Cholestyramine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHOLESTYRAMINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AME...

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CHOLESTYRAMINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cholestyramine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00240-X 1. Cholestyramine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cholestyramine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHOLESTYRAMINE .................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cholestyramine ............................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHOLESTYRAMINE .......................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cholestyramine ............................................................................ 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHOLESTYRAMINE.................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CHOLESTYRAMINE ................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patents on Cholestyramine .......................................................................................................... 67 Patent Applications on Cholestyramine....................................................................................... 82 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CHOLESTYRAMINE .................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Chapters on Cholestyramine ........................................................................................................ 85 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHOLESTYRAMINE ...................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 89 Academic Periodicals covering Cholestyramine........................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 93 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 94 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113

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CHOLESTYRAMINE DICTIONARY ........................................................................................ 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 159

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cholestyramine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cholestyramine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cholestyramine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cholestyramine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cholestyramine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cholestyramine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHOLESTYRAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cholestyramine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cholestyramine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Chronic Diarrhea: Differential Diagnosis and Management Source: Consultant. 41(1): 53-57. January 2001. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. (203) 661-0600. Summary: Diarrhea that lasts longer than 4 weeks is considered chronic. This article reviews the differential diagnosis and management of patients with chronic diarrhea. Physicians are advised to first examine the patient for signs of fluid and nutritional depletion. Patients should be asked about exacerbating and alleviating factors, diet, drug use, recent travel, abdominal pain, weight loss, and stool characteristics. Blood in the diarrhea may implicate malignancy or chronic inflammatory bowel disease; food particles or oil in the stool may indicate maldigestion or malabsorption. Fecal leukocytes

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suggest inflammation, and eosinophilia is seen with neoplasms, allergy, collagen vascular diseases, parasitic infestation, and colitis. Stool analysis for fecal weight, osmotic gap, fat, occult blood, pH, and laxative abuse is often important in making the diagnosis. A 24 hour stool collection weighing less than 200 grams suggests incontinence, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or rectal disease, but not true diarrhea. Stool weight of more than 500 grams is rare with IBS; weight of less than 1,000 grams rules out pancreatic cholera syndrome. When the weight exceeds 2,000 grams per day, patients usually require intravenous fluids. Treatment options include bismuth subsalicylate, opiates, bulking agents, kaolin attapulgite, anticholinergics, and cholestyramine. 1 figure. 3 tables. 15 references. •

Practical Approach to Lipid Disorders in Diabetes Source: Practical Diabetology. 13(1): 10-11. March 1994. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: In this article, the author reviews the consensus statement arising from the 1993 American Diabetes Association's conference on the Detection and Management of Lipid Disorders in Diabetes. The author contends that reviewing this document in the context of risk-factor analysis allows physicians to determine which patients will benefit most from treatment and to implement an organized approach to this important aspect of diabetes management. Topics include populations at risk for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD); lipid recommendations; general therapeutic approaches; and lipid-lowering drug therapy, including the uses of gemfibrozil, cholestyramine, colestipol, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, nicotinic acid, and antioxidant therapies. 1 reference.

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Update on Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 14(1): 43-48. January 2000. Contact: Available from Pulsus Group, Inc. 2902 South Sheridan Way, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 7L6. Fax (905) 829-4799. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article offers an update on primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), a chronic inflammatory condition of the liver characterized by generalized pruritis (itching), enlargement and hardening of the liver, fatigue, weight loss, and diarrhea with pale, bulky stools. The diagnosis of PBC is most often made in the asymptomatic phase, sometimes before the development of abnormal liver biochemistry. The antimitochondrial antibody remains the predominant hallmark. The etiology (cause) of PBC remains elusive; studies suggest that the interlobular bile duct destruction is immune based, and associated autoimmune diseases are common. There are no markers that predict outcome in asymptomatic patients, whose chance of survival is less than that of age and sex matched populations, but much better than the median survival of eight years in patients with symptomatic PBC. Symptoms common in this disease include fatigue, pruritis, and xanthelasma (soft yellow spots or plaque occurring on the eyelids), as well as complications of portal hypertension (high blood pressure) and osteoporosis. Treatment includes symptomatic and preventive measures, as well as specific therapeutic measures. Immunosuppressive therapy has yielded disappointing results in the long term management of PBC, and the only therapy shown to improve survival in the hydrophobic dihydroxy bile acid, urosdeoxycholic acid. Treatment at a dose of 13 to 15 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day is optimal, given in separate doses or as a single dose at least 4 hours from giving the oral anion exchange

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resin cholestyramine, which may be used to control pruritis. However, liver transplantation remains the only cure for this disease. Recurrence after transplantation takes place but is rarely symptomatic and does not deter from the benefits of transplantation. 55 references. •

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 335(21): 1570-1580. November 21, 1996. Summary: This review article covers primary biliary cirrhosis, a chronic, progressive cholestatic liver disease of unknown cause that usually affects middle-aged women and eventually leads to liver failure and the need for liver transplantation. The author reports on the recent advances in the natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis in detail; in addition, the pathological features, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations are briefly covered. The author describes various drug regimens used to treat primary biliary cirrhosis, noting that there is no generally accepted treatment for the underlying disease process, but the results with ursodiol, colchicine, and methotrexate are encouraging. Glucocortoids do not appear to improve the course of the disease and may worsen osteoporosis. Azathioprine has limited efficacy and is no longer used. Penicillamine, an agent that induces cupriuria and has some antiinflammatory actions, is ineffective and presents troublesome side effects. The most common symptom that is relatively specific for primary biliary cirrhosis is pruritis (itching). Cholestyramine resin (4 g three times per day orally) will relieve pruritus in most patients. 1 figure. 153 references.

Federally Funded Research on Cholestyramine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cholestyramine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cholestyramine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cholestyramine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cholestyramine: •

Project Title: BILE ACID METABOLISM AND HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Dawson, Paul A.; Wake Forest University 1834 Wake Forest Road Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a common disorder of lipoprotein metabolism and a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease. An interaction between bile acids and plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride has been recognized for many years. The central hypothesis of these studies is that bile acid flux through the liver in the enterohepatic circulation influences VLDL triglyceride production. The overall goals of the proposed research are to test the hypothesis that inherited defects in genes responsible for intestinal bile acid absorption can cause FHTG, and to examine the mechanism by which bile acids can regulate hepatic VLDL triglyceride production. Information obtained from these studies will increase our understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) of hypertriglyceridemia and assist in designing new therapies for this important health problem. The following questions will be addressed: 1. Are inherited dysfunctional mutations in the ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter responsible for a subset of Familial Hypertriglyceridemia? A candidate gene for FHTG is the ileal Na+/bile acid co-transporter (ISBT) that is responsible for intestinal reclamation of bile acids. The ISBT gene has been cloned and a dysfunctional mutation was recently identified in a FHTG patient. To answer this question, the association of the ISBT gene and HTG will be examine din FHTG families by linkage analysis and the ISBT gene will be screened for mutations in FHTG subjects with bile acid malabsorption. 2. Does a decreased bile acid flux through the liver directly stimulate VLDL production? Studies in cholestyramine-treated patients suggest that a decreased return of bile acids to the liver stimulate production of VLDL triglyceride. To directly test this hypothesis, hepatic secretion of VLDL apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B) and triglyceride will be measured in isolated perfused livers obtained from African green monkeys fed control or cholestyramine-containing diets. 3. What is the molecular mechanism by which bile acid affect hepatic VLDL triglyceride production? The interaction between bile aids and VLDL production will be studied in primary culture of African green monkey hepatocytes. Bile acid effects on the synthesis and secretion of VLDL triglyceride and apo B will be determined using pulse-chase protocols to determine the regulated step(s). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for cholestyramine in the PubMed Central database:

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Catabolism of low density lipoproteins by perfused rabbit livers: Cholestyramine promotes receptor-dependent hepatic catabolism of low density lipoproteins. by Chao YS, Yamin TT, Alberts AW.; 1982 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=346560

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Effect of Cholestyramine on Bile Acid Metabolism in Normal Man. by Garbutt JT, Kenney TJ.; 1972 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=292426

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Effect of Cholestyramine on the Fecal Excretion of Intravenously Administered Cholesterol-4-14C and its Degradation Products in a Hypercholesterolemic Patient. by Moore RB, Crane CA, Frantz ID Jr.; 1968 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297323

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Effects of Neomycin Alone and in Combination with Cholestyramine on Serum Cholesterol and Fecal Steroids in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. by Miettinen TA.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=371298

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cholestyramine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cholestyramine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A clinical trial evaluating cholestyramine to prevent diarrhea in patients maintained on low-fat diets during pelvic radiation therapy. Author(s): Chary S, Thomson DH. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1984 October; 10(10): 1885-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6386762

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A combination of phototherapy and cholestyramine for the relief of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Author(s): Cerio R, Murphy GM, Sladen GE, MacDonald DM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 February; 116(2): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3828220

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A comparative study of the effects of cholestyramine and neomycin in the treatment of type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Author(s): Schade RW, van't Laar A, Majoor CL, Jansen AP. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1976; 199(3): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=176876

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A comparative trial of cholestyramine and loperamide for acute diarrhoea in infants treated as outpatients. Author(s): Vesikari T, Isolauri E. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1985 September; 74(5): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3901661

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A comparison of cholestyramine and nicotinic acid in the treatment of familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Author(s): Mann JI, Harding PA, Turner RC, Wilkinson RH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 June; 4(3): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=197982

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A comparison of cholestyramine and probucol in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Jones DB, Simpson HC, Slaughter P, Lousley S, Carter RD, Cobbe SM, Mann JI. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1984 October; 53(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6388586

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A controlled clinical trial of cholestyramine in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Black RB, Rhodes J, Davies GT, Gravelle H, Sweetnam P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1971 December; 61(6): 821-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5125683

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A steady-state evaluation of the effects of propantheline bromide and cholestyramine on the bioavailability of digoxin when administered as tablets or capsules. Author(s): Brown DD, Schmid J, Long RA, Hull JH. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985 July-August; 25(5): 360-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4031112

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A study of the dose-effect relationship of cholestyramine in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Farah JR, Kwiterovich PO, Neill CA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1977; 82: 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=200092

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Acceptability and compliance with two forms of cholestyramine in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children: a randomized, crossover trial. Author(s): McCrindle BW, O'Neill MB, Cullen-Dean G, Helden E. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 February; 130(2): 266-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9042130

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Acceptability of cholestyramine and colestipol formulations in three common vehicles. Author(s): Ito MK, Morreale AP. Source: Clin Pharm. 1991 February; 10(2): 138-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2009732

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Acceptability of cholestyramine or colestipol combinations with six vehicles. Author(s): Shaefer MS, Jungnickel PW, Jacobs EW, Maloley PA. Source: Clin Pharm. 1987 January; 6(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3816107

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Acidosis and extreme hyperkalemia associated with cholestyramine and spironolactone. Author(s): Zapater P, Alba D. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 February; 29(2): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7756724

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Acipimox in combination with low dose cholestyramine for the treatment of type II hyperlipidaemia. Author(s): Series JJ, Gaw A, Kilday C, Bedford DK, Lorimer AR, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 July; 30(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2390432

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Activated charcoal in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: dose-response relationships and comparison with cholestyramine. Author(s): Neuvonen PJ, Kuusisto P, Vapaatalo H, Manninen V. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 37(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2612535

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Acute effects of cholestyramine on serum lipoprotein concentrations in type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Author(s): Olsson AG, Dairou F. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1978 January; 29(1): 53-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=204317

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Adjunctive cholestyramine therapy for thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Solomon BL, Wartofsky L, Burman KD. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 January; 38(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8435884

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Adsorption of bile acids by sucralfate, antacids, and cholestyramine in vitro. Author(s): Stahlberg M, Jalovaara P, Laitinen S, Mokka R, Hentila R, Jarvensivu P, Kairaluoma M. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1987; 9(6): 615-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3440273

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Aluminium hydroxide and cholestyramine in the treatment of acute diarrhea. Author(s): Pichaipat V, Pinyosamosorn R, Varavithya W. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1989 January; 72 Suppl 1: 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2659716

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An in vivo comparison of two bile salt binding agents, cholestyramine and lignin. Author(s): Heaton KW, Heaton ST, Barry RE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1971; 6(3): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5560713

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Analysis of the physicochemical interactions between Clostridium difficile toxins and cholestyramine using liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. Author(s): Palace GP, Lazari P, Norton K. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2001 March 9; 1546(1): 171-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11257520

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Antibiotic and cholestyramine treatment of chronic diarrhea in HIV-infected children. Author(s): Fontana M, Zuin G, Massironi E, Bastoni K, Altamura N, Principi N. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 February; 29(1): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9265574

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Antibiotics and cholestyramine in the treatment of persistent diarrhea in infants. Author(s): Bowie MD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1989 May; 8(4): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2723934

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Arteriohepatic dysplasia: a 16-year follow-up during treatment with cholestyramine. Author(s): Flick AL. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1982 January; 136(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7072243

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Beneficial effect of cholestyramine in sclerosing cholangitis. Author(s): Polter DE, Gruhl V, Eigenbrodt EH, Combes B. Source: Gastroenterology. 1980 August; 79(2): 326-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7399237

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Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis , with response to cholestyramine. Author(s): Spiegel EL, Schubert W, Perrin E, Schiff L. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1965 October; 39(4): 682-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5831906

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Bile acids and vitamin A absorption in man: the effects of two bile acid-binding agents, cholestyramine and lignin. Author(s): Barnard DL, Heaton KW. Source: Gut. 1973 April; 14(4): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4706914

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Bioavailability of prednisolone during simultaneous treatment with cholestyramine. Author(s): Audetat V, Bircher J. Source: Gastroenterology. 1976 December; 71(6): 1110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=992273

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Blind comparison of patient preference for Flavored Colestid Granules and Questran Light. Author(s): Jungnickel PW, Shaefer MS, Maloley PA, Campbell JR, Shawaryn GG, Goris GB, Oliphant TH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 June; 27(6): 700-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8329785

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Cholestyramine and oropharyngeal cancers. Author(s): Goldstein MR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 August; 54(2): 429. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1858708

12

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Cholestyramine and phototherapy for neonatal jaundice. Author(s): Tan KL, Jacob E, Liew DS, Karim SM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 February; 104(2): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6694028

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Cholestyramine and probucol synergism. Author(s): Nestel PJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 October; 97(4): 622. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7125430

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Cholestyramine for treatment of chronic diarrhea. Author(s): Yarze JC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 February; 96(2): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11232719

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Cholestyramine in the management of recurrent diarrhoea in infancy. Author(s): Soeparto P, Subiyanto MS, Noerasid H. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1982 May-June; 22(5-6): 104-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7162827

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Cholestyramine induced hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Author(s): Clouston WM, Lloyd HM. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1985 April; 15(2): 271. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3861176

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Cholestyramine induced hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Author(s): Eaves ER, Korman MG. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1984 October; 14(5): 670-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6597713

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Cholestyramine influences meal-stimulated pancreaticobiliary function and plasma cholecystokinin independent of gastric emptying and food digestion. Author(s): Thimister PW, Hopman WP, Loualidi A, Rosenbusch G, Willems HL, Trijbels FJ, Jansen JB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 August; 32(8): 778-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9282969

Studies

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Cholestyramine loading test to assess hepatic reserve for bile acid synthesis in patients with chronic liver diseases. Author(s): Kuroki S, Naito T, Okamoto S, Sakai H, Yamashita H, Chijiiwa K, Tanaka M. Source: Gastroenterology. 1997 April; 112(4): 1277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9098013

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Cholestyramine ointment in the treatment of perianal skin irritation following ileoanal anastomosis. Author(s): Moller P, Lohmann M, Brynitz S. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1987 February; 30(2): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803113

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Cholestyramine ointment to treat buttocks rash and anal excoriation in an infant. Author(s): White CM, Gailey RA, Lippe S. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 September; 30(9): 954-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8876854

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Cholestyramine resin in the treatment of digitoxin toxicity. Author(s): Baciewicz AM, Isaacson ML, Lipscomb GL. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1983 January; 17(1): 57-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6825560

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Cholestyramine therapy for quinidine-induced diarrhea. Case reports. Author(s): RuDusky BM. Source: Angiology. 1997 February; 48(2): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9040273

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Cholestyramine treatment of type IIa hypercholesterolaemia normalizes platelet reactivity against prostacyclin. Author(s): Lobel P, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Schror K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1988 June; 18(3): 256-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2458263

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Cholestyramine treatment reduces postprandial but not fasting serum bile acid levels in humans. Author(s): Angelin B, Bjorkhem I, Einarsson K, Ewerth S. Source: Gastroenterology. 1982 November; 83(5): 1097-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7117793

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Clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of lowering serum cholesterol levels: the case of simvastatin and cholestyramine in The Netherlands. Author(s): Martens LL, Rutten FF, Erkelens DW, Ascoop CA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1990 March 20; 65(12): 27F-32F. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2107736

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Clinical experience with simvastatin compared with cholestyramine. Author(s): Erkelens DW, Baggen MG, Van Doormaal JJ, Kettner M, Koningsberger JC, Mol MJ. Source: Drugs. 1988; 36 Suppl 3: 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3254824

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Combination therapy with lovastatin and guar gum versus lovastatin and cholestyramine in treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Uusitupa M, Ebeling T, Happonen P, Voutilainen E, Turtola H, Parviainen M, Pyorala K. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1991 October; 18(4): 496-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1724525

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Combination treatment with cholestyramine and bezafibrate for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Curtis LD, Dickson AC, Ling KL, Betteridge J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 July 16; 297(6642): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3044508

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Combined drug therapy--cholestyramine and compactin--for familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Yamamoto A, Yamamura T, Yokoyama S, Sudo H, Matsuzawa Y. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 September; 22(9): 493-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6500769

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Combined treatment with cholestyramine and nicotinic acid in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: effects on biliary lipid composition. Author(s): Angelin B, Eriksson M, Einarsson K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1986 October; 16(5): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3100307

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Comparative effects of simvastatin and cholestyramine in treatment of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Molgaard J, von Schenck H, Olsson AG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 36(5): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2502417

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Comparative effects of simvastatin and cholestyramine on plasma lipoproteins and CETP in humans. Author(s): McPherson R. Source: Can J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Summer; 6(2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10519734

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Comparative scintigraphic assessment of the intragastric distribution and residence of cholestyramine, Carbopol 934P and sucralfate. Author(s): Jackson SJ, Bush D, Perkins AC. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2001 January 5; 212(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11165820

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Comparative study of a microporous cholestyramine analogue (filicol) and gemfibrozil for treatment of severe primary hypercholesterolemia. Short- and longterm results. Author(s): Ros E, Zambon D, Bertomeu A, Cuso E, Sanllehy C, Casals E. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 February; 151(2): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1992957

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Comparison between low-dose simvastatin and cholestyramine in moderately severe hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Deslypere JP. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1989; 44(5): 379-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2690545

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Comparison of atorvastatin alone versus simvastatin +/- cholestyramine in the management of severe primary hypercholesterolaemia (the six cities study). Author(s): Simons LA. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1998 June; 28(3): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9673745

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Comparison of simvastatin and cholestyramine in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): O'Brien RC, Simons LA, Clifton P, Cooper ME, Jennings GL, Jerums G, Nestel PJ, Sullivan D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1990 May 7; 152(9): 480-3. Erratum In: Med J Aust 1991 February 18; 154(4): 296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2199801

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Comparison of the effect of fluvastatin, an hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, and cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant, on lipoprotein particles defined by apolipoprotein composition. Author(s): Bard JM, Dallongeville J, Hagen E, Pfister P, Ose L, Fruchart JC, Duriez P. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1995 November; 44(11): 1447-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7476333

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Comparison of the efficacy of Questran Light, a new formulation of cholestyramine powder, to regular Questran in maintaining lowered plasma cholesterol levels. Author(s): Insull W Jr, Marquis NR, Tsianco MC. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1991 March 1; 67(6): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1998281

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Comparison of the in vitro activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin against Clostridium difficile and their interactions with cholestyramine. Author(s): Pantosti A, Luzzi I, Cardines R, Gianfrilli P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1985 December; 28(6): 847-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2935077

