; 35(2): 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9559504&dopt=Abstract

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Manifestation of cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary bypass surgery. Author(s): Karakas M, Baba M, Aksungur VL, Memisoglu HR, Aksungur EH, Denli YG, Karakas P. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 September; 16(5): 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428833&dopt=Abstract

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Medical management of orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Starkey CR, Steele RW. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 October; 20(10): 1002-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642617&dopt=Abstract

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Meningococcal cellulitis and sialadenitis. Author(s): Gelfand MS, Cleveland KO, Campagna C, Zolyomi A. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1998 March; 91(3): 287-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9521374&dopt=Abstract

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Metacarpal osteomyelitis complicating varicella-associated cellulitis of the hand: report of 2 cases. Author(s): Aebi C, Ramilo O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998; 30(3): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790144&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiology of perianal cellulitis in children: comparison of skin swabs and needle aspiration. Author(s): Brook I. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 December; 37(12): 922-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9888333&dopt=Abstract

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Misleading leads. Orbital cellulitis following chemotherapy for retinoblastoma. Author(s): Roebuck DJ, Howard RG, Li CK, Chik KW, Shing MK, Wu JT, Metreweli C. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1998 December; 31(6): 534-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9835912&dopt=Abstract

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Molluscum contagiosum presenting as cellulitis in an AIDS patient: cytologic and ultrastructural features. Author(s): Freeman CL, Moriarty AT. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1995 June; 12(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7544721&dopt=Abstract

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Monstrous arm due to recurrent cellulitis in a psychiatric patient. Author(s): Koster T, van der Vijver JC. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1997 November; 51(5): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9455100&dopt=Abstract

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Moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia and preseptal cellulitis. Author(s): Rotta AT, Asmar BI. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1994 April; 87(4): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153789&dopt=Abstract

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MR imaging in acute infectious cellulitis. Author(s): Rahmouni A, Chosidow O, Mathieu D, Gueorguieva E, Jazaerli N, Radier C, Faivre JM, Roujeau JC, Vasile N. Source: Radiology. 1994 August; 192(2): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8029421&dopt=Abstract

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Multifocal cellulitis and monoarticular arthritis as manifestations of Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia. Author(s): Burman WJ, Cohn DL, Reves RR, Wilson ML. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 March; 20(3): 564-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756476&dopt=Abstract

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Murine model of recurrent group G streptococcal cellulitis: no evidence of protective immunity. Author(s): Bisno AL, Gaviria JM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1997 December; 65(12): 4926-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9393777&dopt=Abstract

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Mycobacterium haemophilum cellulitis in a heart transplant recipient. Author(s): Lederman C, Spitz JL, Scully B, Schulman LL, Della-Latta P, Weitzman I, Grossman ME. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 May; 30(5 Pt 1): 804-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8176029&dopt=Abstract

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Mycobacterium kansasii infection presenting as cellulitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Hsu PY, Yang YH, Hsiao CH, Lee PI, Chiang BL. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 August; 101(8): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440090&dopt=Abstract

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Myroides odoratus cellulitis and bacteremia: case report and review. Author(s): Green BT, Green K, Nolan PE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(12): 932-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868770&dopt=Abstract

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Nasolacrimal duct obstruction and orbital cellulitis associated with chronic intranasal cocaine abuse. Author(s): Alexandrakis G, Tse DT, Rosa RH Jr, Johnson TE. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999 December; 117(12): 1617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10604666&dopt=Abstract

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Naso-orbital fracture leading to orbital cellulitis, and visual loss as a complication of chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Paterson AW, Barnard NA, Irvine GH. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1994 April; 32(2): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8199152&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotising orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Ng SG, Nazir R, Subudhi CP, Laitt RD, Maloof A, Leatherbarrow B, Sabhudi CP. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 April; 15(Pt 2): 173-7. Erratum In: Eye 2001 August; 15(Pt 4): 564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339585&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing cellulitis caused by Apophysomyces elegans at a patch test site. Author(s): Lesueur BW, Warschaw K, Fredrikson L. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 September; 13(3): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165933&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing periorbital cellulitis. Author(s): Placik OJ, Pensler JM, Kim JJ, Mets MB, Engel JM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1993 October; 31(4): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8239439&dopt=Abstract

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a previously unreported cause of pre-septal cellulitis. Author(s): Henderson TR, Booth AP, Morrell AJ. Source: Eye (London, England). 1997; 11 ( Pt 1): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9246296&dopt=Abstract

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Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis simulating orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Bardenstein DS, Haluschak J, Gerson S, Zaim MT. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1994 November; 112(11): 1460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7980136&dopt=Abstract

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Nodular presentation of eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome). Author(s): Holme SA, McHenry P. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 November; 26(8): 677-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722455&dopt=Abstract

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Nonhealing cellulitis in a 54-year-old man with diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Mawhorter SD. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 January; 67(1): 21-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645674&dopt=Abstract

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Nontraumatic atlanto-axial subluxation after retropharyngeal cellulitis: Grisel's syndrome. Author(s): Gourin CG, Kaper B, Abdu WA, Donegan JO. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 January-February; 23(1): 60-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791252&dopt=Abstract

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Odontogenic sinusitis causing orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Mehra P, Caiazzo A, Bestgen S. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1999 July; 130(7): 1086-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10422403&dopt=Abstract

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Once-daily intravenous cefazolin plus oral probenecid is equivalent to once-daily intravenous ceftriaxone plus oral placebo for the treatment of moderate-to-severe cellulitis in adults. Author(s): Grayson ML, McDonald M, Gibson K, Athan E, Munckhof WJ, Paull P, Chambers F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 June 1; 34(11): 1440-8. Epub 2002 May 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015689&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital and periorbital cellulitis. Author(s): Powell KR. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1995 May; 16(5): 163-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7753730&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis after peribulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Author(s): Varma D, Metcalfe TW. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 January; 17(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579185&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis after retrobulbar injection of chlorpromazine. Author(s): Margo CE, Wilson T. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1993 October; 111(10): 1322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8216007&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis and abscess secondary to dacryocystitis. Author(s): Kikkawa DO, Heinz GW, Martin RT, Nunery WN, Eiseman AS. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 August; 120(8): 1096-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149070&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis as a late complication of glaucoma shunt implantation. Author(s): Lavina AM, Creasy JL, Tsai JC. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 June; 120(6): 849-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049598&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis as a sole symptom of odontogenic infection. Author(s): Ngeow WC. Source: Singapore Med J. 1999 February; 40(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10414168&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Author(s): Escardo JA, Feyi-Waboso A, Lane CM, Morgan JE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 February; 131(2): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228318&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis due to occult orbital lymphangioma. Author(s): Brooks SE, Pillai JJ, Bains H. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 May; 94(5): 532-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372810&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in a previously healthy adult. Author(s): Naseib S, Watanakunakorn C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 November; 29(5): 1361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10525012&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis following corneal gluing under sub-Tenon's local anaesthesia. Author(s): Morgan SJ. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 March; 17(2): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640438&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis following corneal gluing under sub-Tenon's local anaesthesia. Author(s): Redmill B, Sandy C, Rose GE. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 August; 15(Pt 4): 554-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767042&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis following sub-Tenon's anaesthesia. Author(s): Dahlmann AH, Appaswamy S, Headon MP. Source: Eye (London, England). 2002 March; 16(2): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988827&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis in children. Author(s): Jain A, Rubin PA. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2001 Fall; 41(4): 71-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698739&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis secondary to tooth bud abscess in a neonate. Author(s): Green LK, Mawn LA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2002 November-December; 39(6): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458850&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis with abscess formation caused by frontal sinusitis. Author(s): Laloyaux P, Vanpee D, Gillet JB. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 February; 18(2): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699532&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis: a review of 21 cases from Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Bekibele CO, Onabanjo OA. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 January-February; 57(1): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587935&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital cellulitis--an unusual presentation and late complication of severe facial trauma. Author(s): Jayamanne DG, Bell RW, Allen ED. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1994 June; 32(3): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8068594&dopt=Abstract

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Orbital melanoma presenting as orbital cellulitis: a clinicopathologic report. Author(s): Fezza J, Chaudhry IA, Kwon YH, Grannum EE, Sinard J, Wolfley DE. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 July; 14(4): 286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700739&dopt=Abstract

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Pasteurella multocida wound infection and cellulitis. Author(s): Brue C, Chosidow O. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 July; 33(7): 471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7928028&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric management problems. Periorbital cellulitis. Author(s): Belkengren R, Sapala S, Jellen K. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2003 January-February; 29(1): 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630504&dopt=Abstract

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Penetration of fosfomycin into inflammatory lesions in patients with cellulitis or diabetic foot syndrome. Author(s): Legat FJ, Maier A, Dittrich P, Zenahlik P, Kern T, Nuhsbaumer S, Frossard M, Salmhofer W, Kerl H, Muller M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 January; 47(1): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499216&dopt=Abstract

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Periorbital and orbital cellulitis after H. influenza B vaccination. Author(s): Ghosh C. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 September; 108(9): 1514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535431&dopt=Abstract

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Periorbital cellulitis secondary to Conidiobolus incongruus. Author(s): Temple ME, Brady MT, Koranyi KI, Nahata MC. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 March; 21(3): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11253859&dopt=Abstract

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Periorbital cellulitis with breast cancer. Author(s): Stevens RJ, Rusby JE, Graham MD. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 June; 96(6): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782697&dopt=Abstract

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Periorbital versus orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Givner LB. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 December; 21(12): 1157-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488668&dopt=Abstract

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Phenoxyethanol is effective topical therapy of gram-negative cellulitis in neutropenic patients. Author(s): Mitchell P, Powles R, Rege K, Treleaven J, Catovsky D, Mehta J, Jameson B. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1993 September; 25(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7693803&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar cellulitis. Author(s): Shukla PC. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1994 February; 10(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7909945&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative pneumococcal cellulitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Page KR, Karakousis PC, Maslow JN. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(2): 141-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693569&dopt=Abstract

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Post-traumatic orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Dhariwal DK, Kittur MA, Farrier JN, Sugar AW, Aird DW, Laws DE. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2003 February; 41(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576036&dopt=Abstract

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Pre-septal cellulitis and facial erysipelas due to Moraxella species. Author(s): Cox NH, Knowles MA, Porteus ID. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1994 July; 19(4): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7955474&dopt=Abstract

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Preseptal cellulitis caused by trichophyton (ringworm). Author(s): Velazquez AJ, Goldstein MH, Driebe WT. Source: Cornea. 2002 April; 21(3): 312-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917183&dopt=Abstract

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Preseptal cellulitis in systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Author(s): Coombes AG, Zaman A, Hall M, Cawley MI. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 March; 17(2): 258-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640422&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing cellulitis after axillary lymph node dissection. Author(s): Bertelli G, Dini D, Forno GG, Gozza A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 August; 97(2): 202-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8059793&dopt=Abstract

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Primary skeletal muscle lymphoma presenting as refractory cellulitis. Author(s): Baddour LM, Haden KH, Allen JW. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 September; 68(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579790&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomonas conjunctival ulcer and secondary orbital cellulitis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Cano-Parra J, Espana E, Esteban M, Diaz-Llopis M, Menezo JL. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 January; 78(1): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110705&dopt=Abstract

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Psoas abscess and cellulitis of the right gluteal region resulting from carcinoma of the cecum. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Sakurai Y, Shoji M, Nakamura Y, Suganuma M, Imazu H, Hasegawa S, Matsubara T, Ochiai M, Funabiki T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 September; 36(9): 623-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578067&dopt=Abstract

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Purulent orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Morgan SJ. Source: Eye (London, England). 2002 March; 16(2): 215; Author Reply 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988836&dopt=Abstract

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Purulent pansinusitis, orbital cellulitis and rhinogenic intracranial complications. Author(s): Eufinger H, Machtens E. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2001 April; 29(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465434&dopt=Abstract

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Recalcitrant cellulitis. Author(s): Darbar A, Chan R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 March 15; 36(6): 781-2, 816-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630387&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent bacteremia and multifocal lower limb cellulitis due to Helicobacter-like organisms in a patient with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia. Author(s): Gerrard J, Alfredson D, Smith I. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 November 15; 33(10): E116-8. Epub 2001 October 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595979&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent cellulitis after femoropopliteal bypass surgery in saphenous phlebectomy limbs. Author(s): Jeddy TA, Redwood NF, Chamberlain J, Jones NA. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 1995 February; 9(2): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7627663&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent cellulitis complicating chronic lymphedema. Author(s): Woodruff A, Olivero JJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1995 March 15; 30(3): 87, 91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883813&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent cellulitis following coronary bypass surgery. Author(s): Turner DP, Nagra RS, Large S, Seaton D. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1995 May; 30(1): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7665889&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent cellulitis. Author(s): Fisher DA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 April; 30(4): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8157808&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent crepitant cellulitis caused by Clostridium perfringens. Author(s): Bryant P, Carapetis J, Matussek J, Curtis N. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 December; 21(12): 1173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506954&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent Helicobacter cinaedi cellulitis and bacteraemia in a patient with HIV Infection. Author(s): Sullivan AK, Nelson MR, Walsh J, Gazzard BG. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 January; 8(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043985&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent periorbital cellulitis and otitis media in an asthmatic child with chronic diarrhea and short stature. Author(s): Younes JS, Simon MR, Moore EC, Bahrainwala AH. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 February; 88(2): 164-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868920&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent vesiculobullous plaques. Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome). Author(s): Tassava T, Rusonis PA, Whitmore SE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 December; 133(12): 1580-1, 1583-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420547&dopt=Abstract

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Refractory facial cellulitis following cosmetic rhinoplasty after cord-blood stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Machida U, Tojo A, Ooi J, Iseki T, Nagayama H, Shirafuji N, Sawada M, Nakayama K, Tani K, Asano S. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2000 July; 72(1): 98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10979217&dopt=Abstract

