Cimetidine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CIMETIDINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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CIMETIDINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cimetidine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00259-0 1. Cimetidine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cimetidine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CIMETIDINE............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cimetidine..................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CIMETIDINE ..................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cimetidine.................................................................................... 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CIMETIDINE .............................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 65 General References ....................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CIMETIDINE ................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Dissertations on Cimetidine......................................................................................................... 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CIMETIDINE ........................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Cimetidine.................................................................................................................. 71 Patent Applications on Cimetidine .............................................................................................. 89 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CIMETIDINE ............................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 93 Chapters on Cimetidine................................................................................................................ 93 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CIMETIDINE ................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 97 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 99 Academic Periodicals covering Cimetidine ................................................................................ 100 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 101 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 107 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 111 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 113 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 115

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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 115 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 115 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 121 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 121 CIMETIDINE DICTIONARY...................................................................................................... 123 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 185

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cimetidine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cimetidine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cimetidine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cimetidine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cimetidine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cimetidine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CIMETIDINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cimetidine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cimetidine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Taking Cimetidine Just at Bedtime Heals Ulcers Source: American Journal of Nursing. p. 78-79. June 1990. Summary: This brief news article reports on the results of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that suggest that a single bedtime dose of acid-reducing drugs is just as effective for healing gastrointestinal ulcers as is medicating day and evening. A total of 703 subjects with either duodenal or pyloric channel ulcers were divided into smokers and non-smokers, and then divided into the four research groups: placebo, and those who would receive either a 400mg, 800mg, or 1,600mg nightly dose of cimetidine (Tagamet). The researchers concluded that healing rates among the subjects taking single, 800mg bedtime doses of cimetidine were at least as good as those reported in studies where the subjects took the drug daily in either two or four divided doses.

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Cimetidine

Federally Funded Research on Cimetidine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cimetidine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cimetidine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cimetidine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cimetidine: •

Project Title: AGENTS AND MECHANISMS OF TUMOR PREVENTION IN THE MIN MODEL OF FAP Principal Investigator & Institution: Hamilton, Stanley R.; Professor and Head; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The ultimate goal of this project is to identify safe chemopreventive agents to reduce morbidity and mortality from sporadic colorectal neoplasia and provide basic insights into the genetic and molecular causation of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. We will evaluate agents and characterize their mechanisms of action in the multiple intestinal neoplasia (MIN) mouse model and patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). MIN mice and FAP patients have germline mutation of the adenomatous polyposis col (APC) gene and are therefore ideal models for the somatic APC mutations responsible for initiation of sporadic colorectal tumors. The specific aims of our project are: l. Administer the selective cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors SC58635 and SC-49046 to MIN mice and evaluate tumor outcome and appropriate biomarkers. As primary endpoint we will assess numbers of tumors. Sizes of tumors, COX-2 expression, prostaglandin levels, epithelial proliferation rates, and apoptotic indices will also be determined. 2. Administer the histamine type 2 (H2) receptor blocker cimetidine to MIN mice and evaluate tumor outcome and appropriate biomarkers. As primary endpoint we will assess numbers of tumors. Sizes of tumors, histamine levels, numbers and types of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, cytokine profiles, mucosal DNA adducts, serum gastrin, epithelial proliferation rates, and apoptotic indice will also be determined. We will compare cimetidine to other H2 blockers (ranitidine and famotidine) and to the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole. 3. Administer to MIN mice a combination of two candidate chemopreventive agents with different mechanisms of effects identified in Specific Aims #1 and #2 and evaluate tumor outcome and associated biomarkers. 4. Administer candidate chemopreventive agent(s) to FAP patients in a randomized, sulindac-controlled, double-blinded, crossover trial and sequentially monitor for polyp number by video endoscopy. We will

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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also sequentially assess polyp size and appropriate biomarkers in adenomas and colorectal mucosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CYPROHEPTADINE ON CIMETIDINE INDUCED PROLACTIN IN SCHIZO Principal Investigator & Institution: Meltzer, Herbert Y.; Douglas Bond Professor of Psychiatry; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HISTAMINE, IL-1 & NITRIC OXIDE IN WERNICKE LESIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Langlais, Philip J.; Psychology; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, Ca 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Thiamine deficiency-induced pathologic damage in humans is associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), Korsakoffs syndrome, and mixed sensory motor neuropathy. The prevalence of WE ranges from 1.7-2.8 percent among all autopsies to as high as 12-18 percent among chronic alcoholics. WE has also been diagnosed clinically and at postmortem in a number of non-alcoholic populations including those with Alzheimer's disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), leukemia, and gastrointestinal disorders. An important feature of these thiamine deficiency (TD) disorders is the selective vulnerability of specific brain regions to pathologic damage. Regions of thalamus, mammillary, body, and certain brainstem nuclei are particularly vulnerable to TD-induced lesions. Despite its accepted etiological role in WE, the biochemical, molecular, and physiological mechanisms responsible for TD-induced brain lesions remain unknown. Consequently, there is currently no therapeutic intervention which will provide an abrupt cessation or interruption of the ongoing pathologic events during thiamine deficiency. The long-term objective of this ongoing project is to develop effective treatments for the prevention or reduction of brain lesions, particularly within the thalamus, and associated cognitive and memory deficits produced by thiamine deficiency. The immediate goal is to test specific hypotheses regarding the role of histamine, cytokines and nitric oxide in TD-induced lesions to the thalamus. The specific goals are to examine the effects of pharmacological and genetic manipulations on quantitative measures of early vascular changes, i.e., swelling of endfoot processes, perivascular edema, and mast cell degranulation and the late changes, i.e., number of apoptotic and necrotic of neurons within the thalamus of TD rats. Separate groups of rats will be subjected to pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD) or pairfeeding (PFC) and receive the following manipulations; i) inhibition of histamine synthesis using alphaFMH (i.c.v.), bilateral lesions of the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus, administration of mepyramine (H1 receptor antagonist) or cimetidine (H2 receptor antagonist); ii) inhibition of both neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), using 7-nitroindazole (i.p.), and inducible NOS using aminoguanidine (i.p.); iii) administration of a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (i.c.v.); and iv) mutant, mast cell deficient (Ws/Ws) rats. Quantitative measures of early vascular changes will be performed after 10 days and measures of late neurodegenerative changes performed after 15 days of treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Cimetidine

Project Title: NON-OPIOID ANALGESICS DERIVED FROM IMPROGAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Hough, Lindsay.; Professor & Associate. Director; Pharmacology & Neuroscience; Albany Medical College of Union Univ Albany, Ny 12208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): A new class of pain-relieving drugs, derived from histamine antagonists, has recently been discovered. The prototype (named improgan) shows the following characteristics after direct injection into the brain: a) highly effective, morphine-like antinociception on thermal and mechanical tests, b) no impairment of motor coordination or locomotor activity, e) mechanism that is independent of known receptors for histamine and opioids, d) lack of tolerance with daily dosing, and e) unique structure-activity relationships among chemical congeners. Several impediments exist in the development of these agents: l) the mechanism of action is unknown, 2) high-potency congeners have not been discovered, 3) many have H2 or H3-blocking side effects (but do not produce analgesia through these receptors), and 4) the compounds do not penetrate the blood brain barrier after systemic dosing. The experiments below in rats and mice will discover new analgesic congeners of improgan with enhanced potency, reduced side effects and improved brain-penetrating properties: Aim l) Synthesize and test new improgan-like analgesics which lack H2 and H3 receptor side effects, and possess enhanced analgesic potency. Pilot results indicate that open chain; furan-containing congeners will show these properties. Aim 2) Synthesize and test brain-penetrating improgan-like analgesics. Pilot studies show the feasibility of discovering such compounds. Aim 3) Determine the in vitro actions of these new drugs on two new radioligand binding assays being developed to predict improgan analgesia. Aim 4) Study the activity of selected new compounds in vivo: a) classify their analgesic mechanism by treatments with transmitter agonists and antagonists, and b) assess their clinical potential in several different nociceptive tests and after various routes of administration. This project, which is a collaborative effort between medicinal chemists and pharmacologists, will produce new, brain-penetrating, non-opioid analgesics with the efficacy and potency of morphine. These experiments will help to discover the mechanism of action of this novel class of agents, and lead to the development of new pharmacotherapies for pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF P GLYCOPROTEIN IN CATIONIC RENAL TUBULAR SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Matzke, Gary; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The research mission is to develop methodologies to quantify glomerular and tubular function. Once established, we hope to use these tools to assess the influence of aging, gender and various disease processes such as diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, hepatic cirrhosis and HIV on renal function. The aim of this research project is to test the hypothesis that p-glycoprotein transport is a major component of the renal tubular excretion of famotidine. This will be accomplished in a randomized study involving administration of intravenous cimetidine and famotidine alone and in combination with oral itraconazole to healthy volunteers with normal renal function. Both cimetidine and famotidine undergo extensive tubular secretion by cationic pathway. In vitro studies suggest that cimetidine is transported from renal

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tubular cells into the urine by p-glycoprotein transport. Thus, it will be utilized here as a positive control; its renal excretion should decrease in the presence of itraconazole, a potent in vitro inhibitor of p-glycoprotein. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and filtration fraction (FF) will be monitored throughout each study using the widely accepted method of continuous iothalamate and PAH renal clearances. The urinary excretion rate and GFR will be used to calculate the rate of tubular secretion of cimetidine and famotidine when given alone and in the presence of itraconazole. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSPORT GENE EXPRESSION AND DRUG ACCUMULATION IN MILK Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcnamara, Patrick J.; Professor and Chair; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract): Neonates are exposed to a variety of drugs and environmental contaminants via milk. While most drugs gain access to milk by diffusion, we have found that the accumulation of nitrofurantoin and cimetidine is many-fold greater than predicted by diffusion models. These data are consistent with an active transport process. However, the proteins responsible for the active transport of these drugs into milk are not known, since little is known regarding the expression drug transport proteins in lactating mammary epithelial cells. Preliminary studies from our laboratory indicate that members of the Solute Carrier Family 22 (SLC22) and other cation/anion transporter genes are present in mammary tissue (MRP, OATP, OCT-1 and OCT-3). The goal of this research is to systematically evaluate the role of members of the ABCB, ABCC, SLC21 and SLC22 transporter gene families in the accumulation of drugs into human milk. A quantitative RT-PCR method based on real-time fluorescence will test the hypothesis that cation/anion transporter genes which are responsible for drug transport in other tissues, are expressed in mammary epithelial cells. Cell culture studies will test the hypothesis that immortalized human mammary epithelial cells also express these transporter genes and that a subset of these genes are up-regulated by lactogenic hormones (i.e., prolactin, insulin and glucocorticoids). Northern and Western blot analysis will confirm the expression and relative abundance of ABCB, ABCC, SLC21 and SLC22 RNA and protein levels. Functional uptake and efflux studies in these immortalized cells will substantiate the role of these expressed transporters in the specific accumulation of radiolabeled cimetidine and nitrofurantoin, as well as model substrates (e.g., PAH, TEA). Transporter genes found to be highly expressed in lactating mammary cells will be cloned by RT-PCR methods and transfected into cell lines with low background expression for these genes. The uptake and efflux of several model substrates, including cimetidine and nitrofurantoin, will be tested in the transfected cell lines. The identification of the mammary epithelial carrier proteins, their genes, and factors that control their regulation are the ultimate, long-term goals of this research program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for cimetidine in the PubMed Central database: •

Effect of cimetidine and antacid on gastric microbial flora. by Snepar R, Poporad GA, Romano JM, Kobasa WD, Kaye D.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351258

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Effect of cimetidine on the disposition of rimantadine in healthy subjects. by Holazo AA, Choma N, Brown SY, Lee LF, Wills RJ.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284238

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Effects of Probenecid and Cimetidine on Renal Disposition of Ofloxacin in Rats. by Foote EF, Halstenson CE.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105435

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Multiple Interactions of Cimetidine and Probenecid with Valaciclovir and Its Metabolite Acyclovir. by De Bony F, Tod M, Bidault R, On NT, Posner J, Rolan P.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127018

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Oral Cimetidine Prolongs Clarithromycin Absorption. by Amsden GW, Cheng KL, Peloquin CA, Nafziger AN.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105648

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Pharmacokinetic study of praziquantel administered alone and in combination with cimetidine in a single-day therapeutic regimen. by Jung H, Medina R, Castro N, Corona T, Sotelo J.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163896

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Reversal of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism by Cimetidine in Chronically Uremic Dogs. by Jacob AI, Canterbury JM, Gavellas G, Lambert PW, Bourgoignie JJ.; 1981 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=370753

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cimetidine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cimetidine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of cimetidine-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Author(s): Kitahara T, Hiromura K, Sugawara M, Hirato J, Sato S, Ueki K, Maezawa A, Yano S, Nojima Y, Naruse T. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1999 February; 33(2): E7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10074607

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A cost comparison of intravenous cimetidine delivery systems. Author(s): Jackson CW, Caldwell RD, Arford PD. Source: Hosp Pharm. 1990 December; 25(12): 1085-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10108250

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A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction study between nebivolol and the H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine. Author(s): Kamali F, Howes A, Thomas SH, Ford GA, Snoeck E. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 February; 43(2): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9131955

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A pharmacokinetic interaction between cimetidine or ranitidine and lornoxicam. Author(s): Ravic M, Salas-Herrera I, Johnston A, Turner P, Foley K, Rosenow DE. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1993 November; 69(817): 865-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290432

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Cimetidine

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A plasma cell variant of Castleman's disease treated successfully with cimetidine. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Barbounis V, Efremidis A. Source: Anticancer Res. 1996 January-February; 16(1): 545-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8615669

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A practical approach to glomerular filtration rate measurements: creatinine clearance estimation using cimetidine. Author(s): Serdar MA, Kurt I, Ozcelik F, Urhan M, Ilgan S, Yenicesu M, Kenar L, Kutluay T. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2001 July; 31(3): 265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508830

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A randomized trial of cimetidine with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in metastatic colorectal cancer. Author(s): Links M, Clingan PR, Phadke K, O'Baugh J, Legge J, Adams WJ, Ross WB, Morris DL. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 1995 October; 21(5): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7589598

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A randomized, placebo-controlled study of oral cimetidine as an immunopotentiator of parenteral immunization with a group B meningococcal vaccine. Author(s): Drabick JJ, Tang DB, Moran EE, Trofa AF, Foster JS, Zollinger WD. Source: Vaccine. 1997 July; 15(10): 1144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269060

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Abolition of postprandial alkaline tide in arterialized venous blood of duodenal ulcer patients with cimetidine and after vagotomy. Author(s): Niv Y, Asaf V. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 July; 90(7): 1135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7611212

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Accurate measurement of impaired glomerular filtration using single-dose oral cimetidine. Author(s): Zaltzman JS, Whiteside C, Cattran DC, Lopez FM, Logan AG. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1996 April; 27(4): 504-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8678060

Studies

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Actions of terfenadine and cimetidine on histamine wheal formation. Author(s): Vere DW. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 December; 40(6): 557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8703662

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Active transport of cimetidine into human milk. Author(s): Oo CY, Kuhn RJ, Desai N, McNamara PJ. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 November; 58(5): 548-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7586949

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Acute pancreatitis and the role of histamine-2 receptor antagonists: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cimetidine. Author(s): Morimoto T, Noguchi Y, Sakai T, Shimbo T, Fukui T. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 June; 14(6): 679-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072603

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Aging and drug interactions. III. Individual and combined effects of cimetidine and cimetidine and ciprofloxacin on theophylline metabolism in healthy male and female nonsmokers. Author(s): Loi CM, Parker BM, Cusack BJ, Vestal RE. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1997 February; 280(2): 627-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9023273

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Alteration of bile acid metabolism by cimetidine in healthy humans. Author(s): Shindo K, Yamazaki R, Koide K, Fukumura M, Hirai Y. Source: Journal of Investigative Medicine : the Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 1996 October; 44(8): 462-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8952227

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An interaction study with cimetidine and the new angiotensin II antagonist valsartan. Author(s): Schmidt EK, Antonin KH, Flesch G, Racine-Poon A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 February; 53(6): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9551704

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An investigation into the effect of cimetidine pre-treatment on raft formation of an anti-reflux agent. Author(s): Washington N, Wilson CG, Williams DL, Robertson C. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1993 October; 7(5): 553-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8280824

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Cimetidine

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An open, controlled, crossover study on the effects of cimetidine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of trovafloxacin. Author(s): Purkins L, Oliver SD, Willavize SA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 June; 17(6): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9758288