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Compliance with and efficacy of treatment with pravastatin and cholestyramine: a randomized study on lipid-lowering in primary care. Author(s): Eriksson M, Hadell K, Holme I, Walldius G, Kjellstrom T. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1998 May; 243(5): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9651560

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Concomitant administration of cholestyramine influences the absorption of troglitazone. Author(s): Young MA, Lettis S, Eastmond R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 January; 45(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9489592

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Congestive heart failure and toxic digoxin levels: role of cholestyramine. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Sorensen T. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2000 June; 42(3): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10839325

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Contrasting effects of lovastatin and cholestyramine on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and 24-hour urinary mevalonate excretion in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Pappu AS, Illingworth DR. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1989 November; 114(5): 554-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2809398

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Cost effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering therapy in The Netherlands. Simvastatin versus cholestyramine. Author(s): Martens LL, Rutten FF, Erkelens DW, Ascoop CA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 October 16; 87(4A): 54S-58S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2508473

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Cost-effectiveness of antihyperlipemic therapy in the prevention of coronary heart disease. The case of cholestyramine. Author(s): Oster G, Epstein AM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 November 6; 258(17): 2381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3118060

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DEAE-Dextran in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia and/or hypercholesterolemia combined with hypertriglyceridemia. A multicentric randomized study on the efficacy of DEAE-Dextran compared with Cholestyramine. Author(s): Fedele F. Source: Clin Ter. 2003 July-August; 154(4): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14618939

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Decrease in LDL and increase in HDL concentrations in type II hyperlipoproteinaemic patients on low-dose combination therapy of cholestyramine and Complamin. Author(s): Fears R, Ferres H, Haacke H, Mader C, Parwaresch MR. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1988 February; 69(2-3): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3279969

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Decreased plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine following cholestyramine intake in depressed patients. Author(s): Spina E, Avenoso A, Campo GM, Caputi AP, Perucca E. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1994 August; 16(4): 432-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7974637

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Decreased sensitivity to adenosine in platelets from patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia--a change reversed by cholestyramine treatment. Author(s): Gasser JA, Cooper MB, Tan KC, Saggerson ED, Betteridge DJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993 December; 23(12): 803-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8143757

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Depression of the intestinal uptake of radio-vitamin B 12 by cholestyramine. Author(s): Coronato A, Glass GB. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1973 April; 142(4): 1341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4694836

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Development of femoral atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic patients during treatment with cholestyramine and probucol/placebo: Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST): a status report. Author(s): Walldius G, Carlson LA, Erikson U, Olsson AG, Johansson J, Molgaard J, Nilsson S, Stenport G, Kaijser L, Lassvik C, et al. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1988 July 25; 62(3): 37B-43B. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3293415

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Diarrhea-associated over-anticoagulation in a patient taking warfarin: therapeutic role of cholestyramine. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Rao P, Miske GR, Riley TJ. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2000 December; 42(6): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11111942

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Different patterns of postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normal, type IIa, type III, and type IV hyperlipoproteinemic individuals. Effects of treatment with cholestyramine and gemfibrozil. Author(s): Weintraub MS, Eisenberg S, Breslow JL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1987 April; 79(4): 1110-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3470306

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Dissociation of cholecystokinin and pancreaticobiliary response to intraduodenal bile acids and cholestyramine in humans. Author(s): Koop I, Dorn S, Koop H, Witzleb S, Beglinger C, Schafmayer A, Arnold R. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1991 November; 36(11): 1625-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1935502

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Diverging effects of cholestyramine on apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein Lp(a). A dose-response study of the effects of cholestyramine in hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Vessby B, Kostner G, Lithell H, Thomis J. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1982 July; 44(1): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6214264

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Does cholestyramine interfere with cyclosporine absorption? A prospective study in renal transplant patients. Author(s): Jensen RA, Lal SM, Diaz-Arias A, James-Kracke M, Van Stone JC, Ross G Jr. Source: Asaio Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 1995 JulySeptember; 41(3): M704-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8573896

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Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of microporous cholestyramine in the treatment of intra- and extra-hepatic cholestasis: relationship between itching and serum bile acids. Author(s): Di Padova C, Tritapepe R, Rovagnati P, Rossetti S. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1984 December; 6(12): 773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6397677

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Double-blind trial of cholestyramine in post-vagotomy diarrhoea. Author(s): Duncombe VM, Bolin TD, Davis AE. Source: Gut. 1977 July; 18(7): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=326641

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Doxepin-cholestyramine interaction. Author(s): Geeze DS, Wise MG, Stigelman WH Jr. Source: Psychosomatics. 1988 Spring; 29(2): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3368570

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Effect of cholestyramine and cholecystokinin receptor antagonist CR1505 (loxiglumide) on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in man. Author(s): Masclee AA, Jansen JB, Rovati LC, Lamers CB. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1993 October; 38(10): 1889-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8404410

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Effect of cholestyramine on bile acid pattern and synthesis during administration of ursodeoxycholic acid in man. Author(s): Rust C, Sauter GH, Oswald M, Buttner J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Paumgartner G, Beuers U. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 February; 30(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651838

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Effect of cholestyramine on plasma cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide levels, and exocrine pancreatic secretion. Author(s): Koop I, Fellgiebel A, Koop H, Schafmayer A, Arnold R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1988 October; 18(5): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3147905

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Effect of cholestyramine resin on single dose valproate pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Malloy MJ, Ravis WR, Pennell AT, Diskin CJ. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 May; 34(5): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8738857

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Effect of cholestyramine treatment on biliary lipid secretion rates in normolipidaemic men. Author(s): Carrella M, Ericsson S, Del Piano C, Angelin B, Einarsson K. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 March; 229(3): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007842

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Effect of combined therapy with bezafibrate and cholestyramine on low-density lipoprotein metabolism in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Series JJ, Caslake MJ, Kilday C, Cruickshank A, Demant T, Lorimer AR, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1989 February; 38(2): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2643751

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Effect of gemfibrozil +/- niacin +/- cholestyramine on endothelial function in patients with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <160 mg/dl and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <40 mg/dl. Author(s): Andrews TC, Whitney EJ, Green G, Kalenian R, Personius BE. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 October 1; 80(7): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9381993

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Effect of pravastatin, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, and cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant, on lipoprotein particles defined by their apolipoprotein composition. Author(s): Bard JM, Parra HJ, Douste-Blazy P, Fruchart JC. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1990 March; 39(3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2106607

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Effect of resin surface charge on gastric mucoadhesion and residence of cholestyramine. Author(s): Jackson SJ, Bush D, Washington N, Perkins AC. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 September 15; 205(1-2): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11000554

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Effects of acipimox and cholestyramine on serum lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols and cholesterol absorption and elimination. Author(s): Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Miettinen TA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 37(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2792164

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Effects of atorvastatin monotherapy and simvastatin plus cholestyramine on arterial endothelial function in patients with severe primary hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Simons LA, Sullivan D, Simons J, Celermajer DS. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1998 March; 137(1): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9568752

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Effects of cholestyramine on vitamin E levels in patients treated with statins. Author(s): Kersting F, Selenka A, Walch S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 December; 40(12 Pt 2): 1476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11185669

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Effects of lovastatin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in heterozygotes for familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Leren TP, Hjermann I, Berg K, Leren P, Foss OP, Viksmoen L. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1988 October; 73(2-3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3056429

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Effects of nicotinic acid and lovastatin in combination with cholestyramine in renal transplant patients. Author(s): Lal SM, Katyal A. Source: Mo Med. 2002 November-December; 99(10): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534147

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Effects of postoperative cholestyramine and phenobarbital administration on bile flow restoration in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia. Author(s): Vajro P, Couturier M, Lemonnier F, Odievre M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1986 April; 21(4): 362-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3517284

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Effects of pravastatin and cholestyramine on circulating levels of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites. Author(s): Ismail F, Corder CN, Epstein S, Barbi G, Thomas S. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1990 September-October; 12(5): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2125243

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Effects of pravastatin and cholestyramine on gonadal and adrenal steroid production in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Jay RH, Sturley RH, Stirling C, McGarrigle HH, Katz M, Reckless JP, Betteridge DJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 October; 32(4): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1958433

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Effects of pravastatin and cholestyramine on products of the mevalonate pathway in familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Elmberger PG, Kalen A, Lund E, Reihner E, Eriksson M, Berglund L, Angelin B, Dallner G. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1991 June; 32(6): 935-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1940625

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Effects of simvastatin and cholestyramine in familial and nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. Multicenter Group I. Author(s): Stein E, Kreisberg R, Miller V, Mantell G, Washington L, Shapiro DR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 February; 150(2): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2405804

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Effects of simvastatin and cholestyramine on bile lipid composition and gall bladder motility in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Smit JW, Van Erpecum KJ, Portincasa P, Renooij W, Erkelens DW, Van BergeHenegouwen GP. Source: Gut. 1995 November; 37(5): 654-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549941

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Effects of simvastatin and cholestyramine on lipoprotein profile in hyperlipidaemia of nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Rabelink AJ, Hene RJ, Erkelens DW, Joles JA, Koomans HA. Source: Lancet. 1988 December 10; 2(8624): 1335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2904053

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Efficacy and compliance with cholestyramine bar versus powder in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Sweeney ME, Fletcher BJ, Rice CR, Berra KA, Rudd CM, Fletcher GF, Superko RS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 April; 90(4): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2012087

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Efficacy and safety of a combination fluvastatin-bezafibrate treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia: comparative analysis with a fluvastatin-cholestyramine combination. Author(s): Leitersdorf E, Muratti EN, Eliav O, Meiner V, Eisenberg S, Dann EJ, Sehayek E, Peters TK, Stein Y. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 May; 96(5): 401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8192170

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Efficacy and safety of cholestyramine therapy in peripubertal and prepubertal children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Tonstad S, Knudtzon J, Sivertsen M, Refsum H, Ose L. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 July; 129(1): 42-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8757561

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Efficacy and safety of diclofenac-cholestyramine and celecoxib in osteoarthritis. Author(s): Suarez-Otero R, Robles-San Roman M, Jaimes-Hernandez J, Oropeza-De La Madrid E, Medina-Penaloza RM, Rosas-Ramos R, Castaneda-Hernandez G. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2002; 45: 26-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12434517

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Efficacy and safety of simvastatin (alone or in association with cholestyramine). A 1year study in 66 patients with type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Author(s): Emmerich J, Aubert I, Bauduceau B, Dachet C, Chanu B, Erlich D, Gautier D, Jacotot B, Rouffy J. Source: European Heart Journal. 1990 February; 11(2): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2178931

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Efficacy of cholestyramine does not vary when taken before or during meals. Author(s): Sirtori M, Pazzucconi F, Gianfranceschi G, Sirtori CR. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1991 June; 88(2-3): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1892491

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Enhanced elimination of piroxicam by administration of activated charcoal or cholestyramine. Author(s): Ferry DG, Gazeley LR, Busby WJ, Beasley DM, Edwards IR, Campbell AJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990; 39(6): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2095346

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Enhancement of gallbladder emptying in gallstone patients after oral cholestyramine. Author(s): Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Palmieri VO, Baldassarre G, Palasciano G. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 June; 89(6): 909-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8198104

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Etofibrate therapy and effect of added low-dose cholestyramine in patients with combined hyperlipidaemia. Author(s): Kruger B. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1994; 14(5-6): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7672874

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Factorial study of the efficacy of cholestyramine, L-tryptophan and clofibrate in human nephrotic hyperlipidaemia. Author(s): Schapel GJ, Edwards KD, Neale FC. Source: Prog Biochem Pharmacol. 1974; 9: 82-98. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4438384

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Fecal protoporphyrin excretion in erythropoietic protoporphyria: effect of cholestyramine and bile acid feeding. Author(s): McCullough AJ, Barron D, Mullen KD, Petrelli M, Park MC, Mukhtar H, Bickers DR. Source: Gastroenterology. 1988 January; 94(1): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3335288

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Fenofibrate and cholestyramine in type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Author(s): Lehtonen A, Viikari J. Source: Artery. 1982; 10(5): 353-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7181678

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Fenofibrate plus simvastatin therapy versus simvastatin plus cholestyramine therapy for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Wierzbicki AS, Lumb PJ, Cheung J, Crook MA. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 1997 October; 90(10): 631-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9415344

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Fluvastatin efficacy and tolerability in comparison and in combination with cholestyramine. Author(s): Hagen E, Istad H, Ose L, Bodd E, Eriksen HM, Selvig V, Bard JM, Fruchart JC, Borge M, Wolf MC, et al. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994; 46(5): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7957541

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Free care, cholestyramine, and health policy. Author(s): Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 December 6; 311(23): 1511-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6438506

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Gemfibrozil in familial combined hyperlipidaemia: effect of added low-dose cholestyramine on plasma and biliary lipids. Author(s): Odman B, Ericsson S, Lindmark M, Berglund L, Angelin B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1991 June; 21(3): 344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1909637

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Gemfibrozil plus cholestyramine in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Jones AF, Hughes EA, Cramb R. Source: Lancet. 1988 April 2; 1(8588): 776. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2895309

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Healthcare decisions and product labeling: results of a consumer comprehension study of prototype labeling for proposed over-the-counter cholestyramine. Author(s): Friedman CP, Romeo D, Hinton SS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 February 17; 102(2A): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9217587

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Hirschsprung's enterocolitis, prostaglandins, and response to cholestyramine. Author(s): Lloyd-Still JD, Demers LM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1978 August; 13(4): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=682092

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HIV-enteropathy and bile acid malabsorption: response to cholestyramine. Author(s): Steuerwald M, Bucher HC, Muller-Brand J, Gotze M, Roser HW, Gyr K. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 November; 90(11): 2051-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7485023

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Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with cholestyramine therapy for biliary cholestasis. Author(s): Bernsten B, Zoger S. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1978 December; 132(12): 1220. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=717343

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Hypercholesteremia. Treatment with cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestering resin. Author(s): Casdorph HR. Source: Calif Med. 1967 April; 106(4): 293-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4859983

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Hypernatremia associated with cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Primak WA, Gartner LM, McGurk HE, Spitzer A. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 June; 90(6): 1024-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=859053

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Hypocholesterolemic effects of cholestyramine and colestipol in patients with familial defective apolipoprotein B-100. Author(s): Schmidt EB, Illingworth DR, Bacon S, Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1993 January 25; 98(2): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8457260

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Hypolipidemic effect and mechanism of ketoconazole without and with cholestyramine in familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Miettinen TA. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1991 January; 40(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1984567

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Hypoprothrombinemia and hemorrhage associated with cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Gross L, Brotman M. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1970 January; 72(1): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5410402

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Hypoprothrombinemic hemorrhage due to cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Shojania AM, Grewar D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1986 March 15; 134(6): 609-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3948073

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Idiopathic bile acid malabsorption: qualitative and quantitative clinical features and response to cholestyramine. Author(s): Sinha L, Liston R, Testa HJ, Moriarty KJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 September; 12(9): 839-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9768525

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Improved lithogenicity of fasting hepatic bile by dietary fiber and cholestyramine: studies in mice and humans. Author(s): Hall RC, Klauda HC, Waite VM, Friedman A, Feher J, Tepperman J. Source: Surg Forum. 1975; 26: 435-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1216185

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Improvement of psoriasis with cholestyramine. Author(s): Skinner RB, Rosenberg EW, Belew PW, Marley WM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 March; 118(3): 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7065658

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In vitro assessment of the mucoadhesion of cholestyramine to porcine and human gastric mucosa. Author(s): Jackson SJ, Perkins AC. Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V. 2001 September; 52(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11522476

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In vitro binding of various biological substances by two hypocholesterolaemic resins. Cholestyramine and colestipol. Author(s): Leonard JP, Desager JP, Beckers C, Harvengt C. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1979; 29(7): 979-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=40578

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In vitro cholesterol synthesis in freshly isolated mononuclear cells of human blood: effect of in vivo administration of clofibrate and/or cholestyramine. Author(s): McNamara DJ, Davidson NO, Fernandez S. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1980 January; 21(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7354255

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In vivo effect of bile salts and cholestyramine on intestinal anaerobic bacteria. Author(s): Williams RC, Showalter R, Kern F Jr. Source: Gastroenterology. 1975 August; 69(2): 483-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1150050

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Increased turnover of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride during treatment with cholestyramine in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Angelin B, Leijd B, Hultcrantz R, Einarsson K. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1990 March; 227(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2313228

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Influence of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin. Author(s): Muck W, Ritter W, Frey R, Wetzelsberger N, Lucker PW, Kuhlmann J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 June; 35(6): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208341

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Influence of cholestyramine resin administration on single dose sulindac pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Malloy MJ, Ravis WR, Pennell AT, Hagan DR, Betagari S, Doshi DH. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 June; 32(6): 286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7921528

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Influence of cholestyramine, bile salt, and cholesterol feeding on the lipid composition of hepatic bile in man. Author(s): Sarles H, Crotte C, Gerolami A, Mule A, Domingo N, Hauton J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1970; 5(7): 603-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5474430

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Influence of time intervals for cholestyramine dosing on the absorption of hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Hunninghake DB, Hibbard DM. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1986 March; 39(3): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3948472

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Interaction by cholestyramine on the uptake of hydrocortisone in the gastrointestinal tract. Author(s): Johansson C, Adamsson U, Stierner U, Lindsten T. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1978; 204(6): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=735882

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Interaction of naproxen with cholestyramine. Author(s): Calvo MV, Dominguez-Gil A. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1984 January-March; 5(1): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6704505

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Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man: comparative effects of cholestyramine and ileal exclusion on cholesterol metabolism. Author(s): Grundy SM, Ahrens EH Jr, Salen G. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1971 July; 78(1): 94-121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5569253

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Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of digitoxin by cholestyramine. II. Effect on metabolic disposition of tritium-labeled digitoxin and cardiac systolic intervals in man. Author(s): Caldwell JH, Bush CA, Greenberger NJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1971 December; 50(12): 2638-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5129315

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Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of phenprocoumon by cholestyramine. Author(s): Meinertz T, Gilfrich HJ, Groth U, Jonen HG, Jahnchen E. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1977 June; 21(6): 731-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=862312

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Intestinal obstruction associated with cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Merten DF, Grossman H. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1980 April; 134(4): 827-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6767374

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Intestinal obstruction associated with cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Cohen MI, Winslow PR, Boley SJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1969 June 5; 280(23): 1285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5770053

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Intrinsic factor-mediated binding of cyanocobalamin to cholestyramine. Author(s): Andersen KJ, Schjonsby H. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1978 November; 67(11): 1626-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=30840

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Is cholestyramine helpful in uraemic pruritus? Author(s): van Leusen R, Kutsch Lojenga JC, Ruben ATh. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 April 8; 1(6117): 918-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=346150

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Lack of cholesterol-lowering effect of graded doses of cholestyramine in children with Alagille syndrome: a pilot study. Author(s): Larrosa-Haro A, Saenz-Rivera C, Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Coello-Ramirez P, Vazquez-Camacho G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 January; 36(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499996

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Lack of effect of cholestyramine on phenytoin bioavailability. Author(s): Barzaghi N, Monteleone M, Amione C, Lecchini S, Perucca E, Frigo GM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 December; 28(12): 1112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3243928

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Lack of effect of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of clofibrate in man. Author(s): Sedaghat A, Ahrens EH Jr. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1975 April; 5(2): 177-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1149779

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Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between cholestyramine and acipimox, a new lipid lowering drug. Author(s): de Paolis C, Farina R, Pianezzola E, Valzelli G, Celotti F, Pontiroli AE. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 October; 22(4): 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3533131

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Lathosterol and other noncholesterol sterols during treatment of hypercholesterolemia with lovastatin alone and with cholestyramine or guar gum. Author(s): Uusitupa MI, Miettinen TA, Happonen P, Ebeling T, Turtola H, Voutilainen E, Pyorala K. Source: Arterioscler Thromb. 1992 July; 12(7): 807-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1319735

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Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity and cholestyramine resin therapy in man. Author(s): Miller JP. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1976 November 30; 6(6): 477-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1001352