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Retinoblastoma associated orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Mullaney PB, Karcioglu ZA, Huaman AM, al-Mesfer S. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 May; 82(5): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9713058&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal cellulitis in a 5-week-old infant. Author(s): Bourgeois FT, Shannon MW. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 March; 109(3): E51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875179&dopt=Abstract

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Retropharyngeal cellulitis: a manifestation of Kawasaki disease in children. Author(s): Hester TO, Harris JP, Kenny JF, Albernaz MS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1993 December; 109(6): 1030-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8265186&dopt=Abstract

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Rhinocerebral mucormycosis presenting as periorbital cellulitis with blindness: report of 2 cases. Author(s): O'Brien TJ, McKelvie P. Source: Clin Exp Neurol. 1994; 31: 68-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7586667&dopt=Abstract

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Rhizopus necrotizing cellulitis in a preterm infant: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Arisoy AE, Arisoy ES, Correa-Calderon A, Kaplan SL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 December; 12(12): 1029-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8108213&dopt=Abstract

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Ringworm causing childhood preseptal cellulitis. Author(s): Rajalekshmi PS, Evans SL, Morton CE, Williams RE, Ng CS. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 May; 19(3): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918565&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factor analysis for breast cellulitis complicating breast conservation therapy. Author(s): Brewer VH, Hahn KA, Rohrbach BW, Bell JL, Baddour LM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 September; 31(3): 654-9. Epub 2000 September 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017810&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for erysipelas of the leg (cellulitis): case-control study. Author(s): Dupuy A, Benchikhi H, Roujeau JC, Bernard P, Vaillant L, Chosidow O, Sassolas B, Guillaume JC, Grob JJ, Bastuji-Garin S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 June 12; 318(7198): 1591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10364117&dopt=Abstract

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Role of benzathine penicillin G in prophylaxis for recurrent streptococcal cellulitis of the lower legs. Author(s): Wang JH, Liu YC, Cheng DL, Yen MY, Chen YS, Wang JH, Wann SR, Lin HH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 September; 25(3): 685-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9314462&dopt=Abstract

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Septic pulmonary emboli complicating lip cellulitis. Author(s): Marinella MA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 January; 37(1): 117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145789&dopt=Abstract

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Serratia marcescens cellulitis following an iguana bite. Author(s): Hsieh S, Babl FE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 May; 28(5): 1181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452669&dopt=Abstract

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Severe cellulitis/myositis caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Author(s): Downhour NP, Petersen EA, Krueger TS, Tangella KV, Nix DE. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 January; 36(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816260&dopt=Abstract

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Shewanella alga bacteremia and associated cellulitis in a patient with multiple myeloma. Author(s): Krsnik I, Arribalzaga K, Romanyk J. Source: Haematologia. 2002; 32(1): 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243559&dopt=Abstract

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Sinusitis as a cause of orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Haddadin A, Saca E, Husban A. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 1999 May; 5(3): 556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10793834&dopt=Abstract

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Sonographic evaluation of cellulitis in children. Author(s): Chao HC, Lin SJ, Huang YC, Lin TY. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2000 November; 19(11): 743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11065262&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous cellulitis in nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Lee KW, Kim SS, Jeong MS, Lee JH, Park JK, Shin YT. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1995 February; 43(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7736676&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous cholecystocutaneous fistula presenting with a cellulitis and portal vein thrombosis. Author(s): Chang SS, Lu CL, Pan CC, Chiou YY, Wang SS, Chang FY, Lee SD. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 January; 34(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743257&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous gram-negative cellulitis in a liver transplant recipient. Author(s): Paterson DL, Gruttadauria S, Lauro A, Scott V, Marino IR. Source: Infection. 2001 December; 29(6): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787838&dopt=Abstract

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Spreading extraperitoneal cellulitis following perirectal sepsis. Author(s): Badrinath K, Jairam N, Ravi HR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1994 February; 81(2): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8156367&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcus aureus cellulitis: an unusual presentation. Author(s): Geunes PM, Brooks JH, Huttula CS, Chesney PJ. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1994 May; 33(5): 319-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8050264&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal cellulitis in reticulate lymphoedema selectively affects the lymphoedematous herniations. Author(s): Cox NH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 139(2): 358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767270&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of abdominal wall Rhizopus necrotizing cellulitis in a preterm infant. Author(s): Hughes C, Driver SJ, Alexander KA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 April; 14(4): 336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7603827&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of dissecting cellulitis and acne conglobata with oral zinc. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Aiba S, Tagami H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 December; 141(6): 1137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722268&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of recalcitrant dissecting cellulitis of the scalp with complete scalp excision and split-thickness skin graft. Author(s): Bellew SG, Nemerofsky R, Schwartz RA, Granick MS. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 October; 29(10): 1068-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12974708&dopt=Abstract

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Supraomohyoid cellulitis from placement of a dental implant. Author(s): Guerra MF, Perez JS, Diez JL, Gonzalez FJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 April; 105(5): 1900-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809129&dopt=Abstract

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Sweet's syndrome in acute myelogenous leukemia presenting as periorbital cellulitis with an infiltrate of leukemic cells. Author(s): Morgan KW, Callen JP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 590-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568752&dopt=Abstract

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Sweet's syndrome masquerading as facial cellulitis. Author(s): Crum NF, Higginbottom PA, Fehl FC, Graham BS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 June; 71(6): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839258&dopt=Abstract

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Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis as a complication of peritonsillar abscess. Author(s): Goldenberg D, Golz A, Netzer A, Flax-Goldenberg R, Joachims HZ. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 November-December; 22(6): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713728&dopt=Abstract

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Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis in the hand of a renal dialysis patient: a case report. Author(s): Rozmaryn LM. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1995 May; 20(3): 500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7642937&dopt=Abstract

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Targeting cellulitis. Author(s): Roy DE, Stotts NA. Source: Nursing. 2002 December; 32(12): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468940&dopt=Abstract

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Taxol-induced cellulitis after extravasation: a rarely reported event. Author(s): Stein ME, Drumea K, Abu-Rasmi R, Haim N. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1997 October; 20(5): 540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9345346&dopt=Abstract

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The dilemma of delayed cellulitis after breast conservation therapy. Author(s): Staren ED, Klepac S, Smith AP, Hartsell WF, Segretti J, Witt TR, Griem KL, Bines SD. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1996 June; 131(6): 651-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8645074&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of continuous infusion flucloxacillin in home therapy for serious staphylococcal infections and cellulitis. Author(s): Howden BP, Richards MJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 August; 48(2): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481308&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of recognising Streptococcus milleri as a cause of orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Ball JL, Malhotra RM, Leong P, Bacon AS. Source: Eye (London, England). 2000 October; 14 Pt 5: 814-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11116727&dopt=Abstract

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The man behind the eponym. George Crichton Wells: eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome). Author(s): Steffen C. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2002 April; 24(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979077&dopt=Abstract

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The place of endonasal endoscopy in the treatment of orbital cellulitis. Author(s): el-Silimy O. Source: Rhinology. 1995 June; 33(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7569661&dopt=Abstract

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The role of technetium-99m-HMPAO-labeled WBC scintigraphy in the diagnosis of orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Sayit E, Soylev M, Capa G, Durak I, Ada E, Yilmaz M, Durak H. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 2001 February; 15(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11355780&dopt=Abstract

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Thigh cellulitis caused by toothpick ingestion. Author(s): Leelouche N, Ayoub N, Bruneel F, Mignon F, Troche G, Boisrenault P, Bedos JP. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2003 April; 29(4): 662-3. Epub 2003 March 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649750&dopt=Abstract

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Three cases of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum associated with abscess formation and cellulitis. Author(s): Dobinsky S, Noesselt T, Rucker A, Maerker J, Mack D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 November; 18(11): 804-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10614955&dopt=Abstract

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Thumb cellulitis attributable to group G streptococcus. Author(s): Marinella MA. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996 July; 44(7): 887-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8675951&dopt=Abstract

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Tick bite-induced facial cellulitis and posterior auricular lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Augarten A, Buskin S, Lewin D, Havatinsky O, Laufer J. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 1999 October; 1(2): 120-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731311&dopt=Abstract

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Tuberculous cellulitis in a child demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Rosenfeldt V, Jensen KE, Valerius NH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999; 31(4): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528886&dopt=Abstract

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Tuberculous cellulitis. Author(s): Lee NH, Choi EH, Lee WS, Ahn SK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 May; 25(3): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10844501&dopt=Abstract

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Two cases of bullous eosinophilic cellulitis. Author(s): Ling TC, Antony F, Holden CA, Al-Dawoud A, Coulson IH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 January; 146(1): 160-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841390&dopt=Abstract

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Two cases of malignant lymphoma complicated by hemophagocytosis resembling orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Nakajima A, Abe T, Takagi T, Satoh N, Sakuragi S, Miura I, Wakui H, Oshima A, Horiuchi T, Ono S, Miura AB. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 May-June; 41(3): 186-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9243316&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding and managing cellulitis. Author(s): Baxter H, McGregor F. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2001 July 18-24; 15(44): 50-2, 54-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212001&dopt=Abstract

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Undiagnosed sinusitis leading to orbital cellulitis. Author(s): Bhargava D, Sankhla D, Chand P. Source: Hosp Med. 2002 January; 63(1): 50-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828820&dopt=Abstract

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Unilateral Blastomyces dermatitidis endophthalmitis and orbital cellulitis. A case report and literature review. Author(s): Li S, Perlman JI, Edward DP, Weiss R. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 105(8): 1466-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709759&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual case of Aeromonas sobria cellulitis associated with the use of leeches. Author(s): Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Legre R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 January; 18(1): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192721&dopt=Abstract

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Upper limb Escherichia coli cellulitis in the immunocompromised. Author(s): Brzozowski D, Ross DC. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1997 October; 22(5): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9752934&dopt=Abstract

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Use of an 800-nm pulsed-diode laser in the treatment of recalcitrant dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. Author(s): Boyd AS, Binhlam JQ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 October; 138(10): 1291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374532&dopt=Abstract

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Value of fine-needle aspiration in infectious cellulitis. Author(s): Lebre C, Girard-Pipau F, Roujeau JC, Revuz J, Saiag P, Chosidow O. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 July; 132(7): 842-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8678588&dopt=Abstract

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Vancomycin-resistant Aureobacterium species cellulitis and bacteremia in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Nolte FS, Arnold KE, Sweat H, Winton EF, Funke G. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 August; 34(8): 1992-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818896&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella complicated by group A streptococcal facial cellulitis. Author(s): Santos-Juanes J, Medina A, Concha A, Galache C, Sanchez del Rio J, Rey C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 November; 45(5): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11606933&dopt=Abstract

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Vibrio cholerae non-O1 facial cellulitis in a North Queensland, Australian child. Author(s): Norton R, Vucak M, Stalewski H. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 May; 20(5): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368121&dopt=Abstract

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Vulvar lymphangiectasia due to recurrent cellulitis. Author(s): Buckley DA, Barnes L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 May; 21(3): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8914364&dopt=Abstract

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Wells' syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis): correlation between clinical activity, eosinophil levels, eosinophil cation protein and interleukin-5. Author(s): Espana A, Sanz ML, Sola J, Gil P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 January; 140(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215782&dopt=Abstract

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Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin and lower extremity cellulitis. Author(s): Mitchell PA, Pons PT. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 May; 20(4): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348817&dopt=Abstract

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Zygomycotic gangrenous cellulitis in a patient with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Zimhony O, Israeli E, Malnick SD, Pansky A, Cohen P, Geltner D. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1998 March; 168(3): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549426&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CELLULITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cellulitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cellulitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cellulitis” (or a synonym): •

Dietary zinc complexes and vitamin E for reducing cellulitis incidence in broilers. Source: Downs, K.M. Hess, J.B. Macklin, K.S. Norton, R.A. J-appl-poult-res. Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-. Fall 2000. volume 9 (3) page 319-323. 1056-6171

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Dissecting cellulitis in a white male: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA. Source: Stites, P C Boyd, A S Cutis. 2001 January; 67(1): 37-40 0011-4162

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Eosinophilic cellulitis (Well's syndrome): a new case description. Author(s): Clinica Dermatologica Universita di Cagliari, Italy. Source: Ferreli, C Pinna, A L Atzori, L Aste, N J-Eur-Acad-Dermatol-Venereol. 1999 July; 13(1): 41-5 0926-9959

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Extraction and analysis of cosmetic active ingredients from an anti-cellulitis transdermal delivery system by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Mavi Sud, Research & Development Laboratories, Aprilia, Italy. Source: Morganti, P Fionda, A Elia, U Tiberi, L J-Chromatogr-Sci. 1999 February; 37(2): 51-5 0021-9665

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Facial cellulitis during oral isotretinoin treatment for acne. Author(s): Skin Hospital, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. Source: Boffa, M J Dave, V K J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1994 November; 31(5 Pt 1): 800-2 0190-9622

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Farm management risk factors associated with cellulitis in broiler chickens in southern Ontario. Source: Elfadil, A.A. Vaillancourt, J.P. Meek, A.H. Avian-dis. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists Inc. July/Sept 1996. volume 40 (3) page 699706. 0005-2086

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Follicular occlusion triad: hidradenitis suppurativa, acne conglobata, and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. Source: Chicarilli, Z N Ann-Plast-Surg. 1987 March; 18(3): 230-7 0148-7043

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Haemorrhagic cellulitis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark. Source: Danielsen, L Balslev, E Thomsen, H K J-Wound-Care. 1999 March; 8(3): 108-9 0969-0700

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Isolation of group A streptococci from children with perianal cellulitis and from their siblings. Author(s): Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, TelHashomer, Israel. [email protected] Source: Barzilai, A Choen, H A Pediatr-Infect-Dis-J. 1998 April; 17(4): 358-60 0891-3668

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Juvenile cellulitis in dogs: 15 cases (1979-1988). Author(s): Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523. Source: White, S D Rosychuk, R A Stewart, L J Cape, L Hughes, B J J-Am-Vet-MedAssoc. 1989 December 1; 195(11): 1609-11 0003-1488

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Sweet's syndrome in acute myelogenous leukemia presenting as periorbital cellulitis with an infiltrate of leukemic cells. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, KY, USA.