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Application of flow cytometry to the analysis of the immunosuppressive effect of histamine dilutions on human basophil activation: effect of cimetidine. Author(s): Sainte-Laudy J, Belon P. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 1997 March; 46 Suppl 1: S27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9098749

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Bacterial overgrowth during treatment with omeprazole compared with cimetidine: a prospective randomised double blind study. Author(s): Thorens J, Froehlich F, Schwizer W, Saraga E, Bille J, Gyr K, Duroux P, Nicolet M, Pignatelli B, Blum AL, Gonvers JJ, Fried M. Source: Gut. 1996 July; 39(1): 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8881809

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Basis for failure of cimetidine in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Author(s): Jensen RT. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1984 April; 29(4): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705649

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Benign gastric ulcer and cimetidine: questions about study design. Author(s): Sachere AB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985 October; 103(4): 636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3898957

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Beta-blockers and cimetidine. Author(s): Schwenk M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 June; 150(6): 1348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1972324

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Bioavailability of coated cimetidine. Author(s): Dickson B, Putterman K. Source: Lancet. 1985 April 20; 1(8434): 921-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2858758

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Biotransformation of lovastatin--III. Effect of cimetidine and famotidine on in vitro metabolism of lovastatin by rat and human liver microsomes. Author(s): Vyas KP, Kari PH, Wang RW, Lu AY. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1990 January 1; 39(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2297361

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Bolus injection of cimetidine and hypotension in patients in the intensive care unit. Incidence and mechanisms. Author(s): Kiowski W, Frei A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1987 January; 147(1): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3800517

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Broad-complex tachycardia after intravenous cimetidine. Author(s): Dickey W, Symington M. Source: Lancet. 1987 January 10; 1(8524): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2879194

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Bromazepam pharmacokinetics: influence of age, gender, oral contraceptives, cimetidine, and propranolol. Author(s): Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Friedman H, Burstein ES, Locniskar A, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1987 May; 41(5): 562-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2882883

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Bronchospasm and hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass after preoperative cimetidine and labetalol therapy. Author(s): Durant PA, Joucken K. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1984 August; 56(8): 917-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743454

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Cimetidine administration and tubular creatinine secretion in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Author(s): Sansoe G, Ferrari A, Castellana CN, Bonardi L, Villa E, Manenti F. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2002 January; 102(1): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11749665

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Cimetidine and a tamoxifen derivate reduce tumour formation in SCID mice xenotransplanted with a human melanoma cell line. Author(s): Szincsak N, Hegyesi H, Hunyadi J, Martin G, Lazar-Molnar E, Kovacs P, Rivera E, Falus A, Juhasz I. Source: Melanoma Research. 2002 June; 12(3): 231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140379

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Cimetidine

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Cimetidine and hot flashes. Author(s): Shuster J. Source: Nursing. 2000 February; 30(2): 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11000844

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Cimetidine and levamisole versus cimetidine alone for recalcitrant warts in children. Author(s): Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A, Negi KS. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 July-August; 18(4): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11576414

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Cimetidine does not influence TIL in breast cancer. Author(s): Dwerryhouse SJ, Soon Lee C, King J, Magarey C, Schwartz P, Morris DL. Source: International Journal of Surgical Investigation. 1999; 1(3): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11341606

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Cimetidine for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Author(s): Yokoyama M, Aono H, Takeda A, Morita K. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 May-June; 28(3): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772145

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Cimetidine improves prediction of the glomerular filtration rate by the CockcroftGault formula in renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Kemperman FA, Surachno J, Krediet RT, Arisz L. Source: Transplantation. 2002 March 15; 73(5): 770-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907426

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Cimetidine in colorectal cancer--are the effects immunological or adhesion-mediated? Author(s): Eaton D, Hawkins RE. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 January 21; 86(2): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870499

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Cimetidine in painful bladder syndrome: a histopathological study. Author(s): Dasgupta P, Sharma SD, Womack C, Blackford HN, Dennis P. Source: Bju International. 2001 August; 88(3): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488726

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Cimetidine increases survival of colorectal cancer patients with high levels of sialyl Lewis-X and sialyl Lewis-A epitope expression on tumour cells. Author(s): Matsumoto S, Imaeda Y, Umemoto S, Kobayashi K, Suzuki H, Okamoto T. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 January 21; 86(2): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870500

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Cimetidine inhibits cancer cell adhesion to endothelial cells and prevents metastasis by blocking E-selectin expression. Author(s): Kobayashi K, Matsumoto S, Morishima T, Kawabe T, Okamoto T. Source: Cancer Research. 2000 July 15; 60(14): 3978-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10919677

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Cimetidine modulates the antigen presenting capacity of dendritic cells from colorectal cancer patients. Author(s): Kubota T, Fujiwara H, Ueda Y, Itoh T, Yamashita T, Yoshimura T, Okugawa K, Yamamoto Y, Yano Y, Yamagishi H. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 April 22; 86(8): 1257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11953882

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Cimetidine reduces impairment of cellular immunity after transcatheter arterial embolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Nishiguchi S, Tamori A, Shiomi S, Enomoto M, Tatsumi N, Koh N, Habu D, Sakaguchi H, Takeda T, Seki S, Nakamura K, Kubo S, Kinoshita H. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 March-April; 50(50): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749247

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Cimetidine therapy for epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Author(s): Micali G, Nasca MR, Dall'Oglio F, Musumeci ML. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2 Suppl): S9-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582373

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Cimetidine treatment for viral warts enhances IL-2 and IFN-gamma expression but not IL-18 expression in lesional skin. Author(s): Mitsuishi T, Iida K, Kawana S. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 September-October; 13(5): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693487

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Cimetidine-induced dystonic reaction. Author(s): Peiris RS, Peckler BF. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 July; 21(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11399384

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Combination of diet, exercise and intermittent treatment of cimetidine on body weight and maintenance of weight loss. A 42 months follow-up study. Author(s): Birketvedt GS, Thom E, Bernersen B, Florholmen J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 July-August; 6(4): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11208394

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Cimetidine

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Combination therapy of ecabet sodium and cimetidine compared with cimetidine alone for gastric ulcer: prospective randomized multicenter study. Author(s): Murata H, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Kamada T, Matsuzawa Y, Katsu K, Inoue K, Kobayashi K, Mitsufuji S, Bamba T, Kawasaki H, Kajiyama G, Umegaki E, Inoue M, Saito I. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 September; 18(9): 1029-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911658

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Concomitant use of mirtazapine and cimetidine: a drug-drug interaction study in healthy male subjects. Author(s): Sitsen JM, Maris FA, Timmer CJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 August; 56(5): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11009047

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Cooperative inhibitory effects of antisense oligonucleotide of cell adhesion molecules and cimetidine on cancer cell adhesion. Author(s): Tang NH, Chen YL, Wang XQ, Li XJ, Yin FZ, Wang XZ. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2004 January; 10(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695770

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Decrease of intragastric acidity in healthy subjects dosed with ranitidine 75 mg, cimetidine 200 mg, or placebo. Author(s): Hamilton MI, Sercombe J, Pounder RE. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 January; 47(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11837732

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Delirium following a switch from cimetidine to famotidine. Author(s): Yuan RY, Kao CR, Sheu JJ, Chen CH, Ho CS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 September; 35(9): 1045-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11573854

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Depression not associated with cimetidine. Author(s): Antell LA, Murabito AS, Karlstadt RG. Source: Pa Med. 1989 November; 92(11): 26, 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2636871

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Detection of the intragastric sites at which Helicobacter pylori evades treatment with amoxycillin and cimetidine. Author(s): Atherton JC, Cockayne A, Balsitis M, Kirk GE, Hawkey CJ, Spiller RC. Source: Gut. 1995 May; 36(5): 670-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7797114

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Determination of cimetidine in human plasma by free capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Luksa J, Josic D. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 May 19; 667(2): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7663706

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Determination of cimetidine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography following liquid-liquid extraction. Author(s): Kelly MT, McGuirk D, Bloomfield FJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 June 9; 668(1): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7550967

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Determination of theophylline clearance after cimetidine infusion in critically ill patients. Author(s): Mojtahedzadeh M, Sadray S, Hadjibabaie M, Fasihi M, Rezaee S. Source: Journal of Infusion Nursing : the Official Publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 2003 July-August; 26(4): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869856

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Development of an HPLC method for the determination of ranitidine and cimetidine in human plasma following SPE. Author(s): Zendelovska D, Stafilov T. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 September 19; 33(2): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972081

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Diet and cimetidine induce comparable changes in theophylline metabolism in normal subjects. Author(s): Demetriou AA. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1991 November-December; 15(6): 687-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1766062

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Diet and cimetidine induce comparable changes in theophylline metabolism in normal subjects. Author(s): Anderson KE, McCleery RB, Vesell ES, Vickers FF, Kappas A. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1991 May; 13(5): 941-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2029998

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Cimetidine

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Differences in the inhibitory effect of cimetidine on desipramine metabolism between rapid and slow debrisoquin hydroxylators. Author(s): Steiner E, Spina E. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1987 September; 42(3): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3621781

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Differential inhibition of individual human liver cytochromes P-450 by cimetidine. Author(s): Knodell RG, Browne DG, Gwozdz GP, Brian WR, Guengerich FP. Source: Gastroenterology. 1991 December; 101(6): 1680-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1955133

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Diphenhydramine prevents the haemodynamic changes of cimetidine in ICU patients. Author(s): Omote K, Namiki A, Iwasaki H, Ujike Y. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1991 March; 38(2): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2021990

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Does cimetidine improve prospects for cancer patients?. A reappraisal of the evidence to date. Author(s): Siegers CP, Andresen S, Keogh JP. Source: Digestion. 1999 September-October; 60(5): 415-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10473965

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Dopamine agonists prevent duodenal ulcer relapse. A comparative study with famotidine and cimetidine. Author(s): Sikiric P, Rotkvic I, Mise S, Petek M, Rucman R, Seiwerth S, Zjacic-Rotkvic V, Duvnjak M, Jagic V, Suchanek E, et al. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1991 July; 36(7): 905-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2070703

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Double blind comparison of omeprazole (40 mg od) versus cimetidine (400 mg qd) in the treatment of symptomatic erosive reflux oesophagitis, assessed endoscopically, histologically and by 24 h pH monitoring. Author(s): Dehn TC, Shepherd HA, Colin-Jones D, Kettlewell MG, Carroll NJ. Source: Gut. 1990 May; 31(5): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2190864

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Double blind multicentre comparison of omeprazole 20 mg once daily versus ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in the treatment of cimetidine or ranitidine resistant duodenal ulcers. Author(s): Delchier JC, Isal JP, Eriksson S, Soule JC. Source: Gut. 1989 September; 30(9): 1173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2680793

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Double-blind comparison of cisapride and cimetidine in treatment of reflux esophagitis. Author(s): Galmiche JP, Fraitag B, Filoche B, Evreux M, Vitaux J, Zeitoun P, Fournet J, Soule JC. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1990 May; 35(5): 649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2331957

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Drug interaction between cimetidine and timolol ophthalmic solution: effect on heart rate and intraocular pressure in healthy Japanese volunteers. Author(s): Ishii Y, Nakamura K, Tsutsumi K, Kotegawa T, Nakano S, Nakatsuka K. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 February; 40(2): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10664926

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Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Hatorp V, Thomsen MS. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 February; 40(2): 184-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10664925

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Effect of cimetidine and probenecid on pilsicainide renal clearance in humans. Author(s): Shiga T, Hashiguchi M, Urae A, Kasanuki H, Rikihisa T. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000 March; 67(3): 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10741624

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Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of dofetilide. Author(s): Abel S, Nichols DJ, Brearley CJ, Eve MD. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 January; 49(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606839

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Effect of cimetidine on basal and postprandial plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and gastrin in humans. Author(s): Stoa-Birketvedt G, Waldum HL, Vonen B, Florholmen J. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1997 April; 159(4): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9146753

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Cimetidine

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Effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of the metabolites of metamizol. Author(s): Bacracheva N, Tyutyulkova N, Drenska A, Gorantcheva J, Schinzel S, Scholl T, Stoinov A, Tchakarski I, Tentcheva J, Vlahov V. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 July; 35(7): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9247840

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Effect of dose increase or cimetidine co-administration on albendazole bioavailability. Author(s): Schipper HG, Koopmans RP, Nagy J, Butter JJ, Kager PA, Van Boxtel CJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 NovemberDecember; 63(5-6): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11421376

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Effect of grapefruit juice or cimetidine coadministration on albendazole bioavailability. Author(s): Nagy J, Schipper HG, Koopmans RP, Butter JJ, Van Boxtel CJ, Kager PA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 March; 66(3): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139218

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Effect of histamine and the H2 antagonist cimetidine on the growth and migration of human neoplastic glia. Author(s): Finn PE, Purnell P, Pilkington GJ. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 1996 August; 22(4): 317-24. Erratum In: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1996 December; 22(6): 559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8875466

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Effect of omeprazole and cimetidine on plasma aldosterone response to angiotensin II. Author(s): Sasaki M, Maeda A, Fujimura A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 June; 54(4): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696953

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Effect of over-the-counter cimetidine on phenytoin concentrations in patients with seizures. Author(s): Rafi JA, Frazier LM, Driscoll-Bannister SM, O'Hara KA, Garnett WR, Pugh CB. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 July-August; 33(7-8): 769-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10466901

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Effect of study protocol on the interactions between cimetidine and paracetamol in man. Author(s): Garba M, Odunola MT, Ahmed BH. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1999 April-June; 24(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10510744

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Effect of the oral anti-ulcer agent, cimetidine, on HIV type 1 replication. Author(s): Bourinbaiar AS, Fruhstorfer EC. Source: Aids Research and Human Retroviruses. 1997 March 1; 13(4): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9071426

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Effects of cimetidine on blood ethanol levels after alcohol ingestion and genetic polymorphisms of sigma-alcohol dehydrogenase in Japanese. Author(s): Kawashima O, Yamauchi M, Maezawa Y, Toda G. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1996 February; 20(1 Suppl): 36A-39A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8659686

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Effects of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of proguanil in healthy subjects and in peptic ulcer patients. Author(s): Kolawole JA, Mustapha A, Abdul-Aguye I, Ochekpe N, Taylor RB. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1999 September; 20(5): 73743. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10701981

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Effects of rifampicin and cimetidine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Author(s): Ebert U, Thong NQ, Oertel R, Kirch W. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 July; 56(4): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954343

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Effects of tablet and effervescent formulations of ranitidine 75 mg and cimetidine 200 mg on gastric acidity and oesophageal acid exposure in healthy humans. Author(s): Bruley des Varannes S, Duquesnoy C, Mamet JP, Slama A, Galmiche JP, Scarpignato C. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 November; 12(11): 1155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9845405

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Effects of three H2-receptor antagonists (cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine) on serum gastrin level. Author(s): Ohsawa T, Hirata W, Higichi S. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2002; 22(2): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12503773

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Cimetidine

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Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in renal transplants based on serum creatinine level after oral cimetidine. Author(s): Argani H, Dabiri S, Taghizadeh M, Pishahang P, Rezvan NH, Emami P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 May; 32(3): 545-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10812106

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Estimation of the glomerular filtration rate in NIDDM patients from plasma creatinine concentration after cimetidine administration. Author(s): Kemperman FA, Silberbusch J, Slaats EH, Prins AM, Weber JA, Krediet RT, Arisz L. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 February; 21(2): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9539985

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Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of loratadine with concomitant administration of ketoconazole or cimetidine. Author(s): Kosoglou T, Salfi M, Lim JM, Batra VK, Cayen MN, Affrime MB. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 December; 50(6): 581-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136297

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Examination of the cognitive effects of cimetidine in normal elderly volunteers. Author(s): Oslin DW, Katz IR, Sands LP, Bilker W, DiFilippo SD, D'Angelo K. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 1999 Spring; 7(2): 160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10322244

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Factors influencing the healing rate of gastric ulcer under treatment with cimetidine. Author(s): Okada M, Yao T, Imamura K, Maeda K, Yamamoto T, Koga T, Fuchigami T, Iida M, Okada Y. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 May; 84(5): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2719006

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Failure of cimetidine as an immunomodulator in cancer patients and normal subjects. Author(s): Maguire LC, Roszman TL, Lackey S. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 September; 78(9): 1078-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4035435

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Failure of cimetidine prophylaxis in neurosurgery. Author(s): Chan KH, Mann KS. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1989 February; 59(2): 1336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2784050

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Failure of cimetidine to reduce postoperative hypocalcemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing neck exploratory operation. Author(s): Merenich JA, Georgitis WJ, Clark JR. Source: Surgery. 1993 June; 113(6): 619-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8506518