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Lecithin: cholestrol acyl transfer rate and high density lipoproteins in plasma during dietary and cholestyramine treatment of type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia. Author(s): Wallentin L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1978 December; 8(6): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=217692

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Letter: Cholestyramine and diabetic and post-vagotomy diarrhoea. Author(s): Condon JR, Suleman MI, Fan YS, McKeown MD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 March 16; 1(906): 519. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4817177

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Letter: Cholestyramine and diabetic post-vagotomy diarrhoea. Author(s): Condon JR, Suleman MI, Fan YS, McKeown MD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 November 17; 4(5889): 423. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4749795

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Letter: Cholestyramine and gallstones. Author(s): Malm TM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1974 January; 80(1): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4810346

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Letter: Cholestyramine and metabolic acidosis. Author(s): Kleinman PK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 April 11; 290(15): 861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4817847

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Letter: Cholestyramine in the management of infantile diarrhea. Author(s): Berant M, Wagner Y, Cohen N. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 January; 88(1): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1245923

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Letter: Cholestyramine therapy for intractable diarrhea. Author(s): Dehghanian J. Source: Pediatrics. 1974 October; 54(4): 516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4414144

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Letter: Hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, and cholestyramine. Author(s): Hartline JV. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 July; 89(1): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=932886

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Letter: Relief of intractable pruritis in polycythaemia rubra vera with cholestyramine. Author(s): Chanarin I, Szur L. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1975 April; 29(4): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1191569

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Letter: Timing of cholestyramine doses in cholestatic liver disease. Author(s): Javitt NB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 June 6; 290(23): 1328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4827640

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Levothyroxine-cholestyramine interaction reemphasized. Author(s): Harmon SM, Seifert CF. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991 October 15; 115(8): 658-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1892339

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Life-threatening metabolic acidosis from cholestyramine in an infant with renal insufficiency. Author(s): Pattison M, Lee SM. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1987 May; 141(5): 479-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3578154

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Light symptoms following a high-dose intentional L-thyroxine ingestion treated with cholestyramine. Author(s): de Luis DA, Duenas A, Martin J, Abad L, Cuellar L, Aller R. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 57(1-2): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006723

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Lipids in blood plasma and erythrocytes in juvenile amaurotic idiocy. Cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): van Creveld S, Hooghwinkel GJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1967 September; 17(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6053565

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Lipoprotein lipid alterations with cholestyramine administration. Author(s): Jones RJ, Dobrilovic L. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1970 June; 75(6): 953-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5421080

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Long-term effect of lovastatin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on lipoprotein (a) level in familial hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Leren TP, Hjermann I, Foss OP, Leren P, Berg K. Source: Clin Investig. 1992 August; 70(8): 711-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1392453

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Long-term effects of bezafibrate and of a bezafibrate and cholestyramine combination on lipids and lipoprotein lipids in type IIa hypercholesterolaemic patients. Author(s): Sommariva D, Tirrito M, Bonfiglioli D, Pogliaghi I, Branchi A, Cabrini E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1986; 6(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3744628

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Long-term efficacy with fluvastatin as monotherapy and combined with cholestyramine (a 156-week multicenter study). French-Dutch Fluvastatin Study Group. Author(s): Jacotot B, Banga JD, Waite R, Peters TK. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 July 13; 76(2): 41A-46A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7604796

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Long-term follow-up of children with familial hypercholesterolaemia treated with cholestyramine. Author(s): West RJ, Lloyd JK, Leonard JV. Source: Lancet. 1980 October 25; 2(8200): 873-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6107543

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Long-term treatment (2 years) with the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin or pravastatin in combination with cholestyramine in patients with severe primary hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Jacob BG, Richter WO, Schwandt P. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1993 September; 22(3): 396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7504129

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Long-term treatment of a homozygous cholesteryl ester storage disease with combined cholestyramine and lovastatin. Author(s): Yokoyama S, McCoy E. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1992; 15(2): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1528002

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Loss of dental enamel in a patient taking cholestyramine. Author(s): Curtis DM, Driscoll DJ, Goldman DH, Weidman WH. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1991 November; 66(11): 1131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1943246

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Low-density lipoprotein receptor genotype-dependent response to cholesterol lowering by combined pravastatin and cholestyramine in familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Kajinami K, Yagi K, Higashikata T, Inazu A, Koizumi J, Mabuchi H. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 July 1; 82(1): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671018

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Low-dose combined therapy with fluvastatin and cholestyramine in hyperlipidemic patients. Author(s): Sprecher DL, Abrams J, Allen JW, Keane WF, Chrysant SG, Ginsberg H, Fischer JJ, Johnson BF, Theroux P, Jokubaitis L. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 April 1; 120(7): 537-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8093139

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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Niemann-Pick disease type C: correlation with diagnosis and clinical response to cholestyramine and lovastatin. Author(s): Sylvain M, Arnold DL, Scriver CR, Schreiber R, Shevell MI. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1994 May; 10(3): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8060425

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Making cholestyramine palatable. Author(s): Thompson WG. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1971 June 5; 104(11): 986. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5576046

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Malabsorption of thyroid hormone with cholestyramine administration. Author(s): Rosenberg R. Source: Conn Med. 1994 February; 58(2): 109. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8004946

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Management of hypercholesterolaemia and cholestyramine. Author(s): Nye ER, Scott PJ, Janus ED. Source: N Z Med J. 1984 April 25; 97(754): 272. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6587212

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Measurement of apolipoprotein B in plasma from hyperlipidemic subjects treated with cholestyramine or placebo: differential effects of storage at -70 degrees C. Author(s): Kafonek S, Bachorik PS, Kwiterovich PO Jr. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1989 March; 35(3): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2493342

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Mechanisms of action of cholestyramine in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Nazir DJ, Horlick L, Kudchodkar BJ, Sodhi HS. Source: Circulation. 1972 July; 46(1): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5039828

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Metabolic variables of cholesterol during squalene feeding in humans: comparison with cholestyramine treatment. Author(s): Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1990 September; 31(9): 1637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2246614

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Metabolism of apolipoprotein B in primary moderate hypercholesterolaemia: effects of acipimox and cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Gaw A, Packard CJ, Lindsay GM, Collins SM, Lorimer AR, Shepherd J. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 1995 October 16; 1(1): 38-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9392692

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Microporous cholestyramine in suspension form. Author(s): Sirtori M, Franceschini G, Gianfranceschi G, Motanari G, Cocuzza E, Sirtori CR. Source: Lancet. 1982 August 14; 2(8294): 383. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6124780

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Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a cancer patient. Successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Moncino MD, Falletta JM. Source: Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1992 November; 14(4): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456403

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Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine. Author(s): Pruksananonda P, Powell KR. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1989 March; 8(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2496393

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New microporous cholestyramine analog for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): De Simone R, Conti F, Lovati MR, Sirtori M, Cocuzza E, Sirtori CR. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1978 December; 67(12): 1695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=722483

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Obstetric hepatosis: treatment with cholestyramine and interim response to steroids. Author(s): Lutz EE, Margolis AJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 January; 33(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5773873

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Opposite effects of cholestyramine and loxiglumide on gallbladder dynamics in humans. Author(s): Palasciano G, Portincasa P, Belfiore A, Baldassarre G, Albano O. Source: Gastroenterology. 1992 February; 102(2): 633-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1732132

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Oral 25-hydroxyvitain D3 in treatment of osteomalacia associated with ileal resection and cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Compston JE, Horton LW. Source: Gastroenterology. 1978 May; 74(5 Pt 1): 900-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=640344

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Oral cholestyramine and paregoric therapy for intractable diarrhea following surgical correction of catastrophic disease of the GI tract in neonates. Author(s): Nagaraj HS, Cook L, Canty TG, Haight G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1976 October; 11(5): 795-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=993950

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Oral cholestyramine increases elimination of warfarin after overdose. Author(s): Renowden S, Westmoreland D, White JP, Routledge PA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 August 24; 291(6494): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3928031

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Oral rehydration, rapid feeding, and cholestyramine for treatment of acute diarrhea. Author(s): Isolauri E, Vesikari T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1985 June; 4(3): 366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4020569

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Osteomalacia associated with cholestyramine therapy for postileectomy diarrhea. Author(s): Heaton KW, Lever JV, Barnard D. Source: Gastroenterology. 1972 April; 62(4): 642-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5020877

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Pediatric familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia: therapy with diet and cholestyramine resin. Author(s): Glueck CJ, Fallat R, Tsang R. Source: Pediatrics. 1973 November; 52(5): 669-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4355362

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pravastatin alone and with cholestyramine in hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Pan HY, DeVault AR, Swites BJ, Whigan D, Ivashkiv E, Willard DA, Brescia D. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1990 August; 48(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2116260

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Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein is lowered by treatment of hypercholesterolemia with cholestyramine. Author(s): Carrilho AJ, Medina WL, Nakandakare ER, Quintao EC. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997 July; 62(1): 82-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9246022

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Platelet gigantism associated with cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): Latger-Cannard V, Sommelet D, Guerci B, Trechot P, Lecompte T. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 November 26; 161(21): 2619-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11718596

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Porphyrin-binding effect of cholestyramine. Results of in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Author(s): Stathers GM. Source: Lancet. 1966 October 8; 2(7467): 780-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4162330

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Postvagotomy diarrhea treated with cholestyramine. Author(s): Hill LS. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1976 July; 69(7): 521. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=959232

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Pravastatin alone and in combination with low-dose cholestyramine in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease. Author(s): Ito MK, Shabetai R. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 September 15; 80(6): 799-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9315597

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Prevalence of gallstones in hyperlipidemia and incidence during treatment with clofibrate and/or cholestyramine. Author(s): Palmer RH. Source: Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1978; 91: 424-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=754401

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Preventing myocardial infarction: cholestyramine (Questran) and other hypolipidemics. Author(s): Pepper GA. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1986 March; 11(3): 84, 86, 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3951771

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Prevention of bile reflux-induced acute gastric ulceration in the rat by cholestyramine. Author(s): Mersereau WA, Hinchey EJ. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1974 June; 179(6): 883-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4835507

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Probable interaction of loperamide and cholestyramine. Author(s): Ti TY, Giles HG, Sellers EM. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1978 September 23; 119(6): 607-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=709452

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Probucol and cholestyramine combination in the treatment of severe hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Sommariva D, Bonfiglioli D, Tirrito M, Pogliaghi I, Branchi A, Cabrini E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986 September; 24(9): 505-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3781686

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Probucol in patients resistant to the lipid-lowering effects of cholestyramine. Author(s): Mann JI, Jelfs R, Cassels E, Barker K, Simpson HC, Carter RC. Source: Lancet. 1981 February 21; 1(8217): 450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6110087

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Probucol with cholestyramine. Author(s): Bateson MC. Source: Lancet. 1981 July 11; 2(8237): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6113467

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Probucol, cholestyramine, and serum cholesterol. Author(s): Mann JI. Source: Lancet. 1981 August 22; 2(8243): 422. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6115188

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Proceedings: Cholestyramine therapy in cholestatic liver disease of children. Author(s): Nelson R, Murphy GM, Edkins S, Nutter S, Anderson CM. Source: Gut. 1974 October; 15(10): 825. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4434934

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Proceedings: Double-blind controlled trial of cholestyramine in the treatment of postvagotomy diarrhoea. Author(s): Allan JG, Russell RI. Source: Gut. 1975 October; 16(10): 830. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1107175

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Prolonged neonatal cholestasis: bile acid pattern and response to cholestyramine. Author(s): Levy JS, Gelb AM, Stenger RJ, Javitt NB. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1979 March-April; 46(2): 16973. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=312445

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Pruritus in sickle cell disease: response to cholestyramine. Author(s): Wilkin JK. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1977 May; 69(5): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=864772

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Quantitative changes of serum lipoprotein-X after cholestyramine administration in infants with cholestatic biliary tract and liver disease. Author(s): Poley JR, Caplan DB, Magnani HN, Alaupovic P, Smith EI, Campbell DP, Bhatia M, Burdelski M, Bojanovski D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1978 December; 8(6): 397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=105912

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Recurrent cholestasis of pregnancy. Treatment with cholestyramine of one case with an unusually early onset. Author(s): Engstrom J, Hellstrom K, Posse N, Sjovall J. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1970; 49(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5519472

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Recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated colitis responding to cholestyramine. Author(s): Kunimoto D, Thomson AB. Source: Digestion. 1986; 33(4): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3956890

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Reduction of absorption of paracetamol by activated charcoal and cholestyramine: a possible therapeutic measure. Author(s): Dordoni B, Willson RA, Thompson RP, Williams R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 July 14; 3(5871): 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4717848

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Reduction of serum cholesterol in heterozygous patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Additive effects of compactin and cholestyramine. Author(s): Mabuchi H, Sakai T, Sakai Y, Yoshimura A, Watanabe A, Wakasugi T, Koizumi J, Takeda R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 March 17; 308(11): 609-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6828091

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Regulation of bile acid synthesis in humans: effect of treatment with bile acids, cholestyramine or simvastatin on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation rates in vivo. Author(s): Bertolotti M, Abate N, Loria P, Dilengite M, Carubbi F, Pinetti A, Digrisolo A, Carulli N. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1991 November; 14(5): 830-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1937389

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Regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in humans: stimulatory effects of cholestyramine on HMG-CoA reductase activity and low density lipoprotein receptor expression in gallstone patients. Author(s): Reihner E, Angelin B, Rudling M, Ewerth S, Bjorkhem I, Einarsson K. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1990 December; 31(12): 2219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2090716

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Relief of pruritus by cholestyramine in chronic liver disease. Author(s): Oster ZH, Rachmilewitz EA, Moran E, Stein Y. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1965 July; 1(4): 599-606. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5842274

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Repeated doses of activated charcoal and cholestyramine for digitoxin overdose: pharmacokinetic data and urinary elimination. Author(s): Hantson P, Vandenplas O, Mahieu P, Wallemacq P, Hassoun A. Source: J Toxicol Clin Exp. 1991 December; 11(7-8): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1841076

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Response of hyperlipoproteinemia to cholestyramine resin. Author(s): Fallon HJ, Woods JW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1968 June 24; 204(13): 1161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5694692

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Rhabdomyolysis due to combined treatment with lovastatin and cholestyramine. Author(s): Chrysanthopoulos C, Kounis N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 May 9; 304(6836): 1225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1515796

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Right upper quadrant calcification in a patient receiving long-term cholestyramine therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis. Author(s): Wells RF, Knepshield JH, Davis C. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1968 January; 13(1): 86-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4951396

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Role of bile acid malabsorption in pathogenesis of diarrhea and steatorrhea in patients with ileal resection. I. Response to cholestyramine or replacement of dietary long chain triglyceride by medium chain triglyceride. Author(s): Hofmann AF, Poley JR. Source: Gastroenterology. 1972 May; 62(5): 918-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5029077

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Role of fat maldigestion in pathogenesis of steatorrhea in ileal resection. Fat digestion after two sequential test meals with and without cholestyramine. Author(s): Poley JR, Hofmann AF. Source: Gastroenterology. 1976 July; 71(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6360

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Safe uses of cholestyramine. Author(s): Casdorph HR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1970 May; 72(5): 759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5448105

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Selectivity of cholestyramine treatment on hepatic mixed function oxidase activity. Author(s): Bachmann K, Schwartz J, Forney R Jr, Sherman G, Jauregui L. Source: Pharmacology. 1984; 29(3): 128-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6483959

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Sensory/mixability preference evaluation of cholestyramine powder formulations. Author(s): Shaefer MS, Jungnickel PW, Miwa LJ, Marquis NR, Hutton GD. Source: Dicp. 1990 May; 24(5): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2343594

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Serum bile acid levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy during treatment with phenobarbital or cholestyramine. Author(s): Heikkinen J, Maentausta O, Ylostalo P, Janne O. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1982 December; 14(3): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7160524

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Serum cholesterol precursor sterols in coeliac disease: effects of gluten free diet and cholestyramine. Author(s): Vuoristo M, Miettinen TA. Source: Gut. 1986 November; 27(11): 1312-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3792914

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Serum level of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients treated with cholestyramine. Author(s): Bascoul J, Goze C, Domergue N, Crastes de Paulet A. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1990 June 14; 1044(3): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2364100

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Serum lipids and fecal steroids in patients with celiac disease: effects of gluten-free diet and cholestyramine. Author(s): Vuoristo M, Tarpila S, Miettinen TA. Source: Gastroenterology. 1980 June; 78(6): 1518-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7372070

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Severe fetal intracranial haemorrhage during treatment with cholestyramine for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Author(s): Sadler LC, Lane M, North R. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 February; 102(2): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7756215

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Short- and long-term effects of lovastatin and pravastatin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in primary hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Jacob BG, Mohrle W, Richter WO, Schwandt P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(4): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1516599

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Short term reaction of biliary bile acids to cholestyramine medication. Author(s): Juul AH, van der Linden W. Source: Acta Physiol Pharmacol Neerl. 1969; 15(4): 469-79. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5369266

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Simvastatin and cholestyramine in the long-term treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Ytre-Arne K, Nordoy A. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1989 November; 226(5): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2681508

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SK&F 97426-A: a novel bile acid sequestrant with higher affinities and slower dissociation rates for bile acids in vitro than cholestyramine. Author(s): Benson GM, Alston DR, Hickey DM, Jaxa-Chamiec AA, Whittaker CM, Haynes C, Glen A, Blanchard S, Cresswell SR, Suckling KE. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1997 January; 86(1): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9002463

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Studies on human bile. V. Influence of cholestyramine treatment on the composition of bile in healthy subjects. Author(s): Dam H, Prange I, Jensen M, Kallehauge HE, Fenger HJ. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1971 April; 10(3): 188-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5581456

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Successful combination therapy--flunarizine, pentoxifylline, and cholestyramine--for spur cell anemia. Author(s): Aihara K, Azuma H, Ikeda Y, Akaike M, Abe M, Sugihara T, Matsumoto T. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2001 April; 73(3): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11345202

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Successful rescue by oral cholestyramine of a patient with methotrexate nephrotoxicity: nonrenal excretion of serum methotrexate. Author(s): Shinozaki T, Watanabe H, Tomidokoro R, Yamamoto K, Horiuchi R, Takagishi K. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2000 March; 34(3): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696135

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Superactivated charcoal versus cholestyramine for cholesterol lowering: a randomized cross-over trial. Author(s): Park GD, Spector R, Kitt TM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 May; 28(5): 416-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3292601

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Superiority of partial ileal bypass over cholestyramine reducing cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Spengel FA, Jadhav A, Duffield RG, Wood CB, Thompson GR. Source: Lancet. 1981 October 10; 2(8250): 768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6116902

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Synergistic effects of probucol and cholestyramine to lower serum cholesterol. Author(s): Boyden TW, Totman L. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981 January; 21(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7217343

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Systemic absorption of oral cholestyramine. Author(s): McDonald GB, Vracko R. Source: Gastroenterology. 1984 July; 87(1): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6724264

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The ability of antacids and cholestyramine to bind bile acids: effect of pH. Author(s): Mangnall YF, Smythe A, Johnson AG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 September; 21(7): 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3775246

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The adsorption of bilirubin from aqueous solution onto solid cholestyramine and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Author(s): Henning DS, Brown GR, St-Pierre LE. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1982 November; 5(6): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7160933

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The C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene predisposes to hyperhomocysteinemia in children with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with cholestyramine. Author(s): Tonstad S, Refsum H, Ose L, Ueland PM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 February; 132(2): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506661

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The effect of cholestyramine and activated charcoal on glipizide absorption. Author(s): Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 November; 30(5): 733-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2271372

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The effect of cholestyramine and colestipol on the absorption of hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Hunninghake DB, King S, LaCroix K. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1982 April; 20(4): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7076343

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The effect of cholestyramine on bile acid kinetics in healthy controls. Author(s): Andersen E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1979; 14(6): 657-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=531498

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The effect of cholestyramine on intestinal absorption. Author(s): West RJ, Lloyd JK. Source: Gut. 1975 February; 16(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1168607

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The effect of cholestyramine on lipoprotein lipids in patients with primary type IIA hyperlipoproteinemia. Author(s): Weisweiler P, Neureuther G, Schwandt P. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1979 July; 33(3): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=226105