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Source: Morgan, K W Callen, J P J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 2001 October; 45(4): 590-5 01909622 •

The effect of vitamin E on cellulitis in broiler chickens experiencing scratches in a challenge model. Source: Macklin, K.S. Norton, R.A. Hess, J.B. Bilgili, S.F. Avian-dis. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists Inc. July/Sept 2000. volume 44 (3) page 701705. 0005-2086

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cellulitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cellulitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cellulitis: •

A multicenter review of the treatment of major truncal necrotizing infections with and without hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Brown DR, Davis NL, Lepawsky M, Cunningham J, Kortbeek J. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1994 May; 167(5): 485-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8185032&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topical retinol in the treatment of cellulite. Author(s): Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE, Henry F, Vroome V, Cauwenbergh G. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2000 November-December; 1(6): 36974. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702613&dopt=Abstract

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Amputation of the lower limb in Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra. Author(s): Naaeder SB.

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Source: West Afr J Med. 1993 January-March; 12(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8512877&dopt=Abstract •

An unusual case of diabetic cellulitis due to Pasturella multocida. Author(s): Yu GV, Boike AM, Hladik JR. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1995 January-February; 34(1): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7780401&dopt=Abstract

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Avoiding hospitalizations for cellulitis. Author(s): Sherman FT. Source: Geriatrics. 2001 August; 56(8): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505858&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: scrotal cellulitis secondary to hot tub exposure. Author(s): Forrest JB, Drake MA. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1996 November; 89(11): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8972171&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis and septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila acquired at home. Author(s): Grobusch MP, Gobels K, Teichmann D. Source: Infection. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339474&dopt=Abstract

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Cellulitis owing to Aeromonas hydrophilia: treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Mathur MN, Patrick WG, Unsworth IP, Bennett FM. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1995 May; 65(5): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7741686&dopt=Abstract

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Extraction and analysis of cosmetic active ingredients from an anti-cellulitis transdermal delivery system by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Morganti P, Fionda A, Elia U, Tiberi L. Source: Journal of Chromatographic Science. 1999 February; 37(2): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065405&dopt=Abstract

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Otitis externa and facial cellulitis from Oriental ear cleaners. Author(s): Berry RG, Collymore VA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 May; 158(5): 536. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8342282&dopt=Abstract

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Pasteurella multocida wound infection and cellulitis. Author(s): Brue C, Chosidow O.

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Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 July; 33(7): 471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7928028&dopt=Abstract •

Taxol-induced cellulitis after extravasation: a rarely reported event. Author(s): Stein ME, Drumea K, Abu-Rasmi R, Haim N. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1997 October; 20(5): 540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9345346&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cellulitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Chinese Medicine Baniangen Alternative names: Isatis Root; Radix Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daqingye Alternative names: Dyers Woad Leaf; Folium Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ermiao Wan Alternative names: Ermiao Pills; Ermiao Wan (Er Miao Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Jinyinhua Alternative names: Honeysuckle Flower; Flos Lonicerae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianqiao Alternative names: Weeping Forsythia Capsule; Fructus Forsythiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liaodaqingye Alternative names: Indigoplant Leaf; Folium Polygoni Tinctorii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Machixian Alternative names: Purslane Herb; Herba Portulacae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nambaniangan Alternative names: Baphicacanthus Root; Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niubangzi Alternative names: Great Burdock Achene; Fructus Arctii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuanmingfen Alternative names: Exsiccated Sodium Sulfate; Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zihuadiding Alternative names: Tokyo Violet Herb; Herba Violae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Herbs and Supplements Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Limetree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linden Alternative names: Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos, Limetree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tilia Cordata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tilia Platyphyllos Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CELLULITIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to cellulitis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “cellulitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cellulitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Cellulitis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to cellulitis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

An Economic Evaluation of Hospital-based and Home-based Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy for Individuals with Cellulitis by Milkovich, Natalie Christine; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ68873

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Cellulitis in the Emergency Department: Developing and Testing Objective Outcome Measures by Murray, Heather Elizabeth; Msc from University of Ottawa (canada), 2002, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ72783

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Influence of the Chicken Major Histocompatibility Complex on the Development of Escherichia Coli Derived Cellulitis by Macklin, Kenneth Steven; Phd from Auburn University, 2003, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081589

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CELLULITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning cellulitis.

Recent Trials on Cellulitis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to cellulitis.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Phase 2 Trial of TD 6424 Versus Standard Therapy for Complicated Gram Positive Skin and Skin Structure Infections Condition(s): Infections, Gram-Positive Bacterial; Abscess; Burns; Cellulitis; Ulcer; Wound Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Theravance Purpose - Excerpt: Serious infections caused by resistant bacteria are becoming more of a medical problem throughout the world. One of the ways to deal with this problem is to develop new drugs that can control these bacteria. This study will measure how well TD-6424 can control infections and whether this drug can be safely given to patients. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061633

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “cellulitis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CELLULITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cellulitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cellulitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cellulitis By performing a patent search focusing on cellulitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cellulitis: •

Bactericidal throat gun Inventor(s): Ceravolo; Frank J. (2877 NE. 29th St., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33306) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,292,346 Date filed: February 20, 1992 Abstract: A bactericidal ultraviolet light radiating device for treatment of mucosal or dermal tissues, having an ultraviolet light source, an optical light-directing lens optically coupled to the ultraviolet light source for directing the ultraviolet light to the mucosal or dermal tissues, an electric power supply connected to the ultraviolet light source for supplying electric power for the ultraviolet light source and a medication dispensor coupled to the ultraviolet light source for applying a medication to the mucosal or dermal tissues. The device is primarily intended for oral (pharynx, gums, etc.) therapeutic radiation application as well as for all body cavities (nasal, ear, etc.) and for dermal pathology (ulcers, cellulitis, etc.). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a bactericidal throat gun for applying ultraviolet light radiation to mucosal or dermal tissue, either alone or combined with the application of a bactericidal agent to the tissue. It is well known that ultra-violet light has bactericidal effect. Earlier inventions have disclosed forms of ultraviolet light generators that can be used to direct ultraviolet ("UV") light to certain infected body areas. U.S. Pat. No. 2,439,787 shows an example of such an ultraviolet ray generator. U.S. Pat. No. 1,735,215 shows a curative ray generator that operates to irradiate body parts with ultraviolet light generated by a carbon arc. Ultraviolet radiation alone is often not adequate to treat deeper seated bacterial infections, and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light can be detrimental to human tissues. It is therefore of great advantage to combine ultraviolet radiation therapy with complementary bactericidal therapy, e.g. in the form of topical treatment with suitable medications such as antibiotic, antiseptic, anesthetic and/or soothing liquids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05292346__

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Cosmetic compositions having a slimming action Inventor(s): Bouillon; Claude (Eaubonne, FR), Darmenton; Patrick (Villejuif, FR), Koulbanis; Constantin (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 4,288,433 Date filed: September 24, 1979 Abstract: The invention provides compositions which have a slimming and anticellulitis action when applied to the body, topically with massage or using transcutaneous electrophoresis. The compositions contain, in combination, a thioether and a xanthine derivative. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cosmetic composition for the skin and especially a composition having a slimming and anti-cellulitis action. It will be recalled

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that cellulitis is the local accumulation of fat and water which are confined in a matrix of more or less impervious cells. This matrix is made up of constituents of the basic matter and more especially proteoglycanes which are polymeric substances. In order to release the fat and the water bonded to the polymeric substances which are responsible for the formation of the rolls of fat found on certain persons, it has been proposed to apply to the affected regions compositions based on enzymes which are capable of depolymerising the proteoglycanes. As the polymeric substances are mucopolysaccharides, these enzymes are therefore mucopolysaccharidases, more particularly hyaluronidase, thiomucase and.alpha.-mucase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04288433__ •

Cosmetic or dermatological composition, containing kola extracts and method for treatment of cellulitis Inventor(s): Andre; Patrice (Neuville Aux Bois, FR), Dominice; Jocelyne (Olivet, FR), Perrier; Pierre (Orleans, FR), Redziniak; Gerard (St Cyr En Val, FR) Assignee(s): Parfums Christian Dior (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,165,935 Date filed: September 13, 1991 Abstract: A cosmetic or dermatological composition comprising an extract of kola seeds substantially free of methylxanthine. Other embodiments include a composition comprising liposomes or hydrated lipidic lamellar phases containing an extract of kola seeds having a methylxanthine content or containing an extract of kola seeds substantially free of methylxanthine. Methods for treating cellulitis deposits present on body parts by application of the compositions of the present invention are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates essentially to a cosmetic or dermatological composition, in particular with slimming or anti-cellulitic action, containing kola extracts in free or liposomal form. Quite an important number of cosmetic preparations for slenderizing certain superficial parts of the human body already exist on the market. They often contain products of natural origin, in particular vegetable origin, such as creeping ivy, caffeine, horse chestnut extracts, etc. The literature also gives a large number of slimming formulas, from which can be cited by way of examples, U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,359 to Greenway III et al., which proposes the use as active principle, of adrenergic beta-stimulants, preferably theophylline, isoproterenol, forskoline and epinephrine. Also before that, the U.S. Pat. No. 4,288,433 to Koulbanis et al., had recommended the use of methylxanthines, in particular caffeine, in the preparation of slimming products for localized application on the zones to be treated. Yet up to now, none of the formulations put on the market for body slimming have been found truly efficient. This is the reason why it has quite often been recommended to use said formulations in combination with a slimming "program" or diet. This is particularly the case with U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,359, so that it is never absolutely certain, when slimming results are observed, whether these are due to the slimming program or diet, or to the slimming formulation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05165935__

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Formulations containing esculoside and the use thereof in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields Inventor(s): Bombardelli; Ezio (Milan, IT), Cristoni; Aldo (Milan, IT), Morazzoni; Paolo (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Indena S.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,679,358 Date filed: July 6, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of esculoside alone or in combination with adenylate cyclase stimulators, such as forskolin or Salvia miltiorrhiza diterpenes and/or with phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such as apigenine-skeleton dimeric flavones, in topical formulations for the treatment of peripheral vasculopathies related to an impaired peripheral microcirculation, cellulitis or unesthetisms connected with a deposit of superfluous fat. For the reduction of the deposits of superfluous fat of any origin, the above mentioned products are advantageously also combined with caffeine, theophylline and derivatives thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to formulations containing esculoside alone or in combination with adenylate cyclase stimulators, such as forskolin or Salvia miltiorrhiza direrpenes and/or phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as apigenin-skeleton dimeric flavones, for the topical use in the treatment of peripheral vasculopathies related to an impaired peripheral microcirculation; Moreover, the invention relates to the use of esculoside alone or in combination with the cited adenylate cyclase stimulators and/or with the cited phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of cellulitis or unesthetisms connected with the deposit of superfluous fat. For the latter aspect, the above mentioned products can be mixed with caffeine, theophylline, pentoxifylline. The invention also relates to the use of esculoside alone or in combination with adenylate cyclase stimulators, such as forskolin or Salvia miltiorrhiza direrpenes and/or phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as apigenin-skeleton dimeric flavones for the preparation of the above cited formulations. A variety of conditions related to impaired peripheral microcirculation and chronic venous deficiency, including cellulitis, cellulitis like derm-hypoderm panniculopathies and stretch marks, deposits of superfluous fat, such as unesthetisms following a forced diet, Raynaud's disease, acrocyanosis, and cold induced vasospasm, have long resisted treatment. All of these conditions would respond favorably to an increase in blood flow. Therefore, a need exists for a treatment that will provide increased arterial blood flow and capillary density to improve district microcirculation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05679358__

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Heterogeneous topical compositions having a base of microgranules of caffeine and/or its derivatives, which can be used as slenderizer and/or in the treatment of cellulitis, as well as their preparation Inventor(s): Cousse; Henri (Castres, FR), Mouzin; Gilbert (Toulouse, FR), Trebosc; Marie-Therese (Castres, FR) Assignee(s): Pierre Fabre Cosmetique (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 4,938,962 Date filed: December 7, 1988

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Abstract: The present invention relates to a heterogeneous topical composition comprising microgranules or microparticles of a topically-acceptable caffeine metal carboxylate in a hydroalcoholic gel, as well as its preparation and use. The composition, which can be used as slenderizer and/or in the treatment of cellulitis, comprises a long acting topically-acceptable caffeine metal carboxylate as the active principle, which is present in the form of heterogeneously-distributed microgranules or microparticles, having a diameter of about 0.2 to 2 millimeters, suspended in a hydroalcoholic gel in which they are insoluble, advantageously together with Vitamin E or a derivative thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention, which originates from the PIERRE FABRE Dermatological and Cosmetological Center, relates to new cosmetic formulations in which the active principle or principles are present in heterogeneous suspension within a hydroalcoholic gel in the form of microgranules or microparticles. The active principle consists essentially of a long-acting caffeine metal carboxylate, advantageously in combination with Vitamin E or a derivative thereof. According to the state of the prior art, slenderizing preparations consisted of hydroalcoholic translucent gels of homogeneous appearance. In accordance with the present invention, the entirely new and long-acting active principle is visualized, i.e., appears, in the slenderizing composition in the form of heterogeneously-distributed microgranules or microparticles which are totally insoluble or at best relatively insoluble, i.e., poorly soluble, in the hydroalcoholic gel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04938962__ •