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Famotidine and ranitidine, but not cimetidine, cause severe, disabling headache. Author(s): Hirsch E. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 February; 84(2): 202-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2563629

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Famotidine and theophylline pharmacokinetics. An unexpected cimetidine-like interaction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Dal Negro R, Pomari C, Turco P. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1993 March; 24(3): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8462230

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Famotidine effects on theophylline pharmacokinetics in subjects affected by COPD. Comparison with cimetidine and placebo. Author(s): Verdiani P, Di Carlo S, Baronti A. Source: Chest. 1988 October; 94(4): 807-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3168576

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Famotidine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer and of concomitant peptic lesions: comparison with cimetidine. Author(s): Polloni A, Marchi S, Greco A, Cipparrone G, Costa F, Bellini M, Maltinti G. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1988; 8(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3378855

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Famotidine versus cimetidine in the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer. Double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing nocturnal administration of 40 mg famotidine to 800 mg cimetidine. Author(s): Hartmann H, Folsch UR. Source: Digestion. 1988; 39(3): 156-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3061859

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Famotidine-induced erythema multiforme: cross-sensitivity with cimetidine. Author(s): Horiuchi Y, Ikezawa K. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 November 16; 131(10): 795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577316

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Cimetidine

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Femoxetine and cimetidine: interaction in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Schmidt J, Sorensen AS, Gjerris A, Rafaelsen OJ, Mengel H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986; 31(3): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3792427

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Ferrous sulfate does not reduce serum levels of famotidine or cimetidine after concurrent ingestion. Author(s): Partlow ES, Campbell NR, Chan SC, Pap KM, Granberg K, Hasinoff BB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996 April; 59(4): 389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8612382

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Fever after cimetidine and ranitidine. Author(s): Potter HP Jr, Byrne EB, Lebovitz S. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1986 June; 8(3 Pt 1): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3734359

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Final report on the United States Multicenter Trial comparing ranitidine to cimetidine as maintenance therapy following healing of duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Silvis SE. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1985 December; 7(6): 482-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3910710

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First-degree atrioventricular block induced by oral cimetidine. Author(s): Ishizaki M, Yamada Y, Kido T, Yamaya H, Nogawa K, Matsui S, Murakami E. Source: Lancet. 1987 January 24; 1(8526): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2880057

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First-pass metabolism of alcohol. Absence of diurnal variation and its inhibition by cimetidine after evening meal. Author(s): Sharma R, Gentry RT, Lim RT Jr, Lieber CS. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1995 October; 40(10): 2091-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7587772

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Five-year cimetidine maintenance trial for peptic ulcer disease. A clinical and endocrinologic approach. Author(s): Tytgat GN, Hameeteman W, Mulder CJ, Wiersinga W, van de Boomgaard DM, Dees J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 October; 25(10): 974-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2263884

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Fixed drug eruption due to cimetidine. Author(s): Inoue A, Teramae H, Hisa T, Taniguchi S, Chanoki M, Hamada T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 May; 75(3): 250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7653194

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Follow-up of GFR estimated from plasma creatinine after cimetidine administration in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Author(s): Kemperman FA, Silberbusch J, Slaats EH, Prins AM, Krediet RT, Arisz L. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2000 October; 54(4): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11076100

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Further insight into the stereoselective interaction between warfarin and cimetidine in man. Author(s): Niopas I, Toon S, Rowland M. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 October; 32(4): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1958448

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Gastric acid secretion and mucosal defense mechanisms with special reference to the role of cimetidine in critically ill patients. Author(s): Frank WO. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1986; 8 Suppl A: 2-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3539348

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Gastric carcinoma arising during five years treatment with cimetidine for duodenal ulceration. Author(s): Stockley I, Kiff ES. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1987 January; 41(1): 578-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3663457

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Gastric clearance of alpha-1-antitrypsin under cimetidine perfusion. New test to detect protein-losing gastropathy? Author(s): Florent C, Vidon N, Flourie B, Carmantrand A, Zerbani A, Maurel M, Bernier JJ. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1986 January; 31(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3484447

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Gastric fluid pH and volume in gynaecologic out-patients. Influences of cimetidine and cimetidine-sodium citrate combination. Author(s): Narchi P, Edouard D, Bourget P, Otz J, Cattaneo I. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1993 September; 10(5): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11767426

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Cimetidine

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Gastric ulcer: a double-blind comparison of 100 mg pirenzepine plus antacid versus 800 mg cimetidine plus antacid. Author(s): Gonvers JJ, Realini S, Bretholz A, Voirol M, Arnold J, Birchler R, Ollyo JB, Guyot J, Capitaine Y. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 September; 21(7): 806-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3535007

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Acute and maintenance treatments with cimetidine. Author(s): Kaul B, Petersen H, Erichsen H, Myrvold HE, Grette K, Halvorsen T, Fjosne U. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 March; 21(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3520794

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Gout-like arthritis following cimetidine and ranitidine. Author(s): Einarson TR, Turchet EN, Goldstein JE, MacNay KR. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985 March; 19(3): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3979260

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Granulocyte migration abnormality in patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis: failure of treatment with cimetidine. Author(s): Maderazo EG, Albano SD. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1984; 74(3): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6724715

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Grapefruit juice and cimetidine inhibit stereoselective metabolism of nitrendipine in humans. Author(s): Soons PA, Vogels BA, Roosemalen MC, Schoemaker HC, Uchida E, Edgar B, Lundahl J, Cohen AF, Breimer DD. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1991 October; 50(4): 394-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1914375

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Gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea and impotence--the uncommon side effects of cimetidine therapy. Author(s): Jauhari J. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1987 June; 35(6): 462. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3654561

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Haemodynamic effects of famotidine and cimetidine in critically ill patients. Author(s): Omote K, Namiki A, Nishikawa T, Hagiwara T, Iwasaki H, Tsuchida H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1990 October; 34(7): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2244446

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Head-column field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, and ranitidine-HCl in plasma. Author(s): Wu SM, Ho YH, Wu HL, Chen SH, Ko HS. Source: Electrophoresis. 2001 August; 22(13): 2717-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11545397

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Healing of a malignant gastric ulcer with cimetidine. Author(s): Taylor TV, Boom SJ, Blower AL, McMahon RF, Lawler W. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1988 December; 33(6): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3244141

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Healing of cimetidine-resistant Menetrier's disease by eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Shimoyama T, Fukuda S, Tanaka M, Mikami T, Yamagata R, Yoshimura T, Haga Y, Murata Y, Munakata A. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1998 December; 27(4): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9855268

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Healing of erosive esophagitis with sucralfate and cimetidine: influence of pretreatment lower esophageal sphincter pressure and serum pepsinogen I levels. Author(s): Ros E, Toledo-Pimentel V, Bordas JM, Grande L, Lacima G, Segu L. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 August 8; 91(2A): 107S-113S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1882895

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Helicobacter pylori in cathartic stools of subjects with and without cimetidineinduced hypochlorhydria. Author(s): Haggerty T, Shmuely H, Parsonnet J. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 February; 52(Pt 2): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12543927

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Helicobacter pylori, peptic ulcer, and cimetidine. Author(s): Kaya IS, Dilmen U, Diker S. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1990 September; 65(9): 1274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2402163

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Herpes simplex virus infections and cimetidine therapy. Author(s): Cohen PR, Kurzrock R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 October; 19(4): 762-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3183099

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High-dose cimetidine for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. A Hoosier Oncology Group study. Author(s): Inhorn L, Williams SD, Nattam S, Stephens D. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1992 April; 15(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1553905

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High-dose cimetidine reduces proinflammatory reaction after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Author(s): Tayama E, Hayashida N, Fukunaga S, Tayama K, Takaseya T, Hiratsuka R, Aoyagi S. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001 December; 72(6): 1945-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11789776

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High-dose praziquantel with cimetidine for refractory neurocysticercosis: a case report with clinical and MRI follow-up. Author(s): Yee T, Barakos JA, Knight RT. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1999 February; 170(2): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10063399

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High-throughput solid-phase extraction for the determination of cimetidine in human plasma. Author(s): Hempenius J, Wieling J, Brakenhoff JP, Maris FA, Jonkman JH. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 September 4; 714(2): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9766877

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Histamine, cimetidine and colorectal cancer. Author(s): Hellstrand K, Brune M, Mellqvist UH, Naredi P. Source: Nature Medicine. 1996 April; 2(4): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8597928

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Histamine, mast cells and tumour cell proliferation in breast cancer: does preoperative cimetidine administration have an effect? Author(s): Bowrey PF, King J, Magarey C, Schwartz P, Marr P, Bolton E, Morris DL. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2000 January; 82(1): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638985

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Histochemistry of the gastric and duodenal mucosa under cimetidine and carbenoxolone treatment. Author(s): Lojda Z, Maratka Z. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1989; 167: 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2617161

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Histological maturity of healed duodenal ulcers and ulcer recurrence after treatment with colloidal bismuth subcitrate or cimetidine. Author(s): Pan SA, Liao CH, Lien GS, Chen SH. Source: Gastroenterology. 1991 November; 101(5): 1187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1936788

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Human gastric alcohol dehydrogenase: in vitro characteristics and effect of cimetidine. Author(s): Seitz HK, Simanowski UA, Egerer G, Waldherr R, Oertl U. Source: Digestion. 1992; 51(2): 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1499876

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Human jejunal permeability of two polar drugs: cimetidine and ranitidine. Author(s): Takamatsu N, Kim ON, Welage LS, Idkaidek NM, Hayashi Y, Barnett J, Yamamoto R, Lipka E, Lennernas H, Hussain A, Lesko L, Amidon GL. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2001 June; 18(6): 742-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11474776

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Hypersexuality in patients with dementia: possible response to cimetidine. Author(s): Wiseman SV, McAuley JW, Freidenberg GR, Freidenberg DL. Source: Neurology. 2000 May 23; 54(10): 2024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10822454

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Hypoxemia associated with cimetidine therapy in a newborn infant. Author(s): Kuint J, Linder N, Reichman B. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1996 July; 13(5): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863950

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Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis and autoimmune hypothyroidism: bronchoalveolar lavage findings after cimetidine treatment. Author(s): Bouros D, Panagou P, Arseniou P, Siafakas NM. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1995 April; 89(4): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7597273

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Immune basis for cimetidine-induced pancytopenia. Author(s): Nagler A, Rozenbaum H, Enat R, Tatarsky I, Katz R, Pollack S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1987 April; 82(4): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3471083

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In vitro effect of cimetidine on ADP induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 synthesis in man. Author(s): Gachalyi B, Tihanyi K, Vas A, Kaldor A. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1984 July 1; 35(1): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6474407

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Individual and combined effects of cimetidine and ciprofloxacin on theophylline metabolism in male nonsmokers. Author(s): Loi CM, Parker BM, Cusack BJ, Vestal R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 September; 36(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9114903

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Inefficacy of oral cimetidine for nonatopic children with molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Cunningham BB, Paller AS, Garzon M. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 January-February; 15(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9496815

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Influence of acid-pepsin secretion on gastric emptying of solids in humans: studies with cimetidine. Author(s): Kerrigan DD, Mangnall YF, Read NW, Johnson AG. Source: Gut. 1991 November; 32(11): 1295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1752458

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Influence of the antacid Maalox and the H2-antagonist cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin. Author(s): Muck W, Ritter W, Dietrich H, Frey R, Kuhlmann J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 June; 35(6): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208343

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Influence of the H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of nimodipine in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Muck W, Wingender W, Seiberling M, Woelke E, Ramsch KD, Kuhlmann J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(3): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1577052

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Inhibition of adhesion breast cancer cells by anticoagulant drugs and cimetidine. Author(s): Bobek V, Boubelik M, Kovarik J, Taltynov O. Source: Neoplasma. 2003; 50(2): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740651

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Inhibition of drug metabolism in human liver microsomes by nizatidine, cimetidine and omeprazole. Author(s): Furuta S, Kamada E, Suzuki T, Sugimoto T, Kawabata Y, Shinozaki Y, Sano H. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2001 January; 31(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334262

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Inhibition of intragastric acidity in healthy subjects dosed with ranitidine 75 mg: a comparative study with cimetidine and placebo. Author(s): Grimley CE, Constantinides S, Snell CC, Mills JG, Nwokolo CU. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1997 October; 11(5): 875-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9354195

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Inhibition of tacrine oral clearance by cimetidine. Author(s): Forgue ST, Reece PA, Sedman AJ, deVries TM. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996 April; 59(4): 444-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8612390

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Inhibition of zaleplon metabolism by cimetidine in the human liver: in vitro studies with subcellular fractions and precision-cut liver slices. Author(s): Renwick AB, Ball SE, Tredger JM, Price RJ, Walters DG, Kao J, Scatina JA, Lake BG. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2002 October; 32(10): 849-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12419015

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Interaction between isoniazid and carbamazepine potentiated by cimetidine. Author(s): Garcia B, Zaborras E, Areas V, Obeso G, Jimenez I, de Juana P, Bermejo T. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 June; 26(6): 841-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1611171

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Interaction of cimetidine and histamine with superoxide generated in a cell-free system and in neutrophils. Author(s): Tarnok I, Tarnok Z. Source: Agents Actions. 1987 April; 20(3-4): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3037867

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Interaction of meloxicam with cimetidine, Maalox, or aspirin. Author(s): Busch U, Heinzel G, Narjes H, Nehmiz G. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 January; 36(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8932547

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Intravenous cimetidine as an effective treatment for systemic anaphylaxis and acute allergic skin reactions. Author(s): Mayumi H, Kimura S, Asano M, Shimokawa T, Au-Yong TF, Yayama T. Source: Ann Allergy. 1987 June; 58(6): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3592313

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Ion-selective electrodes for the H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine. Author(s): Mitsana-Papazoglou A, Diamandis EP, Hadjiioannou TP. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1987 June; 76(6): 485-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3625496

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Is cimetidine associated with neutropenia? Author(s): Strom BL, Carson JL, Schinnar R, Shaw M. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1995 September; 99(3): 282-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7653489

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Is cimetidine effective for nongenital warts: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Karabulut AA, Sahin S, Eksioglu M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 April; 133(4): 533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126017

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Kinetic interactions of nadolol and propranolol with cimetidine. Author(s): Duchin KL, Stern MA, Willard DA, McKinstry DN. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984 April; 17(4): 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721996

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Kinetics of oral and intravenous mexiletine: lack of effect of cimetidine and ranitidine. Author(s): Brockmeyer NH, Breithaupt H, Ferdinand W, von Hattingberg M, Ohnhaus EE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 36(4): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2737230

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Lack of effect of cimetidine on acetaminophen disposition in humans. Author(s): Slattery JT, McRorie TI, Reynolds R, Kalhorn TF, Kharasch ED, Eddy AC. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1989 November; 46(5): 591-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2582712

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Lack of effect of cimetidine on cigarette smoking. Author(s): Bendayan R, Kennedy G, Frecker RC, Sellers EM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 44(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8436155

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Lack of effect of cimetidine on furosemide kinetics and dynamics in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Author(s): Sanchis Closa A, Lambert C, du Souich P. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1993 September; 31(9): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8225696

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Lack of effect of cimetidine on lymphocyte subsets in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Author(s): Cohen CJ, Hellinger JA, Day J, Salitsky N, Shevitz A, Zackin R, DeGruttola V. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 November; 23(5): 1049-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922801

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Lack of effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of R(-)- and S(+)-ibuprofen. Author(s): Evans AM, Nation RL, Sansom LN. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 August; 28(2): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2775619

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Lack of effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of sustained-release bupropion. Author(s): Kustra R, Corrigan B, Dunn J, Duncan B, Hsyu PH. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 November; 39(11): 1184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10579150

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Lack of effect of omeprazole, cimetidine, and ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in fasting male volunteers. Author(s): Jonsson KA, Jones AW, Bostrom H, Andersson T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(2): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1618254

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Lack of inhibitory effect of cimetidine on caffeine metabolism in children using the caffeine breath test. Author(s): Parker AC, Pritchard P, Preston T, Dalzell AM, Choonara I. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 May; 43(5): 467-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9159560

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Lack of interaction between nefazodone and cimetidine: a steady state pharmacokinetic study in humans. Author(s): Barbhaiya RH, Shukla UA, Greene DS. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 August; 40(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8562300

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Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between butorphanol nasal spray and cimetidine. Author(s): Shyu WC, Barbhaiya RH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 October; 42(4): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904627

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Lafutidine vs cimetidine to decrease gastric fluid acidity and volume in children. Author(s): Mikawa K, Nishina K, Uesugi T, Shiga M, Obara H. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 April; 50(4): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670828