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The effect of cholestyramine on the elimination of cholesterol as bile acids in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia type II and IV. Author(s): Einarsson K, Hellstrom K, Kallner M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1974 December 5; 4(6): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4442440

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The effect of colestipol or cholestyramine on serum cholesterol and triglycerides in a long-term controlled study. Author(s): Ryan JR, Jain A. Source: J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs. 1972 July; 12(7): 268-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4557535

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The effect of combined fenofibrate and cholestyramine therapy on low-density lipoprotein kinetics in familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Author(s): Malmendier CL, Delcroix C, Lontie JF. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1987 January 30; 162(2): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3829426

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The effect of food and cholestyramine on the absorption of cyclosporine in cardiac transplant recipients. Author(s): Keogh A, Day R, Critchley L, Duggin G, Baron D. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1988 February; 20(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3278460

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The effect of probucol and cholestyramine combination therapy in severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): Jackson JM, Lee HA. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1984 May-June; 51(2-3): 189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743378

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The effects of cholestyramine and colestipol on the absorption of diclofenac in man. Author(s): al-Balla SR, el-Sayed YM, al-Meshal MA, Gouda MW. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 August; 32(8): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7981930

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The effects of cholestyramine on high density lipoprotein metabolism. Author(s): Shepherd J, Packard CJ, Morgan HG, Third JL, Stewart JM, Lawrie TD. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1979 August; 33(4): 433-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=228682

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The influence of age on low density lipoprotein metabolism: effects of cholestyramine treatment in young and old healthy male subjects. Author(s): Ericsson S, Berglund L, Frostegard J, Einarsson K, Angelin B. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1997 October; 242(4): 329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9366812

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The influence of changes in lipid values induced by cholestyramine and diet on progression of coronary artery disease: results of NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Author(s): Levy RI, Brensike JF, Epstein SE, Kelsey SF, Passamani ER, Richardson JM, Loh IK, Stone NJ, Aldrich RF, Battaglini JW, et al. Source: Circulation. 1984 February; 69(2): 325-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6360415

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The influence of cholestyramine on the elimination of tenoxicam and piroxicam. Author(s): Guentert TW, Defoin R, Mosberg H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988; 34(3): 283-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3260866

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The purity of cholestyramine resin. Author(s): Goldstein MR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 December 8; 262(22): 3127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2810662

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Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis with cholestyramine resin. Author(s): Kreutzer EW, Milligan FD. Source: Johns Hopkins Med J. 1978 September; 143(3): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=691920

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Treatment of chlordecone (Kepone) toxicity with cholestyramine. Results of a controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Cohn WJ, Boylan JJ, Blanke RV, Fariss MW, Howell JR, Guzelian PS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 February 2; 298(5): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=74014

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Treatment of cholesteryl ester storage disease with combined cholestyramine and lovastatin. Author(s): McCoy E, Yokoyama S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1991; 623: 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2042867

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Treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis with cholestyramine. Author(s): Shelley WB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1980 December; 103(6): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7459261

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Treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a controlled trial of the effects of pravastatin or cholestyramine therapy on lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels. Author(s): Wiklund O, Angelin B, Fager G, Eriksson M, Olofsson SO, Berglund L, Linden T, Sjoberg A, Bondjers G. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1990 September; 228(3): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2119417

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Treatment of hyperthyroidism with a combination of methimazole and cholestyramine. Author(s): Mercado M, Mendoza-Zubieta V, Bautista-Osorio R, Espinoza-de los Monteros AL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 September; 81(9): 3191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8784067

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Treatment of massive digitoxin overdose by charcoal haemoperfusion and cholestyramine. Author(s): Gilfrich HJ, Kasper W, Meinertz T, Okonek S, Bork R. Source: Lancet. 1978 March 4; 1(8062): 505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=76053

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Treatment of skin irritations around biliary fistulas with cholestyramine. Author(s): Bell SN, Varigos GA. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1980 November; 67(11): 785. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7427037

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Treatment of the hyperlipidemic states with special emphasis on the place of cholestyramine in therapy. Author(s): Casdorph HR. Source: Angiology. 1970 November; 21(10): 654-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5480092

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Treatment of type II hyperlipoproteinaemia with cholestyramine. Author(s): Schade RW, Laar A van't, Jansen AP. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1973; 16(6): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4767765

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Tropical diarrhea in Vietnam--a controlled study of cholestyramine therapy. Author(s): McCloy RM, Hofmann AF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971 January 21; 284(3): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4922776

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Urethral calculi caused by cholestyramine. Author(s): Courtney SP, Wightman JA. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1991 December; 68(6): 654. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1773297

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Use of cholestyramine in the treatment of children with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Liacouras CA, Coates PM, Gallagher PR, Cortner JA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 March; 122(3): 477-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8441109

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Use of cholestyramine in the treatment of digoxin intoxication. Author(s): Henderson RP, Solomon CP. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 March; 148(3): 745-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3341874

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Use of cholestyramine in three patients with beta-acetyldigoxin, beta-methyldigoxin and digitoxin intoxication. Author(s): Kuhlmann J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 October; 22(10): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6511130

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Use of cholestyramine in treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Author(s): West RJ, Lloyd JK. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1973 May; 48(5): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4703066

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Use of cholestyramine resin in digitoxin toxicity. Author(s): Pieroni RE, Fisher JG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 May 15; 245(19): 1939-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7230387

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Use of cholestyramine resin in the treatment of digitoxin toxicity. Author(s): Cady WJ, Rehder TL, Campbell J. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979 January; 36(1): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=758792

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Use of cholestyramine to control diarrhea associated with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia. Author(s): Gleich GJ, Hofmann AF. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1971 August; 51(2): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5095531

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Use of oral gentamicin, metronidazole, and cholestyramine in the treatment of severe persistent diarrhea in infants. Author(s): Hill ID, Mann MD, Househam KC, Bowie MD. Source: Pediatrics. 1986 April; 77(4): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3960616

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Use of simvastatin plus cholestyramine in the treatment of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Author(s): Leone L, Ippoliti PF, Antonicelli R. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 December; 119(6): 1008-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1801793

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Vitamin K deficiency and bleeding after long-term use of cholestyramine. Author(s): Vroonhof K, van Rijn HJ, van Hattum J. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2003 January; 61(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12688565

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHOLESTYRAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cholestyramine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cholestyramine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Cholestyramine

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cholestyramine” (or a synonym): •

Alternate pathways of bile acid synthesis in the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase knockout mouse are not upregulated by either cholesterol or cholestyramine feeding. Author(s): Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Source: Schwarz, M Russell, D W Dietschy, J M Turley, S D J-Lipid-Res. 2001 October; 42(10): 1594-603 0022-2275

•

Causal relationship between removal efficiency of low density lipoproteins and their composition following cholesterol feeding and cholestyramine therapy. Source: Lacombe, Christiane. Corraze, Genevieve. Nibbelink, Maryse. Nutr-Res. New York : Pergamon. Sept/October 1984. volume 4 (5) page 829-840. ill., charts. 0271-5317

•

Clearance of chylomicron-like lipid emulsions is increased in normal rabbits but not in heterozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbits following treatment with cholestyramine or pravastatin. Author(s): Department of Physiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands. Source: Mamo, J C Bowler, A Redgrave, T G Elsegood, C L Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 1994 September; 21(9): 687-94 0305-1870

•

Clinical trial of a combination of rice bran fiber and cholestyramine for promotion of fecal excretion of retained polychlorinated dibenzofuran and polychlorinated biphenyl in Yu-Cheng patients. Author(s): Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences. Source: Iida, T Nakagawa, R Hirakawa, H Matsueda, T Morita, K Hamamura, K Nakayama, J Hori, Y Guo, Y L Chang, F M et al. Fukuoka-Igaku-Zasshi. 1995 May; 86(5): 226-33 0016-254X

•

Effect of cholestyramine on the formation of pigment gallstone in high carbohydrate diet-fed hamsters. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea. Source: Lee, Y C Song, D K Kim, J S Choi, C S J-Korean-Med-Sci. 1996 October; 11(5): 397-401 1011-8934

•

Effect of dietary cholesterol and cholestyramine on developmental pattern of 3Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Source: Alejandre, M.J. Ramirez, H. Segovia, J.I. Garcia Peregrin, E. Ann-Nutr-Metab. Basel, Switzerland : S. Karger. Mar/April 1985. volume 20 (2) page 111-118. 0250-6807

•

Effects of cholestyramine feeding on tissue lipase activities and plasma fatty acids in the pregnant rat. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Source: Haave, N C Innis, S M J-Dev-Physiol. 1989 July; 12(1): 11-4 0141-9846

•

Effects of dietary cholestyramine on growth and protein utilization of chicks given diets containing medium or long chain triacylglycerols. Author(s): Nagoya Univ. (Japan). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Mabayo, R.T. Okumura, J. Furuse, M. Japanese-Poultry-Science (Japan). (September 1997). volume 34(5) page 333-338. chickens growth protein quality triglycerides bile acids feeding level 0029-0254

Nutrition

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•

Hypocholesterolemic agents: a comparison of the relative effectiveness of cholestyramine and pectin in rats. Source: Baig, M M Burgin, C W Cerda, J J Drug-Nutr-Interact. 1985; 3(2): 109-13 02723530

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In vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine as a binding agent for fumonisins. Author(s): Istituto Tossine e Micotossine da Parassiti Vegetali, CNR, Bari, Italy. [email protected] Source: Solfrizzo, M Visconti, A Avantaggiato, G Torres, A Chulze, S Mycopathologia. 2001; 151(3): 147-53 0301-486X

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Influence of cholestyramine feeding on mevalonate-activating enzymes. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Granada, Spain. Source: Gonzalez Pacanowska, D Marco, C Iglesias, J Garcia Martinez, J Garcia Peregrin, E Enzyme. 1988; 39(2): 90-4 0013-9432

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Oleoyl-CoA incorporation into triglycerides and phospholipids by chick enterocytes. Effect of cholesterol and cholestyramine feeding. Source: Iglesias, J. Gonzalez Pacanowska, D. Marco, C. Garcia Peregrin, E. Nutr-Res. Tarrytown, N.Y. : Pergamon Press. October 1992. volume 12 (10) page 1265-1272. 02715317

•

Resistant starch and cholestyramine have distinct effects on hepatic cholesterol metabolism in guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. Source: Fernandez, M.L. Roy, S. Vergara Jimenez, M. Nutr-res. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. June 2000. volume 20 (6) page 837-849. 0271-5317

•

The Influence of changes in lipid values induced by cholestyramine and diet on progression of coronary artery disease: Results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Source: Levy, Robert I. Brensike, John F. Epstein, Stephen E. Kelsey, Sheryl F. Passamani, Eugene R. Richardson, John M. Loh, Irving K. Stone, Neil J. Aldrich, Robert F. Battaglini, James W. Circulation. Dallas : American Heart Association, Inc. February 1984. volume 69 (2) page 325-337. charts. 0009-7322

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to cholestyramine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Niacin Alternative names: Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Provitamin A Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Nutrition

Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Alternative names: Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Minerals Alpha-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Cholestyramine

Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com D-Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gamma-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinol Alternative names: Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Alternative names: Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Food and Diet Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low-Fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER

3.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE CHOLESTYRAMINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cholestyramine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cholestyramine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cholestyramine: •

A marked and sustained reduction in LDL sterols by diet and cholestyramine in betasitosterolemia. Author(s): Parsons HG, Jamal R, Baylis B, Dias VC, Roncari D. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1995 October; 18(5): 389-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8529322

•

Additive hypocholesterolemic effect of psyllium and cholestyramine in the hamster: influence on fecal sterol and bile acid profiles. Author(s): Daggy BP, O'Connell NC, Jerdack GR, Stinson BA, Setchell KD. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1997 March; 38(3): 491-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9101430

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Advances in the treatment of coronary heart disease: fish oils, cholestyramine, and mevinolin. Author(s): Stacpoole PW, Alig J. Source: Cardiovasc Clin. 1987; 18(1): 267-79. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3300984

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Bile acid sequestrants. Author(s): Ast M, Frishman WH. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 February; 30(2): 99-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2179278

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Catabolism of low density lipoproteins by perfused rabbit livers: cholestyramine promotes receptor-dependent hepatic catabolism of low density lipoproteins. Author(s): Chao YS, Yamin TT, Alberts AW. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1982 July; 79(13): 3983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6287458

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Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity is increased by dietary modification with psyllium hydrocolloid, pectin, cholesterol and cholestyramine in rats. Author(s): Matheson HB, Colon IS, Story JA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 March; 125(3): 454-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876920

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Cholestyramine plus pectin in treatment of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Schwandt P, Richter WO, Weisweiler P, Neureuther G. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1982 September; 44(3): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7150399

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Clinical trial of a combination of rice bran fiber and cholestyramine for promotion of fecal excretion of retained polychlorinated dibenzofuran and polychlorinated biphenyl in Yu-Cheng patients. Author(s): Iida T, Nakagawa R, Hirakawa H, Matsueda T, Morita K, Hamamura K, Nakayama J, Hori Y, Guo YL, Chang FM, et al. Source: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 1995 May; 86(5): 226-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7628813

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Effect of feeding beta-sitosterol alone or in combination with cholestyramine during early life on subsequent response to cholesterol challenge in adult life in guinea-pigs. Author(s): Hassan AS, Gallon LS, Yunker RL, Subbiah MT.

Alternative Medicine 59

Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1982 November; 48(3): 443-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7171532 •

Effect of feeding psyllium and cholestyramine in combination on low density lipoprotein metabolism and fecal bile acid excretion in hamsters with dietaryinduced hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Turley SD, Daggy BP, Dietschy JM. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1996 January; 27(1): 71-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8656662

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Effects of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, pravastatin, and bile sequestering resin, cholestyramine, on plasma plant sterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Hidaka H, Kojima H, Kawabata T, Nakamura T, Konaka K, Kashiwagi A, Kikkawa R, Shigeta Y. Source: J Atheroscler Thromb. 1995; 2(1): 60-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9225210

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Effects of cholestyramine and squalene feeding on hepatic and serum plant sterols in the rat. Author(s): Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Source: Lipids. 1989 August; 24(8): 705-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2586228

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Effects of cholestyramine feeding on tissue lipase activities and plasma fatty acids in the pregnant rat. Author(s): Haave NC, Innis SM. Source: J Dev Physiol. 1989 July; 12(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2614036

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Effects of cholestyramine on low density lipoprotein binding sites on liver membranes from rabbits with endogenous hypercholesterolemia induced by a wheat starch-casein diet. Author(s): Chao Y, Yamin TT, Alberts AW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1982 April 10; 257(7): 3623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6277940

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Effects of cholestyramine, metamucil, and cellulose on fecal bile salt excretion in man. Author(s): Stanley MM, Paul D, Gacke D, Murphy J. Source: Gastroenterology. 1973 December; 65(6): 889-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4584910

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Effects of neomycin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on serum cholesterol and fecal steroids in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Miettinen TA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1979 November; 64(5): 1485-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=387820

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Effects of rice bran fibre and cholestyramine on the faecal excretion of Kanechlor 600 (PCB) in rats. Author(s): Takenaka S, Morita K, Tokiwa H, Takahashi K. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1991 March; 21(3): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1907420

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Enhancement of DMBA-induced mammary cancer in Wistar rats by unsaturated fat and cholestyramine. Author(s): Gabriel HF, Melhem MF, Rao KN. Source: In Vivo. 1987 September-October; 1(5): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2979798

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High fiber diet in hyperlipemia. Comparison with cholestyramine treatment in type IIA hyperlipoproteinemia. Author(s): Palumbo PJ, Briones ER, Nelson RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 July 21; 240(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=660847

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Modeling plasma lipoprotein-bile lipid relationships: differential impact of psyllium and cholestyramine in hamsters fed a lithogenic diet. Author(s): Trautwein EA, Siddiqui A, Hayes KC. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1993 December; 42(12): 1531-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8246766

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Plasma vitamin A and E levels in children with familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia during therapy with diet and cholestyramine resin. Author(s): Glueck CJ, Tsang RC, Fallat RW, Scheel D. Source: Pediatrics. 1974 July; 54(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4365953

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Protective effects of cholestyramine in rats fed a low-fiber diet containing toxic doses of sodium cyclamate or amaranth. Author(s): Ershoff BH.

Alternative Medicine 61

Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1976 June; 152(2): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=935190 •

Pseudomembranous colitis. Association with antibiotics and therapy with cholestyramine. Author(s): Burbige EJ, Milligan FD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 March 17; 231(11): 1157-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1172816

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Psyllium augments the cholesterol-lowering action of cholestyramine in hamsters by enhancing sterol loss from the liver. Author(s): Turley SD, Daggy BP, Dietschy JM. Source: Gastroenterology. 1994 August; 107(2): 444-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8039621

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Psyllium for the reduction of cholestyramine-associated gastrointestinal symptoms in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Maciejko JJ, Brazg R, Shah A, Patil S, Rubenfire M. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1994 November; 3(11): 955-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7804477

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Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in sitosterolemia: effects of lovastatin, cholestyramine, and dietary sterol restriction. Author(s): Nguyen LB, Cobb M, Shefer S, Salen G, Ness GC, Tint GS. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1991 December; 32(12): 1941-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1816322

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Response to diet and cholestyramine in a patient with sitosterolemia. Author(s): Belamarich PF, Deckelbaum RJ, Starc TJ, Dobrin BE, Tint GS, Salen G. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 December; 86(6): 977-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2251034

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Serum cholesterol and cholelithias in rabbits treated with pectin and cholestyramine. Author(s): Borgman RF, Wardlaw FB. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1974 November; 35(11): 1445-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4429245

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Sitosterolemia: opposing effects of cholestyramine and lovastatin on plasma sterol levels in a homozygous girl and her heterozygous father. Author(s): Cobb MM, Salen G, Tint GS, Greenspan J, Nguyen LB.