Method for combatting cellulitis or reducing localized fatty excesses Inventor(s): Soudant; Etienne (Fresnes, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,658,576 Date filed: September 16, 1994 Abstract: A method for combatting cellulitis or reducing localized fatty excesses involves administering a body slimming amount of a composition which contains, as the sole slimming agent, an.alpha.-tocopherol, benzyl, xanthinol or hexyl nicotinate, or.alpha.-tocopherol acetate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for combatting cellulitis or reducing localized fatty excesses which comprises administering to a person having cellulitis or localized fatty excesses a body slimming amount of a composition containing, as the sole body slimming agent, at least one of.alpha.-tocopherol nicotinate, benzyl nicotinate, xanthinol nicotinate, hexyl nicotinate and.alpha.-tocopherol acetate, or a mixture thereof, said composition being free of any other lipolytic substance having caffeine-like activity. More particularly, the present invention improves the esthetic appearance of a person through the slimming action of the above defined composition. As is now well known, cellulitis is constituted by a local accumulation-of fat and water trapped in a matrix having more or less tight compartments. This matrix is constituted of elements of a fundamental substance and more especially by proteoglycanes which are polymeric substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05658576__

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Novel medicinal composition, especially for the treatment of cellulitis Inventor(s): Holzmann; David (25, Boulevard Lannes, 75016 Paris, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,191,748 Date filed: January 24, 1978 Abstract: The composition results essentially from the combination of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and a fluorinated compound. Preferably it comprises theophylline, thiomucase or hyaluronidase, and sodium fluoride, in dosage unit form for topical, injection or ionization local administration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel composition which can be applied in the medical and esthetic fields. Said composition has particular utility for the treatment of cellulitis. It has already been suggested to resort to the remarkable properties of the compound named cyclic AMP. It will be recalled that cyclic AMP, also called 3',5' AMPc, or cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphoric acid, results from the association of adenine, of ribose and of a phosphoric acid molecule. Cyclic AMP is formed from adenosine triphosphoric acid ATP. This synthesis is carried out by means of an enzymatic system existing in the cellular membrane, that of adenylcyclase, of which the most efficient stimulants are the hormones. Cyclic AMP is present in all the cells. The degradation of cyclic AMP takes place in the cell under the effect of a phosphodiesterase, which converts it into inactive 5', AMP with the opening of the ring. The phosphodiesterase is inhibited especially by xanthic bases, such as theophylline and caffeine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04191748__

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Slenderizing and anti-cellulitis cosmetic composition based on an extract of a plant containing saponins, an extract of Arnica Montana L and a kola nut extract, and to a process for using the saMen Inventor(s): Aubert; Lucien P. (Cap D'Ail, FR), Marissal; Jeanine (Monte Carlo, MC) Assignee(s): Societe Anonyme dite: BIOTHERM (Monaco, MC) Patent Number: 4,684,522 Date filed: March 14, 1985 Abstract: A cosmetic composition for application to the skin, having slenderizing and anti-cellulitis activity contains (i) an effective amount of a plant extract containing saponins, said extract being selected from the group consisting of Hedera haelix L extract, Ruscus aculeatus L extract and Aesculus hipocastanus L extract, said extract containing 30 to 100 percent saponins, (ii) an effective amount of an extract of Arnica Montana L, said extract being provided in the form of a tincture or a glycol extract, and (iii) an effective amount of kola nut extract, said extract containing caffeine in an amount ranging from 1.25 to 10 weight percent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cosmetic composition for application to the skin and, more particularly, to a composition possessing slenderizing and anti-cellulitis properties, as well as to a process for using said composition. Such a treatment, involving at least a daily massage over several weeks, is particularly tedious and costly, taking into account the nature of the active principles employed. Indeed, women,after noticing only a small improvement after 2 to 3 weeks have a tendency to interrupt or

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space out the treatments which definitely influences and prolongs by as much the duration of the treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04684522__ •

Slimming composition based on Ginkgo biloba as an alpha-2-blocker Inventor(s): Nadaud; Jean-Francois (Paris, FR), Soudant; Etienne (Fresnes, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,194,259 Date filed: November 27, 1991 Abstract: A cosmetic slimming composition for topical application to the skin contains in combination Ginkgo biloba as an alpha-2-blocker and at least one other alpha-2blocker. This anti-cellulitis composition is capable of checking or stopping local fat accumulation and improving the esthetic appearance of the skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of ginkgo biloba as an alpha-2blocker in combination with at least one other alpha-2-blocker in the preparation of a slimming composition intended for topical application as well as to such compositions. It is known that the swelling of sub-cutaneous conjunctive tissue called cellulitis gives to the skin a "quilted" appearance. Cellulitis is constituted by the local accumulation of fat and water trapped in a gangue having more or less tight compartments. Topical application of an anti-cellulitis agent is capable of checking local fat accumulation by a lipolytic action thereby improving the esthetic appearance of the skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05194259__

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Slimming cosmetic composition containing a Chrysanthellum indicum extract Inventor(s): Fritsch; Marie-Claire (Paris, FR), Vacher; Anne-Marie (Le Chesnay, FR) Assignee(s): Lanatech Laboratoire Nature et Technique (FR) Patent Number: 6,001,366 Date filed: August 20, 1998 Abstract: The invention concerns a slimming composition containing an chrysanthellum indicum extract with low concentration comprising 0.0001% to 0.1% of Chrysanthellum indicum dry extract equivalent. This composition is useful for the preventive and/or curative treatment of cellulitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cosmetic slimming composition which can be administered via the external topical route and which can be used in particular, but not exclusively, for the preventive and/or curative treatment of cellulite. In general, it is known that in women, the fatty tissue located in the hypodermis represents 15 to 20% of the body weight. It is unevenly distributed on the hips, the buttocks and the abdomen in particular. The hypodermis is hydrolipidic: 85% fatty substances and 15% water (2/3 of which is extracellular). This "fatty cushion" consists of lipid cells, the adipocytes. These large vacuolized cells almost entirely filled with triglycerides, the adipocytes, are regrouped in lobules delimited by connectivovascular partitions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001366__

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Therapeutic exercise chamber with controlled ozonated environment Inventor(s): Todeschini; Carlo (Via per Maggiana, 11 - 22054 Mandello Del Lario - Como, IT), Togni; Gabriella (Via C. Battisti, 11 - 22066 Mariano Comense - Como, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,188,099 Date filed: June 13, 1990 Abstract: An apparatus for practicing gymnastics, which imparts to a user an enhanced slimming effect with special regard to reducing cellulitis, comprises a base on which a gymnastic implement is arranged, a rigid hood mounted on the base, a means of delivering an ozonized flow of heated air under the hood, and a humidifier device. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for practicing gymnastics under a controlled atmosphere, being of a type which comprises a base, a hood associated with the base, having an opening of a selected size, and defining an enclosure in cooperation with the base, a gymnastic implement placed within said enclosure, and a delivery means of delivering a heated air flow into said enclosure. As is known, growing acceptance is met at gymnasia and aesthetic centers for the care of the body by apparatus of the kind specified above, which enable the beneficial effects of gymnastics to be combined with those to be derived from application of heat. The problem that underlies this invention is to provide an apparatus as above which has such construction and performance characteristics as to provide improved slimming effect especially as regards reduction of cellulitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05188099__

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Topical slenderizing formulation containing cafeine carboxylic acid derivatives neutralized by organic bases, preparation thereof, and their use in the treatment of cellulite Inventor(s): Cousse; Henri (Castres, FR), Mouzin; Gilbert (Toulouse, FR), Trebosc; Marie-Therese (Castres, FR) Assignee(s): Pierre Fabre S.A. (Castres, Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 5,030,451 Date filed: November 29, 1989 Abstract: The present invention relates to topical compositions containing caffeine carboxylates with organic bases, which are useful as slenderizing agents and in the treatment of cellulitis, as well as their preparation.The heterogeneous topical compositions of the invention contain, as active principle, a caffeine carboxylic acid which has been salified with a cosmetologically-acceptable organic base, the active principle preferably being present in the form of microparticles or microgranules suspended in a hydroalcoholic gel. Excerpt(s): The present invention, which originates from the PIERRE FABRE Dermatological and Cosmetological Center, relates to new cosmetic formulations, in which a novel slenderizing active principle is present in solution or in a heterogeneous suspension within a hydroalcoholic gel in the form of microgranules or microparticles, which are useful in the treatment of cellulite. The active principle of the present invention consists essentially of an organic salt of caffeine carboxylic acid, advantageously in combination with Vitamin E or caffeine or a derivative of either or

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both of said compounds. The active principles employed according to the present invention have been subjected to pharmacokinetic tests using caffeine carboxylic acid labelled with carbon 14. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05030451__ •

Use of aryloxycarboxylic acid derivatives against dermatological diseases Inventor(s): Gligora; Mario (A. Kovacica 22a, 5100 Rijeka, YU), Ilg; Laszlo (Zermatter Strasse 29, 2800 Bremen 41, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,871,752 Date filed: June 30, 1987 Abstract: The use of aryloxycarboxylic acid derivatives for the production of a medicament against dermatological diseases especially for combatting ulcus cruris, striae distense atrophicae, cellulitis, collagenoses (lupus erythematosus, sclerodermia, dermatomyositis etc.), REM-syndrome (reticular erythematus-syndrome), alopecia mucinosa, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, paniculitis nodosa, folliculitis decalvans, psoriasis vulgaris, elastosis senilis, disorders and diseases of elastic fibers, and mesenchymal tumors, collagenous and vascular diseases of the kidneys, liver and lungs, muscle diseases, mesenchymal tumors, burns, cicatrix, lichen sclerosus and atrophicans, anetodermiae (atrophiae cutis), immunological diseases, etc. and as an antagonist against corticosteroids is described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of aryloxycarboxylic acid derivatives for the production of a medicament against dermatological diseases, especially for combatting striae distense atrophicae, ulcus cruris, cellulitis, REM-syndrome (reticular erythematos-syndrome), alopecia mucinosa, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, paniculitis nodosa, folliculitis decalvans, psoriasis vulgaris, and mesenchymal tumours, cicatrix, immunological diseases and as an antagonist for corticosteroids. In DE-OS 36 06 041 the use of aryloxycarboxylic acid derivatives for controlling effluvium oleosum capilicium, i.e. hair loss due to excessive fat at the point of attachment of the hair, is described. Here, the drug is worked directly onto the lipocytes or matrix and bulb of the hair without thus causing damaging side effects. Fat synthesis occurs in the lipocytes. Groups of lipocytes form "nodules" (globuli). The nodules are surrounded with collagen and reticular fibres. This capillary system serves to transfer the fat from the cells to the blood. Numerous lipogenic and lipobiotic factors have an influence on the lipocytes in the subcutis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04871752__

Patent Applications on Cellulitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cellulitis: 10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Cosmetics containing isoflavone aglycones Inventor(s): Hanay, Christiane; (Aarau, CH), Muggli, Reto; (Olten, CH), Schmid, Daniel; (Brugg, CH), Zulli, Fred; (Kuttigen, CH) Correspondence: Paul J. Maginot; Maginot, Moore & Bowman; Bank One Center/tower; 111 Monument Circle, Suite 3000; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5115; US Patent Application Number: 20020160064 Date filed: February 22, 2002 Abstract: Cosmetics comprising at least one isoflavone aglycone, particularly genistein and/or daidzein, in a biologically active form as active component which is incorporated into liposomes are effective in the treatment of cellulitis, in the treatment of female or male skin after the climacteric, particularly of female skin after the menopause, for increasing the size and firmness of female breasts, and for whitening the skin. Preferably, said isoflavone aglycones incorporated into liposomes are combined with algal extract. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with cosmetics containing at least one isoflavone aglycone in a biological active form as active component. As is well known, human skin consists of two layers, i.e. of the outer thinner epidermis and the underlying thicker dermis. The epidermis comprises as main cell type keratinocytes which are cornified in the outermost zone, thus protecting the skin against drying and mechanical and chemical influences. The dermis is rich in structure components, such as collagen and elastin proteins as well as proteoglycans und sugar/protein complexes. These structure components are formed by fibroblast cells and confer to the skin the necessary thickness as well as elasticity. The phenomenon of skin aging manifests by the formation of wrinkles and a general weakening of the skin, as well as by a reduction of its elasticity and firmness. On one hand, skin aging is a time depending process which however may be accelerated by external factors such as ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation produces reactive oxidizing products starting mechanisms which also are active in the time depending skin aging. These mechanisms taking place in the dermis result in a reduced creation of new structure elements and in an accelerated degradation of existing structure elements. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Skin cream stimulating the surface bloodstream Inventor(s): Passi, Siro; (Rome, IT) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030108510 Date filed: November 1, 2002 Abstract: A formulation of a skin cream based on the synergical combination of three particular active principles--escin, bufemin and rutin--whose pharmacological action stimulating the venous and arterial branchings of the peripheral bloodstream and the perivasal tissues is further increased both by the presence of antioxidants and inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase and the high concentration in soya lecithin (3%) and sebumsimilar oil (2-10 %) causing the active principles to penetrate the skin where the three active principles should perform their action. Said cream finds therapeutical application