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Lansoprazole and ethanol metabolism: comparison with omeprazole and cimetidine. Author(s): Battiston L, Tulissi P, Moretti M, Pozzato G. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1997 December; 81(6): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444664

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Liquid chromatographic analysis of cimetidine with procainamide as internal standard. Author(s): Ching MS, Mihaly GW, Jones DB, Smallwood RA. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1984 July; 73(7): 1015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6470945

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Lobular carcinoma of the male breast associated with the use of cimetidine. Author(s): San Miguel P, Sancho M, Enriquez JL, Fernandez J, Gonzalez-Palacios F. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1997 March; 430(3): 261-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9099985

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Long-term intravenous cimetidine treatment does not alter cortisol response in hemodynamically stable intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Spapen H, Diltoer M, De Wit N, Duinslaeger L, Huyghens L. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1996 February; 22(2): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8857128

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Low clearance of cimetidine across the human placenta. Author(s): Ching MS, Mihaly GW, Morgan DJ, Date NM, Hardy KJ, Smallwood RA. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1987 June; 241(3): 1006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3598898

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Low dose famotidine and cimetidine in single postprandial doses: a placebo controlled comparative study of overnight pH. Author(s): Reilly TG, Mann SG, Panos MZ, Walt RP. Source: Gut. 1995 September; 37(3): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7590425

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Low-dose antacids versus 400 mg cimetidine twice daily for reflux oesophagitis. A comparative, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Author(s): Farup PG, Weberg R, Berstad A, Wetterhus S, Dahlberg O, Dybdahl J, Fyllingen G, Kannelonning KS, Lange OJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 March; 25(3): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2181623

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Low-dose cimetidine in the acute treatment of duodenal ulcer. Comparison of a single nocturnal dose regimen with a twice daily regimen. Author(s): Kang JY, Guan R, Tay HH, Yap I, Wee A, Math MV, Labrooy SJ. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1990 November-December; 5(6): 669-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2129838

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Low-dose famotidine and effervescent cimetidine in healthy subjects: a placebocontrolled overnight pH study. Author(s): Reilly TG, Grimley CE, Usselmann B, Cottrell J, Mann SG, Raskin S, Nwokolo CU. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 May; 12(5): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9663728

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Maalox versus cimetidine. Author(s): Hangmann M. Source: Gut. 1989 July; 30(7): 1025-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2759486

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Maintenance cimetidine instead of surgery for duodenal ulcer: the first decade. Author(s): Hansell DT, McGushin M, Meddings RN, Smith IS, Gray GR, Gillespie G. Source: Gut. 1989 June; 30(6): 786-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2753402

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Maintenance treatment with cimetidine in peptic ulcer disease for up to 4 years. Author(s): Walan A, Bianchi-Porro G, Hentschel E, Bardhan KD, Delattre M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1987 May; 22(4): 397-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3299677

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Male sexual dysfunction due to cimetidine. Author(s): Niv Y. Source: Ir Med J. 1986 September; 79(9): 252. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771175

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Management of reflux oesophagitis: role of weight loss and cimetidine. Author(s): Murray FE, Ennis J, Lennon JR, Crowe JP. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1991 January; 160(1): 2-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1885286

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MAOI-like reaction associated with cimetidine. Author(s): Griffin MJ, Morris JS. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1987 February; 21(2): 219. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3829915

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Mechanism for the interaction between triazolam and cimetidine. Author(s): Cox SR, Kroboth PD, Anderson PH, Smith RB. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1986 November-December; 7(6): 567-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3828486

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Medical education reduces inappropriate use of cimetidine in a teaching hospital. Author(s): Gardiner DC, Champion MC, Sweet D, Kozakowski K, Wielgosz A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1985 September 1; 133(5): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4027806

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Medium-dose antacids versus cimetidine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Bianchi Porro G, Parente F, Lazzaroni M, Baroni S, Panza E. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1986 April; 8(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3745847

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Mefloquine pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and in peptic ulcer patients after cimetidine administration. Author(s): Kolawole JA, Mustapha A, Abudu-Aguye I, Ochekpe N. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2000 July-December; 25(3-4): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11420885

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Metabolic changes in cimetidine treatment for scald injury on the peritoneo-serosal surface in far-advanced gastric cancer patients treated by intraperitoneal hyperthermic perfusion. Author(s): Fujimoto S, Takahashi M, Kobayashi K, Kokubun M, Shrestha RD, Kiuchi S, Konno C. Source: Surgery Today. 1993; 23(5): 396-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8324332

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Metronidazole versus cimetidine in treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer. Author(s): Quintero Diaz M, Sotto Escobar A. Source: Lancet. 1986 April 19; 1(8486): 907. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2870370

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Midazolam and cimetidine: lack of interaction is unproven. Author(s): Brown GC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1987 November; 66(11): 1196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3662068

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Misoprostol versus cimetidine in tolmetin-induced mucosal injury. Author(s): Wallin BA, Frank WO, Young MD. Source: Gastroenterology. 1989 May; 96(5 Pt 1): 1374-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2495235

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Modulation of gastric pH by continuous gastric and jejunal infusion of cimetidine. Author(s): Murthy UK, Linscheer WG. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1991 February; 36(2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1988255

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Modulation of histamine type II receptors on CD8+ T cells by interleukin-2 and cimetidine. Author(s): Shibata M, Hoon D, Okun E, Morton D. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1992; 97(1): 8-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1533853

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Modulation of the permeability of H2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine by P-glycoprotein in rat intestine and the human colonic cell line Caco-2. Author(s): Collett A, Higgs NB, Sims E, Rowland M, Warhurst G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999 January; 288(1): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9862768

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Multiple interactions of cimetidine and probenecid with valaciclovir and its metabolite acyclovir. Author(s): De Bony F, Tod M, Bidault R, On NT, Posner J, Rolan P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 46(2): 458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11796358

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Multiple-dose cimetidine administration does not influence the single-dose pharmacokinetics of quinapril and its active metabolite (CI-928). Author(s): Ferry JJ, Cetnarowski AB, Sedman AJ, Thomas RW, Horvath AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 January; 28(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3350992

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Mutagenicity of cimetidine in nitrite-enriched human gastric juice. Author(s): De Flora S, Picciotto A. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1980; 1(11): 925-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11219845

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Negative outcomes from drug interactions involving cimetidine in older ambulatory care patients. Author(s): Scott MA, Letrent KJ, Martz MD. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 September 15; 56(18): 1890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511235

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Neither cimetidine nor probenecid affect the pharmacokinetics of tenoxicam in normal volunteers. Author(s): Day RO, Geisslinger G, Paull P, Williams KM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 January; 37(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8148224

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Nizatidine versus cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcers. Author(s): Yap CK, Chong YY, Chia SC, Fock KM. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1991 March; 20(2): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1679316

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No decrease in duodenal ulcer surgery after cimetidine in Hong Kong. Author(s): Alagaratnam TT, Wong J. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1988 February; 10(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3356880

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No detectable concentrations of oxmetidine but measurable concentrations of cimetidine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during multiple dose treatment. Author(s): Jonsson KA, Eriksson SE, Kagevi I, Norlander B, Bodemar G, Walan A. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984 June; 17(6): 781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743472

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Noninteraction of temazepam and cimetidine. Author(s): Greenblatt DJ, Abernethy DR, Divoll M, Locniskar A, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1984 March; 73(3): 399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6143815

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Nosocomial pneumonia during stress ulcer prophylaxis with cimetidine and sucralfate. Author(s): Ryan P, Dawson J, Teres D, Celoria G, Navab F. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1993 December; 128(12): 1353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8250708

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Omeprazole and cimetidine in treating ulcers of the body of the stomach. Author(s): Savarino V, Mela GS, Celle G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 May 6; 298(6682): 1249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2502233

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Omeprazole in infants with cimetidine-resistant peptic esophagitis. Author(s): Alliet P, Raes M, Bruneel E, Gillis P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 February; 132(2): 352-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506656

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Omeprazole in the treatment of erosive oesophagitis refractory to high dose cimetidine and ranitidine. Author(s): Bardhan KD, Morris P, Thompson M, Dhande DS, Hinchliffe RF, Jones RB, Daly MJ, Carroll NJ. Source: Gut. 1990 July; 31(7): 745-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2370010

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Omeprazole is more effective than cimetidine for the relief of all grades of gastrooesophageal reflux disease-associated heartburn, irrespective of the presence or absence of endoscopic oesophagitis. Author(s): Bate CM, Green JR, Axon AT, Murray FE, Tildesley G, Emmas CE, Taylor MD. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1997 August; 11(4): 755-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9305486

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Omeprazole is more effective than cimetidine in the prevention of recurrence of GERD-associated heartburn and the occurrence of underlying oesophagitis. Author(s): Bate CM, Green JR, Axon AT, Tildesley G, Murrays FE, Owen SM, Emmas C, Taylor MD. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 January; 12(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692699

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Omeprazole or cimetidine once daily for the treatment of duodenal ulcers? Author(s): Wilairatana S, Kurathong S, Atthapaisalsarudee C, Saowaros V, Leethochawalit M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1989; 4 Suppl 2: 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2491361

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Omeprazole, ranitidine, and cimetidine have no effect on peak blood ethanol concentrations, first pass metabolism or area under the time-ethanol curve under 'real-life' drinking conditions. Author(s): Brown AS, James OF. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 February; 12(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692688

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Once-daily bedtime dosing regimen of cimetidine in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Frank WO, Young M, Palmer RH, Karlstadt R, Rockhold F, Mounce W. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1989 September-October; 11(5): 595-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2680085

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On-demand treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a comparison of ranitidine 75 mg with cimetidine 200 mg or placebo. Author(s): Galmiche JP, Shi G, Simon B, Casset-Semanza F, Slama A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 September; 12(9): 909-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9768535

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One week treatment with cimetidine does not attenuate the cortisol response to a short corticotropin test in stable intensive care patients: a prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Author(s): Spapen H, Diltoer M, Nguyen DN, Ingels G, Ramet J, Huyghens L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1995; 46(3-4): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8669219

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Oral cimetidine (Tagamet) for recalcitrant, diffuse conjunctival papillomatosis. Author(s): Shields CL, Lally MR, Singh AD, Shields JA, Nowinski T. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 September; 128(3): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511035

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Oral cimetidine and the treatment of verrucae. Author(s): Mahoney JM. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1996 April; 86(4): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8920625

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Oral cimetidine for the management of genital and perigenital warts in children. Author(s): Franco I. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 September; 164(3 Pt 2): 1074-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958744

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Oral cimetidine gives effective symptom relief in painful bladder disease: a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Haq A, Donaldson PJ, Parry JR. Source: Bju International. 2001 September; 88(4): 444-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564042

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Oral cimetidine gives effective symptom relief in painful bladder disease: a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Thilagarajah R, Witherow RO, Walker MM. Source: Bju International. 2001 February; 87(3): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167643

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Oral cimetidine improves the accuracy and precision of creatinine clearance in lupus nephritis. Author(s): Roubenoff R, Drew H, Moyer M, Petri M, Whiting-O'Keefe Q, Hellmann DB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990 October 1; 113(7): 501-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2393206

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Oral cimetidine prolongs clarithromycin absorption. Author(s): Amsden GW, Cheng KL, Peloquin CA, Nafziger AN. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 July; 42(7): 1578-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9660986

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Oral cimetidine treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Yashar SS, Shamiri B. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 November-December; 16(6): 493. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651572

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Over-the-counter cimetidine and theophylline interaction. Author(s): Pride M, Deamer RL. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 December; 52(8): 2180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7484712

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Oxcarbazepine does not interact with cimetidine in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Keranen T, Jolkkonen J, Klosterskov-Jensen P, Menge GP. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1992 April; 85(4): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1585795

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Parkinsonism associated with fluoxetine and cimetidine: a case report. Author(s): Leo RJ, Lichter DG, Hershey LA. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 1995 October; 8(4): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8561837

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Peptic ulcer therapy with cimetidine versus tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing chronic NSAID treatment. Author(s): Bianchi Porro G, Lazzaroni M, Petrillo M, Ardizzone S, Manzionna G, Caruso I, Montrone F. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 April; 12(4): 343-7. Erratum In: Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998 September; 12(9): 935. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9690723

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Perioperative cimetidine administration promotes peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with gastrointestinal cancer: Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Lin CY, Bai DJ, Yuan HY, Wang K, Yang GL, Hu MB, Wu ZQ, Li Y. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2004 January; 10(1): 136-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695785

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Pharmacokinetic interaction study of citalopram and cimetidine in healthy subjects. Author(s): Priskorn M, Larsen F, Segonzac A, Moulin M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997; 52(3): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9218934

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Pharmacokinetic study of praziquantel administered alone and in combination with cimetidine in a single-day therapeutic regimen. Author(s): Jung H, Medina R, Castro N, Corona T, Sotelo J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 June; 41(6): 1256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9174180

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Pharmacokinetics of dolasetron with coadministration of cimetidine or rifampin in healthy subjects. Author(s): Dimmitt DC, Cramer MB, Keung A, Arumugham T, Weir SJ. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1999; 43(2): 126-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923817

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Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir co-administered with cimetidine. Author(s): Boffito M, Carriero P, Trentini L, Raiteri R, Bonora S, Sinicco A, Reynolds HE, Hoggard PG, Back DJ, Di Perri G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 50(6): 1081-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12461038

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Pilot study--cimetidine enhances lymphocyte infiltration of human colorectal carcinoma: results of a small randomized control trial. Author(s): Tavani A, Fioretti F, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Source: Cancer. 1998 June 1; 82(11): 2296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9610714

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Pilot study--cimetidine enhances lymphocyte infiltration of human colorectal carcinoma: results of a small randomized control trial. Author(s): Adams WJ, Morris DL. Source: Cancer. 1997 July 1; 80(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9210704

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Plantar warts of defined aetiology in adults and unresponsiveness to low dose cimetidine. Author(s): Lee SH, Rose B, Thompson CH, Cossart Y. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 42(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11510467

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Pneumonia due to stress ulcer prophylaxis with cimetidine: a necessary consequence? Author(s): Tryba M. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1993 September; 128(9): 1078-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8368929

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Polyuria and weight-loss associated with cimetidine. Author(s): Mullen PJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 September; 68(803): 771. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1480549

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Postmarketing surveillance of the safety of cimetidine: 10 year mortality report. Author(s): Colin-Jones DG, Langman MJ, Lawson DH, Logan RF, Paterson KR, Vessey MP. Source: Gut. 1992 September; 33(9): 1280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1358768

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Prediction of in vivo drug interaction from in vitro systems exemplified by interaction between verapamil and cimetidine using human liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes. Author(s): Fischer U, Rohde B, Wacke R, Stange J, Nitschke FP, Adam U, Drewelow B. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 December; 37(12): 1150-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506011

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Prolonged cholestasis and cimetidine. Author(s): Clarke B, Yoong A. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1987 March; 32(3): 333. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3816488

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Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of cimetidine in gastric cancer. British Stomach Cancer Group. Author(s): Langman MJ, Dunn JA, Whiting JL, Burton A, Hallissey MT, Fielding JW, Kerr DJ. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 December; 81(8): 1356-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604733

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Protective effects of cimetidine on radiation-induced micronuclei and apoptosis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Author(s): Kojima Y, Kondo T, Zhao QL, Shoji M, Futatsuya R. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 March; 36(3): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12071343

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Psoriasis in an HIV-positive patient treated with cimetidine. Author(s): Urrea AA, Velez GM, Nogues AE, Camarasa JG. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(1): 77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8589497

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Psychosis in association with combined cimetidine and imipramine treatment. Author(s): Miller ME, Perry CJ, Siris SG. Source: Psychosomatics. 1987 April; 28(4): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3432542

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Quantitation of cimetidine and cimetidine sulfoxide in serum by solid-phase extraction and solvent-recycled liquid chromatography. Author(s): Lin Q, Lensmeyer GL, Larson FC. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1985 July-August; 9(4): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4033072

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Quantitative analysis of cimetidine in human plasma using LC/APCI/SRM/MS. Author(s): Xu K, Arora VK, Chaudhary AK, Cotton RB, Blair IA. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1999 November; 13(7): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534756

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Randomised crossover trial of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate versus high dose cimetidine for duodenal ulcers resistant to standard dose of cimetidine. Author(s): Lam SK, Lee NW, Koo J, Hui WM, Fok KH, Ng M. Source: Gut. 1984 July; 25(7): 703-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6376292