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Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1996 June; 45(6): 673-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8637439 •

Therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood: diet and cholestyramine resin for 24 to 36 months. Author(s): Glueck CJ, Tsang RC, Fallat RW, Mellies M. Source: Pediatrics. 1977 March; 59(3): 433-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=840563

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cholestyramine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 63

Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements B-Carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-Carotene Alternative names: Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betacarotenum Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bile Acid Sequestrant Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitrol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carotenoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Cholecalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colestipol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Erocalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ispaghula Alternative names: Psyllium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menadione Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Isphagula Alternative names: Psyllium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 65

Trans-Beta-Carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CHOLESTYRAMINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cholestyramine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cholestyramine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cholestyramine By performing a patent search focusing on cholestyramine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cholestyramine: •

Cholesterol-lowering tablets Inventor(s): Ullah; Ismat (Cranbury, NJ), Wiley; Gary James (Jackson, NJ) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,066,336 Date filed: August 11, 1998 Abstract: An improved cholesterol-lowering tablet is manufactured by blending tablet grade cholestyramine with an appropriate amount of lubricant and directly compressing into elongated tablets having a specified thickness. These inner tablets are successfully film coated using aqueous film-coating processes without tablet preheating and by simultaneous spray-drying. Excerpt(s): The invention is concerned with improved tablets comprising ion exchange resins which have bioaffecting properties and the process for production of the tablets. Specifically, it deals with a process of producing aqueous film-coated cholestyramine resin tablets, which are improved in that they have the cholesterol lowering advantages of prior art cholestyramine tablets, but do not have the unpalatable mouth feel and swallowing difficulties of previous tablets. Cholestyramine and similar ion exchange resins, such as colestipol, lower cholesterol by attracting and agglomerating bile acids in the intestinal tract. Once agglomerated, the acids are excreted in feces, and serum LDL levels are lowered. Thus, cholesterol-lowering ion exchange resins are given orally such as in the form of a suspension, confection or a tablet. However, tablets must disintegrate readily so that the resin can act in the intestines. Although cholestyramine is not water soluble, it rapidly absorbs available moisture, including atmospheric moisture, and swells or softens. This tendency to absorb moisture has led to problems in preparing and administering tablets of cholestyramine. The uncoated tablets are unpalatable and difficult to swallow. The tablets tend to disintegrate in the mouth while swallowing, adding to the unpleasant taste and causing a dry mouth and/or throat that inhibits swallowing. Also, it is well known that resins such as cholestyramine have an inherent unpleasant taste and odor. For these reasons, it is advantageous that the cholestyramine tablets have an adequate coating in order to allow swallowing, without objectionable taste and tablet disintegration in the mouth and/or throat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06066336__

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Cholestyramine compositions and method for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Amer; Moh. S. (Fairfield County, CT), Gray; Jack C. (Suffolk County, NY) Assignee(s): Amer and Company (Carpenteria, CA) Patent Number: 4,895,723 Date filed: September 8, 1986 Abstract: Orally ingestible compositions for reduction of blood cholesterol levels comprising cholestyramine and as deodorant material a water-soluble carbonhydrate syrup such as high fructose corn syrup or a liquid alcohol polyol humectant such as glycerine. The components are blended to form a deodorized powder which may be

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added to water to form a beverage or mixed with an additional carbohydrate material such as polydextrose to form a unitary orally ingestible product such as a wafer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to cholestyramine compositions and to a method for preparation of such compositions. It is well known that various diseases are caused by high cholesterol levels in the blood plasma. Indeed, the most serious and life-threatening of these may be cardiac diseases such as arterosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Accordingly, the art has considered it highly desirable to provide compositions, particularly for oral administration, which effectively reduce the cholesterol level in the blood. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04895723__ •

Cholestyramine compositions and method for treating biliary gastritis Inventor(s): Fryers; Gordon R. (Oxted, GB2), Todd; Richard S. (Cottingham, GB2) Assignee(s): Reckitt & Colman Products Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 4,172,120 Date filed: March 9, 1978 Abstract: A solid pharmaceutical composition comprising anhydrous cholestyramine, 0.6 to 1.7 parts by weight of low viscosity grade alginic acid/sodium alginate per weight of cholestyramine, the low viscosity grade alginic acid/sodium alginate having 0 to 75% of the acid groups neutralized, 0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight of citric acid per weight of sodium alginate, and sufficient sodium carbonate or bicarbonate mixtures thereof to neutralize the acid groups of the alginic and citric acids. The compositions may be used in the treatment of conditions associated with duodeno-gastric reflux of bile into the stomach. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and in particular to compositions for use in the treatment of those conditions in man associated with the duodeno-gastric reflux of bile into the stomach. Such conditions include biliary gastritis and bile-induced gastric ulceration. Cholestyramine, which is a polystyrenedivinylbenzene copolymer anion exchange resin, has been used to bind bile acids in the intestine, in those patients in whom excessive levels of bile leads to conditions such as hypercholesterolaemia and pruritis. The cholestyramine exchanges chloride ions for the bile which it binds into an insoluble complex that is excreted in the faeces, so preventing the normal re-absorption of bile salts. High dosing can lead to constipation, diarrhoea and steatorrhoea. Cholestyramine has been used in the treatment of gastric ulceration associated with duodeno-gastric reflux of bile, with little success. It has been suggested that this lack of success is due to the fact that the cholestyramine is retained in the stomach for too short a period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04172120__

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Composition containing cholestyramine and method of producing the same Inventor(s): Friess; Stefan (Hamburg, DE), Heckenmuller; Harald (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (Sodertalje, SE) Patent Number: 5,695,749 Date filed: May 25, 1994

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Abstract: Cholestyramine and starch containing, oil-free compositions with excellent organoleptic features are obtained by mixing cholestyramine and grain starch in a weight ratio of 1:1.8 to 2.9 with the addition of grain bran as a filler and optionally an aroma stuff with 10 to 35% by weight of water (calc. on the starting materials) into a homogenous moist mass, forming of the mass through extrusion into a string, whereby the temperature is 105.degree.-180.degree. C. (measured in the mass in the extrusion head) and the pressure is 30-70 bars (measured in the extrusion head), and subsequently drying at a temperature above 100.degree. C. to a remaining humidity of.ltoreq.3.5% by weight, whereby the extruded material before or after the drying is divided into bars or is grinded into a powder. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of producing oil-free compositions containing cholestyramine and starch, esp. in the form of bars for the immediate consumption by hypercholesterolemia patients. Cholestyramine is the international free name (INN of WHO) for the chloride of a styrene-divinyl benzene-copolymerisate containing quaternary ammonium groups. Cholestyramine is effective as ion exchanger for binding of gallic acids and at hypercholesterolemia as lipid-lowering agent. In the last mentioned use quite large dosages have to be used, which might be as high as between 4 and 16 g for each separate delivery and up to 32 g daily. This is a problem because cholestyramine is present in the form of very fine, water-insoluble ionexchange particles. When eating this in suspended or solid form a fishy smell and taste occurs and moreover an unpleasant sandy taste remains in the mouth thereafter, which sometimes is also called "drifting sand effect". Therefor it is difficult to get patients to take in cholestyramine preparations on a regular basis over a prolonged time in the required high doses. The most varying attempts have already been made to transfer cholestyramine into a more patient-friendly form, which should be easy to use, i.e. could be eaten directly, and tasty. Among others, suspensions (e.g. in the form of fruit juices), powder, bakery products and bars (for example in the form of sweet nougat or chocolate bars) have been developed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05695749__ •

Compositions for treating hypercholesterolemia Inventor(s): Broaddus; Charles D. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,116,610 Date filed: September 30, 1991 Abstract: Cholestyramine and polyol polyesters are administered orally to reduce blood cholesterol levels. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for reducing blood cholesterol levels by oral administration of cholestyramine and polyol polyesters. High blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) is recognized as being a risk factor in cardiovascular disease which comprises a major health care problem, today. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that, with few exceptions, populations consuming large quantities of saturated fat and cholesterol have a relatively high concentration of serum cholesterol and a high mortality rate from coronary heart disease. While it is recognized that other factors can also contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease, there appears to be a causal relationship between the concentration of serum cholesterol, in which hypercholesterolemia results in the

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accumulation of undesirable amounts of cholesterol in various parts of the circulatory system (arteriosclerosis) or in soft tissues (xanthomatosis), and coronary disease and coronary mortality rates. A variety of dietary and drug regimens have been suggested for alleviating or preventing hypercholesterolemia. However, many of these have undesirable side effects or give suboptimal results. Accordingly, the search for materials which reduce blood cholesterol has continued. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05116610__ •

Direct compression cholestyramine tablet and solvent-free coating therefor Inventor(s): Bequette; Robert J. (Evansville, IN), Bonenberger; Bruce A. (Evansville, IN), Gallian; Claude E. (Newburgh, IN), Reckelhoff; John R. (Evansville, IN) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,956,182 Date filed: March 16, 1989 Abstract: A directly compressed cholestyramine tablet with a solvent-free coating is disclosed. The inner core of the tablet is made up of cholestyramine agglomerates consisting of numerous small, irregularly-shaped, jagged-edged fragments having relatively few smooth or flat surfaces with a moisture content ranging from about 8 to 14 percent by weight. A process is also disclosed for preparing cholestyramine agglomerates of the invention. The solvent-free coating comprises from about 60 percent to about 95 percent by weight of stearic acid and from about 5 percent to about 40 percent of polyethylene glycol. Excerpt(s): Cholestyramine resin powder, which is the chloride salt of a basic anion exchange resin, is a cholesterol lowering agent intended for oral administration. Although cholestyramine is quite hydrophilic, it is insoluble in water and is not absorbed from the digestive tract. Cholestyramine is marketed by the Bristol-Myers Company as a powder under the tradename QUESTRAN. The powder is not taken in its dry form, but is always mixed with water or other fluids before ingesting. The recommended adult dose is four grams of cholestyramine resin from one to six times daily. QUESTRAN is available as a powder in packets of nine grams, four of which are relatively anhydrous cholestyramine resin. The remaining five grams comprise other additives such as sucrose, flavoring and other ingredients to make the powder more palatable. Obviously, it would be greatly desirable if cholestyramine resin could be put into tablet form, thereby eliminating the need for both mixing the powder in water before ingesting, and adding additional materials to render the product palatable. It would be even more desirable if the cholestyramine resin could be rendered directly compressible into a tablet, since direct compression is by far the desired tableting method, when compared to either wet or dry granulation methods. However, only a very limited number of pharmaceutical substances possess enough cohesive strength and flowability to allow direct compression without previous granulation. In fact, it is estimated that only about 20 percent of all materials used for tableting in the pharmaceutical field may be directly compressed. In order to use this method to a greater extent, many more materials are modified either by treating the material in some special way during early stages of preparation, or by adding a direct compression vehicle that mixes with the active ingredient and forms a flowable and easily compressible mixture. It is, of course, desirable to be able to directly compress a composition without addition of direct compression vehicles. Thus, it would be desirable to be able to directly compress cholestyramine resin into a tablet, preferably

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without the aid of direct compression vehicles. Even if one were to successfully directly compress cholestyramine into a tablet, there is an additional problem that must still be overcome. Cholestyramine is extremely hygroscopic, which makes cholestyramine tablets very difficult to swallow. A cholestyramine tablet placed in the mouth swells rapidly by readily taking up the available moisture. A very dry mouth results and the tablet adheres to the tongue, and thus cannot be comfortably swallowed. Accordingly, it would be desirable to coat the tablet so as to render it easy to swallow. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04956182__ •

Edible, baked compositions containing cholestyramine Inventor(s): Wood; Thomas G. (Morris Plaines, NJ), Xenides; Carol J. (Fargo, ND) Assignee(s): BASF K & F Corporation (Whippany, NJ) Patent Number: 4,931,280 Date filed: June 13, 1988 Abstract: The edible baked composition delivers cholestyramine in a palatable, pleasant tasting form. Embodiments include a nutrition bar and a cookie. The composition is useful for the control of endogenous cholesterol levels in humans. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an edible, baked composition which will help control endogenous terol levels when ingested. More specifically, the composition contains cholestyramine which is useful in the control of cholesterol or lipid levels of the blood. Hypercholesteremia, which is also known as high blood cholesterol level, is believed to be responsible in many cases for atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is exceedingly desirable to effect a reduction of the blood cholesterol level in adult, atherosclerotic patients. This has been done heretofore primarily through the use of low fat diets and medications. However, in many patients this is not sufficient to maintain the cholesterol within the desired limits. Accordingly, it is desirable to administer to the patient a cholesterol lowering agent. Cholesterol and/or lipid reducing agents are useful in the treatment of arterial plaque formation (i.e. atherosclerosis). These medicinal agents, however, must be administered on a regular, periodic basis in order to exhibit their beneficial effects. Moreover, when formulated as tablet, capsule or liquid dosages, these medicaments have the appearance and character of medicines used in the treatment of sickness and disease. Consequently, patients for whom cholesterol or lipid reducing agents have been prescribed will have an aversion toward routine, daily ingestion of such medicaments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04931280__

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Edible, non-baked low moisture cholestyramine composition Inventor(s): Gore; Ashok Y. (Holland, PA), Polli; Gerald P. (Valley Forge, PA), Vegesna; Raju V. K. (Parsippany, NJ) Assignee(s): BASF Corporation (Parsippany, NJ) Patent Number: 5,262,167 Date filed: December 20, 1990 Abstract: A highly palatable, low moisture non-baked cholestyramine composition has cholestyramine in stable admixture with a suitable carrier. The carrier is made up of a

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grain or flour, sugars and starch binder, and may also contain flavorings, preservative, and an edible oil. The cholestyramine composition should not have more than 11.0% moisture by total weight and the optimal moisture content is not more than 2.0 to 4.0% by weight or lower. The composition may be in the form of coarse granules similar to granola or wheat germ, as well as croutons or chewable tablets which may be consumed without beverages or other food products. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition useful in lowering or controlling blood cholesterol levels in humans, and more particularly, to an edible, non-baked cholestyramine composition which is easy to administer and is highly palatable. The invention also relates to a method for lowering or controlling high cholesterol levels in humans utilizing the cholestyramine composition set forth herein. Unfortunately, cholestyramine has an extremely unpleasant taste, characterized by amine, as well as an excessively dry, grimy mouth-feel. Numerous formulations have been provided in an attempt to mask these unpalatable characteristics of the drug. Nougat bars and candybased formulations, for example, are well known in the art. These products, however, often have a pungent sweetness and an undesirable aftertaste. Furthermore, these preparations often exhibit a high degree of plasticity or gumminess. As a result, many patients who have been prescribed up to four daily dosages or more of one of these cholestyramine-based formulations will often opt to discontinue therapy, further in light of the drug's constipating effect. Extremely fine powders have also been employed as a vehicle with cholestyramine. These formulations are often mixed with flavorings and colorings and are administered with a beverage such as orange juice. However, cholestyramine, while hydrophilic, is normally insoluble in water, and so many of the undesirable side effects associated with other formulations, e.g. dryness and grittiness, are not significantly reduced with these powdered preparations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05262167__ •

Good-tasting gritty drug formulations Inventor(s): Day; Charles E. (1224 Bear Creek Rd., Leitchfield, KY 42754) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,102,664 Date filed: July 19, 1989 Abstract: The application discloses a good-tasting and palatable gritty drug formulation, wherein the grittiness is associated as a part of a pleasurable organoleptic sensation, which contains a gritty and optionally bad-tasting or odoriferous drug and a seedy fibrous fruit, and optionally an aqueous medium and a gelling agent, and preferably also a sweetener and a flavoring agent, wherein the gritty drug is representatively an antihypercholesterolemic drug, especially a bile acid sequestrant, and particularly cholestyramine, a method for the preparation thereof, and a method of converting a gritty drug into a more readily-acceptable formulation which assists with patient compliance. Excerpt(s): Formulations of drugs which are gritty in order to make them good tasting, pleasing, tolerable, and palatable. Cholestyramine is a high molecular weight, cationic polymer which binds anionic bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract and prevents their reabsorption. Since cholestyramine is neither degraded nor absorbed, it causes bile acids with which it binds to be excreted. This cholestyramine-induced loss of bile acids from the enterohepatic bile acid pool stimulates the liver to replenish the supply via

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synthesis de novo from cholesterol thereby reducing hepatic intracellular cholesterol. Subsequently, synthesis of hepatic high affinity receptors for apolipoprotein B is stimulated to sequester low density lipoproteins from the plasma to replenish intracellular cholesterol levels since low density lipoproteins are comprised largely of cholesterol. This is the cascade of events which causes plasma cholesterol to be reduced by the binding of bile acids to cholestyramine in the gastrointestinal tract. Even more important is that cholestyramine selectively reduces the "bad" cholesterol (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) that causes atherosclerosis (C. E. Day, In "Low Density Lipoproteins", edited by C. E. Day and R. S. Levy, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 421-438, 1976). Consequently, cholestyramine eventually inhibits development of atherosclerotic lesions by binding to bile acids in the intestine. Furthermore, atherosclerosis is the primary cause for heart attacks and sudden cardiac death. So, ultimately, the simple act of sequestering bile acids in the gut by cholestyramine leads to a significant reduction not only in plasma cholesterol and low density lipoproteins but also to reductions in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (JAMA 251: 351-374, 1984), which is the leading cause of death in the U.S. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05102664__ •

Lipid regulating agents Inventor(s): Fawzi; Mahdi B. (Flanders, NJ), Ghebre-Sellassie; Isaac (Stanhope, NJ), Gordon; Robert H. (Dover, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 4,814,354 Date filed: September 26, 1986 Abstract: Cholestyramine can be administered orally along with one or more other lipid regulating agent(s) and/or other beneficial agent(s) in compositions in which the cholestyramine has been suitably pretreated. Excerpt(s): Cholestyramine is a well-known ion-exchange resin which has pharmaceutical utility as a non-systemic agent which lowers serum cholesterol. During normal digestion, most of the bile acids secreted into the duodenum are recaptured at specific ileal receptor sites and returned to the liver via the enterohepatic circulation. Cholestyramine resin combines with the bile acids to form an insoluble complex that is excreted in the feces, thereby leading, eventually, to a decrease in serum cholesterol levels. While cholestyramine is effective as an antihyperlipemic, it is gritty or sandy in texture making it unpleasant in appearance and mouthfeel. One result of this unpleasantness is reduced patient compliance. That is, individuals who ingest the resin regularly may avoid taking all of the resin they need on a daily basis. Combination products, i.e., compositions which contain cholestyramine and one or more other lipid regulators, are difficult to formulate because of the ionic character of the resin. Thus an acidic nonionic lipid lowering agent, such as gemfibrozil, cannot be readily administered along with cholestyramine because the acidic agent can bind to the ionic sites on the resin, and thereby reduce the effectiveness of both agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04814354__

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Medicament for preventive and/or therapeutic treatment of hyperphosphatemia Inventor(s): Kawai; Mizue (Kanagawa, JP), Mitsuka; Masayuki (Kanagawa, JP), Shimada; Hiroshi (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,980,881 Date filed: March 5, 1997 Abstract: A medicament for preventive and/or therapeutic treatment of hyperphosphatemia which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable anion exchange resin such as a 2-methylimidazole/epichlorohydrin copolymer, cholestyramine resin, or colestipol. The medicament is orally available and has lowering effect on blood phosphate concentration and reducing effect on urinary phosphate excretion, and is useful for the treatment of conditions caused by hyperphosphatemia including renal dysfunction and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medicament for preventive and/or therapeutic treatment of hyperphosphatemia. More specifically, the present invention relates to a medicament for preventive and/or therapeutic treatment of hyperphosphatemia which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable anion exchange resin as an active ingredient. In patients of renal dysfunction, insufficiency of urinary phosphate excretion is observed. In the early stage of renal failure, a renal compensatory mechanism acts to keep phosphate homeostasis, and a temporary increase of phosphate excretion is observed due to the depression of phosphate re-absorption induced by the increase of PTH (parathyroid hormone). However, the homeostasis cannot be maintained because of progression of renal pathological conditions and renal hypofunction. As a result, hyperphosphatemia due to the decrease of phosphate excretion and a marked increase of PTH may arise. The accumulated phosphate causes, as direct actions, decrease of blood calcium, acceleration of PTH production/secretion, heterotopic calcification, and renal osteoparatrophy due to the depression of vitamin D activation. As indirect actions through high PTH level, it causes central and peripheral nervous disorders, myocardial disorders, hyperlipidemia, carbohydrate metabolic disorders, itch, dermal ischemic ulcer, anemia, tendon rupture, genital dysfunction, myopathy, growth retardation, cardiac conduction disturbance, pulmonary inflation disorder arterial sclerosis, and immune deficiency. In addition, it is also known that phosphate is an uremic substance and is involved directly or indirectly in complications of renal failure (Jin to Toseki, "Kidney and Dialysis", 37, 2:321, 1994). When dialysis treatment is finally applied to patients of renal failure, the aforementioned pathologic conditions and complications are maintained, if homeostasis of phosphate cannot be sustained. Therefore, treatment of hyperphosphatemia is essential for patients of renal failure under or before the treatment of dialysis. For the treatments of hyperphosphatemia, 1) diet therapy, or 2) orally available phosphate adsorbent is currently applied. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05980881__

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Method of reducing weight in mammals Inventor(s): Weisenfeld; Michael S. (6018 Wynford Dr., West Bloomfield, MI 48322) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,137,716 Date filed: November 15, 1990 Abstract: Described is a method of decreasing the weight in mammals to a desired amount comprising the steps of ingesting an effective weight reducing amount of a cholestyramine for a desired period of time to achieve a desired weight reduction. Compositions useful for reducing weight in patients contain cholestyramine, bran and optionally, artificial sweeteners and flavors. Excerpt(s): The invention is concerned with weight reduction in mammals utilizing ion exchange resins. A number of references have discussed cholestyramine for various therapeutic purposes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,501 teaches the use of a pharmaceutical composition for oral usage endowed with sequestering activity for the biliary acids containing cholestyramine as its active principle further containing at least one antimicrobial agent, one suspending agent and one coating agent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,288 teaches a drug delivery system designed to be chewed or swallowed comprising cholestyramine, a hydrophobic matrix containing an emulsifier and an edible material, a glyceride and a coating material effective to delay hydration until ingested. The coating material forms a protective barrier effective to prevent the unpleasant taste perception for the cholestyramine material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05137716__