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in the treatment of cellulitis and disorders connected to the inefficiency of the surface bloodstream, phlebopathy, phlebothrombosis, surface periphlebitis, sense of heaviness, fatigue and weariness of limbs, spasms, tumefaction and edema of inflammatory origin, ecchymosis and hematoma, and chilblains. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cosmetics and more particularly a formulation for topical administering to stimulate the surface bloodstream and to eliminate disorders connected to its inefficiency, particularly the formation of cellulitis. The disclosed formulation is based upon the synergical combination of three particular active principles, i.e. escin, bufenin, and rutin, whose pharmacological action stimulating the venous and arterial branchings of the peripheral bloodstream and the perivasal tissues is further increased both by the presence of antioxidants and inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase and high concentration in soya lecithin (3%) and sebumsimilar oil (2-10%) causing the active principles to penetrate the skin where the three active principles should perform their action. Bufenin is a peripheral vasodilator acting by a.beta.-adrenergic stimulation and having a direct action to arteriae and arteriolae of the skin and skeletal muscles. Therefore, it is particularly active in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Transport system conjugates Inventor(s): Imfeld, Dominik; (Basel, CH), Ludin, Christian; (Aesch, CH), Schreier, Thomas; (Bubendorf, CH) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20020035243 Date filed: May 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to transport system conjugates as transmembrane transport systems for topical and transdermal applications, especially in dermatology and cosmetics, and for pharmaceutically active ingredients with a systemic action. The transport system according to the invention can be used for peptide active ingredients as well as for non-peptide active ingredients, such as vitamins, hormones and antibiotics. There are numerous fields of application of the topical and transdermal use of the transport system conjugates according to the present invention, including the transport of active ingredients into and through the skin for healing wound, protecting the skin, and controlling various disorders including skin aging, inflammation, cellulitis, psoriasis, melanoma, arthritis, acne, neurodermatitis, eczema, paradontitis, burns, and so forth. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to transport system conjugates as transmembrane transport systems for topical and transdermal applications, especially in dermatology and cosmetics, and for pharmaceutical active ingredients with a systemic action. The transport system according to the invention can be used for peptide active ingredients as well as for non-peptide active ingredients, e.g. vitamins, hormones or antibiotics. There are numerous fields of application for the topical and transdermal use according to the invention, for example the transport of active ingredients into and through the skin for healing or protecting the skin, as described below. The transport of pharmaceutically and/or cosmetically useful active ingredients, for example polypeptides, through a cell membrane to the intracellular site of action in sufficient

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concentration is a critical factor in the development of a topically or transdermally active application. Thus, for example, the majority of polypeptides are large polar molecules which are poorly absorbed on oral or parenteral administration. One way around the problem is transdermal administration. The advantage here is that the skin possesses only a few proteolytic enzymes capable of hydrolysing the polypeptide. The obstacles to be overcome in the case of transdermal application consist of the natural lipid barrier of the outermost layer of skin--the corneal layer--and also the cell membranes where intracellularly active substances are involved. As lipophilicity is required to overcome lipophilic membrane barriers, the transport properties of polypeptides can be increased by a lipophilic modification, but normally this objective is not adequately achieved. It is known from J. Med. Chem. 1992, (35), pages 118-123, Pharmaceutical Research 1989, (6), pages 171-170 and European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 1999, (48), pages 21-26 that short peptides conjugated with fatty acid radicals have an increased lipophilicity and resistance to enzymatic degradation. Thus.alpha.-melanotropin conjugated with decanoic acid or hexadecanoic acid effects a certain darkening of the skin in an Eidechsen skin model. However, the activity of conjugates is on the whole unsatisfactory and the principle of conjugates, in particular, cannot be applied more widely. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Treating infections by administration of oxazolidinones Inventor(s): Ford, Charles W.; (Portage, MI), Watts, Jeffrey L.; (Kalamazoo, MI) Correspondence: Pharmacia & Upjohn; 301 Henrietta ST; 0228-32-law; Kalamazoo; MI; 49007; US Patent Application Number: 20030096850 Date filed: October 8, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of treating ear infections, soft-tissue infections, acne, or cellulitis in a mammal in need thereof comprising administration of Oxazolidinone in a pharmaceutical formulation or composition to the skin of the mammal at a site proximal to the site of the infection to deliver a pharmaceutically-effective amount of Oxazolidinone to the infection to have a concentration of the Oxazolidinone at the site of infection of about 0.5 to about 4.mu.g/ml, provided that the application for administration is not directly to the site of the infection. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/328,665 filed on Oct. 11, 2001, under 35 USC 119(e)(i), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention is a method of treating gram-positive infections by applying an Oxazolidinone to the skin of a mammal in need thereof to obtain a concentration of about 0.5 to about 4.mu.g/ml of the Oxazolidinone for about 40 to about 60% of the duration of dosage interval at the site of infection that is a site other than the site of application. Said method is particularly useful for treating infections including any one or more of the following: ear infections, soft-tissue infections, acne, or cellulites. The following US patents disclose various oxazolidinone antibiotics which are well known to those skilled in the art: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,574; 5,688,792; 5,652,238; 5,627,181; 5,565,571; 5,231,188; and 5,164,510. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cellulitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cellulitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cellulitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CELLULITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cellulitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cellulitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Cervico facial cellulitis associated with HIV-1 infection in Central Africa Author: Vuillecard, E.; Year: 1987; 1987

•

Observations on diffuse inflammation of the areolar tissue of the neck (cellulitis): importance of early, free, and deep incisions: with practical reference to the surgical anatomy of that region Author: Croly, Henry Gray.; Year: 1958; Dublin: Fannin and Co., 1873

•

On a new treatment by electricity of peri-uterine inflammation: (perimetritis, parametritis, phlegmon, cellulitis) Author: Apostoli, Georges,; Year: 1961; Paris: Imp. Jouaust et Sigaux, [1887?]

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Researches in British Guiana, 1926-1928, on the bacterial complications of filariasis and the endemic nephritis, with a chapter on epidemic abscess and cellulitis in St. Kitts, British West Indies, by A. W. Grace. and Feiga Berman Grace. Author: Grace, Arthur William.; Year: 1956; London, The London school of hygiene and tropical medicine, 1931

Chapters on Cellulitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cellulitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cellulitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cellulitis: •

Chapter 197: Soft Tissue Infections: Erysipelas, Cellulitis, and Gangrenous Cellulitis Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 2213-2231. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis, laboratory findings, course, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of soft tissue infections (STIs). Normal skin has a critical role in the defense against many pathogens. The details of the host-pathogen interaction are not well understood, but they appear to involve barrier function, bacterial factors, and host factors. STIs are characterized by an acute, diffuse, spreading, edematous, suppurative inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. Erysipelas is a distinct type of painful, bright-red, superficial cutaneous cellulitis with marked dermal lymphatic vessel involvement resulting from group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. Cellulitis involves more of the soft tissues. The tissue feels hard upon palpation and is extremely painful. Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci are the most common etiologic agents. Surgical wound infections are classified as incisional or deep. The complications of wound infection arise locally or are systemic. Gangrenous cellulitis is characterized by necrosis of the dermis, hypodermis, fascia, or muscle. Types of necrotizing fasciitis include streptococcal gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis other than streptococcal gangrene, Fournier's gangrene, and synergistic necrotizing cellulitis. Clostridial soft tissue infections are classified as anaerobic cellulitis, anaerobic myonecrosis, and spontaneous, nontraumatic anaerobic myonecrosis. Other forms of gangrenous cellulitis include progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene and gangrenous cellulitis in the immunosuppressed individual. Other infections include infections of intravascular catheters, cellulitis complicating a pressure ulcer, and cellulitis arising at sites of animal bites. Helpful laboratory investigations include smears of pus, exudate, and aspirates; hematology; cultures; skin biopsy; and imaging. The differential diagnosis of STIs includes noninfectious inflammatory disorders and other infections. Bacterial species associated with cellulitis include staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic

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streptococcus, streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae, escherichia coli, and other gram-negative bacilli. Specific pathogens are also associated with aqueous environments, soil exposure, and animal exposure. Treatment of STIs involve use of antibiotics, immobilization and elevation of the area affected by a local lesion, and surgery. 12 figures, 7 tables, and 104 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CELLULITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on cellulitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Cellulitis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in cellulitis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on cellulitis: •

Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or cellulitis? [videorecording]: clinical dilemmas in children Source: presented by the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory Medical Television Network, 1984

•

Split skin graft for lid repair following cellulitis [motion picture] Source: Alcon Laboratories, inc; Year: 1969; Format: Motion picture; Fort Worth, Tex.: Alcon Laboratories: [for loan by Conrad Berens International Eye Film Library, inc., Jersey City, 196-?]

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5944 61 43 42 2 6092

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “cellulitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cellulitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cellulitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cellulitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cellulitis”:

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•

Guides on cellulitis Cellulitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cellulitis.html

•

Other guides Blood and Blood Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodandblooddisorders.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Vaginal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to cellulitis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews What Is Cellulitis? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00450

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Skin Rashes and Other Changes: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/545.html

•

Children Cellulitis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/infection/cellulitis.html Cellulitis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/cellulitis.html

•

From the National Institutes of Health Group A Streptococcal Infections Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/strep.htm

•

Organizations National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the

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exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cellulitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Skin Problems Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), presents information about skin problems. Skin is made up of three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. A rash or abnormal appearance of the skin is called a dermatitis, which means inflammation of the skin. Appearance, duration, location, associated symptoms, and a review of related events are used to evaluate skin problems. Some of the skin problems often associated with HIV/AIDS includes a skin rash, folliculitis, boils, cellulitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, warts, molluscum contagiosum, fungal infections, and drug rashes. Doctors diagnose skin problems by considering what the lesion looks like, how fast it developed, and what other problems an individual is having. Skin problems can be treated using topical steroid or antifungal cream. HIV-positive individuals should try to prevent breaks in the skin surface where bacteria may enter, should maintain good personal hygiene, and may take medications to prevent skin problems. A table is provided that lists skin conditions, symptoms and available treatments. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Self-Care Flow Charts: Skin Rashes and Other Changes Summary: An online chart of self-care suggestions for common skin rashes and skin changes. These include contact dermatitis, seborrhea, cradle cap, hives, insect bites, and cellulitis. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4800

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cellulitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cellulitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cellulitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cellulitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.

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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cellulitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cellulitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cellulitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cellulitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on cellulitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Cellulitis Cellulitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm Erysipelas Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000618.htm Mucormycosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000649.htm Vibrio Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000303.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Cellulitis Alopecia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm

112 Cellulitis

Blistering Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm General ill feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Hair loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Irritability Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003214.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Joint stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Lethargy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Muscle aches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm

Online Glossaries 113

Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Pruritus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Pustules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003234.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin redness or inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Swollen glands Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003097.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Cellulitis ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Eosinophils Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003649.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Punch biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm

114 Cellulitis

Sedimentation rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm WBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003643.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Background Topics for Cellulitis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Cardiovascular Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002310.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Insect bites and stings Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000033.htm Macule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003229.htm Peripheral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002273.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Wounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

Online Glossaries 115

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CELLULITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Keloid: A type of acneiform disorder in which secondary pyogenic infection in and around pilosebaceous structures ends in keloidal scarring. It manifests as persistent folliculitis of the back of the neck associated with occlusion of the follicular orifices. It is most often encountered in black or Asian men. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrocyanosis: A condition marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the extremities, with persistent, uneven, mottled blue or red discoloration of the skin of the digits, wrists, and ankles and with profuse sweating and coldness of the digits. Called also Raynaud's sign. [EU] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU]

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Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenitis: Inflammation of a gland. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU]

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Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH]

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Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH]

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Antiplasmin: A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apocrine Glands: Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Ascariasis: Infection by nematodes of the genus Ascaris. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording

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entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotype: A group of individuals having the same genotype. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH]

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Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central

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nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbuncle: An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH]

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Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cecostomy: Surgical construction of an opening into the cecum with a tube through the abdominal wall (tube cecostomy) or by skin level approach, in which the cecum is sewn to the surrounding peritoneum. Its primary purpose is decompression of colonic obstruction. [NIH]

Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH]

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Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Checkup: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chilblains: Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold. It is also called pernio. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Climacteric: Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a

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sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments

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that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]

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Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie

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too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH]

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Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU]

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Ecchymosis: Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]

Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity (pulp chamber and pulp canal). [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They

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comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epiphora: Overflow of tears onto the cheek caused by excessive lacrimation, by obstruction of the lacrimal ducts, or by ectropion. [NIH] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH]

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Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]

Escin: Saponin occurring in the seed of the horse chestnut tree. Inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Eye Injuries: Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries. [NIH] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta

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hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet

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aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. [NIH] Frontal Sinus: One of the paired, but seldom symmetrical, air spaces located between the inner and outer compact layers of the frontal bone. [NIH] Frontal Sinusitis: Inflammation of the frontal sinus; in most cases the infection is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. This condition may be acute or chronic. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU]

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Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Haemophilus influenzae: A species of Haemophilus found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII. [NIH]

Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half

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of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hidradenitis: The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions. [NIH] Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident. Hormonal

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mechanisms are expected in its pathogenesis. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histidine Decarboxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to histamine and carbon dioxide. It requires pyridoxal phosphate in animal tissues, but not in microorganisms. EC 4.1.1.22. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humidifier: A machine that puts moisture in the air. [NIH] Hyaluronidase: An enzyme that splits hyaluronic acid and thus lowers the viscosity of the acid and facilitates the spreading of fluids through tissues either advantageously or disadvantageously. [NIH] Hydroalcoholic: Of or relating to water and alcohol. [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH]

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Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH]

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Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisional: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Induration: 1. The quality of being hard; the process of hardening. 2. An abnormally hard spot or place. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis.

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It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and

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heart stimulant. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU]

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Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH]

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Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Masseter Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH]

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Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration,

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pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus). [NIH] Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]

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Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neisseria: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. Some species are primary pathogens for humans. [NIH] Neisseria meningitidis: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in cerebrospinal fluid as the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (meningitis, meningococcal) as well as in venereal discharges and blood. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurodermatitis: An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal

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transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant staphylococci infections.