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Randomised study using IFN-alpha versus IFN-alpha plus coumarin and cimetidine for treatment of advanced renal cell cancer. Author(s): Sagaster P, Micksche M, Flamm J, Ludwig H. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1995 December; 6(10): 999-1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8750152

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Randomised, double blind comparison of omeprazole and cimetidine in the treatment of symptomatic gastric ulcer. Author(s): Plas J. Source: Gut. 1990 April; 31(4): 483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2338280

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Randomized trial of preoperative cimetidine in patients with colorectal carcinoma with quantitative assessment of tumor-associated lymphocytes. Author(s): Kelly MD, King J, Cherian M, Dwerryhouse SJ, Finlay IG, Adams WJ, King DW, Lubowski DZ, Morris DL. Source: Cancer. 1999 April 15; 85(8): 1658-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10223557

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Ranitidine and cimetidine differ in their in vitro and in vivo effects on human colonic cancer growth. Author(s): Lawson JA, Adams WJ, Morris DL. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 April; 73(7): 872-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8611398

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Ranitidine or cimetidine for ulcer healing? Author(s): Langman MJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1987 October; 1(5): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2979680

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Ranitidine versus cimetidine in the healing of erosive esophagitis. Author(s): McCarty-Dawson D, Sue SO, Morrill B, Murdock RH Jr. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1996 November-December; 18(6): 1150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001831

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Ranitidine versus cimetidine prior to emergency obstetric anesthesia. Author(s): Osman H. Source: Middle East J Anesthesiol. 1995 June; 13(2): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7476742

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Ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine have no effect on post-prandial absorption of ethanol 0.8 g/kg taken after an evening meal. Author(s): Fraser AG, Hudson M, Sawyerr AM, Smith M, Rosalki SB, Pounder RE. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1992 December; 6(6): 693-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1362497

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Recurrent ulcer after treatment with cimetidine or sucralfate. Author(s): Hallerback B, Solhaug JH, Carling L, Glise H, Hallgren T, Kagevi I, Svedberg LE, Wahlby L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1987 September; 22(7): 791-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3313677

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Reduction of endoscopically assessed acute aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury with cimetidine. Author(s): Kimmey MB, Silverstein FE, Saunders DR, Chapman RC. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1987 August; 32(8): 851-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3301232

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Relative sensitivity to inhibition by cimetidine and clonidine differentiates between the two types of Na(+)-H+ exchangers in cultured cells. Author(s): Ramamoorthy S, Tiruppathi C, Nair CN, Mahesh VB, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1991 December 1; 280 ( Pt 2): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1660711

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Report on other drug use among persons previously reported to have received intravenous cimetidine. Author(s): Jick H. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 October; 152(10): 2145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1417393

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Role of cimetidine in prevention and treatment of stress induced gastric bleeding in neonates. Author(s): Agarwal AK, Saili A, Pandey KK, Saxena AK, Sarna MS, Dutta AK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1990 May; 27(5): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2276774

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Role of cimetidine in the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Author(s): Kaufenberg AJ, Shepherd MF. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1998 July 15; 55(14): 1516-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9676299

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Scombroid fish poisoning: successful treatment with cimetidine. Author(s): Guss DA. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1998 Summer; 25(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9670438

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Short-course cimetidine and survival with colorectal cancer. Author(s): Adams WJ, Morris DL. Source: Lancet. 1994 December 24-31; 344(8939-8940): 1768-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7997018

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Significant increase of blood alcohol by cimetidine after repetitive drinking of small alcohol doses. Author(s): Gupta AM, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1995 August; 19(4): 1083-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7485821

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Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method to analyze serum creatinine has several advantages over the Jaffe picric acid reaction as demonstrated with a cimetidine dose response in rhesus monkeys. Author(s): Johns BA, Broten T, Stranieri MT, Holahan MA, Cook JJ. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 August 15; 759(2): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11499488

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Spectrophotometric determination of cimetidine in pharmaceuticals and urine using batch and flow-injection methods. Author(s): Garcia MS, Albero MI, Sanchez-Pedreno C, Abuherba MS. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 August 8; 32(4-5): 1003-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12899987

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Subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha plus cisplatin with and without prophylactic cimetidine in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: a phase II study. Author(s): Schmidt H, Geertsen PF, Fode K, Rytter C, Bastholt L, von der Maase H. Source: Melanoma Research. 2000 February; 10(1): 66-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10711642

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Successful treatment of common variable immunodeficiency and related disorders with cimetidine and zinc sulfate. Author(s): Della Bella S, Vanoli M, Bazzi S, Scorza R. Source: International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research. 1997; 27(1): 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144034

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Successful treatment of eosinophilic pustulosis with oral cimetidine. Author(s): Rogers M. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 July-August; 16(4): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10469427

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Susceptibility of the H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine, famotidine and nizatidine, to metabolism by the gastrointestinal microflora. Author(s): Basit AW, Newton JM, Lacey LF. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2002 April 26; 237(1-2): 23-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11955801

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Symmetric ptychotropic and nonpigmenting fixed drug eruption due to cimetidine (so-called baboon syndrome) Author(s): Helmbold P, Hegemann B, Dickert C, Marsch WC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(4): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9873190

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The cimetidine protocol: a convenient, accurate, and inexpensive way to measure glomerular filtration rate. Author(s): Hellerstein S, Erwin P, Warady BA. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 January; 18(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568065

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The effect of cimetidine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in humans. Author(s): Niopas I, Toon S, Aarons L, Rowland M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 July; 55(5): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456491

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The effect of multiple doses of cimetidine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of quetiapine in men with selected psychotic disorders. Author(s): Strakowski SM, Keck PE Jr, Wong YW, Thyrum PT, Yeh C. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 April; 22(2): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11910267

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The effect of repeat dosing with cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous granisetron in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Youlten L. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2004 February; 56(2): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005875

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The effects of cimetidine and antacid on the pharmacokinetic profile of sildenafil citrate in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Wilner K, Laboy L, LeBel M. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002; 53 Suppl 1: 31S-36S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11879257

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The pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers treated with cimetidine or antacid. Author(s): Wilner KD, Hansen RA, Folger CJ, Geoffroy P. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000; 49 Suppl 1: 57S-60S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10771455

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Therapeutic substitution of cimetidine for nizatidine was not associated with an increase in healthcare utilization. Author(s): Good CB, Fultz SL, Trilli L, Etchason J. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2000 October; 6(10): 1141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11184669

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Transport of cimetidine by flounder and human renal organic anion transporter 1. Author(s): Burckhardt BC, Brai S, Wallis S, Krick W, Wolff NA, Burckhardt G. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 2003 March; 284(3): F503-9. Epub 2002 November 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429554

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Treatment of viral warts with cimetidine: an open-label study. Author(s): Gooptu C, Higgins CR, James MP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 May; 25(3): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10844489

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Ulcer recurrences following initial ulcer healing with sucralfate or cimetidine. Author(s): Solhaug JH, Carling L, Glise H, Hallerback B, Hallgren T, Kagevi I, Svedberg LE, Wahlby L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1987; 127: 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3475770

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Ulcer relapse rates following initial treatment with bismuth subnitrate as compared with cimetidine respectively. Author(s): Topfmeier P, Eberhardt R, Mateblowski M, Kuhn D. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1991 November; 29(11): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1800390

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Unbound total (plasma) clearance approach in interspecies pharmacokinetics correlation: theophylline-cimetidine interaction. Author(s): Chiou WL, Choi YM. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1995 August; 12(8): 1238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7494840

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Uptake of cimetidine into syncytial microvillus membrane vesicles of human term placenta. Author(s): van der Aa EM, Wouterse AC, Verrijt CE, Peereboom-Stegeman JH, Russel FG. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1996 January; 276(1): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8558434

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Use of cimetidine and other peptic ulcer drugs in Denmark 1977-1990 with analysis of the risk of gastric cancer among cimetidine users. Author(s): Moller H, Nissen A, Mosbech J. Source: Gut. 1992 September; 33(9): 1166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1358764

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Use of cimetidine, omeprazole, and ranitidine in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes. Author(s): Ruigomez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Cattaruzzi C, Troncon MG, Agostinis L, Wallander MA, Johansson S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 September 1; 150(5): 476-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472947

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Use of concurrent monitoring and a preprinted note to modify prescribing of i.v. cimetidine and ranitidine in a teaching hospital. Author(s): Dannenhoffer MA, Slaughter RL, Hunt SN. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989 August; 46(8): 1570-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2773962

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Use of i.v. cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine in 40 hospitals. Author(s): Segal R, Russell WL, Oh T, Ben-Joseph R. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993 October; 50(10): 2077-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8238052

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Usefulness of acid and gastric juice secretion decreasing action of cimetidine in anaesthesia for the prevention of aspiration. Author(s): Takacs G. Source: Ther Hung. 1989; 37(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2756513

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Utility of BID administration of cimetidine for gastric ulcer: a comparison with QID administration in a double blind manner. Author(s): Asaki S, Goto Y, Tanaka T. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1986 November; 150(3): 287-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3824375

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Validation of a simplified method for determination of cimetidine in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Iqbal T, Karyekar CS, Kinjo M, Ngan GC, Dowling TC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2004 January 25; 799(2): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670753

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Variability in cimetidine absorption and plasma double peaks following oral administration in the fasted state in humans: correlation with antral gastric motility. Author(s): Takamatsu N, Welage LS, Hayashi Y, Yamamoto R, Barnett JL, Shah VP, Lesko LJ, Ramachandran C, Amidon GL. Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V. 2002 January; 53(1): 37-47. Erratum In: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2002 September; 54(2): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11777751

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Verapamil disposition--effects of sulphinpyrazone and cimetidine. Author(s): Wing LM, Miners JO, Lillywhite KJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985 March; 19(3): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3986090

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Very-low dose antacid in treatment of duodenal ulcer. Comparison with cimetidine. Author(s): Zaterka S, Cordeiro F, Lyra LG, Toletino MM, Miszputen SJ, Jorge JL, Silva EP, Vieira FE, Modena JL, Massuda HK, et al. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1991 October; 36(10): 1377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1914758

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Wound healing properties of cimetidine in vitro. Author(s): Mohamed S, Nadijcka MD, Hanson VA. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1986 December; 20(12): 973-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3816547

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CIMETIDINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cimetidine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cimetidine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cimetidine” (or a synonym): •

A phase II study of high-dose cimetidine and the combination 5-fluorouracil, interferon alpha-2A, and leucovorin in advanced renal cell adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. Source: Creagan, E T Veeder, M H Suman, V J Burch, P A Maples, W J Schaefer, P L Pfeifle, D M Dalton, R J Hatfield, A K Poon, M A Am-J-Clin-Oncol. 1998 October; 21(5): 475-8 0277-3732

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Calcitonin versus cimetidine or De-Nol in gastric ulcer treatment. An endoscopically controlled trial. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, J. Sniadecki's Regional Hospital, Bialystok. Source: Janke, A Badurski, J Stasiewicz, J Sajewicz, I Namiot, Z Dtsch-Z-VerdauStoffwechselkr. 1988; 48(5): 239-43 0012-1053

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Collagen and collagenase in ulcer tissue--2. Restraint and water immersion induced gastric lesions and effects of cimetidine and misoprostol. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Japan. Source: Hasebe, T Tokai-J-Exp-Clin-Med. 1987 September; 12(3): 181-90 0385-0005

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Comparison of the gastric antisecretory effects of ramixotidine dihydrochloride (CM 57755), a new H2 receptor antagonist, and cimetidine in dogs. Author(s): Laboratory of Pharmacology, Veterinary School, University of Pisa, Italy. Source: Soldani, G Lavezzo, A Bianchetti, A Manzoni, L Mengozzi, G Manara, L Pharmacol-Res-Commun. 1988 August; 20(8): 663-72 0031-6989

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Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on plasma theophylline in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease treated with theophylline and corticosteroids. Author(s): Internal Medicine Clinic, Bad Lippspringe, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Boehning, W Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1990; 38(1): 43-5 0031-6970

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Effects of cimetidine on broiler fattening and on stress-induced gizzard erosion in chicken. Author(s): Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia. [email protected] Source: Grabarevic, Z Dzaja, P Peric, J Serman, V Bidin, Z Mazija, H Mas, N Mikulec, Z Culjak, K Simec, Z Njari, B Acta-Vet-Hung. 1999; 47(2): 233-41 0236-6290

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Effects of the anti-ulcer agents ecabet sodium, cimetidine and sucralfate on acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastric mucosal damage deteriorated by renal failure in rats. Source:

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Histamine type-2 receptor antagonist immune modulation. II. Cimetidine and ranitidine increase interleukin-2 production. Source: Gifford, R R Tilberg, A F Surgery. 1987 August; 102(2): 242-7 0039-6060

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Immunomodulatory effect of cimetidine on the proliferative responses of splenocytes from T. cruzi-infected rats. Author(s): Laboratorio de Imunogenetica e Transplante Experimental (LIM 73), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Sato, M N Yamashiro Kanashiro, E H Tanji, M M Kaneno, R Iqueoka, R Y Duarte, A J Rev-Inst-Med-Trop-Sao-Paulo. 1991 May-June; 33(3): 187-92 0036-4665

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Influence of cimetidine on gallamine-induced neuromuscular paralysis in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

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Source: Mishra, Y Ramzan, I Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 1992 December; 19(12): 803-7 0305-1870 •

Interaction of cimetidine with P450 in a mouse model of hepatocarcinogenesis initiation. Author(s): Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP) (CONICET FCEN, UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, 2do piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Caballero, F Gerez, E Batlle, A Vazquez, E Br-J-Cancer. 2002 February 12; 86(4): 630-5 0007-0920

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Phase II study of coumarin and cimetidine in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030. Source: Dexeus, F H Logothetis, C J Sella, A Fitz, K Amato, R Reuben, J M Dozier, N JClin-Oncol. 1990 February; 8(2): 325-9 0732-183X

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Plasma prolactin, sex steroids and gastrin in human volunteers treated for 2 weeks with therapeutic doses of cimetidine or the new histamine H2-receptor antagonist ramixotidine (CM 57755A). Author(s): Institut Robert Greenblatt, Bordeaux, France. Source: Colle, M Ruedas, E Cazenave, J Auzerie, J Basilisco, G Camboni, G Manara, L Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1988; 35(5): 529-34 0031-6970

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The effect of pentostam and cimetidine on the development of leishmaniasis (Leishmania mexicana amazonensis) and concomitant malaria (Plasmodium yoelii). Author(s): Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003. Source: Coleman, R E Edman, J D Semprevivo, L H Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1989 August; 83(4): 339-44 0003-4983

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to cimetidine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Alternative names: Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Minerals Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Food and Diet Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CIMETIDINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cimetidine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cimetidine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cimetidine: •

“In vivo” and “in vitro” antitumoral action of Larrea divaricata Cav. Author(s): Anesini C, Genaro A, Cremaschi G, Zubillaga M, Boccio J, Sterin-Borda L, Borda E. Source: Acta Physiol Pharmacol Ther Latinoam. 1996; 46(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8935489

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A phase II study of high-dose cimetidine and the combination 5-fluorouracil, interferon alpha-2A, and leucovorin in advanced renal cell adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Creagan ET, Veeder MH, Suman VJ, Burch PA, Maples WJ, Schaefer PL, Pfeifle DM, Dalton RJ, Hatfield AK, Poon MA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1998 October; 21(5): 475-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9781603

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Activated charcoal and syrup of ipecac in prevention of cimetidine and pindolol absorption in man after administration of metoclopramide as an antiemetic agent. Author(s): Neuvonen PJ, Olkkola KT. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1984; 22(2): 103-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6150121

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Antiprostatic effect associated with zinc depletion in cimetidine-treated rats. Author(s): Pinelli A, Trivulzio S. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988 April; 20(4): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3387461

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Antiprostatic effect of cimetidine in rats. Author(s): Pinelli P, Trivulzio S, Colombo R, Cocchi D, Faravelli R, Caviezel F, Galmozzi G, Cavallaro R. Source: Agents Actions. 1987 December; 22(3-4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3445815

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Anti-ulcer activity of procyanidins preparation of water-soluble procyanidincimetidine complexes. Author(s): Vennat B, Gross D, Pourrat H, Pourrat A, Bastide P, Bastide J. Source: Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae. 1989; 64(11): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2608691

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Aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats: cimetidine and deglycyrrhizinated liquorice together give greater protection than low doses of either drug alone. Author(s): Bennett A, Clark-Wibberley T, Stamford IF, Wright JE. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1980 February; 32(2): 151. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6103045

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Betel quid chewing damaged gastric mucosa: protective effects of cimetidine and sodium bicarbonate. Author(s): Hung CR, Cheng JT. Source: Chin J Physiol. 1994; 37(4): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7796637

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Cimetidine as a scavenger of ethanol-induced free radicals. Author(s): Shaw S, Jayatilleke E. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 1992 September-October; 9(5): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1418659

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Cimetidine as an adjunct to oral enzymes in the treatment of malabsorption due to cystic fibrosis. Author(s): de Bieville F, Neijens HJ, Fernandes J, van Caillie M, Kerrebijn KF.