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Methods of pretreating hyperlipidemic individuals with a flush inhibiting agent prior to the start of single daily dose nicotinic acid therapy to reduce flushing provoked by nicotinic acid Inventor(s): Cefali; Eugenio A. (Two Oakwood Blvd., Suite 140, Hollywood, FL 33020) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,469,035 Date filed: July 31, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to pretreating individuals with an effective amount of a flush inhibiting agent for a sufficient period of time prior to the start of single daily dose nicotinic acid therapy to reduce the capacity of nicotinic acid to induce flushing reactions in such individuals during nicotinic acid therapy. In accordance with the present invention, the flush inhibiting agents are administered orally one to four times a day, and preferably one to two times per day, for between about 7 to about 14 days prior to the start of the nicotinic acid therapy. Examples of flush inhibiting agents include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Aspirin is a preferred flush inhibiting agent and may be orally administered in daily doses of between about 80 mg to about 1000 mg, and preferably between about 80 mg and about 650 mg, and more preferably between about 80 mg and about 325 mg, during the pretreatment period. Also consistent with the present invention, the pretreatment therapy may be continued during and administered concurrently with the nicotinic acid therapy, in which the nicotinic acid is preferably administered once per day as a single dose during the evening hours or before or at bedtime. The nicotinic acid may be administered alone or in combination

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with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as well as other lipid-altering agents, like cholestyramine and colestipol. Excerpt(s): Hyperlipidemia or an elevation in serum lipids is associated with an increase incidence of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Specific forms of hyperlipidemia include, for example, hypercholesteremia, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, diabetic dyslipidemia, nephrotic dyslipidemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia. Hypercholesteremia is characterized by an elevation in serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and serum total cholesterol. Low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) transports cholesterol in the blood. Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, also known as Type III hyperlipidemia, is characterized by an accumulation of very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-cholesterol) particles called beta-VLDLs in the serum. Also associated with this condition, there is a replacement of normal apolipoprotein E3 with abnormal isoform apolipoprotein E2. Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by multiple lipoprotein abnormalities, such as an overproduction of VLDL-cholesterol, abnormal VLDL triglyceride lipolysis, reduced LDL-cholesterol receptor activity and, on occasion, Type III hyperlipidemia. Nephrotic dyslipidemia is difficult to treat and frequently includes hypercholesteremia and hypertriglyceridemia. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by multiple phenotypes of hyperlipidemia, i.e., Type IIa, IIb, IV, V or hyperapobetalipoproteinemia. It is well known that the likelihood of cardiovascular disease can be decreased, if the serum lipids, and in particular LDL-cholesterol, can be reduced. It is also well known that the progression of atherosclerosis can be retarded or the regression of atherosclerosis can be induced if serum lipids can be lowered. In such cases, individuals diagnosed with hyperlipidemia or hypercholesteremia should consider lipid-lowering therapy to retard the progression or induce the regression of atherosclerosis for purposes of reducing their risk of cardiovascular disease, and in particular coronary artery disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06469035__ •

Natural color concentrates and antimicrobial nutraceutial from plants Inventor(s): Shanbrom; Edward (Santa Ana, CA) Assignee(s): Shanbrom Technologies LLC (Ojai, CA) Patent Number: 6,093,401 Date filed: September 16, 1997 Abstract: An active coloring concentrate can be prepared from the juice of cranberries and blueberries by treating juice or homogenate with an appropriate binding matrix. Assorted ion exchange resins such as cholestyramine are effective binding matrices, but the currently preferred material is a food grade of cross-linked polyvinyl pyrollidone. The binding matrices are used to concentrate active materials from cranberry and a colored solid is produced. This substance shows anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties. It can be readily consumed as a therapeutic or nutraceutical, used as a coloring agent, or it can be used topically. Significant amounts of active concentrate can be produced from cranberry presscake which is normally a waste material. Excerpt(s): The current invention concerns the field of natural products and foods and more specifically colors and an antimicrobial composition prepared from cranberry juice. Health foods are estimated to currently represent an annual market in the United States of at least ten billion dollars ($10,000,000,000.00). By health foods is meant

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vitamins, minerals and herbal products that are widely believed to be efficacious in improving human health without the cost and side-effects of ordinary pharmaceuticals. In recognition of the popularity and importance of these products the term "nutraceutical" has been coined and the product category has received special government regulatory treatment. There can be no denying that vitamins and minerals are essential for normal human health. Whether "excessive" doses of some vitamins, for example Vitamin C, provide special benefits is more controversial. More controversial still are the many herbal products of recent popularity such as saw palmetto and Ginkgo biloba. Many people swear by these and related products while large pharmaceutical companies claim that these remedies are untested and worthless. Nevertheless, virtually all important pharmaceutical drugs are based on natural plant products. Not too long ago the study of botany was a mandatory part of medical education. It is also clear that at least some of the herbal cures are effective. For example, feverfew, long a folk cure for headaches, is currently used in Europe as a legitimate cure for migraines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06093401__ •

Palatable cholestyramine coacervate compositions Inventor(s): Polli; Gerald P. (Somerville, NJ), Shoop; Clyde E. (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 3,974,272 Date filed: January 25, 1974 Abstract: Palatable oral coacervate compositions containing Cholestyramine and a Modified Gum selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic colloid of cellulosive material and charged anionic gum in an aqueous medium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the preparation of palatable compositions which contain Cholestyramine and a Modified Gum selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic colloid of cellulosive material and charged anionic gum. More specifically, the invention relates to the preparation of palatable coacervate compositions containing Cholestyramine and a Modified Gum selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic colloid of cellulosive material and charged anionic gum in an aqueous medium. The pharmaceutical compositions included herein are useful in the treatment of hypocholesteremia and biliary cirrhosis. Hypocholesteremia which is also known as high blood cholesterol level, is believed to be responsible in many cases for atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is exceedingly desirable to effect a reduction of the blood cholesterol level in atherosclerosis patients. This has been done heretofore primarily through the use of low fat diets. However, in many patients this is not sufficient to maintain the cholesterol with the desired limits. Accordingly, it is desirable to administer to the patient a hypocholesteremic agent. In biliary cirrhosis or other forms of bile stasis, pruritis, a severe itching especially at the anus, is a major complaint of patients suffering from interference with normal excretion of bile. Accordingly, it is desired to administer an anti-pruritic agent to the patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03974272__

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•

Palatable cholestyramine granules, tablets and methods for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Schulz; Gary J. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, MI) Patent Number: 5,167,965 Date filed: May 10, 1990 Abstract: Palatable cholestyramine granules, tablets and method for preparation thereof are disclosed. Excerpt(s): Cholestyramine is a compound known to be effective in controlling hypocholesteremia, also known as high blood cholesterol levels, believed to be responsible in many cases for arteriosclerosis as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,383,281. Cholestyramine, which is orally consumed in order to effect its cholesterol lowering or controlling properties, is astringent and unpleasant to swallow. The cholestyramine also has the side effect of inducing constipation. Processes and compositions are known such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,308,020: 3,499,960; and 3,947,272. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,272 teaches combining cholestyramine with a modified gum, together with a flavoring agent to form a coascervate in an aqueous medium such as water, milk, and fruit juice. Although pharmaceutically effective, these known compositions are still very undesirable to drink, since the compositions form a gritty coating on the surface inside of the mouth and require at least an additional glass of water to rinse off the gritty coating. Another disadvantage is that the solids of such compositions, including the cholestyramine particles, quickly settle after being added to the aqueous medium, requiring the consumer to frequently stir the medium in order to maintain the cholestyramine in suspension. Another disadvantage of the compositions prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,947,272 is that they do not readily disperse when added to an aqueous medium. Instead, clumps form which require several minutes stirring before the drink can be consumed. Such disadvantages become particularly pronounced for individuals who need to consume the cholestyramine compositions several times a day for periods of months or even years. Evidence of the unpalatability of cholestyramine compositions currently being marketed is the low rate of compliance by patients to adhere to a diet requiring daily consumption of the cholestyramine product. This low compliance rate indicates a definite need for a cholestyramine composition which is more palatable than the known compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05167965__

•

Pharmaceutical composition containing bile acid sequestrant enclosed in a sizeexclusion membrane Inventor(s): Hagerman; Larry M. (Columbus, OH), Imondi; Anthony R. (Westerville, OH) Assignee(s): Erbamont Inc. (MN) Patent Number: 5,091,175 Date filed: May 14, 1990 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition useful for treating hypercholesterolemia comprising a bile acid sequestrant resin such as cholestyramine and cholestipol maintained in a semipermeable water-insoluble material; wherein said semipermeable material enables bile acids from the digest tract to contact and bind to said resin while

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preventing substances having a higher molecular weight than bile acids from contacting said resin material. A method for treating hypercholesterolemia using the inventive composition is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): Hypercholesterolemia, which is commonly known as high blood cholesterol level, can lead to many medical complications such as atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is one of the most significant forms of cardiovascular disease because of its frequent occurrence and its predilection for serious ailments such as coronary thrombosis. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the thickening of the intima, reduction in diameter, and loss of elasticity of arteries, due to fatty accumulations. Higher blood levels of cholesterol are observed in atherosclerosis patients than in normal persons. Accordingly, it is considered important in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis to maintain normal blood cholesterol levels. The common therapy for treating hypercholesterolemia, when blood cholesterol levels are not excessively high, but higher than average, has been the consumption of a low fat diet, devoid as much as possible of animal fats. This necessitates reduced consumption of nutritious foods such as meat, milk and eggs. Although maintenance of a low fat diet can help control hypercholesterolemia in a large number of instances, for some individuals, additional means are required to lower the blood cholesterol level. One of the major uses of cholesterol in the body is to serve as a precursor for bile acids. The bile acids, natural detergents, are secreted by the liver and enter the intestinal tract where they aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. The bile acids are then re-absorbed from the intestine and returned to the liver. The bile acids are secreted into the intestine again and the process repeats. Although the system operates very efficiently, a small percentage of bile acids escape recycle and are eliminated through the feces. The amount of bile acids lost is replenished by conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. The bile acid sequestrant resins interrupt the bile acid cycle by binding to the bile acids and thereby increasing the amount of bile acids excreted in the feces. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05091175__ •

Production of powdered resin and the powdered resin so produced Inventor(s): Garbagnati; Giberto (Milan, IT), Pirotta; Marico G. (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Rohm and Haas Company (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 4,404,346 Date filed: August 5, 1980 Abstract: Powdered synthetic polymeric resin is produced by swelling or shrinking resin particles by contact with water or an organic solvent to introduce strain within the particles and comminuting the swollen or shrunk particles by grinding them in a rotary attrition mill. This process is particularly useful for the production of powdered resins for oral consumption, for example powdered cholestyramine resin, since particle sizes such that 90% by weight and/or number is below 30 microns in average particle diameter in the wet swollen state may be achieved. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with the production of powdered resin, particularly from synthetic polymeric adsorbent or ion exchange resin beads, and the powdered resin so produced. It is known, for example from Schultz and Crook, Ind. and Eng. Chem. Product Research and Development, Vol. 7, No. 2, June 1968 pages 120 to 125 to be advantageous for some uses that a synthetic polymeric adsorbent or ion exchange resin have a particle size of up to 44 microns average particle diameter. In that

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disclosure there are demonstrated so-called ultrafine resins, 0.5 to 1.5 microns particle diameter, and so-called micropowder resins, particle diameter 25 to 44 microns are also mentioned. It is also disclosed that when the resins are for oral consumption the higher particle sizes are less attractive as they impart unpleasant grittiness in the mouth and tend to form non-stable, settling aqueous dispersions. Ion exchange and adsorbent resin beads produced by conventional suspension polymerization processes generally have a particle size around 600 microns. Many attempts have been made to reduce this particle size by pulverising such beads. For example resin beads have been dried, removing entrapped water deriving from the aqueous suspension polymerization medium, and impacted by air pressure against a grid. Alternatively undried resin has been milled, dried and milled again. Such processes, however, all have disadvantages. For example in some cases it has been found that no matter how many passes the resin makes through the grinding mill the particle size cannot be reduced to a sufficiently low level. For effective size reduction in some mills the resin must be dried to avoid the lubricating effect of moisture. This is why, in the prior art process described above, the second grinding cycle is carried out on dried resin. However, this often has the disadvantage that the temperature in the mill rises, sometimes to such an extent that the resin may begin to degrade. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04404346__ •

Psyllium cholestyramine compositions with improved palatability Inventor(s): Colliopoulos; John A. (Cinicinnati, OH), Kardouche; Nabil G. (Loveland, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,601,837 Date filed: June 2, 1995 Abstract: This invention relates to an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 1% to 75%, by weight, psyllium husk with more than about 97% of the psyllium husk being smaller than about 100 mesh screen; from about 1% to 65%, by weight, cholestyramine; and wherein the ratio of the psyllium husk to the cholestyramine is from about 3:1 to about 1:2, and wherein the composition delivers from 1 g to 30 g of the psyllium husk and from about 4 g to about 30 g of the cholestyramine daily when the composition is taken orally in one or more doses. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising small particle size (smaller than about 80 mesh U.S. standard) psyllium husk and cholestyramine having improved cholestyramine aesthetics, and a method for treating hypercholesterolemia by administering said pharmaceutical composition. High blood cholesterol levels are associated with life threatening cardiac diseases. A drug of choice in the treatment of such disorders is cholestyramine resin, which is known as a basic anion exchange resin. Cholestyramine helps to lower blood cholesterol levels apparently by binding to bile acids in the intestine. It is believed that this in turn causes an increase in hepatic metabolism of cholesterol to replenish the bile acids lost to complexation with the cholestyramine. While the benefits of cholestyramine are well known and appreciated, the aesthetics (e.g., mouthfeel; taste; throat sticking) are considered by many users of cholestyramine to be very unpleasant. Obviously, poor aesthetics raise concern about how closely patients comply with any treatment regimen using cholestyramine. The unpleasant mouthfeel of cholestyramine is frequently

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described as a sandy, gritty texture which tends to stick to the back of the mouth and throat upon ingestion and which leaves an unpleasant fishy taste in the mouth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05601837__

Patent Applications on Cholestyramine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cholestyramine: •

Methods for treating or inhibiting neurotoxin-mediated syndromes Inventor(s): Hudnell, H. Kenneth; (Pocomoke, MD), Shoemaker, Ritchie; (Pocomoke, MD) Correspondence: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 300 South Wacker Drive; Suite 3200; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030219400 Date filed: February 10, 2003 Abstract: The present invention discloses methods of treating or inhibiting one or more of sick building syndrome (SBS), post-Lyme Disease Syndrome (PLDS), and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) by administering to a patient in need thereof an amount effective of cholestyramine and/or.alpha.-melanocyte stimulating hormone to treat or inhibit one or more of these syndromes. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/356,443, filed Feb. 13, 2002, and U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/356,539, filed Feb. 13, 2002. The present invention relates to the field of medicine, chronic illnesses, and pharmaceuticals. Human illness associated with neurotoxin-forming environmental microbial organisms has been reported. For instance, the human illness designated as possible estuarine-associated syndrome (PEAS) has been linked to exposure to estuaries inhabited by toxin-forming dinoflagellate. Humans may be exposed through direct contact with estuarine water or by inhalation of aerosolized or volatilized toxin(s) (Shoemaker, R C, (1997) Md Med J. 46:521; Shoemaker, R C et al. Environ Health Perspect (2001) 109:539) The acute and chronic symptoms associated with the disease include cough, secretory diarrhea, headache, fatigue, memory impairment, rash, difficulty in concentrating, light sensitivity, burning skin upon water contact, muscle ache, upper airway obstruction, shortness of breath, confusion, red or tearing eyes, weakness and vertigo. In the absence of a serological test, and the identification of a specific dinoflagellate neurotoxin, the diagnosis of PEAS and the link to neurotoxin relies on a neurotoxicological test, visual contrast sensitivity (VCS). A toxin-trapping agent, cholestyramine (CSM), has been used in patients diagnosed with PEAS that have a deficit in VCS (Shoemaker, R C et al. Environ Health Perspect (2001) 109:539). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cholestyramine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cholestyramine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cholestyramine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CHOLESTYRAMINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cholestyramine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cholestyramine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Cholestyramine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cholestyramine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cholestyramine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cholestyramine: •

Collagenous and Lymphocytic Colitis Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 631-633. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis are clinicopathologic syndromes that represent distinct, possibly autoimmune, forms of idiopathic inflammatory colonic bowel disease. This chapter on collagenous and lymphocytic colitis is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Both collagenous and lymphocytic colitis

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present as chronic, watery, noninfectious diarrhea in middle-aged patients with negative radiographic and endoscopic studies. Collagenous colitis predominantly occurs in women; lymphocytic colitis is found equally in both genders. Often there is intermittent, crampy, diffuse abdominal pain, and, not surprisingly, some patients have a previous diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In patients with symptomatic collagenous-lymphocytic colitis, several factors should be considered. Since colonic absorption is decreased in all patients and small bowelsecretion has been noted in some patients, dietary secretagogues, such as caffeine-or lactose-containing foods, should be eliminated from the diet. Because of possible association between collagenous colitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), these agents should be discontinued. If steatorrhea (excessive amounts of fats in the stool) is documented, a low-fat diet may be helpful. In the presence of bile salt malabsorption, binding resins, such as cholestyramine, have been useful. Some patients are helped by bulking agents and by antidiarrheal medications, such as loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium). The authors conclude that although long term experience is limited, retrospective examination of patients with collagenous lymphocytic colitis reveals a benign and chronic course. There is no association between this condition and Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. 1 table. 4 references. •

Antidiarrheals, Antibiotics, Psychotropics, and Potential New Drug Therapies Source: in Peppercorn, M.A., ed. Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Medical and Surgical Approaches. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1990. p. 135-144. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701-5185. (800) 228-1160 or (212) 696-9000. Fax (914) 796-1772. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $190.00. ISBN: 0824781694. Summary: There are a number of drugs that can be of great use for the individual patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but whose action is not thought of as directed against IBD itself. There is also an increasing list of agents which appear to have some promise as first-line agents in IBD treatment. This chapter, from a book about the medical and surgical approaches in the management of IBD, discusses antidiarrheals, antibiotics, psychotropics, and potential new drug therapies, and their uses in IBD therapy. The author discusses antidiarrheals, including opiates, cholestyramine, and bulk agents; antibiotics, including sulfasalazine and metronidazole; and psychotropics, including minor tranquilizers and antidepressants. Potential new drug therapies, using agents including sodium cromoglycate, sucralfate, chloroquine, methotrexate, antituberculous agents, lipoxygenase inhibitors, and immune adjuvants, are discussed. 43 references.

•

Bowel Dysfunction Following Enterocystoplasty Source: in Webster, G.D. and Goldwasser, B. Urinary Diversion: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice. Oxford, England: Isis Medical Media, Ltd. 1995. p. 121-124. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545. Fax (800) 535-9935. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 1899066071. Summary: This chapter from a text on urinary diversion considers bowel dysfunction following enterocystoplasty. Continent bladder reconstruction by enterocystoplasty, orthotopic bladder replacement, and continent catheterizable diversions are now standard procedures in urology. The authors stress that, when a urinary reservoir is constructed utilizing bowel, not only should there be no major alteration in bowel

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function, but the metabolic sequelae due to the reabsorption of urinary constituents should be minimal. Topics covered include bowel function, the incidence of bowel dysfunction, treatment options, and prevention considerations. Prevention of postoperative diarrhea following reconstructive urologic surgery involves recognition of patients at risk. In the authors' study, troublesome postoperative diarrhea occurred in a small number of patients, mainly those with neuropathic bladders and those with interstitial cystitis following reconstructive urologic surgery. Initial treatment should be cholestyramine, followed by the addition of loperamide and codeine if necessary. Prevention is preferable, and in patients at risk an alternative diversion may be appropriate, along with possible reconstruction of the ileocecal valve when utilized. 4 tables. 14 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER

6.

PERIODICALS AND CHOLESTYRAMINE

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cholestyramine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cholestyramine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cholestyramine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cholestyramine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cholestyramine: •

FDA Panels Undecided On Cholestyramine For OTC Use Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 14, 1997

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Atypical Form Of Hypercholesterolemia Amenable To Diet And Cholestyramine Therapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 24, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cholestyramine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cholestyramine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cholestyramine” (or synonyms).