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[NIH]

Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panophthalmitis: Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture. [NIH]

Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Partial Thromboplastin Time: Test of the intrinsic (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and common (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) pathways of coagulation in which a mixture of plasma and phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides) is recalcified and the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands measured. Activation may be provided by contact with the glass tube or exposure to activators (e.g., ellagic acid, particulate silicates such as diatomaceous earth or kaolin) before addition of the calcium chloride. It is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural

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and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillinase: A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Periodontal Abscess: Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechia: A pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal

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or submucous haemorrhage. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pink eye: Acute contagious conjunctivitis. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins

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that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of

154 Cellulitis

health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with

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formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the

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waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of

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treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Renal Dialysis: Removal of certain elements from the blood based on the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticulate: An area of the cell wall involved in the coalescence of two vessel elements having multiple perforations that are netlike. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinal Artery Occlusion: Occlusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH]

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Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Root Canal Therapy: A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, root canal preparation is available. [NIH]

Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be

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secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]

Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by

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a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]

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Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenic Vein: Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stanozolol: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation.

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[EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptococcus pneumoniae: A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU]

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Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH]

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Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU]

Dictionary 165

Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trichophyton: A mitosporic fungal genus and an anamorphic form of Arthroderma. Various species attack the skin, nails, and hair. [NIH] Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Trismus: Spasmodic contraction of the masseter muscle resulting in forceful jaw closure. This may be seen with a variety of diseases, including tetanus, as a complication of radiation therapy, trauma, or in association with neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Tropical Medicine: The branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions. [NIH] Truncal: The bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcus cruris: Ulcer of the foot [EU] Ultraviolet radiation therapy: A form of radiation used in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uricosuric: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. An agent that promotes uricosuria. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]

166 Cellulitis

Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]

Dictionary 167

Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

169

INDEX A Abdomen, 30, 77, 117, 123, 137, 142, 144, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167 Abdominal, 14, 49, 117, 118, 125, 150, 151, 165 Abscess, 3, 8, 22, 32, 40, 41, 42, 44, 50, 52, 67, 86, 117, 151, 159 Acetylcholine, 117, 148 Acne, 8, 28, 49, 56, 81, 82, 117, 143, 157 Acne Keloid, 8, 117 Acne Vulgaris, 117, 143 Acrocyanosis, 74, 117 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 13, 50, 54, 56, 117 Acute myeloid leukemia, 117 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 117 Acute renal, 117, 138 Adaptation, 117, 126 Adenine, 76, 118 Adenitis, 34, 118 Adenosine, 76, 118, 121, 124, 152, 163 Adenylate Cyclase, 74, 118, 135 Adipocytes, 77, 118, 128 Adrenal Medulla, 118, 124, 133, 148 Adrenergic, 73, 81, 118, 121, 131, 133, 162 Adverse Effect, 118, 143, 159 Aerobic, 118, 148 Affinity, 118, 143, 160 AFP, 6, 118 Agar, 118, 152 Agonist, 118, 131 Airway, 4, 118, 123 Alertness, 118, 124 Algorithms, 118, 122 Alimentary, 118, 142, 150 Alkaline, 119, 124 Alkaloid, 119, 127, 163 Allergic Rhinitis, 119, 126 Alopecia, 7, 8, 79, 111, 119 Alpha Particles, 119, 156 Alternative medicine, 119 Amber, 119, 140 Amino Acids, 119, 151, 153, 154 Amphetamines, 119, 127 Amputation, 9, 12, 59, 119 Anaerobic, 16, 19, 32, 86, 119, 134, 137, 161 Anaesthesia, 40, 41, 119, 141 Anal, 119, 138

Analog, 119, 125, 142 Anatomical, 119, 121, 132, 140 Androgenic, 8, 119 Anemia, 119, 147 Anesthesia, 118, 119 Anesthetics, 4, 119, 133 Angina, 3, 120 Anions, 120, 142, 154 Ankle, 15, 60, 120, 166 Antagonism, 120, 124, 163 Antibacterial, 120, 154, 160, 166 Antibiotic, 6, 9, 16, 32, 34, 65, 72, 120, 123, 125, 136, 146, 149, 150, 151, 158, 160, 163 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 6, 120 Antibodies, 120, 140, 144, 153, 156 Antibody, 118, 120, 127, 140, 141, 142, 147, 156, 160, 167 Anticholinergic, 120, 126 Anticoagulant, 120, 154 Antiemetic, 120, 121, 126 Antifungal, 101, 120 Antigen, 118, 120, 127, 139, 140, 141 Antihypertensive, 120, 135 Anti-inflammatory, 120, 158 Antimetabolite, 120, 130 Antimicrobial, 21, 42, 51, 120, 125 Antineoplastic, 120, 136 Antioxidants, 80, 81, 120 Antiplasmin, 10, 121 Antipsychotic, 121, 126 Antiseptic, 72, 121 Antiviral, 121, 130 Anus, 119, 121, 123, 151 Aorta, 121, 129 Apocrine Glands, 121, 138 Aqueous, 87, 121, 122, 129, 143 Arginine, 121, 148 Arterial, 74, 80, 81, 121, 140, 154, 163 Arteries, 121, 123, 128, 146, 147 Arterioles, 121, 123, 124, 146 Arteriovenous, 121, 146 Ascariasis, 25, 121 Aseptic, 121, 149 Aspiration, 17, 36, 121, 135 Asymptomatic, 4, 121, 135 Atmospheric Pressure, 121, 139 ATP, 76, 118, 121, 131, 136, 152, 154 Atrium, 121, 122

170 Cellulitis

Auricular, 52, 122 Axillary, 20, 44, 122 B Bacteraemia, 14, 20, 46, 122 Bacteremia, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 27, 30, 31, 37, 38, 45, 48, 54, 122 Bacterial Infections, 72, 122 Bacterial Proteins, 10, 122 Bactericidal, 72, 122 Bacteriophage, 122, 152 Bacterium, 122, 138, 164 Base, 74, 78, 118, 122, 130, 143 Benign, 6, 122, 138, 148, 156, 158, 167 Bilateral, 4, 7, 122, 165 Bile, 122, 136, 144, 161 Biopsy, 8, 18, 86, 113, 114, 122, 151 Biosynthesis, 122, 135, 152, 154 Biotechnology, 12, 13, 85, 95, 122 Biotype, 31, 122 Bladder, 122, 154, 165 Blood Coagulation, 122, 124, 158, 164 Blood pressure, 120, 123, 140, 147, 151, 160 Body Fluids, 123, 131, 160, 162 Body Mass Index, 7, 123 Bone Marrow, 117, 123, 129, 144, 147, 161 Bowel, 119, 123, 131, 142, 151 Bowel Movement, 123, 131 Brachytherapy, 123, 142, 156, 167 Bradykinin, 123, 148 Branch, 109, 123, 144, 150, 157, 160, 165 Broad-spectrum, 123, 125 Bronchi, 123, 133, 142, 145, 163, 164 Bronchial, 123, 139, 163 Bronchodilator, 123, 142 Bronchus, 26, 123 Buccal, 123, 144 Bullous, 7, 19, 52, 123 Burns, 24, 67, 79, 81, 123 Burns, Electric, 123 Bypass, 36, 45, 123, 163 C Caffeine, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 123 Calcium, 11, 124, 127, 150, 155 Calcium Chloride, 124, 150 Capillary, 28, 74, 79, 123, 124, 158, 166 Capillary Fragility, 124, 158 Carbohydrates, 124, 125 Carbon Dioxide, 124, 129, 139 Carbuncle, 7, 124 Carcinogenic, 124, 154, 161 Carcinoma, 19, 29, 44, 124 Cardiac, 19, 124, 131, 133, 147, 161

Cardiotonic, 124, 131 Carotene, 124, 157 Case report, 3, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 38, 47, 50, 53, 56, 60, 124 Cataract, 40, 124 Catecholamine, 124, 131 Catheterization, 125, 142 Catheters, 86, 125, 140, 142 Caudal, 125, 153 Cecostomy, 14, 125 Cecum, 44, 125, 143 Cefazolin, 32, 40, 125 Ceftriaxone, 40, 125 Cell, 11, 29, 76, 80, 81, 118, 122, 125, 127, 129, 134, 136, 137, 140, 142, 143, 147, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 163, 164, 166, 167 Cell Division, 122, 125, 152 Cell membrane, 11, 81, 125, 152 Cell Transplantation, 125 Central Nervous System, 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 138, 149, 153, 163 Central retinal artery, 21, 125, 157 Cephalexin, 33, 125 Cephaloridine, 125 Cephalothin, 125 Cerebral, 125, 133 Cerebrospinal, 125, 144, 148, 159, 161 Cerebrospinal fluid, 125, 144, 148, 159, 161 Cervical, 4, 22, 126 Cervix, 126 Cetirizine, 26, 126 Character, 126, 130 Checkup, 4, 126 Chemotherapy, 37, 42, 51, 126, 138 Chilblains, 81, 126 Chlorpromazine, 40, 126 Cholesterol, 122, 126, 144, 161 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 28, 126 Cicatricial, 8, 16, 126, 138 Cicatrix, 79, 126 CIS, 126, 157 Clear cell carcinoma, 126, 130 Climacteric, 80, 126 Clinical trial, 9, 67, 68, 95, 126, 129, 156 Cloning, 122, 126 Clot Retraction, 126, 153 Coagulation, 122, 126, 150, 164 Coca, 127 Cocaine, 4, 38, 127 Cofactor, 127, 154, 164 Colitis, 4, 127 Collagen, 6, 79, 80, 127, 135, 153, 154, 158

Index 171

Collagen disease, 127, 158 Colloidal, 127, 132 Complement, 127, 128 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 63, 128 Complementary medicine, 59, 128 Computational Biology, 95, 128 Conception, 128, 135 Concomitant, 7, 128 Cones, 128, 157 Congestion, 121, 128, 134 Conjugated, 82, 128 Conjunctiva, 128, 141, 159 Conjunctivitis, 9, 128, 152 Connective Tissue, 6, 123, 125, 127, 128, 135, 144, 146, 147, 151, 157, 158, 163 Connective Tissue Cells, 128 Contact dermatitis, 101, 128 Continuous infusion, 51, 128 Contraindications, ii, 6, 128 Cornea, 17, 44, 128, 150, 158 Corneum, 7, 128, 133 Coronary, 18, 36, 45, 128, 129, 146, 147 Coronary Artery Bypass, 18, 129 Coronary Thrombosis, 129, 146, 147 Cortex, 129, 149, 154 Corticosteroids, 79, 129, 158 Cryptococcosis, 20, 23, 129 Curative, 72, 77, 129 Cutaneous, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 44, 50, 61, 72, 77, 86, 124, 128, 129, 144 Cyanosis, 117, 129 Cyclic, 76, 118, 124, 129, 135, 137, 148, 152, 163 Cyclosporine, 25, 129 Cytokine, 11, 129, 151 Cytoplasm, 125, 129, 133 Cytotoxic, 129, 140, 156 D Databases, Bibliographic, 95, 129 Decarboxylation, 129, 139 Decompression, 27, 125, 129 Decompression Sickness, 129 Decubitus, 6, 129 Decubitus Ulcer, 6, 129 Degenerative, 8, 130, 147 Density, 74, 123, 130, 144, 149 Dental Care, 6, 130 Dental Caries, 4, 5, 130, 135, 160 Dental Hygienists, 5, 130 Dental implant, 50, 130 Dentists, 3, 130

Deoxyglucose, 9, 130 Dermal, 23, 72, 86, 130, 147 Dermatitis, 38, 101, 130, 132 Dermatosis, 8, 130, 135 DES, 130 Diabetes Mellitus, 39, 54, 130, 137 Diabetic Foot, 10, 12, 42, 130 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 130 Diarrhea, 46, 121, 130, 134 Diarrhoea, 15, 130 Diastolic, 130, 140 Diffusion, 130, 157 Digestion, 118, 122, 123, 131, 142, 144, 162 Digestive system, 68, 131 Digestive tract, 131, 160, 161 Dihydroxy, 131, 158 Direct, iii, 4, 10, 72, 81, 131, 156 Discoid, 8, 131 Dissection, 20, 44, 131, 165 Dissociation, 118, 131, 142 Distal, 129, 131, 151, 155 Diuresis, 124, 131, 163 DNA Topoisomerase, 131, 136 Dobutamine, 23, 131 Dopamine, 121, 126, 127, 131 Dorsal, 131, 153 Duct, 38, 125, 131, 158, 162 Dura mater, 131, 145, 150 E Ecchymosis, 81, 132 Eczema, 35, 81, 132 Edema, 6, 7, 10, 81, 112, 128, 132, 134, 144, 148 Efficacy, 10, 51, 132 Elasticity, 80, 132, 160 Elastin, 80, 127, 132 Electrolyte, 132, 160 Electrons, 122, 132, 142, 150, 156 Electrophoresis, 72, 132, 140 Ellagic Acid, 132, 150 Emboli, 48, 132 Embryo, 132, 141, 153 Empiric, 22, 132 Empirical, 25, 132 Enamel, 6, 130, 132, 143 Encapsulated, 132, 144 Endemic, 86, 132, 161 Endocrine Glands, 132 Endodontics, 132, 158 Endopeptidases, 132, 154 Endophthalmitis, 14, 53, 133, 150 Endoscopy, 51, 133