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Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981 January; 70(1): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6908433 •

Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtration. Author(s): Hilbrands LB, Artz MA, Wetzels JF, Koene RA. Source: Kidney International. 1991 December; 40(6): 1171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1762320

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Cimetidine inhibits burn edema formation. Author(s): Yoshioka T, Monafo WW, Ayvazian VH, Deitz F, Flynn D. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1978 December; 136(6): 681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=717647

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Cimetidine interaction with liver microsomes in vitro and in vivo. Involvement of an activated complex with cytochrome P-450. Author(s): Jensen JC, Gugler R. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1985 June 15; 34(12): 2141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3924056

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Cimetidine penetrates brain and inhibits non-opiate footshock-induced analgesia. Author(s): Hough LB, Glick SD, Su K. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1986 May; 24(5): 1257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3487801

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Cimetidine tablets or suspension for the prevention of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions caused by non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Aabakken L, Larsen S, Osnes M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1989; 18(6): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2515594

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Cimetidine: an advance in gastric ulcer treatment? Author(s): Morgan AG, McAdam WA, Pacsoo C, Walker BE, Simmons AV. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 November 11; 2(6148): 1323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=363232

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Comparative effects of antacids, cimetidine and enteric coating on the therapeutic response to oral enzymes in severe pancreatic insufficiency. Author(s): Regan PT, Malagelada JR, DiMagno EP, Glanzman SL, Go VL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 October 20; 297(16): 854-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=20572

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Comparison between cimetidine and Caved-S in the treatment of gastric ulceration, and subsequent maintenance therapy. Author(s): Morgan AG, McAdam WA, Pacsoo C, Darnborough A. Source: Gut. 1982 June; 23(6): 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7042486

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Do indomethacin and cimetidine or Cu(cimetadine)2 affect the nature of superoxide dismutase activity in the liver of copper-deficient rats? Author(s): Konstantinova SG, Radeva-Domuschieva DR, Russanov EM. Source: General Pharmacology. 1994 July; 25(4): 645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7958724

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Double-blind trial in duodenal and gastric ulcers. Cimetidine and deglycyrrhizinized liquorice. Author(s): D'Imperio N, Giuliani Piccari G, Sarti F, Soffritti M, Spongano P, Benvenuti C, Dal Monte PR. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1978 July-August; 41(7-8): 427-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=373361

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Effect of cimetidine on renal function in man. Author(s): Dutt MK, Moody P, Northfield TC. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981 July; 12(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6788056

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Effect of cimetidine, probenecid, and ketoconazole on the distribution, biliary secretion, and metabolism of [3H]taxol in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Author(s): Klecker RW, Jamis-Dow CA, Egorin MJ, Erkmen K, Parker RJ, Stevens R, Collins JM. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1994 MarchApril; 22(2): 254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7912177

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Effect of pretreatment with cimetidine or phenobarbital on lipoperoxidation in carbon tetrachloride- and trichloroethylene-dosed rats. Author(s): Cluet JL, Boisset M, Boudene C. Source: Toxicology. 1986 January; 38(1): 91-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3942013

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Effects of cimetidine and its metal complexes on nitroblue tetrazolium and ferricytochrome c reduction by superoxide radicals. Author(s): Kirkova M, Atanassova M, Russanov E.

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Source: General Pharmacology. 1999 September; 33(3): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10480660 •

Influence of smoking on healing rate of duodenal ulcer in response to cimetidine or high-dose antacid. Author(s): Korman MG, Shaw RG, Hansky J, Schmidt GT, Stern AI. Source: Gastroenterology. 1981 June; 80(6): 1451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7227770

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Maintenance therapy: a two year comparison between Caved-S and cimetidine treatment in the prevention of symptomatic gastric ulcer recurrence. Author(s): Morgan AG, Pacsoo C, McAdam WA. Source: Gut. 1985 June; 26(6): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4007604

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Management of cimetidine overdose. Author(s): Meredith TJ, Volans GN. Source: Lancet. 1979 December 22-29; 2(8156-8157): 1367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=92705

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Meconium ileus equivalent in a child with cystic fibrosis taking cimetidine. Author(s): Mitchell EA, White PR, Elliott RB. Source: N Z Med J. 1980 August 27; 92(666): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6933350

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On the sulphoxidation of cimetidine and etintidine by rat and human liver microsomes. Author(s): Schulz M, Schmoldt A. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1988 August; 18(8): 983-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3142156

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Prevention of vinorelbine phlebitis with cimetidine. A two-step design study. Author(s): Vassilomanolakis M, Koumakis G, Barbounis V, Orphanos G, Efremidis A. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2001 March; 9(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11305068

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Rationale for the use of cimetidine in pancreatic insufficiency. Author(s): Regan PT, Malagelada JR, Dimagno EP, Go VL.

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Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1978 February; 53(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=340805 •

The deleterious effects of high dose cimetidine in acute thermal injury. Author(s): Searcy RM, Cone JB, Bowser BH, Caldwell FT Jr. Source: Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1982 September; 9(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7172078

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The effect of cimetidine on the pharmacodynamics of theophylline-induced seizures and ethanol hypnotic activity. Author(s): Hoffman A, Perlstein I, Habib G, Pinto E, Gilhar D. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1999 September; 85(3): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522752

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The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal function. Author(s): Larsson R, Bodemar G, Kagedal B. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1979; 205(1-2): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=104553

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The effects of cimetidine (Tagamet) on renal function in patients with renal failure. Author(s): Larsson R, Bodemar G, Kagedal B, Walan A. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1980; 208(1-2): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7001858

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The influence of long-term cimetidine as an adjuvant to pancreatic enzyme therapy in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Chalmers DM, Brown RC, Miller MG, Clarke PC, Kelleher J, Littlewood JM, Losowsky MS. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1985 January; 74(1): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3885675

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Treatment of human solid malignancies with autologous activated lymphocytes and cimetidine: a phase II trial of the cancer biotherapy research group. Author(s): Dillman RO, Soori G, DePriest C, Nayak SK, Beutel LD, Schiltz PM, de Leon C, O'Connor AA. Source: Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals. 2003 October; 18(5): 727-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629821

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cimetidine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Erectile Dysfunction Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Herbs and Supplements Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Antacids/Acid Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Azithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cimetidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cobalamin Alternative names: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DMSO Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza glabra Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org H2 Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Isoniazid Alternative names: Laniazid, Nydrazid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Spanish Licorice Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CIMETIDINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to cimetidine. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “cimetidine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cimetidine, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Cimetidine ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to cimetidine. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Alterations in the permeability of cimetidine by dietary flavonoids using an in vitro transport model, Caco-2 cells by Taur, Jan-Shiang, PhD from Oregon State University, 2003, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3103576

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CIMETIDINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cimetidine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cimetidine, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cimetidine By performing a patent search focusing on cimetidine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cimetidine: •

Alpha-acyloxyketone derivatives Inventor(s): Imuta; Junichi (Ohtake, JP), Kato; Koji (Waki, JP), Kihara; Noriaki (Iwakuni, JP), Tan; Hiroaki (Ohtake, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,894,475 Date filed: December 28, 1987 Abstract: Disclosed are alpha-acyloxyketone derivatives which are useful as intermediates for production of N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-[2-{(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4yl)methylthio}ethyl]guani dine (common name: Cimetidine; Cimetidine applies hereinafter) and Cimetidine-related compounds which have an action of controlling secretion of gastric acid and are useful as a drug for treating gastric ulcer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to alpha-acyloxyketones which are useful as intermediates for production of N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-[2-{(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4yl)methylthio}ethyl]-guan idine (common name: Cimetidine) and Cimetidine-related compounds which are useful as pharmaceuticals, particularly a drug for treating gastric ulcer. Some processes have previously been proposed for the production of Cimetidine or Cimetidine-related compounds (see, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications Nos. 75574/1974 and 125074/1976. These processes, however, have the defect of requiring a high cost of production because they use expensive imidazole derivatives as starting materials and go through many reaction steps. The present invention made extensive investigations in order to develop a novel process for producing imidazole derivatives which is free from the above defect of the conventional processes, and found in the course of such investigations that the above defect can be eliminated by using specific novel alpha-acyloxyketone derivatives. The present inventors specifically found that Cimetidine or Cimetidine-related compounds can be produced economically by using these novel compounds which can be obtained in high yields at low costs, and forming an imidazole ring in the final step. This finding has led to the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04894475__

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Cancer treatments Inventor(s): Kobayashi; Kenichi (Urawa, JP), Matsumoto; Sumio (Nagoya, JP), Okamoto; Takashi (Nagoya, JP) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Seiyaku K.K. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,268,156 Date filed: September 22, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is to a method of treating cancer in patients in need thereof with an effective amount of cimetidine. Cimetidine has been found to inhibit the expression of E-selectin, the ligands of sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A antigenbearing cancer cells are incapable of attaching to a vascular wall. The present invention has found that cimetidine inhibits metastasis in patients whose specimens stained strongly for sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A antigens.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new medical use of cimetidine, compositions therefor, and a new method of diagnosis. The present invention is to a method of preventing metastasis of cancers in subjects bearing sialyl Lewis antigens X and A which method comprises the administration of cimetidine in an effective amount to prevent metastasis. Another aspect of the present invention is a method of diagnosing cancer patients whom might benefit from cimetidine treatment which method comprises testing said patients for the presence of sialyl Lewis X and A antigens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06268156__ •

Cimetidine granules coated with a partially hydrogenated vegetable oil Inventor(s): Buehler; John (SmithKline Beecham Corporation, Corporate Intellectual Property - U.S., King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939), Chauhan; Sushil (SmithKline Beecham Corporation, Corporate Intellectual Property - U.S., King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939), France; Gordon (SmithKline Beecham Corporation, Corporate Intellectual Property U.S., King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,597,844 Date filed: July 14, 1995 Abstract: A non-aqueous, chewable composition for oral delivery of unpalatable drugs is provided. The composition contains the drug intimately dispersed or dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable lipid that is solid at room temperatures. The composition also has a matrix that contains a granulating agent for the total composition and a rapid dispersal agent and optionally additives such as buffering agents, flavoring agents, surfactants and the like. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/EP93/03272 filed Nov. 22, 1993. This invention relates to granules of cimetidine which are useful in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions having an improved flavour. Cimetidine is a histamine H.sub.2 -antagonist and has been described in UK. Patent Specification 1,397,436. Cimetidine has been shown to be useful in the treatment of duodenal, gastric, recurrent and stomal ulceration, and reflux oesophagitis and in the management of patients who are at high risk from haemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05597844__

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Cimetidine-phenol pharmaceutical composition Inventor(s): Szymczak; Margaret M. (Cherry Hill, NJ) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,622,709 Date filed: July 17, 1995 Abstract: A parenteral dosage form for cimetidine is provided. The dosage form contains less phenol than conventional formulations. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/US94/00807 filed Jan. 21, 1994. This invention relates to a parenteral dosage form comprising cimetidine, (as the HC1 salt) phenol and water and to a method for the preparation of such a dosage form.

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Cimetidine is a histamine H2-antagonist which has been described in U.K. Patent Specification 1,397,436, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,950,233 and 4,024,271 and has the chemical name N"-cyano-N-methyl-N'-[2-[[(5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thio]-ethyl]-guanidine. Cimetidine has been shown to be useful in the treatment of duodenal, gastric, recurrent and stomal ulceration, and reflux esophagitis and in the management of patients who are at high risk from hemorrhage of the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05622709__ •

Combination therapy for HIV infection Inventor(s): Deutsch; Paul J. (Sea Cliff, NY), Nies; Alan (Scotch Plains, NJ), Spector; Reynold (Scotch Plains, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,578,597 Date filed: July 21, 1995 Abstract: The combination of the HIV protease inhibitor L-735,524 and one of ketoconazole or cimetidine is useful in the inhibition of HIV protease, the prevention or treatment of infection by HIV and the treatment of AIDS, either as compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical composition ingredients, whether or not in combination with other antivirals, immunomodulators, antibiotics or vaccines. Methods of treating AIDS and methods of preventing or treating infection by HIV are also described. Excerpt(s): This case is related to Merck case U.S. Pat. No. 5,413,999. A retrovirus designated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiological agent of the complex disease that includes progressive destruction of the immune system (acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS) and degeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system. This virus was previously known as LAV, HTLV-III, or ARV. A common feature of retrovirus replication is the extensive post-translational processing of precursor polyproteins by a virally encoded protease to generate mature viral proteins required for virus assembly and function. Inhibition of this processing prevents the production of normally infectious virus. For example, Kohl, N. E. et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 85, 4686 (1988) demonstrated that genetic inactivation of the HIV encoded protease resulted in the production of immature, non-infectious virus particles. These results indicate that inhibition of the HIV protease represents a viable method for the treatment of AIDS and the prevention or treatment of infection by HIV. Nucleotide sequencing of HIV shows the presence of a pol gene in one open reading frame [Ratner, L. et al., Nature, 313, 277 (1985)]. Amino acid sequence homology provides evidence that the pol sequence encodes reverse transcriptase, an endonuclease and an HIV protease [Toh, H. et al., EMBO J. 4, 1267 (1985); Power, M. D. et al., Science, 231, 1567 (1986); Pearl, L. H. et al., Nature 329, 351 (1987)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05578597__

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Combined cimetidine-pirensepine formulation for treating peptic ulcers and erosions Inventor(s): Kohler; Helmut O. (Oberursel, DE) Assignee(s): BioMed Researchy Consultants, Ltd. (AZ) Patent Number: 4,900,741 Date filed: June 30, 1988 Abstract: An orally administered pharmaceutical composition for treating peptic ulcers and other gastrointestinal conditions associated with hyperacidity, which includes both the H.sub.2 -receptor antagonist cimetidine and the antimuscarinic agent pirenzepine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical composition suitable for treating peptic ulcers and erosions, and other gastrointestinal ailments associated with gastric hyperacidity. More particularly, this invention pertains to an orally administered, pharmaceutical composition comprised of the histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonist cimetidine and the antimuscarinic agent pirenzepine, and a method of using such a pharmaceutical composition to treat gastrointestinal dysfunctions. It has been recognized that peptic ulcers and erosions can be treated with antimuscarinics, such as atropine, which inhibit the secretion of acid into the stomach. However, the effectiveness of such drugs has been limited by the significant side effects, e.g. increased heart rate, and depressed salivation, which occur at the therapeuttic dosage level. More recently, it has been observed that selective histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonist, such as cimetidine, and ranitidine, can be used in the treatment of conditions where there is a hypersecretion of gastric acid. These antagonists are distinguished from the drugs commonly known as "antihistamines", e.g. mepyramine, which selectively block the H.sub.1 -receptors of histamine to inhibit stimulation of the smooth bronchial and other muscles. See, Black et al. (Nature 1972, 236, 385); and Ash and Schild (Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemother, 1966, 27, 427). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04900741__

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Cyanoguanidine derivative and process for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Imuta; Junichi (Otake, JP), Kato; Koji (Waki, JP), Kihara; Noriaki (Iwakuni, JP), Tan; Hiroaki (Otake, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,886,910 Date filed: February 17, 1988 Abstract: The present invention provides a cyanoguanidine derivtive which is a precursor for the synthesis of N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-[2-{(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4yl)methylothio}ethyl]-gua nidine (Cimetidine) or its relted compound, which has an action of controlling secretion of acid in the stomach based on the histamine H.sub.2 receptor antagonism and is valuable as a drug for treating gastric ulcer. This cyanoguanidine derivative is prepared by reacting a haloketone derivative with an ammonium salt and a lower fatty acid salt or by reacting other cyanoguanidine derivative with an ammonium salt. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a precursor for the synthesis of Cimetidine which has an action of controlling secretion of acid in the stomach based on the histamine H.sub.2 receptor antagonism and is valuable as a drug for treating gastric ulcer, and a process for the preparation of this precursor. Imidazole derivatives such as