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Academic Periodicals covering Cholestyramine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cholestyramine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering cholestyramine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for cholestyramine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with cholestyramine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to cholestyramine: Cholestyramine •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Questran; Questran Light http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202137.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3321 11 575 3 104 4014

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cholestyramine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cholestyramine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cholestyramine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cholestyramine”:

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Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Gallbladder Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gallbladderdiseases.html Liver Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html Porphyria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/porphyria.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cholestyramine. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Antidiarrheal Therapy Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 13(3): 207-208. April 1999. Contact: Available from Pulsus Group, Inc. 2902 South Sheridan Way, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 7L6. Summary: This fact sheet, from a professional journal of gastroenterology, guides patients who have been advised to use an antidiarrheal medication. The fact sheet describes various medications used to control diarrhea and the potential risks involved in taking these drugs. Diarrhea is defined as more water in the stool than normal. Antidiarrheal medications are helpful for occasional or short term treatment of diarrhea that the physician does not feel is specifically caused by an inflammatory or serious infectious disease of the intestines. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) occasionally take these medications to control diarrhea. The most commonly used antidiarrheal medications are loperamide hydrochloride (Apo Loperamide or Imodium), diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil), codeine, bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol), and cholestyramine (Questran). Most of these medications (all except cholestyramine) work by slowing the movement of food through the intestines. This gives the intestine more time to absorb the water and makes the stool less watery. Cholestyramine binds to the bile in the intestines, helping certain patients (particularly

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those who have had surgery to remove a section of their small intestine) have fewer problems with diarrhea. These medications are generally very safe for patients with mild diarrhea but can be potentially dangerous for patients with severe diarrhea. Patients are encouraged to work closely with their physicians to manage any problems. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cholestyramine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cholestyramine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cholestyramine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cholestyramine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cholestyramine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cholestyramine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cholestyramine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cholestyramine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHOLESTYRAMINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,

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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

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Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier

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for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergics: Medicines that calm muscle spasms in the intestine. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-kloh-meen) (Bentyl) and hyoscyamine (HY-oh-SY-uh-meen) (Levsin). [NIH]

Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiarrheals: Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH]

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Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bezafibrate: Antilipemic agent that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. It decreases low density lipoproteins and increases high density lipoproteins. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH]

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Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bile Reflux: Reflux of bile mainly into the upper digestive tract, but also into the pancreas. [NIH]

Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Atresia: Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts. [NIH]

Biliary Fistula: Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bismuth Subsalicylate: A nonprescription medicine such as Pepto-Bismol. Used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, and nausea. It is also part of the treatment for ulcers caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HELL-uh-koh-BAK-tur py-LOH-ree). [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the

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heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bulking Agents: Laxatives that make bowel movements soft and easy to pass. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH]

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Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the

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relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones. [NIH] Chlordecone: A highly chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticide whose large number of chlorine atoms makes it resistant to degradation. It has been shown to be toxic to mammals and causes abnormal cellular changes in laboratory animals. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

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Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collagenous Colitis: A type of colitis. Caused by an abnormal band of collagen, a threadlike protein. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire

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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective

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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH]

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Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. EC 4.2.1.22. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]

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Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphenoxylate: A meperidine congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH]

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Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from

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intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU]

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Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Feverfew: Aromatic perennial Tanacetum parthenium used to treat migraines, arthritis, and as a febrifuge. It contains tannins, volatile oils (oils, essential), and sesquiterpene lactones, especially parthenolide. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallbladder Emptying: A process whereby bile is delivered from the gallbladder into the duodenum. The emptying is caused by both contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter mechanism at the choledochal terminus. [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH]

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Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gemfibrozil: A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol. These decreases occur primarily in the VLDL fraction and less frequently in the LDL fraction. Gemfibrozil increases HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely established. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gigantism: The condition of abnormal overgrowth or excessive size of the whole body or any of its parts. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

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[NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemoperfusion: 1. The act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of blood through the vessels of a specific organ. 2. Blood poured over or through an organ or tissue. [EU]

Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g.,

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vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] High blood cholesterol: Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in animal tissues, especially in bile and gallstones. The relationship between the intake of cholesterol and its manufacture by the body to its utilization, sequestration, or excretion from the body is called the cholesterol balance. When cholesterol accumulates, the balance is positive; when it declines, the balance is negative. In 1993, the NHLBI National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults issued an updated set of recommendations for monitoring and treatment of blood cholesterol levels. The NCEP guidelines recommended that total cholesterol levels and subfractions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol be measured beginning at age 20 in all adults, with subsequent periodic screenings as needed. Even in the group of patients at lowest risk for coronary heart disease (total cholesterol 200 mg/dL and HDL 35 mg/dL), the NCEP recommended that rescreening take place at least once every 5 years or upon physical examination. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of

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bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperhomocysteinemia: An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of cystathionine betasynthase and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease. [NIH] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH]

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Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Idiocy: Is the most severe degree of mental defect. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileocecal Valve: A valve that connects the lower part of the small intestine and the upper part of the large intestine (ileum and cecum). Controls the flow of fluid in the intestines and prevents backflow. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also

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called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infections: The illnesses caused by an organism that usually does not cause disease in a person with a normal immune system. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective

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properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Exchange Resins: High molecular weight, insoluble polymers which contain functional groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions (ion exchange) with either cations or anions. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH]

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Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with lipoxygenase and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the eicosanoid products hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loperamide: 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N.N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1piperidine butyramide hydrochloride. Synthetic anti-diarrheal agent with a long duration of action; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. [NIH] Loperamide hydrochloride: An antidiarrheal drug. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and

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diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] Metabolic acidosis: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis): A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream). [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme. [NIH]

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Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the

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blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has

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pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occult Blood: Chemical, spectroscopic, or microscopic detection of extremely small amounts of blood. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Polypeptide: A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after

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ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice. [NIH] Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences

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among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phenprocoumon: 3-(1-Phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin. Long acting oral anticoagulant. It may cause diarrhea. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH]

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Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Plant sterols: Plant-based compounds that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines. This results in lower blood cholesterol levels. They may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also known as phytosterols. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NIH]

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Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases). [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and

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cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Product Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a product or its container or wrapper. It includes purpose, effect, description, directions, hazards, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudomembranous Colitis: Severe irritation of the colon. Caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria. Occurs after taking oral antibiotics, which kill bacteria that normally live in the colon. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease

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characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive

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substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically

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because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Simvastatin: A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH]

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Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steatorrhea: A condition in which the body cannot absorb fat. Causes a buildup of fat in the

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stool and loose, greasy, and foul bowel movements. [NIH] Steatorrhoea: Excessive amounts of fats in the feces, as in malabsorption syndromes. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH]

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Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher

Dictionary 155

plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Troglitazone: A drug used in diabetes treatment that is being studied for its effect on reducing the risk of cancer cell growth in fat tissue. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

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Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xanthomatosis: A condition of morphologic change in which there is accumulation of lipids in the large foam cells of tissues. It is the cutaneous manifestation of lipidosis in which plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins are quantitatively changed. The xanthomatous eruptions

Dictionary 157

have several different distinct morphologies dependent upon the specific form taken by the disease. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

159

INDEX A Abdominal, 3, 86, 115, 138, 139, 143, 144, 155 Abdominal Pain, 3, 86, 115, 138, 139, 155 Acetylcholine, 115, 139, 142 Acidosis, 9, 115 Acyl, 30, 115 Adaptation, 115, 146 Adenine, 115 Adenosine, 17, 115, 121, 145 Adjuvant, 115, 131 Adrenal Cortex, 115, 126, 135, 148 Adrenergic, 115, 139, 149 Adsorption, 10, 44, 115 Adsorptive, 115 Adverse Effect, 115, 145, 151 Aerosol, 115, 153 Affinity, 74, 115, 152 Agar, 116, 146 Agoraphobia, 116, 136, 144 Airway, 82, 116 Airway Obstruction, 82, 116 Alertness, 116, 121 Algorithms, 116, 120 Alimentary, 26, 116, 127 Alkaline, 115, 116, 117, 121, 154 Alkaloid, 116, 119, 124, 141, 149 Alleles, 116, 134 Allylamine, 116, 117 Alpha Particles, 116, 149 Alternative medicine, 90, 116 Aluminum, 116, 153 Ambulatory Care, 116 Amebiasis, 117, 141 Amine, 73, 117, 134 Ammonia, 117 Ampulla, 117, 123, 129 Anaerobic, 27, 117 Anal, 13, 117 Analgesic, 117, 124, 127, 128, 140, 141, 142, 149, 153 Analog, 35, 117 Anaplasia, 117, 142 Anastomosis, 13, 117 Anatomical, 117, 129, 136, 151 Anemia, 43, 75, 117 Anesthesia, 116, 117 Anhydrous, 69, 71, 117

Anionic, 73, 78, 117 Anions, 117, 138 Anorexia, 117, 143 Antagonism, 117, 121 Antibiotic, 10, 46, 117, 142, 150, 152, 154 Antibodies, 117, 119, 133 Antibody, 4, 116, 117, 118, 124, 133, 135, 136, 140, 141, 150, 152 Anticholinergics, 4, 118 Anticoagulant, 118, 145, 148, 156 Anticonvulsant, 118, 145 Antidepressant, 118, 136 Antidiarrheals, 86, 118 Antifungal, 118, 138 Antigen, 116, 117, 118, 125, 135, 136, 140 Anti-inflammatory, 76, 86, 118, 122, 126, 127, 132, 142, 146, 153 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 76, 118, 122, 126 Antimetabolite, 118, 141 Antimicrobial, 16, 77, 118, 127 Antineoplastic, 118, 126, 141 Antioxidant, 4, 118 Antipruritic, 118 Antipyretic, 118, 127, 142, 149 Antispasmodic, 118, 127, 148 Anus, 78, 117, 118, 121, 124, 145, 150 Apolipoproteins, 21, 42, 118, 132, 139 Aqueous, 44, 68, 73, 78, 79, 81, 118, 119, 129 Arachidonic Acid, 118, 138, 139, 148 Arterial, 21, 72, 75, 116, 118, 119, 123, 136, 148, 154 Arteries, 80, 118, 119, 121, 126, 139, 142 Arterioles, 119, 121, 142 Arteriolosclerosis, 119 Arteriosclerosis, 62, 71, 79, 119, 136, 142 Artery, 24, 37, 46, 53, 63, 77, 118, 119, 126, 129, 149 Articular, 119, 138, 143 Astringent, 79, 119 Asymptomatic, 4, 117, 119 Atrial, 119, 156 Atrial Fibrillation, 119, 156 Atropine, 104, 119, 128 Autoantibodies, 119, 127 Autoimmune disease, 4, 119

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B Bacteria, 27, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 129, 130, 133, 140, 141, 148, 151, 152, 155 Bacterium, 119, 120 Base, 115, 119, 131, 138 Belladonna, 119 Benign, 11, 86, 119, 133, 142, 150 Bewilderment, 119, 125 Bezafibrate, 14, 20, 22, 32, 119 Bile Acids, 6, 10, 18, 19, 28, 39, 42, 43, 45, 52, 68, 69, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 119, 120, 153 Bile Acids and Salts, 119, 120 Bile duct, 4, 120, 123, 147 Bile Pigments, 120, 138 Bile Reflux, 37, 120 Biliary, 5, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 39, 42, 47, 69, 76, 78, 120, 121, 123, 127 Biliary Atresia, 21, 120 Biliary Fistula, 47, 120 Biliary Tract, 39, 120, 121 Bilirubin, 44, 120, 135 Binding agent, 10, 11, 53, 120 Binding Sites, 59, 120 Bioavailability, 8, 11, 29, 120 Biochemical, 116, 118, 120, 143, 145, 151 Biosynthesis, 61, 118, 120, 127, 139, 151 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 90, 99, 120 Bismuth, 4, 104, 120 Bismuth Subsalicylate, 4, 104, 120 Bladder, 22, 86, 120, 125, 127, 136, 155 Bloating, 120, 136, 138, 139 Blood Coagulation, 120, 121, 151 Blood pressure, 4, 120, 122, 136, 145, 147, 152 Blood vessel, 120, 121, 122, 123, 129, 133, 145, 152, 153, 155 Body Fluids, 121, 128, 152 Bone Marrow, 121, 127 Bowel, 85, 86, 117, 121, 128, 129, 137, 138, 153, 155 Bowel Movement, 121, 128, 153 Brachytherapy, 121, 137, 149 Bulking Agents, 4, 86, 121 Bullous, 121, 127 Bypass, 43, 121 C Caffeine, 86, 121 Calcification, 40, 75, 119, 121 Calcium, 56, 75, 121, 125, 131, 141, 143, 144, 154 Calculi, 48, 121, 133 Calmodulin, 121, 131

Capsules, 8, 122, 131 Carbohydrate, 52, 69, 75, 122, 126, 132 Carcinogen, 122, 130, 141 Carcinogenic, 122, 153 Cardiac, 28, 45, 69, 75, 81, 116, 119, 121, 122, 126, 130, 132, 142, 149, 153 Cardiovascular, 14, 32, 59, 70, 74, 77, 80, 122, 127, 138, 151 Cardiovascular disease, 70, 74, 77, 80, 122 Catabolism, 7, 58, 122 Cations, 122, 138 Causal, 52, 70, 122 Cause of Death, 74, 122 Cecum, 122, 136, 138 Celecoxib, 23, 122 Celiac Disease, 42, 122 Cell, 38, 43, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 141, 142, 145, 146, 150, 155, 156 Cell Division, 119, 122, 146 Cell membrane, 122, 145 Cell proliferation, 119, 122 Central Nervous System, 115, 121, 122, 123, 133, 138, 139, 141, 145, 151 Central Nervous System Infections, 122, 133 Cerebrovascular, 122 Character, 72, 74, 122, 127, 132 Chenodeoxycholic Acid, 123, 155 Chlordecone, 46, 123 Chlorine, 123 Chloroquine, 86, 123 Cholangitis, 11, 123 Cholecystokinin, 12, 18, 19, 123 Cholera, 4, 123, 156 Choleretic, 123, 155 Cholestasis, 11, 19, 25, 38, 39, 41, 42, 123 Cholesterol Esters, 123, 139 Chromosome, 123, 133, 138 Chronic, 3, 4, 5, 10, 12, 13, 40, 82, 86, 117, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 147, 148, 153, 155 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 82, 123 Chylomicrons, 123, 139 Circulatory system, 71, 123 Cirrhosis, 5, 78, 123, 147, 148 Clinical Medicine, 16, 28, 32, 123, 147 Clinical study, 124, 126 Clinical trial, 5, 7, 52, 58, 99, 124, 126, 127, 141, 150 Cloning, 120, 124 Coagulation, 120, 124, 156 Codeine, 87, 104, 124

161

Coenzyme, 16, 124, 139, 151 Colchicine, 5, 124 Colestipol, 4, 9, 25, 27, 44, 45, 64, 68, 75, 77, 124 Colitis, 4, 39, 61, 85, 124, 138 Collagen, 4, 124, 135, 146, 148 Collagen disease, 124, 135 Collagenous Colitis, 86, 124 Colloidal, 124, 153 Colon, 13, 58, 124, 137, 138, 148, 155 Combination Therapy, 17, 43, 45, 124 Complement, 124, 125 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 65, 125 Complementary medicine, 57, 125 Compliance, 9, 16, 22, 79, 125 Compress, 71, 125 Computational Biology, 99, 125 Concretion, 121, 125 Conduction, 75, 125 Confusion, 82, 125, 128, 155 Connective Tissue, 121, 124, 125, 131, 153, 154 Consciousness, 117, 126, 128 Constipation, 69, 79, 126, 138 Contraindications, ii, 126 Contrast Sensitivity, 82, 126 Controlled clinical trial, 8, 19, 46, 126 Controlled study, 45, 48, 126 Coronary, 4, 6, 17, 37, 46, 53, 58, 63, 69, 70, 77, 80, 122, 126, 134, 135, 142 Coronary Disease, 71, 126 Coronary heart disease, 4, 6, 17, 58, 69, 70, 122, 126, 134 Coronary Thrombosis, 80, 126, 142 Coronary Vessels, 126 Corticosteroid, 126, 147 Cranial, 126, 133, 155 Craniocerebral Trauma, 126, 133 Curative, 126, 143, 154 Cutaneous, 126, 156 Cyclic, 121, 127, 145 Cyclosporine, 19, 45, 127 Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 127, 135 Cystitis, 87, 127 Cytokine, 127, 144 D De novo, 74, 127 Degenerative, 127, 143 Dehydration, 123, 127 Dermatitis, 47, 127 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 47, 127

Detergents, 80, 127, 131 Diabetes Insipidus, 127, 135 Diagnostic procedure, 67, 90, 127 Diarrhoea, 8, 12, 19, 30, 38, 69, 127 Diclofenac, 23, 45, 127 Diclofenac Sodium, 127 Dicyclomine, 118, 127 Dietary Fats, 127, 138 Dietary Fiber, 26, 127 Digestion, 12, 39, 41, 74, 80, 116, 119, 120, 121, 127, 136, 137, 138, 139, 144, 153 Digestive system, 128, 132 Digestive tract, 71, 120, 128, 152 Dihydrotestosterone, 128, 150 Dihydroxy, 4, 128 Dimethyl, 128, 139 Diphenoxylate, 104, 128 Diploid, 128, 146 Direct, iii, 71, 75, 82, 93, 123, 128, 132, 149, 150 Discrete, 128, 154 Disorientation, 125, 128 Disposition, 28, 128 Dissociation, 18, 42, 116, 128 Dissociative Disorders, 128 Diuresis, 121, 128 Diuretic, 128, 135 Dizziness, 128, 144, 156 Drug Interactions, 94, 128 Duct, 117, 128, 130 Duodenum, 74, 119, 128, 129, 131, 153 Dyslipidemia, 77, 128 Dysmenorrhea, 128, 142, 146 Dysplasia, 11, 129 E Edema, 123, 129, 135, 142 Efficacy, 5, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 32, 129 Elastic, 129, 132, 152 Elasticity, 80, 119, 129 Elastin, 124, 129 Electrolyte, 126, 129, 147, 152 Electrons, 118, 119, 129, 138, 143, 149, 150 Emboli, 129, 156 Embolism, 129, 149, 156 Embolization, 129, 156 Emulsions, 52, 116, 129 Enamel, 33, 129 Endemic, 123, 129 Endogenous, 59, 72, 129 Endoscope, 129 Endoscopic, 86, 129 Endotoxic, 129, 138

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Enterocolitis, 25, 129 Enterocytes, 53, 129 Enterohepatic, 6, 28, 73, 74, 129, 153 Enterohepatic Circulation, 6, 28, 74, 129, 153 Environmental Health, 98, 100, 130 Enzymatic, 121, 125, 130, 134, 140 Enzyme, 53, 124, 127, 130, 138, 139, 140, 145, 148, 150, 151, 153, 156 Eosinophilia, 4, 130 Eosinophils, 130 Epichlorohydrin, 75, 130 Epithelial, 130, 133, 144 Epithelial Cells, 130 Epithelium, 129, 130, 132 Erythrocytes, 32, 117, 121, 130 Esophagitis, 130, 153 Esophagus, 128, 130, 132, 134, 139, 150, 153 Evacuation, 126, 130, 131, 138, 149 Excitability, 130, 149 Exocrine, 19, 123, 130, 143 Exogenous, 115, 129, 130 Extensor, 130, 149 External-beam radiation, 130, 149 Extracellular, 125, 126, 130, 152, 154 F Faecal, 60, 127, 130 Family Planning, 99, 130 Fat, 4, 7, 41, 56, 60, 70, 72, 78, 80, 86, 118, 120, 121, 126, 129, 130, 138, 152, 155 Fatigue, 4, 82, 123, 130, 134 Fatty acids, 52, 59, 130, 133, 148, 152, 156 Feces, 68, 74, 80, 126, 130, 153 Femoral, 18, 131 Femur, 131 Feverfew, 78, 131 Fibrosis, 116, 131, 151 Filler, 70, 131 Fish Oils, 58, 131 Flunarizine, 43, 131 Flushing, 76, 131 Foam Cells, 131, 156 Forearm, 121, 131 Free Radicals, 118, 128, 131 Fructose, 68, 131 G Gallbladder, 23, 35, 104, 115, 120, 123, 128, 131, 132 Gallbladder Emptying, 23, 131 Gallic Acid, 70, 131 Gamma Rays, 131, 149, 150