172 Cellulitis

Endothelium, 133, 148, 153 Endothelium-derived, 133, 148 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 133 Enzymatic, 10, 76, 82, 124, 127, 130, 133, 139, 157 Enzyme, 118, 131, 133, 137, 139, 152, 153, 154, 155, 162, 163, 167, 168 Eosinophil, 54, 133, 141 Eosinophilia, 133, 134 Eosinophilic, 19, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 39, 46, 51, 52, 54, 56, 133, 134 Epidemic, 86, 133, 161 Epidermal, 133, 143, 145, 167 Epidermis, 80, 101, 128, 133, 139, 143, 154, 155 Epidermoid carcinoma, 133, 161 Epidural, 6, 133 Epinephrine, 73, 118, 131, 133, 142, 148 Epiphora, 27, 133 Episcleritis, 133, 158 Erysipelas, 7, 12, 13, 20, 27, 43, 47, 86, 111, 133 Erythema, 7, 112, 126, 128, 134, 166 Escherichia, 12, 27, 53, 65, 87, 134, 138 Escherichia coli, 12, 27, 53, 87, 134, 138 Escin, 80, 81, 134 Esophagus, 15, 131, 134, 145, 152, 162 Exogenous, 132, 134 Extensor, 134, 155 External-beam radiation, 134, 142, 156, 167 Extracellular, 77, 128, 134, 135, 160 Extracellular Matrix, 128, 134, 135 Extraction, 5, 6, 56, 60, 134 Extravasation, 51, 61, 132, 134, 138 Extremity, 7, 9, 18, 54, 134 Exudate, 5, 86, 134 Eye Infections, 9, 134 Eye Injuries, 9, 134 Eye socket, 134, 151 F Facial, 4, 5, 27, 28, 33, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 85, 134, 149 Faecal, 130, 134 Family Planning, 95, 134 Fasciitis, 24, 86, 134 Fat, 19, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 118, 123, 124, 130, 132, 135, 143, 144, 157, 159, 160 Fatigue, 81, 112, 135 Feces, 121, 134, 135 Fetoprotein, 118, 135 Fetus, 12, 34, 118, 135, 166

Fibrin, 121, 122, 126, 135, 150, 153, 163, 164 Fibrinogen, 10, 135, 150, 153, 163 Fibroblasts, 128, 135 Fibrosarcoma, 135 Fibrosis, 135, 138 Filariasis, 86, 135 Fine-needle aspiration, 54, 135, 148 Fistula, 49, 135 Fluorine, 9, 135 Follicles, 7, 135 Folliculitis, 7, 8, 79, 101, 117, 135 Foot Ulcer, 130, 135 Forearm, 123, 135 Forskolin, 74, 135 Fosfomycin, 12, 42, 136 Frontal Sinus, 42, 136 Frontal Sinusitis, 42, 136 Fungi, 120, 133, 134, 136, 146, 166, 168 Fungus, 129, 136, 147 G Gallbladder, 117, 131, 136 Gamma Rays, 136, 156 Gangrene, 86, 136 Gangrenous, 54, 86, 136 Gas, 124, 129, 130, 135, 136, 139, 148 Gastrointestinal, 123, 133, 136 Gels, 75, 136 Gene, 10, 11, 85, 122, 136, 144 Generator, 72, 136 Genistein, 80, 136 Genitourinary, 136, 148 Genotype, 122, 136, 152 Geriatric, 6, 136 Ginkgo biloba, 77, 137 Gland, 118, 137, 138, 144, 150, 152, 154, 159, 162, 164 Glomerulus, 137, 148 Glucose, 130, 137, 141, 156, 158 Glucose Intolerance, 130, 137 Glycoprotein, 121, 135, 137, 164 Glycoside, 137, 158 Gonadal, 137, 161 Governing Board, 137, 153 Graft, 16, 18, 137, 139 Grafting, 129, 137, 140 Gram-negative, 7, 11, 29, 43, 49, 87, 125, 134, 137, 148 Gram-positive, 7, 82, 125, 137, 161, 162 Groin, 137, 138 Growth, 120, 121, 135, 137, 145, 148, 149, 152, 157, 159, 164, 165 Guanylate Cyclase, 137, 148

Index 173

H Haemophilus, 30, 31, 87, 136, 137 Haemophilus influenzae, 31, 87, 136, 137 Hair follicles, 7, 135, 137, 161, 167 Half-Life, 125, 137 Headache, 124, 138, 141 Hematology, 46, 86, 138 Hematoma, 81, 138 Hematopoiesis, 138, 141 Hemochromatosis, 17, 138 Hemolytic, 86, 135, 138, 140, 162 Hemorrhage, 138, 162 Heparin, 138, 150 Hepatic, 29, 138 Hereditary, 138, 157 Heredity, 117, 136, 138 Herpes, 32, 101, 138 Herpes Zoster, 101, 138 Heterogenic, 138 Heterogenous, 8, 138 Hiccup, 126, 138 Hidradenitis, 39, 56, 138 Hidradenitis Suppurativa, 56, 138 Histamine, 121, 126, 139 Histidine, 80, 81, 139 Histidine Decarboxylase, 80, 81, 139 Homogeneous, 75, 139 Hormone, 129, 130, 133, 139, 141, 145, 154, 158, 164 Horny layer, 133, 139 Host, 10, 22, 86, 122, 139, 166, 167 Humidifier, 78, 139 Hyaluronidase, 73, 76, 139 Hydroalcoholic, 75, 78, 139 Hydrogen, 122, 124, 139, 146, 148, 150, 155 Hydrolysis, 139, 153, 154 Hydroxylysine, 127, 139 Hydroxyproline, 127, 139 Hyperaemia, 128, 139 Hyperbaric, 21, 59, 60, 139 Hyperbaric oxygen, 21, 59, 60, 139 Hyperpigmentation, 7, 139 Hypersensitivity, 23, 133, 139, 158 Hypertension, 7, 138, 140, 164 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 45, 140 I Id, 57, 61, 100, 102, 108, 110, 140 Idiopathic, 44, 138, 140 Ileum, 125, 140 Immune response, 32, 120, 140, 158, 166, 167 Immune system, 140, 144, 167

Immunity, 11, 12, 37, 140 Immunocompromised, 31, 53, 140 Immunodeficiency, 101, 140 Immunoelectrophoresis, 118, 121, 140 Immunologic, 140, 151, 156 Immunosuppressive, 140, 158 Immunosuppressive Agents, 140, 158 Impairment, 134, 140, 146, 154 Impetigo, 7, 10, 140 Implant radiation, 140, 142, 156, 167 Implantation, 40, 128, 140 In situ, 11, 140 In vitro, 11, 140, 158 In vivo, 11, 138, 140 Incision, 7, 141, 142 Incisional, 33, 86, 141 Incompetence, 7, 141 Indicative, 141, 150, 166 Induction, 11, 121, 141 Induration, 7, 141 Infarction, 141 Infection, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 20, 25, 26, 31, 33, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 46, 49, 60, 62, 82, 85, 86, 100, 117, 121, 124, 125, 129, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148, 151, 158, 162, 166, 167 Influenza, 30, 42, 141 Infusion, 141 Ingestion, 52, 121, 141, 153 Inlay, 141, 157 Inner ear, 125, 141, 166 Inorganic, 141, 160 Insulin, 54, 141 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 141 Intensive Care, 4, 35, 52, 141 Interleukin-5, 54, 141 Internal Medicine, 18, 31, 138, 142 Internal radiation, 142, 156, 167 Interstitial, 123, 142, 148, 167 Intestine, 123, 134, 142, 143, 162 Intracellular, 81, 124, 141, 142, 145, 148 Intramuscular, 142, 150 Intraocular, 133, 134, 136, 142 Intraocular pressure, 136, 142 Intravascular, 86, 142 Intravenous, 34, 40, 65, 141, 142, 150 Intrinsic, 118, 142, 150 Intubation, 4, 125, 142 Invasive, 10, 140, 142, 145 Ionization, 76, 142 Ionizing, 119, 142, 156 Ions, 122, 131, 132, 139, 142, 155

174 Cellulitis

Irradiation, 35, 142, 168 Irrigation, 6, 142 Ischemia, 130, 142 Isoproterenol, 73, 142 Isotretinoin, 24, 28, 56, 143 J Joint, 6, 17, 33, 112, 129, 143, 163 K Kb, 94, 143 Keratin, 143, 159 Keratinocytes, 11, 80, 143 Keratolytic, 130, 143 L Lacrimal, 133, 143 Large Intestine, 125, 131, 142, 143, 156, 160 Lens, 9, 72, 124, 143 Leprosy, 22, 135, 143 Lesion, 5, 6, 87, 101, 113, 129, 135, 143, 159, 164, 165 Lethal, 122, 143 Leucocyte, 133, 143 Leukemia, 143 Leukocytosis, 124, 143 Library Services, 108, 143 Ligament, 143, 154 Linkages, 143, 162, 163 Lip, 14, 48, 143 Lipid, 73, 77, 82, 141, 143, 144 Lipophilic, 82, 143 Lipopolysaccharide, 11, 137, 144 Lipoprotein, 137, 144 Liposomal, 73, 144 Liposomes, 73, 80, 144 Liver, 23, 49, 79, 117, 118, 122, 131, 135, 136, 138, 144 Liver cancer, 118, 144 Localized, 6, 7, 31, 73, 75, 126, 130, 132, 138, 141, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 159, 163, 165, 166 Lumbar, 34, 144, 161 Lumbar puncture, 34, 144, 161 Lupus, 8, 79, 144, 163 Lymph, 20, 44, 52, 122, 126, 133, 144, 145, 147, 162 Lymph node, 20, 44, 122, 126, 144, 145, 147 Lymphadenopathy, 52, 144 Lymphatic, 86, 133, 141, 144, 146, 161, 164 Lymphatic system, 144, 161, 164 Lymphedema, 45, 144 Lymphocyte, 8, 120, 144 Lymphocytic, 144

Lymphoid, 120, 129, 143, 144 Lymphoma, 44, 53, 144, 147 Lytic, 145, 159 M Macrolides, 7, 145 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 9, 15, 52, 145 Malignancy, 6, 145 Malignant, 53, 120, 135, 144, 145, 147, 148, 156, 158 Malignant tumor, 145, 147 Mammary, 129, 145 Mandible, 4, 145 Masseter Muscle, 145, 165 Maxillary, 4, 5, 145, 150 Mediastinitis, 3, 22, 145 Mediastinum, 145 Medical Records, 7, 145, 157 Medicament, 79, 145 MEDLINE, 95, 145 Melanocytes, 139, 145 Melanoma, 42, 81, 145 Membrane, 11, 76, 82, 119, 125, 127, 128, 134, 137, 144, 145, 147, 151, 152, 157 Membrane Proteins, 144, 145 Meninges, 125, 131, 145 Meningitis, 34, 145, 148 Menopause, 80, 145 Menstruation, 145 Mental Disorders, 69, 146, 155 Mental Retardation, 28, 146 Mesenchymal, 79, 146 Mesenteric, 146, 153 Metastasis, 29, 146 MI, 25, 44, 82, 115, 146 Microbiology, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 52, 53, 54, 117, 146 Microcirculation, 74, 146, 153 Microorganism, 127, 146, 150, 167 Micro-organism, 130, 146 Migration, 33, 146 Minocycline, 26, 146 Mitochondrial Swelling, 146, 147 Mobility, 5, 146 Mobilization, 11, 146 Modification, 82, 146 Molecular, 95, 97, 119, 121, 122, 128, 135, 138, 144, 146, 153 Molecule, 76, 120, 122, 127, 129, 131, 133, 137, 139, 146, 150, 156 Monitor, 146, 149, 150 Monoclonal, 142, 147, 156, 167

Index 175

Mononuclear, 135, 147 Morphology, 124, 138, 147 Mucociliary, 147, 160 Mucosa, 5, 144, 147 Multiple Myeloma, 48, 147 Myalgia, 141, 147 Mycosis, 29, 147 Mycosis Fungoides, 29, 147 Myelogenous, 147 Myocardial infarction, 129, 131, 146, 147 Myocardium, 146, 147 Myositis, 13, 48, 147 N Nasal Mucosa, 141, 147 Nasopharynx, 147, 148 NCI, 1, 68, 93, 126, 147 Neck Muscles, 4, 147 Necrobiosis Lipoidica, 79, 147 Necrosis, 4, 6, 8, 31, 86, 133, 135, 141, 146, 147, 150, 151 Need, 3, 6, 74, 82, 86, 103, 118, 147 Needle biopsy, 135, 148 Neisseria, 28, 39, 87, 148 Neisseria meningitidis, 28, 87, 148 Neoplasm, 148, 158, 165 Neoplastic, 144, 148, 165 Nephritis, 86, 148 Nephrosis, 148 Nephrotic, 30, 48, 148 Nephrotic Syndrome, 30, 48, 148 Nerve, 118, 119, 148, 149, 151, 158, 164, 166 Nervous System, 125, 148, 162 Neurodermatitis, 81, 148 Neurons, 127, 148 Neuropathy, 9, 148, 151 Neutrons, 119, 142, 148, 156 Nitric Oxide, 11, 148 Norepinephrine, 118, 131, 148 Nuclear, 9, 11, 29, 132, 136, 147, 149, 165 Nuclear Medicine, 9, 29, 149 Nuclei, 119, 132, 145, 148, 149, 155 Nucleus, 129, 136, 147, 148, 149, 155 O Occult, 41, 149 Opacity, 124, 130, 149 Ophthalmic, 42, 47, 149, 157 Ophthalmic Artery, 149, 157 Opsin, 149, 157 Optic Nerve, 149, 150, 157, 158 Oral Health, 149 Oral Hygiene, 5, 149