Gas, 117, 123, 131, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 153 Gastric, 8, 12, 20, 26, 37, 69, 131, 132, 134, 144 Gastric Emptying, 12, 131 Gastric Mucosa, 26, 132 Gastrin, 132, 135 Gastritis, 69, 132, 153 Gastroenterology, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 59, 61, 104, 132 Gastrointestinal, 28, 61, 73, 123, 127, 132, 138, 146, 151, 153, 156 Gastrointestinal tract, 28, 73, 132, 138, 151 Gemfibrozil, 4, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 74, 132 Gene, 6, 44, 116, 120, 132, 135, 146 Genital, 75, 132 Genotype, 33, 132, 145 Giardiasis, 132, 141 Gigantism, 36, 132 Gland, 115, 126, 132, 143, 144, 151, 154 Glipizide, 44, 132 Glomerular, 132, 150 Glucocorticoid, 132, 135, 147 Glucose, 132, 134, 136, 150, 151 Glutamate, 132, 145 Gluten, 41, 42, 122, 132 Glycerol, 132, 133, 145 Glycerophospholipids, 133, 145 Goblet Cells, 129, 133 Gonad, 133 Gonadal, 21, 133, 153 Gout, 124, 133, 142 Governing Board, 133, 147 Grade, 68, 69, 77, 133 Gram-positive, 133, 154 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 133, 154 H Habitual, 123, 133 Haematoma, 133 Haemoperfusion, 47, 133 Haemorrhage, 42, 133 Half-Life, 133, 146 Haploid, 133, 146 Haptens, 116, 133 Headache, 82, 121, 133 Headache Disorders, 133 Health Policy, 24, 134 Heart attack, 74, 122, 134 Heart failure, 16, 134 Heartbeat, 134, 153 Heartburn, 120, 134, 136

163

Helminths, 134, 137 Hemoglobin, 117, 130, 134 Hemorrhage, 26, 126, 133, 134, 149, 153 Hepatic, 6, 7, 13, 19, 26, 27, 40, 41, 53, 58, 59, 74, 81, 134, 147, 151 Hepatocyte, 123, 134 Heredity, 132, 134 Heterogeneity, 116, 134 Heterozygotes, 21, 134 High blood cholesterol, 70, 72, 78, 79, 80, 81, 134 Histamine, 131, 134, 139 Homeostasis, 75, 135 Homologous, 116, 134, 135 Hormone, 31, 33, 82, 126, 132, 135, 137, 148, 150, 151, 154 Hydration, 76, 135 Hydrochlorothiazide, 28, 44, 135 Hydrocortisone, 28, 135 Hydrogen, 115, 117, 119, 122, 135, 141, 142, 143, 148 Hydrolysis, 135, 139, 147 Hydrophilic, 71, 73, 78, 127, 135 Hydrophobic, 4, 76, 127, 133, 135, 139 Hydroxylation, 39, 135 Hydroxylysine, 124, 135 Hydroxyproline, 124, 135 Hyperbilirubinemia, 135, 138 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 44, 127, 135 Hyperlipidaemia, 9, 22, 23, 24, 135 Hyperlipidemia, 22, 37, 48, 75, 77, 128, 135 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 36, 40, 44, 60, 135, 136 Hypertension, 119, 122, 133, 135, 136, 147 Hyperthyroidism, 47, 136 Hypertriglyceridemia, 6, 17, 77, 128, 136 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 49, 136 Hypoglycemic, 132, 136 Hypoxic, 136, 141 I Idiocy, 32, 136 Idiopathic, 26, 85, 136 Ileal, 6, 28, 35, 40, 41, 43, 74, 136 Ileocecal Valve, 87, 136 Ileum, 122, 136 Illusion, 136, 156 Imipramine, 17, 136 Immune adjuvant, 86, 136 Immune response, 115, 118, 119, 126, 133, 136, 153, 156 Immune system, 136, 137, 138, 156 Immunodeficiency, 136

Immunogenic, 136, 138 Immunologic, 136, 144, 150 Immunology, 115, 116, 136 Immunosuppressant, 136, 141 Impairment, 82, 119, 123, 136 Implant radiation, 136, 137, 149 In vitro, 10, 16, 26, 27, 42, 53, 136, 151 In vivo, 10, 27, 39, 53, 136, 153 Incontinence, 4, 127, 136, 148 Indigestion, 120, 136 Induction, 137, 151 Infancy, 12, 137 Infantile, 30, 137 Infarction, 137 Infections, 117, 118, 122, 137 Infestation, 4, 137 Inflammation, 4, 118, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138, 146, 150, 153, 155 Inflammatory bowel disease, 3, 85, 86, 137 Ingestion, 31, 72, 82, 137, 144, 154 Inhalation, 82, 115, 137 Inner ear, 137, 155 Intermittent, 86, 137 Internal Medicine, 12, 15, 16, 20, 22, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33, 36, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48, 132, 137 Internal radiation, 137, 149 Interstitial, 87, 121, 137, 150 Intestinal, 6, 18, 27, 28, 29, 44, 68, 80, 122, 123, 129, 137, 139, 144 Intestinal Mucosa, 122, 123, 129, 137 Intestine, 69, 74, 80, 81, 104, 118, 120, 121, 129, 137, 138 Intoxication, 48, 137 Intracellular, 74, 121, 137, 140, 147 Intrahepatic, 11, 41, 42, 137 Intravenous, 4, 137 Intrinsic, 29, 116, 137 Iodine, 137, 140 Ion Exchange, 68, 70, 76, 77, 80, 138 Ion Exchange Resins, 68, 76, 77, 138 Ions, 69, 119, 121, 128, 129, 135, 138 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 4, 86, 104, 138 J Jaundice, 12, 135, 138 K Kb, 98, 138 Ketoconazole, 26, 138 Kinetics, 44, 45, 138 L Large Intestine, 122, 128, 136, 137, 138, 150, 152

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Laxative, 4, 116, 123, 138 Lesion, 138, 155 Leukotrienes, 118, 138, 139 Ligaments, 126, 138 Linkage, 6, 138 Lipase, 49, 52, 59, 138 Lipid, 4, 14, 16, 20, 22, 27, 29, 32, 34, 38, 40, 46, 52, 53, 57, 60, 61, 70, 72, 74, 77, 118, 119, 129, 131, 132, 138, 139, 155 Lipid A, 32, 138 Lipolysis, 77, 139 Lipopolysaccharides, 138, 139 Lipoprotein, 6, 10, 16, 18, 20, 22, 27, 32, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 59, 60, 74, 77, 128, 134, 139 Lipoxygenase Inhibitors, 86, 139 Liver Transplantation, 5, 139 Localized, 133, 139, 146, 155 Locomotion, 139, 146 Loperamide, 8, 37, 86, 87, 104, 139 Loperamide hydrochloride, 86, 104, 139 Lovastatin, 14, 16, 21, 30, 32, 33, 40, 42, 46, 61, 139, 151 Low-density lipoprotein, 16, 20, 33, 45, 128, 139 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 19, 139 Lymph, 123, 139 Lymphocytes, 118, 139, 156 Lymphocytic, 85, 139 M Malabsorption, 3, 6, 25, 26, 33, 40, 86, 122, 139, 153 Malabsorption syndrome, 139, 153 Malignancy, 3, 140 Mammary, 60, 140 Mammogram, 121, 140, 141 Meat, 80, 127, 140 Medial, 119, 140 Mediator, 123, 140, 151 Medicament, 75, 140 MEDLINE, 99, 140 Membrane, 79, 122, 125, 130, 140, 141, 143, 145, 149, 150 Membrane Lipids, 140, 145 Memory, 82, 117, 140 Mental, iv, 5, 98, 100, 125, 128, 130, 136, 140, 149, 155 Mental Processes, 128, 140, 149 Meperidine, 128, 140 Metabolic acidosis, 12, 25, 30, 31, 140 Metabolic disorder, 75, 127, 133, 140 Metabolite, 128, 139, 140, 147

Metastasis, 140, 142 Methimazole, 47, 140 Methotrexate, 5, 43, 86, 141 Metronidazole, 49, 86, 141 Microbe, 141, 154 Microcalcifications, 121, 141 Microorganism, 141, 156 Mineralization, 141, 143 Modification, 58, 141 Molecular, 6, 52, 73, 80, 99, 101, 117, 120, 121, 125, 138, 141, 155 Molecule, 118, 119, 120, 124, 125, 128, 135, 141, 143, 150 Monoclonal, 141, 150 Mononuclear, 27, 141 Monotherapy, 21, 32, 141 Morphine, 124, 128, 140, 141 Motility, 22, 141, 151 Mucins, 129, 133, 141 Mucosa, 132, 141, 153 Mucus, 141, 155 Multicenter study, 32, 141 Muscle relaxant, 141, 145 Muscle Spindles, 141, 145 Myocardial infarction, 37, 126, 141, 142, 156 Myocardial Ischemia, 126, 142 Myocardium, 141, 142 Myopathy, 75, 142 N Naproxen, 28, 142 Nausea, 120, 136, 142, 144, 155 Necrosis, 137, 141, 142, 151 Neomycin, 7, 8, 60, 142 Neonatal, 12, 38, 142 Neoplasms, 4, 118, 142, 150 Nephrosis, 142 Nephrotic, 22, 24, 77, 142 Nephrotic Syndrome, 22, 142 Neuromuscular, 115, 142, 148 Neurotoxin, 82, 142 Neurotransmitter, 115, 132, 135, 142, 153 Neutrons, 116, 142, 149 Niacin, 20, 54, 55, 142, 155 Nitrogen, 116, 117, 143, 155 Nucleus, 127, 130, 131, 139, 141, 142, 143, 148 O Occult, 4, 143 Occult Blood, 4, 143 Organoleptic, 70, 73, 143 Osmosis, 143

165

Osmotic, 4, 143 Osteoarthritis, 23, 143, 146 Osteomalacia, 35, 36, 143 Osteoporosis, 4, 5, 143 Outpatient, 143 Overdose, 35, 40, 47, 143 Oxidation, 118, 140, 143 P Palliative, 143, 154 Pancreas, 115, 120, 128, 132, 138, 143 Pancreatic, 4, 19, 123, 143 Pancreatic Polypeptide, 19, 143 Paneth Cells, 129, 144 Panic, 136, 144 Panic Disorder, 136, 144 Parasite, 144, 155 Parasitic, 4, 134, 137, 144 Parathyroid, 21, 75, 144, 154 Parathyroid Glands, 144 Parathyroid hormone, 21, 75, 144 Particle, 80, 81, 144, 152 Pathologic, 75, 115, 126, 135, 144, 149 Patient Compliance, 73, 74, 144 Patient Education, 104, 108, 110, 113, 144 Pelvic, 7, 144 Pelvis, 144 Pentoxifylline, 43, 144 Peptic, 144, 153 Peptide, 123, 144, 147, 148 Perception, 76, 144 Perennial, 131, 145 Perianal, 13, 145 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 131, 145 Peroxidase, 140, 145 Petechiae, 133, 145 Pharmacodynamics, 36, 145 Pharmacokinetic, 29, 40, 145 Pharmacologic, 117, 133, 145, 154 Phenobarbital, 21, 41, 145 Phenotypes, 77, 145 Phenprocoumon, 28, 145 Phenytoin, 29, 145 Phosphodiesterase, 144, 145 Phospholipids, 53, 130, 139, 140, 145 Phosphorus, 121, 144, 145 Phosphorylated, 124, 146 Phototherapy, 8, 12, 146 Physical Examination, 134, 146 Physicochemical, 10, 146 Physiologic, 120, 133, 146, 150 Physiology, 52, 115, 132, 146 Pigment, 52, 120, 146

Pilot study, 29, 146 Piroxicam, 23, 46, 146 Plant sterols, 59, 146 Plants, 77, 116, 119, 132, 146, 151, 155 Plaque, 4, 72, 146 Plasticity, 73, 146 Platelet Aggregation, 144, 146 Platelets, 17, 146, 151, 154 Pneumonia, 126, 146 Polyesters, 70, 146 Polyethylene, 71, 146, 147 Polymers, 138, 146, 147, 148, 153 Polypeptide, 124, 143, 147 Porphyria, 104, 147 Portal Hypertension, 4, 147 Portal Vein, 147 Posterior, 117, 143, 147 Postmenopausal, 143, 147 Postoperative, 21, 87, 140, 146, 147 Postprandial, 13, 18, 147 Potassium, 135, 147, 149, 152 Practice Guidelines, 100, 147 Pravastatin, 16, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37, 42, 47, 52, 59, 147 Precursor, 41, 80, 118, 130, 147, 155 Prednisolone, 11, 147 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 4, 5, 8, 40, 147 Product Labeling, 25, 148 Progesterone, 148, 153 Progression, 46, 53, 75, 77, 148 Progressive, 5, 119, 123, 142, 143, 148, 150 Proline, 124, 135, 148 Propantheline, 8, 148 Prophylaxis, 131, 148, 156 Prospective study, 19, 148 Prostaglandins, 25, 118, 148 Protease, 124, 148 Protein C, 118, 139, 148 Protein S, 120, 142, 148 Proteins, 118, 122, 124, 125, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151 Proteinuria, 142, 148 Protons, 116, 135, 148, 149 Pruritic, 78, 127, 148 Pruritus, 5, 8, 29, 38, 40, 148 Pseudomembranous Colitis, 46, 148 Psoriasis, 26, 148 Psychology, 128, 149 Psyllium, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 81, 149 Public Policy, 99, 149 Publishing, 3, 4, 6, 149 Pulmonary, 75, 120, 123, 138, 149, 156

166

Cholestyramine

Pulmonary Artery, 120, 149, 156 Pulmonary Embolism, 149, 156 Pulse, 6, 149 Purgative, 138, 149 Purpura, 133, 149 Q Quaternary, 70, 149 Quinidine, 13, 149 Quinine, 149 R Radiation, 7, 130, 131, 137, 141, 149, 150, 157 Radiation therapy, 7, 130, 137, 149 Radioactive, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149, 150 Radiolabeled, 150 Radiotherapy, 121, 150 Randomized, 9, 16, 17, 43, 129, 150 Reabsorption, 73, 87, 129, 135, 150 Reagent, 123, 131, 150 Receptor, 7, 19, 33, 40, 58, 74, 77, 115, 118, 145, 150, 151 Rectal, 4, 150 Rectum, 13, 118, 121, 124, 128, 131, 136, 137, 138, 150 Reductase, 4, 16, 20, 32, 40, 44, 52, 59, 77, 139, 141, 147, 150, 151 Refer, 1, 124, 128, 139, 142, 150, 154 Reflux, 69, 120, 150, 153 Regimen, 81, 129, 144, 150 Renal failure, 75, 150 Resection, 35, 40, 41, 150 Retrospective, 86, 150 Rheology, 144, 150 Rheumatoid, 123, 124, 142, 146, 150 Rheumatoid arthritis, 123, 124, 142, 146, 150 Rhinitis, 148, 150 Ribose, 115, 150 Rigidity, 146, 150 Risk factor, 6, 70, 135, 148, 150 Ristocetin, 150, 155 S Saponins, 151, 153 Sclerosis, 75, 119, 124, 151 Screening, 124, 151 Secretion, 6, 19, 20, 75, 126, 127, 134, 141, 151 Secretory, 82, 151 Sedative, 124, 136, 151 Seizures, 145, 151 Senile, 143, 151 Sepsis, 140, 151

Sequester, 74, 151 Serotonin, 142, 151, 155 Serum, 7, 10, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 59, 60, 61, 68, 70, 74, 77, 124, 132, 139, 151 Shock, 135, 151 Side effect, 5, 71, 73, 79, 93, 115, 146, 151, 153, 154 Simvastatin, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 39, 42, 49, 151 Skeletal, 141, 149, 151 Small intestine, 105, 122, 123, 128, 132, 135, 136, 137, 152 Smooth muscle, 116, 121, 131, 135, 141, 152, 153 Soaps, 131, 152 Sodium, 60, 69, 86, 127, 133, 135, 142, 149, 150, 152 Soft tissue, 71, 121, 152 Solvent, 71, 80, 130, 132, 143, 152 Sound wave, 125, 152 Spastic, 138, 152 Specialist, 105, 152 Species, 119, 124, 134, 141, 144, 149, 152, 155, 156 Specificity, 116, 152 Spectroscopic, 143, 152 Spectrum, 138, 152 Sphincter, 131, 152 Spinal cord, 122, 123, 152 Stabilization, 145, 152 Stasis, 78, 152 Steatorrhea, 40, 41, 86, 152 Steatorrhoea, 69, 153 Sterile, 144, 153 Steroid, 21, 120, 134, 151, 153 Stimulant, 121, 134, 153 Stomach, 69, 115, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135, 139, 142, 150, 152, 153 Stool, 3, 86, 104, 124, 136, 138, 153 Stress, 86, 131, 138, 142, 150, 153 Stroke, 98, 122, 153 Styrene, 70, 153 Subarachnoid, 133, 153 Substance P, 140, 150, 151, 153 Substrate, 139, 153 Sucralfate, 10, 15, 86, 153 Sudden cardiac death, 74, 153 Sulindac, 27, 153 Suspensions, 70, 153 Symptomatic, 4, 86, 118, 153 Symptomatic treatment, 118, 153

167

Systemic, 43, 74, 121, 123, 124, 147, 149, 153, 154, 156 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 123, 124, 153 Systemic therapy, 123, 154 Systolic, 28, 136, 154 T Teicoplanin, 16, 154 Tendon, 75, 154 Testosterone, 150, 154 Tetany, 144, 154 Therapeutics, 10, 21, 26, 28, 36, 94, 154 Thermal, 128, 142, 154 Thigh, 131, 154 Thrombocytes, 146, 154 Thyroid, 33, 104, 136, 137, 140, 144, 154 Thyroid Gland, 136, 144, 154 Thyroid Hormones, 140, 154 Thyrotoxicosis, 10, 154 Thyroxine, 31, 154 Ticks, 137, 154 Topical, 119, 152, 154 Toxic, iv, 16, 60, 119, 123, 153, 154, 155 Toxicity, 13, 46, 48, 128, 151, 153, 154 Toxicology, 100, 154 Toxin, 82, 129, 154 Trachea, 154, 155 Transfection, 120, 155 Translation, 142, 155 Transplantation, 5, 45, 155 Trichomoniasis, 141, 155 Tricyclic, 136, 155 Triglyceride, 6, 27, 40, 77, 124, 135, 136, 155 Troglitazone, 16, 155 Tryptophan, 24, 124, 151, 155

U Ulcer, 8, 75, 153, 155 Ulceration, 37, 69, 155 Ulcerative colitis, 85, 137, 155 Unsaturated Fats, 131, 155 Uremia, 150, 155 Urinary, 16, 40, 75, 86, 121, 127, 136, 148, 155 Urine, 120, 127, 128, 136, 148, 155 Ursodeoxycholic Acid, 19, 155 V Vagotomy, 19, 30, 38, 155 Vancomycin, 16, 155 Vascular, 4, 116, 134, 135, 137, 154, 155 Vein, 137, 147, 155, 156 Venous, 148, 156 Venous Thrombosis, 156 Ventricle, 149, 154, 156 Vertigo, 82, 131, 156 Vesicular, 127, 156 Veterinary Medicine, 99, 156 Vibrio, 123, 156 Vibrio cholerae, 123, 156 Villous, 122, 156 Viral, 77, 156 Virulence, 154, 156 Virus, 122, 146, 156 Viscosity, 69, 150, 156 Visual Acuity, 126, 156 Vitro, 36, 156 Vivo, 36, 60, 156 W Warfarin, 18, 35, 156 White blood cell, 117, 139, 141, 156 Windpipe, 154, 156 X Xanthomatosis, 71, 156 X-ray, 131, 140, 149, 150, 157

168

Cholestyramine

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