Orbit, 134, 149, 150, 151 Organ Culture, 11, 149 Oropharynx, 148, 149 Osteomyelitis, 9, 36, 89, 149 Otitis, 4, 46, 60, 149 Otitis Media, 4, 46, 149 Outpatient, 33, 149 Oxacillin, 22, 149 Oxazolidinones, 82, 150 Oxidation, 120, 150 P Pachymeningitis, 145, 150 Palate, 4, 147, 150 Palpation, 86, 150 Pancreas, 117, 131, 138, 141, 150, 161 Panophthalmitis, 24, 150 Paranasal Sinuses, 150, 160 Parasitic, 150, 165 Parenteral, 32, 82, 150 Partial Thromboplastin Time, 16, 150 Patch, 38, 132, 150, 165 Pathogen, 86, 150 Pathogenesis, 86, 139, 150 Pathologic, 122, 128, 139, 150, 155, 166 Patient Education, 9, 101, 106, 108, 115, 151 Pelvic, 151, 154 Penicillin, 12, 47, 120, 151 Penicillinase, 7, 151 Pentoxifylline, 74, 151 Peptide, 81, 132, 143, 151, 153, 154 Percutaneous, 14, 35, 151 Perianal, 34, 36, 56, 151 Pericardium, 151, 163 Perineum, 30, 151, 161 Periodontal Abscess, 5, 151 Periodontitis, 151 Periorbital, 27, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 56, 151 Peripheral blood, 80, 81, 151 Peripheral Nerves, 143, 151 Peripheral Neuropathy, 7, 9, 151 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 9, 81, 151 Peritoneum, 125, 151 Petechia, 132, 151 Pharmacokinetic, 79, 152 Pharmacologic, 119, 138, 152, 164 Pharyngitis, 10, 152, 158 Pharynx, 72, 141, 147, 149, 152, 166 Phenotype, 10, 152 Phosphodiesterase, 74, 76, 151, 152 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, 74, 152

176 Cellulitis

Phospholipids, 135, 144, 152 Phosphorus, 124, 152 Physical Examination, 5, 8, 126, 152 Physiologic, 118, 122, 126, 138, 145, 152, 156 Physiology, 117, 138, 152 Pigment, 145, 152 Pigmentation, 139, 152 Pilot study, 10, 152 Pink eye, 9, 152 Pituitary Gland, 136, 152 Plants, 119, 124, 127, 137, 147, 149, 152, 153, 158, 164 Plaque, 7, 152 Plasma, 120, 121, 125, 135, 137, 147, 150, 152, 153, 155, 159 Plasma cells, 120, 147, 153 Plasmin, 10, 121, 153 Plasminogen, 10, 121, 153, 162 Plasminogen Activators, 153 Platelet Aggregation, 136, 148, 151, 153 Platelets, 148, 153, 164 Pleural, 145, 153 Pneumonitis, 12, 19, 121, 153 Poisoning, 124, 153, 159 Pollen, 126, 153 Polypeptide, 82, 127, 135, 153, 168 Polysaccharide, 120, 153, 154 Pons, 54, 153, 157 Portal Vein, 49, 153 Posterior, 4, 52, 119, 131, 147, 150, 153, 158 Postoperative, 4, 14, 43, 153 Practice Guidelines, 96, 153 Precursor, 131, 133, 148, 153, 154, 155, 165 Prevalence, 32, 154 Prickle, 143, 154 Probenecid, 40, 154 Progesterone, 154, 161 Progressive, 8, 14, 86, 137, 147, 154, 165 Proline, 127, 139, 154 Promoter, 11, 154 Prophylaxis, 47, 130, 154, 157, 166 Prostate, 19, 154 Protease, 10, 154 Protease Inhibitors, 10, 154 Protein C, 80, 122, 143, 144, 154 Protein S, 85, 122, 154, 163 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 136, 154 Proteinuria, 147, 148, 154 Proteoglycans, 80, 154 Proteolytic, 10, 82, 127, 135, 153, 154 Prothrombin, 150, 155, 163

Protons, 119, 139, 142, 155, 156 Proximal, 82, 131, 155, 159 Pruritic, 132, 155, 164 Pruritus, 113, 148, 155 Psoriasis, 79, 81, 101, 155, 157 Psychiatric, 7, 37, 146, 155 Psychiatry, 155 Psychic, 126, 155 Psychogenic, 148, 155 Public Policy, 95, 155 Publishing, 4, 12, 155 Pulmonary, 48, 123, 133, 155 Purulent, 5, 44, 45, 117, 133, 151, 155 Pustular, 8, 117, 140, 155 Putrefaction, 136, 155 Pyogenic, 117, 134, 149, 155 Pyridoxal, 139, 155 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 139, 155 R Race, 86, 146, 155 Radiation, 18, 29, 72, 80, 134, 136, 139, 142, 155, 156, 160, 165, 167 Radiation therapy, 134, 139, 142, 156, 165, 167 Radioactive, 137, 139, 140, 142, 149, 156, 163, 165, 167 Radiography, 9, 156 Radioimmunotherapy, 156 Radiolabeled, 142, 156, 167 Radiological, 151, 156 Radiology, 9, 13, 14, 37, 149, 156 Radiopharmaceutical, 136, 156 Radiotherapy, 18, 123, 142, 156, 168 Randomized, 59, 132, 156 Reabsorption, 154, 156 Receptor, 11, 117, 120, 131, 156 Rectum, 121, 123, 131, 136, 143, 154, 156 Red blood cells, 138, 156, 158 Refer, 1, 123, 127, 136, 137, 138, 148, 156 Refraction, 156, 160 Refractory, 44, 46, 156 Regeneration, 5, 156 Regimen, 12, 132, 156 Relaxant, 136, 157 Renal Dialysis, 50, 157 Renal tubular, 154, 157 Restoration, 4, 157, 167 Reticular, 79, 157 Reticulate, 49, 157 Retina, 125, 128, 143, 149, 157, 158 Retinal, 149, 157, 167 Retinal Artery, 157

Index 177

Retinal Artery Occlusion, 157 Retinoblastoma, 37, 46, 157 Retinoids, 157 Retinol, 59, 157 Retrobulbar, 40, 157 Retrospective, 7, 157 Retrospective study, 7, 157 Rheology, 151, 157 Rheumatism, 157, 158 Rheumatoid, 24, 127, 158 Rheumatoid arthritis, 24, 127, 158 Ribose, 76, 118, 158 Risk factor, 13, 47, 56, 158 Ristocetin, 158, 166 Rod, 122, 134, 137, 158 Root Canal Therapy, 5, 6, 158 Rutin, 80, 81, 158 S Salivary, 131, 158, 162 Salivary glands, 131, 158 Sanitation, 121, 158 Saphenous, 18, 36, 45, 129, 158 Saphenous Vein, 129, 158 Saponins, 76, 158, 161 Sarcoma, 34, 135, 158 Scarlet Fever, 14, 158 Sclera, 128, 133, 150, 158 Scleritis, 35, 158 Scleroderma, 6, 134, 159 Screening, 126, 150, 159 Sebaceous, 159, 167 Sebaceous gland, 159, 167 Seborrhea, 101, 159 Sebum, 80, 81, 117, 159 Secondary tumor, 146, 159 Secretion, 117, 139, 141, 159 Semen, 154, 159 Semisynthetic, 125, 146, 159 Sensibility, 119, 159 Sepsis, 11, 14, 20, 33, 49, 159 Septal, 39, 43, 159 Septic, 17, 48, 89, 121, 159 Septicemia, 20, 25, 60, 159 Serologic, 8, 159 Serum, 125, 127, 159 Shedding, 7, 159 Shock, 20, 30, 159, 165 Shunt, 40, 159 Side effect, 79, 118, 121, 126, 159, 164 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 5, 159 Sinusitis, 16, 38, 39, 48, 53, 160 Skeletal, 44, 81, 142, 147, 160

Skeleton, 74, 143, 160 Skin Aging, 80, 81, 160 Skin graft, 50, 89, 160 Small intestine, 125, 139, 140, 142, 160 Smooth muscle, 119, 123, 124, 128, 136, 139, 160 Sneezing, 159, 160 Sodium, 62, 76, 156, 160, 162 Sodium Fluoride, 76, 160 Soft tissue, 6, 26, 86, 123, 135, 160 Somatic, 126, 151, 160, 166 Specialist, 102, 160 Specificity, 10, 118, 132, 160 Spectrum, 28, 160 Spinal cord, 125, 126, 131, 133, 145, 148, 150, 151, 160 Spinal tap, 144, 161 Spinous, 133, 143, 161 Spirochete, 161, 163 Spleen, 144, 161 Splenic Vein, 153, 161 Sporadic, 157, 161 Squamous, 26, 133, 161 Squamous cell carcinoma, 26, 133, 161 Squamous cells, 161 Stanozolol, 7, 161 Staphylococcal Infections, 51, 161 Staphylococcus, 7, 8, 18, 49, 86, 124, 140, 146, 161 Staphylococcus aureus, 8, 18, 49, 86, 124, 140, 161 Stem cell transplantation, 46, 161 Stem Cells, 161 Steroid, 30, 101, 158, 161 Stimulant, 124, 131, 139, 143, 161 Stomach, 117, 131, 134, 136, 139, 152, 160, 161, 162 Streptococcal, 10, 12, 30, 37, 47, 49, 54, 86, 100, 162 Streptococcal Infections, 11, 100, 162 Streptococci, 10, 34, 56, 86, 140, 158, 162 Streptococcus, 7, 14, 17, 18, 34, 41, 51, 52, 86, 133, 135, 136, 162 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 41, 87, 136, 162 Streptokinase, 10, 162 Stress, 124, 158, 162, 166 Stroke, 69, 94, 162 Subacute, 141, 160, 162 Subclinical, 141, 162 Subcutaneous, 7, 86, 101, 118, 124, 125, 132, 136, 150, 162

178 Cellulitis

Sublingual, 4, 162 Submandibular, 4, 162 Subspecies, 160, 162 Suppurative, 86, 125, 133, 136, 138, 150, 162 Sweat, 13, 54, 121, 138, 159, 162 Sweat Glands, 121, 159, 162 Sympathomimetic, 131, 133, 142, 149, 162 Symphysis, 154, 163 Synergistic, 50, 86, 163 Syphilis, 8, 163 Systemic, 10, 38, 43, 44, 81, 86, 121, 123, 127, 133, 141, 142, 156, 158, 159, 163, 167 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 38, 43, 127, 163 Systolic, 140, 163 T Tachycardia, 122, 131, 163 Tachypnea, 122, 163 Technetium, 51, 163 Teichoic Acids, 137, 163 Teratogenic, 143, 163 Tetanus, 163, 165 Tetracycline, 146, 163 Theophylline, 73, 74, 76, 163 Thermal, 5, 131, 148, 163 Thorax, 117, 144, 163, 166 Threshold, 140, 163 Thrombin, 135, 153, 154, 155, 163, 164 Thrombolytic, 153, 162, 163 Thrombolytic Therapy, 162, 163 Thrombomodulin, 154, 164 Thrombosis, 20, 49, 154, 162, 164 Thrombus, 129, 141, 153, 163, 164, 166 Thymus, 144, 164 Thyroid, 7, 164 Tin, 151, 164 Tinea Pedis, 33, 164 Tinnitus, 149, 164 Tonsillitis, 158, 164 Toothache, 3, 164 Topical, 7, 43, 59, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 101, 143, 164 Toxic, iv, 20, 30, 140, 148, 164, 166 Toxicology, 96, 164 Toxins, 120, 141, 156, 159, 164 Trace element, 135, 164 Trachea, 123, 145, 152, 164 Tracheostomy, 35, 164 Traction, 8, 164 Transcutaneous, 8, 164 Transdermal, 56, 60, 81, 164, 165

Transfection, 122, 165 Translocation, 11, 165 Trauma, 6, 42, 134, 138, 147, 164, 165, 167 Triad, 8, 56, 165 Trichophyton, 44, 164, 165 Trichotillomania, 8, 165 Trismus, 4, 165 Tropical Medicine, 86, 165 Truncal, 59, 165 Tryptophan, 127, 165 Tubercle, 4, 165 Tuberculosis, 144, 165 Tumour, 31, 165 U Ulcer, 6, 44, 67, 86, 125, 130, 165, 166 Ulceration, 7, 33, 129, 165 Ulcus cruris, 79, 165 Ultraviolet radiation therapy, 72, 165 Unconscious, 119, 140, 165 Uranium, 163, 165 Urethra, 154, 165 Uricosuric, 154, 165 Urinary, 125, 136, 165, 167 Urinary tract, 125, 165 Urine, 122, 125, 131, 154, 165 Urticaria, 126, 166 Uterus, 126, 145, 154, 166 Uvea, 133, 166 V Vaccination, 42, 166 Vaccines, 166, 167 Vagina, 126, 130, 145, 166 Vaginal, 35, 100, 166 Vagus Nerve, 165, 166 Vancomycin, 13, 22, 25, 54, 166 Varicella, 14, 36, 54, 166 Varicose, 35, 166 Vascular, 7, 16, 45, 79, 130, 133, 134, 141, 146, 148, 153, 164, 166 Vasculitis, 19, 166 Vasoconstriction, 131, 133, 166 Vasodilator, 81, 123, 131, 139, 166 Vein, 20, 121, 142, 149, 153, 158, 161, 166 Venereal, 148, 163, 166 Venous, 7, 74, 80, 81, 121, 154, 166 Venous Thrombosis, 7, 166 Venules, 123, 124, 146, 166 Vertigo, 149, 166 Vesicular, 138, 166 Veterinary Medicine, 56, 95, 166 Viral, 100, 141, 166, 167 Virulence, 12, 167

Index 179

Virus, 32, 101, 122, 152, 166, 167 Viscera, 147, 160, 167 Viscosity, 139, 157, 167 Visual Acuity, 158, 167 Visual field, 157, 167 Vitro, 138, 167 Vivo, 167 Vulgaris, 79, 167 W Warts, 101, 167 White blood cell, 120, 126, 144, 153, 167

Windpipe, 123, 152, 164, 167 Wound Healing, 126, 167 Wound Infection, 42, 60, 67, 86, 167 X Xanthine, 72, 167 X-ray, 114, 136, 142, 149, 156, 167 X-ray therapy, 142, 167 Y Yeasts, 136, 152, 168 Z Zymogen, 154, 168

180 Cellulitis