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4-hydroxymethyl-5-methylimidazole disclosed in Japanese patent application laid-open specification No. 142271/81, 4-(2-aminoethylthio)-5-methylimidazole disclosed in Japanese patent application laid-open specification No. 42661/72 and [(4-methyl-5imidazolyl)methylthioethyl]-S-methylisothiourea disclosed in Japanese patent application laid-open specification No. 75574/74 are mainly known as the precursor for the synthesis of Cimetidine and Cimetidine can be derived from these imidazole derivatives. As the precursor that can be converted to Cimetidine by forming an imidazole ring at the final stage, there can be mentioned N-cyano-N'-2-(2,3diketobutylthio)ethyl-N"-methylguanidine disclosed in Spanish Pat. No. 455,991 [Chemical Abstracts, 89, 146904 I, 1978]. Diacetyl which is the starting material for the synthesis of this precursor has an offensive smell and causes a problem concerning the working environment, and the yield of the precursor is not always high. We made investigations with a view to developing a reasonable Cimetidine-preparing process having a reduced number of reaction stages and simplifying operations. As the result, we found a novel cyanoguanidine derivative which is quite different from the abovementioned compounds disclosed in the literature references. Accordingly, the present invention provides this novel cyanoguanidine derivative and a process for the preparation of this novel cyanoguanidine derivative. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04886910__ •

Dispersible cimetidine tablets Inventor(s): Cvelbar; Polona (Ljubljana, Velike Lasce, YU), Kofler; Bojan (Ljubljana, Skofja Loka, YU), Kopitar; Zdravko (Ljubljana, Menges, YU), Kovacic; Mateja (Ljubljana, Ljubljana, YU), Lampret; Marija (Sentvid pri Sticni, YU), Lippai; Marija (Ljubljana, YU), Milovac; Jenny (Ljubljana, Ljubljana, YU), Nikolic; Vida (Ljubljana, Sentvid pri Sticni, YU), Stalc; Anton (Ljubljana, Ljubljana, YU), Trost; Zvezdana (Ljubljana, Vrhnika, YU) Assignee(s): Lek (YU) Patent Number: 5,069,910 Date filed: June 15, 1989 Abstract: There are described novel dispersible cimetidine tablets containing 30 to 90% by weight of one of the polymorphous modifications of cimetidine A, B or C, 5 to 55% by weight of one or more disintegrationg agents, 0.05 to 5.0% by weight of a surfactant, such as sodium lauryl sulphate together with other common adjuvants. The process for the manufacture of dispersible cimetidine tablets is effected on the basis of known methods by granulating the ingredients and by compressing the granulate to tablets. Dispersible tablets disintegrate when brought in contact with water at room temperature within less than 1 minute to yield a fine dispersion, which facilitates the oral application. Therefore such tablets are particularly suitable for certain groups of patients, especially for the aged and children. Dispersible tablets containing cimetidine excell by their improved rate of dissolution and good bioavailability. Excerpt(s): The invention belongs to the field of pharmaceutical industry and relates to dispersible tablets containing cimetidine, which yield a fine dispersion when brought in contact with water. Cimetidine is the generic name of 1-cyano-2-methyl-3-/2-//(5methyl-4-imidazol-4-yl)methyl/thio/ethyl/guanid ine, which is a well-known histamine antagonist on H.sub.2 receptors and is a valuable drug in the therapy of ulcer disease. Cimetidine is known to occur in three polymorphous modifications designated as cimetidine A, B, and C. Dispersible cimetidine tablets of the invention can contain any one of said polymorphous modifications of cimetidine. Furthermore, the invention

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relates to a process for the manufacture of dispersible cimetidine tablets. By formulating cimetidine into dispersible tablets a new pharmaceutical form is provided, which is, with respect to the mode of application, at the same dose preferred to the conventional tablet for oral administration in pediatrics and geriatrics. At the treatment of the active phase of peptic ulcer with cimetidine, the daily dosage is in the range from 800 to 1200 mg, divided in two or four doses. According to some recent therapeutic findings, a single daily dose of 800 mg of cimetidine is also possible in the therapy of the active phase. In any case, comparatively large doses are involved, which cause trouble to many patients already at taking the medication in the form of too large tablets. This can be overcome by using effervescent or dispersible tablets. Effervescent tablets are based on the reaction of a bicarbonate or carbonate with an acid or on some other excipient having the ability of developing gas after being brought in contact with water; however, the technology of manufacturing effervescent tablets is expensive and demanding and it requires working at low relative humidity (below 30%). The manufacture of dispersible tablets is simpler and less expensive and can be carried out at normal relative humidity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05069910__ •

Granular product or tablet containing an effervescent system and an active pharmaceutical substance, as well as a method for its preparation Inventor(s): Gergely; Gehard (Vienna, AT), Gergely; Irmgard (Vienna, AT), Gergely; Stefan (Vienna, AT), Gergely; Thomas (Vienna, AT) Assignee(s): Gergely; Gerhard (Vienna, AT) Patent Number: 5,792,473 Date filed: March 22, 1996 Abstract: In accordance with this invention there is provided a granular product with an effervescent system which comprises acid-sensitive pharmaceutically active substances, such as, for example, betacarotene, cimetidine, ranitidine or cisapride, which is specially useful to prevent antacid action, having an acid-neutralizing capacity below about 5 meq, at a weight of about 1.6 to about 2.3 grams. The effervescent grains are made from carrier crystals of at least one solid, edible organic acid, preferably citric acid and/or tartaric acid, and are present as a granular product, separate from the pharmaceutically active substance, and are coated with at least one layer of a neutral substance which is soluble in water and/or alcohol and which is able to bring about a melting point depression of the acid grains at their surface, such as, for example, a water-soluble polymer, a polyalcohol, a carbohydrate and/or a hydrocolloid. A second coating contains at least a part of the alkali and/or alkaline earth carbonate or bicarbonate provided for the total dosage. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part application of PCT International application No. PCT/EP95/00650 filed on Feb. 23, 1995 which designated the United States, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. This invention relates to a granular pharmaceutical preparation or more particularly a tablet containing an effervescent system and a--preferably acid-sensitive-pharmaceutical substance, such as cisapride, beta-carotene, an H2 blocker such as cimetidine or ranitidine, and/or a substance which is to be administered in an effervescent pharmaceutical preparation with comparatively small amounts of effervescent components or a comparatively low acid-neutralizing capacity. Heretofore it has been possible only with difficulty to incorporate acid-sensitive drugs in stable form into effervescent tablets or effervescent instant granular products, since in contact with the acid of the effervescent system such -

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compositions hydrolyze or decompose, i.e. they are not shelf-stable. Furthermore, whenever such a substance also affects the surface tension of water, frothing occurs which is highly undesirable for the consumption of the effervescent solution, or in any event, hydrophobic particles of the drug tend to creep upward on the glass. On the other hand, in certain cases, the antacid side-effect of an effervescent tablet is undesirable for many drugs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05792473__ •

Method of treatment of mesenteric adenitis Inventor(s): Mercer; James B. (13109 W. 95th St., Lenexa, KS 66215) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,871,759 Date filed: April 4, 1985 Abstract: A method of treatment for mesenteric adenitis in humans is provided. The method comprises the administration of antiviral agents comprising pharmaceutical derivatives of imidazole. Specifically, mesenteric adenitis is treated with orally administered dosages of metronidazole or cimetidene. When the treatment is with metronidazole, a preferred dosage for average sized adult humans is approximately 1,000 to 2,000 milligrams administered once a day. When the antiviral agent administered is cimetidine, the preferred dosage is 900 to 1,200 milligrams given two times a day. When either cimetidine or metronidazole are given, concurrent treatment with zinc is suggested as a method of speeding recovery. Excerpt(s): This is a Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 407,808 filed Aug. 13, 1982, entitled THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT FOR VIRAL INFECTIONS, now Pat. No. 4,537,775, which was a Continuation-in-Part of 064,072, filed Aug. 6, 1979, now Pat. No. 4,346,095; which was a Continuation-in-Part of Ser. No. 876,618, filed Feb. 10, 1978, now Pat. No. 4,177,281; which was a Continuation-in-Part of Ser. No. 656,336, filed Feb. 9, 1976, now Pat. No. 4,073,988; which was a Continuation-in-Part of Ser. No. 514,798, filed Oct. 15, 1974, now Pat. No. 3,952,103; which was a Continuation-in-Part of Ser. No. 370,952, filed June 18, 1973, now Pat. No. 3,856,966. The invention herein described relates to a method of treating mesenteric adenitis in humans. Although applicant does not intend to be held to a particular theory, applicant believes that the treatment is effective as the result of control of viral causes of the condition. The mesentery is a peritoneal fold, encircling the greater part of the small intestine and connecting the intestine to the abdominal wall. Occasionally, the mesenteric lymph nodes can become inflamed, a condition known as mesenteric adenitis. The causes of mesenteric adenitis are not fully understood; however it appears that viral illnesses can cause the mesenteric lymph nodes to become swollen and reactive. This condition can cause patients considerable abdominal discomfort. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04871759__

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Methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating episodic heartburn Inventor(s): Wolfe; M. Michael (Newton, MA) Assignee(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,229,137 Date filed: May 6, 1992 Abstract: Pharmaceutical medications and methods are disclosed for providing instant and sustained relief from pain or symptoms associated with episodic heartburn in humans. The medications consist essentially of antacids and histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonists, and may be administered on an as-needed basis in liquid or solid dosage forms. Typical antacids which may be used in combination with the histamine H.sub.2 receptor antagonist are conventional antacids which are well known and widely used in the treatment of excess acid related gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Exemplary of typical antacids include, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide, as well as commercially available high potency, flavored antacids. Histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonists which may be used in combination include those conventionally used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, such as, for example, cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine and nizatidine. In carrying out the methods, an antacid and histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonist may be administered together as a single unitary dose in the form of a liquid or solid, or administered together, but separately as either liquids or solids or a combination thereof. The oral medications when formulated as a single unitary dose may include other additives, such as, for example, antiflatulents, flavorings, sweeteners and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for providing immediate and sustained relief from pain, discomfort and/or symptoms associated with episodic heartburn in humans. About 7-10 percent of all people suffer daily, and about 25-40 percent monthly, from pain, discomfort and/or symptoms associated with episodic heartburn. Episodic heartburn is defined as the sensation of burning under the sternum (breastbone) and is usually associated with the ingestion of different foods. Episodic heartburn has also been referred to as "sour stomach," "indigestion," and "waterbrash/regurgitation." Although different foods, such as coffee, mints, fatty foods, alcohol, and chocolate, are usually implicated in the etiology of episodic heartburn, these symptoms can be caused by any type of food in certain people. Moreover, in many people, there is no inciting agent that can be identified, rather the disorder occurs without any known provocation. At present, the primary treatment is based upon the neutralization of gastric acid and pepsin with antacids, such as, for example, aluminum hydroxides, calcium carbonates, magnesium hydroxides and sodium bicarbonates. Of less importance, treatment is based upon the inhibition of secretion by histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonists, such as cimetidine and ranitidine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05229137__

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Novel alpha-chloroketone derivative and process for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Kihara; Noriaki (Iwakuni, JP), Noguchi; Yoshio (Waki, JP), Yokoyama; Keiichi (Iwakuni, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,041,660 Date filed: October 24, 1990

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Abstract: Disclosed is a novel.alpha.-chloroketone derivative as a synthesis intermediate of N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-(2-((5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylthio)ethyl)guani dine (general name: Cimetidine) which shows an action of controlling the secretion of gastric acid and is valuable as a medicine for remedy of a gastric ulcer. This.alpha.chloroketone derivative is prepared by reacting disulfide derivative with sulfuryl chloride and reacting the reaction product with methylvinyl ketone or by reacting a mercapto derivative with 3-chloro-3-buten-2-one. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel.alpha.-chloroketone derivative valuable as a synthesis intermediate leading to Cimetidine having an action of controlling the secretion of gastric acid an being excellent as a medicine for remedy of a gastric ulcer. However, in this process, the starting imidazole derivative is expensive and since the reaction is a multi-staged reaction, the manufacturing cost is high. Therefore, the process is not advantageous from the industrial viewpoint. We made research with a view to developing a process for synthesizing Cimetidine without using an expensive imidazole derivative as the starting compound. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05041660__ •

Pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Dettmar; Peter W. (Welwick, GB3) Assignee(s): Reckitt & Colman Products Limited (GB3) Patent Number: 4,705,683 Date filed: February 26, 1986 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions comprising mixtures of a histamine H.sub.2 receptor antagonist such as cimetidine or ranitidine and sodium polyacrylate in a specified range of ratios have been found to exhibit synergistic effects in an in vivo test model for anti-ulcer or mucosal-protecting agents. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising mixtures of a histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonist such as cimetidine or ranitidine and sodium polyacrylate in the range of ratios are described for use in the treatment of gastritis or of gastro-duodenal ulcers. In a modification in the mixtures the sodium polyacrylate may be replaced wholly or in part by potassium or ammonium polyacrylate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and in particular to compositions for the treatment of gastritis and gastro-duodenal ulcers. In animal studies cimetidine and rantidine have been shown to act as specific competitive histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonists which effectively inhibit gastric acid secretion. Cimetidine and ranitidine are the only H.sub.2 -receptor antagonists that are currently available for clinical use and are now widely accepted as the first-line agents for the management of acute peptic ulceration and also for maintenance phophylactic treatment, more recently these agents have been used for the treatment of gastritis and oesophagitis. Sodium polyacrylate has been suggested for use in the treatment of peptic ulcers. British Pat. No. 1435630 describes a solid antipeptic ulcer composition comprising sodium polyacrylate having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.3 or more and a pharmaceutically inert solid carrier. British Pat. No. 1538352 describes an improved composition which comprises granules of polyacrylic alkali metal salt coated with a water-insoluble but water permeable coating agent. Suitable polyacrylic alkali metal salts are stated to include sodium polyacrylate of molecular weight 3,000,000 to 8,000,000. The only specific sodium polyacrylate mentioned is one of molecular weight about 3,400,000.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04705683__ •

Pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Gottwald; Eberhard F. (Bovenden, DE), Machoczek; Horst M. (GleichenReinhausen, DE) Assignee(s): Smith Kline Dauelsberg GmbH (Gottingen, DE) Patent Number: 4,861,592 Date filed: June 2, 1987 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition suitable for oral adminstration comprising particulate cimetidine suspended in an aqueous phase containing a buffer which maintains the pH at greater than 7 and a suspending agent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oral administration which contain cimetidine and which have an improved flavour. Cimetidine is a histamine H2-antagonist. It has been described in U.K. Patent Specification No. 1,397,436. Cimetidine has been shown to be useful in the treatment of duodenal, gastric, recurrent and stomal ulceration, and reflux oesophagitis and in the management of patients who are at high risk from hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cimetidine has a pronounced bitter taste. According to the present invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition suitable for oral administration comprising particulate cimetidine dispersed in an aqueous phase containing a buffer that maintains the suspension at a pH greater than 7, and a suspending agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04861592__

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Pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): France; Gordon (Digswell, GB2), Leonard; Graham S. (St. Albans, GB2), Pearmain; Kevin E. (Hitchin, GB2) Assignee(s): Smith Kline & French Laboratories, Ltd. (Welwyn Garden City) Patent Number: 5,169,640 Date filed: January 4, 1989 Abstract: The invention provides a solid pharmaceutical dosage form comprising:(i) cimetidine; and(ii) antacid, wherein at least part of the antacid is in the form of granules comprising a freely water-soluble solid diluent, the antacid, and a rapidly swellable water-insoluble disintegrant.Compositions of this type overcome the problem of the reduced bioavailability of cimetidine which can occur when cimetidine is coadministered with antacids. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a solid pharmaceutical dosage form comprising cimetidine and an antacid and to a method for the preparation of such a dosage form. Cimetidine is a histamine H.sub.2 -antagonist which has been described in U.K. Patent Specification 1,397,436. Cimetidine has been shown to be useful in the treatment of duodenal, gastric, recurrent and stomal ulceration, and reflux oesophagitis and in the management of patients who are at high risk from haemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cimetidine and antacids are frequently co-administered (see for example the article by H. Allgayer and G. Paumgartner, Arzneim Forsch. pp. 870-871,

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34, No. 8 (1984)). The rationale for co-administration is that antacid brings about rapid relief from the symptoms of excess stomach acidity by neutralising the acid whereas the cimetidine brings about more sustained relief by inhibiting secretion of more acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05169640__ •

Pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Leonard; Graham S. (St. Albans, GB2), Mention; Jacky (Leognan, FR), Tarral; Rene (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Laboratories Smith Kline & French (FR) Patent Number: 5,229,134 Date filed: December 5, 1990 Abstract: Delayed-release oral dosage forms are described comprising cimetidine or a salt thereof and optionally a buffer that is capable of aiding dissolution of cimetidine in the intestine, coated with a release-delaying substance comprising a coating agent such as Eudragit.RTM. L 30 D. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to solid pharmaceutical compositions containing cimetidine and methods for their preparation. Cimetidine is a histamine H.sub.2 antagonist which has been described in U.K. Patent Specification 1,397,436. Cimetidine has been shown to be useful in the treatment of duodenal, gastric, recurrent and stomal ulceration, and reflux oesophagitis and in the management of patients who are at high risk from haemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cimetidine has been made available to patients in a variety of dosage forms; for example tablets, granules, syrups and suspensions. In most, if not all, of these dosage forms, the cimetidine is in an immediate-release form; that is to say the nature of the formulation is such that by the time the cimetidine leaves the stomach, it is either in solution or is in the form of a suspension of fine particles, i.e. a form from which it can be readily absorbed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05229134__

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Pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): France; Gordon (Digswell, GB2), Leonard; Graham S. (St. Albans, GB3) Assignee(s): Smith Kline & French Laboratories Ltd. (Welwyn Garden City, GB) Patent Number: 5,275,823 Date filed: December 23, 1991 Abstract: Chewable tablets containing unpleasant tasting medicaments such as cimetidine are provided. The palatability of the tablets is improved by including certain hygroscopic water-insoluble substances as extragranular excipients in amounts corresponding to 5% (w/w) to 15% (w/w) of the table. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to solid pharmaceutical compositions such as chewable tablets, particularly those containing histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonists such as cimetidine, and to methods for preparing such compositions. Chewable tablets are often employed when the active ingredient is intended to act in a localized manner, rather than systemically. For example, antacids are often administered in chewable tablet form. Chewable tablets can also be employed as an alternative to administering a

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number of smaller tablets when the active ingredient requires a relatively large dose in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. A further reason for using chewable tablets, as distinct from tablets which are intended to be swallowed intact, is to enable the tablet to be reduced to a finely divided state quickly, thereby facilitating more rapid release and hence more rapid absorption of the active ingredients. Chewable tablets can thus be useful for the treatment of conditions where a quick onset of action of the active ingredient is required. One such condition is gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GORD) in which quick control of gastric acidity is desirable in order to minimise the adverse effects of acid reflux. Histamine H.sub.2 -receptor antagonists, such as cimetidine, have been shown, or would be expected, to be useful in the treatment of GORD, and the provision of a chewable tablet containing such H.sub.2 -antagonists represents one object of the present invention. It is generally recognized (see, for example, EP 0190826) that patient compliance with a drug treatment regimen can be a problem when the drug has an unpleasant taste or mouth feel and this has prompted numerous investigations into methods of improving palatability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05275823__ •

Pharmaceutical compositions of cimetidine Inventor(s): Pearmain; Kevin E. (Hitchin, GB2) Assignee(s): Smith Kline & French Laboratories Ltd. (Hertfordshire, GB) Patent Number: 5,188,839 Date filed: January 4, 1989 Abstract: The invention provides a pharmaceutical granule comprising cimetidine and 2-20% (w/w) relative to the cimetidine of a co-polymer of dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and neutral methacrylic acid esters. Compositions of this invention have good palatability and dissolution characteristics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to granules of cimetidine which are useful in the preparation of tablets and which have an improved flavour. Cimetidine is a histamine H.sub.2 -antagonist. It has been described in U.K. Patent Specification 1,397,436. Cimetidine has been shown to be useful in the treatment of duodenal, gastric, recurrent and stomach ulceration, and reflux oesophagitis and in the management of Patients who are at high risk from haemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cimetidine is known to have a pronounced bitter taste. This is not usually a problem when the dosage form employed is a capsule or a tablet designed to be swallowed, thereafter to disintegrate upon reaching the stomach. However, such dosage forms can be impractical when it is desired to administer a large amount of active ingredient, or to co-administer a relatively bulky second active ingredient such as an antacid or alginate. Moreover many individuals have difficulty in swallowing a solid dosage form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05188839__

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Pharmaceutical formulations Inventor(s): Carlin; Brian A. C. (Baldock, GB2), Healey; John N. C. (Hitchin, GB2), Leonard; Graham S. (St. Albans, GB2), Tovey; Geoffrey D. (Harpenden, GB2) Assignee(s): Smith Kline & French Laboratories Limited (Welwyn Garden City, GB) Patent Number: 4,996,222 Date filed: March 9, 1990 Abstract: The invention provides pharmaceutical suspension compositions of cimetidine wherein substantially all of the cimetidine is in the polymorph B crystalline form. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new pharmaceutical compositions and methods for their preparation, and in particular it relates to suspensions comprising cimetidine. Cimetidine is a histamine H.sub.2 -antagonist which has been used for a number of years in the treatment of duodenal and benign gastric ulceration, recurrent and stomal ulceration, oesophageal reflux disease and other conditions where reduction of gastric acid by cimetidine has been shown to be beneficial, for example persistent dyspeptic symptoms with or without ulceration. It is widely recognised that there are considerable technical difficulties in producing stable and acceptable pharmaceutical compositions of cimetidine, particularly liquid solution and suspension compositions. Firstly, there is the difficulty of polYmorphism which gives rise to problems of polYmorphic transitions and crystal growth. It is generally recognised that cimetidine can exist in at least 5 different polymorphic forms and that these polymorphic forms differ in crystal habit and crystallisation properties, thermodynamic stability, and solubility and rate of dissolution in water. It is generally recognised that the polymorphic form A has been used almost exclusively in compositions. B. Hegedus and S. Gorog, J. Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.303-313, 1985. Secondly, there is the problem that cimetidine has a very bitter taste and palatability of oral compositions is a major consideration. It is clear that there has been a need for compositions of cimetidine which are liquid based and are palatable. Cimetidine is absorbed almost exclusively in the small intestine and liquid-based compositions offer the possibility that they could be absorbed more quickly and more efficiently than tablet compositions, particularly tablet compositions which have been coated to minimise unpleasant tastes. However, with solutions of cimetidine, the unpleaSant bitter taste is a particular problem. Suspensions of cimetidine could in principle offer the advantage of being more palatable but until recently no stable suspension compositions of cimetidine have been described or sold. Some companies have tried to meet the apparent need for such a product by selling cimetidine powder or granules in sachets which can be extemporaneously mixed with water to produce suspension compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04996222__

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Process for preparation of guanidine derivative Inventor(s): Hashimoto; Isao (Iwakuni, JP), Kato; Houji (Waki, JP), Kihara; Noriaki (Iwakuni, JP), Mukaiyama; Teruaki (Tokyo, JP), Tomino; Ikuo (Ohtake, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,808,726 Date filed: September 1, 1987

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Abstract: N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-(2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolylmethylthio)ethyl)guanidine (Cimetidine), which is valuable as an agent for controlling secretion of gastric acid, is prepared in a high yield by reacting N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-(2-(butane-2,3dionyl)thioethyl)-guanidine as the starting compound with an ammonium salt of a carboxylic acid and formaldehyde. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of N-cyano-N'methyl-N"-(2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolylmethylthio)ethyl)guanidine (Cimetidine; often referred to as "Cimetidine" hereinafter) valuable as an agent for controlling secretion of gastric acid. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for preparing Cimetidine in a high yield from N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-(2-(butane-2,3dionyl)thioethyl)guanidine. Several processes for the preparation of Cimetidine have been known, and a process for preparing Cimetidine through N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"(2-(butane-2,3-dionyl)thioethyl guanidine is disclosed in Spanish Pat. No. 455,991, British Pat. No. 2,025,969 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Specification No. 92257/85 and this process is advantageous in that Cimetidine can be prepared from cheap starting materials such as ammonia and formaldehyde through a small number of steps. However, in the case where Cimetidine is prepared by reacting N-cyano-N'methyl-N"-(2-(butane-2,3-dionyl)thioethyl)guanidine with aqueous ammonia and an aqueous solution of formalin, as taught in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Specification No. 92257/85, the yield of intended Cimetidine is low (7.7%) and this is a serious defect. We made research with a view to improving the yield in the abovementioned imidazole ring-forming reaction, and as the result, we found a process capable of providing Cimetidine in a much higher yield than in the conventional processes and we have now completed the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04808726__ •

Process for preparing cimetidine polymorph B Inventor(s): Graboyes; Harold (Wynnewood, PA), Kirkpatrick; David S. (Broomall, PA) Assignee(s): Smithkline Beckman Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 4,786,735 Date filed: July 27, 1987 Abstract: A novel process for preparing cimetidine polymorph "B" comprises precipitating cimetidine from an aqueous-alcoholic solution of an acid addition salt. The precipitation is conducted at a temperature of above 15.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing cimetidine polymorph B in a substantially pure crystalline form. Cimetidine (N-methyl-N'-cyanoN"-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]-guanidi ne) is a potent histamineH.sub.2 -receptor antagonist which has been used for a number of years in the treatment of duodenal and benign gastric ulceration, recurrent and stomal ulceration, oesophageal reflux disease and other conditions where reduction of gastric acid by cimetidine has been shown to be beneficial, for example persistent dyspeptic symptoms with or without ulceration. It is well known (B. Hegedus and S. Gorog, J. Pharm. & Biomed. Anal. 1985, 3, 303-13) that cimetidine exhibits polymorphism, that is to say it can exist in any of a number of different crystalline forms. To date, four crystalline forms (hereinafter referred to as polymorphs) of the anhydrous base, and three polymorphs of the monohydrate of the base have been characterized. The anhydrous forms have been

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designated as polymorphs A-D whilst the hydrated forms have been designated polymorphs M1-M3. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04786735__ •

Process for preventing precipitation in cimetidine injection solutions Inventor(s): Ault, Jr.; Joseph Murray (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Chadds Ford, PA) Patent Number: 5,808,090 Date filed: February 19, 1997 Abstract: A process for preventing precipitation of cimetidine from cimetidine injectables which involves thermally treating the cimetidine injectables, which are substantially free of precipitate, is described. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/012,103, filed Feb. 22, 1996. The present invention relates generally to a process for preventing precipitation of cimetidine from cimetidine injectables which involves thermally treating cimetidine injectables. Cimetidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist used for the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, and hypersecretory conditions. Commercial preparations of cimetidine include tablet, liquid, and injectable forms as well as premixed solutions for intravenous administration, see for example, Tagamet brand of cimetidine hydrochloride for injection package insert, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Phila., Pa. 1994 and Cimetidine Hydrochloride Injection package insert, Endo Laboratories, L.L.C., Wilmington, Del. 1994. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05808090__

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Process for the preparation of cimetidine Inventor(s): Zizek; Teofil (Ljubljana, YU) Assignee(s): LEK (Ljubljana, YU) Patent Number: 4,855,439 Date filed: January 25, 1988 Abstract: A new and simple process for the preparation of crystalline cimetidine (Ncyano-N'-methyl-N"-{2/(5-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-yl)methylthio/ethyl}guan idine) is described, wherein cimetidine is obtained by reacting O-ethyl-S-(4-methylimidazolyl-5methyl)dithiocarbonate hydrobromide with N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-(2chloroethyl)guanidine in an aqueous methylamine solution at a temperature between room temperature and the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture, whereupon the desired compound is separated.Cimetidine is a valuable drug in the therapy of the ulcer disease. Excerpt(s): There exists a constant need for a technologically advantageous new process for the preparation of crystalline cimetidine, which would provide the desired compound in an excellent yield, with high purity and in a form that can be easily isolated from the reaction mixture. Cimetidine (N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-}2/(5-methyl1H-imidazole-4-yl)methylthio/ethyl}guan idine) is a known compound, which was disclosed for the first time in GB Pat. No. 1,338,169. In GB patent of addition No.

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1,397,436 to the former GB patent, there are also disclosed processes for the preparation of cimetidine. These processes, which are schematically shown on page 3, are based on the reaction of 4-halomethyl-, 4-hydroxymethyl- or 4-methoxymethyl-5methylimidazole and its hydrohalogenide, respectively, with cysteamine hydrochloride (in this scheme X in formula I stands for a halo, a hydroxy or a methoxy group). The reaction results in the formation of the intermediate compound 4-/(2-aminoethyl)thiomethyl/-5-methyl-imidazole and its dihydrohalogenide, respectively, which is reacted with methyl isothiocyanate to form N-methyl-N'-}2/(4-imidazolyl-5methyl)methylthio/ethyl}thiourea, which is then reacted with lead cyanamide to yield cimetidine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04855439__ •

Reagents and method for therapeutic treatment of multiple sclerosis Inventor(s): Mercer; James B. (13109 W. 95th St., Lenexa, KS 66215) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,952,594 Date filed: June 14, 1988 Abstract: The administration internally to humans of certain imidazol derivatives, especially 1-(Beta-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole (metgronidazole); N"cyano-N-methyl-N'-[2[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl) methyl]thio]ethyl]-guanidine (cimetidine); 6-[1-methyl-4-nitro-imidazol-5-yl)thio] purine (azathioprine); L-(-)-2,3,5,6Tetrahydro-6-phenyl-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (levamisole), or salts of the above compounds, is an effective therapeutic treatment for multiple sclerosis, both acute and chronic. The imidazole moeity is theorized to directly inhibit spread of the virus theorized to cause multiple sclerosis. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with metronidazole with one bolus dose on a frequency of once a day or less and with cimetidine on a frequency of twice per day has been found to be highly efficatious with minimal suppression of the patient's natural immune system and minimal long term peripheral nerve damage. Excerpt(s): The invention herein described relates to an agent for, and a method of, treating progressive, nonremitting multiple sclerosis (hereinafter referred to as "multiple sclerosis"). In particular, this invention relates to the use of imidazole derivatives as general anti-viral agents. Infectious agents, possibly viral in nature, together with an immune disorder, appear to cause multiple sclerosis. The following articles discuss theories relating to multiple sclerosis resulting from an infection, especially viral: Kurtzke, J. F., Hyllestad, K., Multiple Sclerosis in the Faron Islands Ann. Neurol 1979, Vol. 5, pages 6-21; Kurtzke, J. F., Gudmundson, K. R., Bergmann, S., Multiple Sclerosis in Iceland: 1. Evidence of a Postwar Epidemic Nour. 1982 Vol. 32, pages 143-50; Rosati, G., et al., Incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in Macomber, Sardinia, 1912-1981: Onset of the Disease After 1950, 14 Neurology 36, Jan. 1986. Although it is not the intent of applicant to be bound herein to any particular theory or theories it is theorized by applicant and others that measles virus is the cause of multiple sclerosis. The following articles discuss this theory: Levy, N. L., Auerbach, P. S., Hayes, E. C., A Blood Test for Multiple Sclerosis Based on the Adherence of Lymphocytes to Measles--Infected Cells, N. Engl. J. Med. 294: 1424-27, 1976; Stevenson, J. R., Ter Meulen, V., Kisseling, W., Search for CanineDistemper Virus Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis. A Detailed Variological Evaluation, Lancet 2:772-75, 1980.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04952594__ •

Synthesis of an imidazolyl isothiourea Inventor(s): Fujimoto; Michitaro (Tondabayashi, JP), Funazo; Giichi (Toyonaka, JP), Sakai; Takeshi (Nara, JP), Seki; Hirokazu (Nara, JP), Takamatsu; Shuhei (Sakai, JP) Assignee(s): Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,560,764 Date filed: June 27, 1983 Abstract: N-Cyano-N',S-ethylene-N'-([4-methyl-5-imidazolyl)methyl]isothiourea which is of value as an intermediate in the production of cimetidine and a process for its production are provided. Excerpt(s): These processes are disclosed in Japanese Published and Unexamined Patent Applications Kokai Nos. 50-32174, 51-54561, 51-125074 and 54-59275 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 56-1309. These processes, however, are not free from commercial problems; some of them require chromatographic purification of the reaction product and others require use of cysteamine which is an expensive reagent. There also is known a process in which the sodium salt of 4-methyl-5-mercaptomethylimidazole is reacted with N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-(2-bromethyl)guanidine (Japanese Published and Unexamined Patent Application No. 54-130566) but since the starting material imidazole compound tends to be oxidized under alkaline conditions, the yield of the product is inevitably low. The purpose of the present invention is to overcome these disadvantages. wherein R is defined above. A 4-methyl-5-halo imidazole I or its and addition salt, suitably the 5-chloro, 5-bromo or 5-iodo compound or its hydrohalide or hydrosulfate salt is condensed with N-cyano-N',S-ethylene isothiourea. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04560764__

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Use of cimetidine for the control of retrovirus infections Inventor(s): Bourinbaiar; Aldar S. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Metatron, Inc. (Deer Park, NY) Patent Number: 5,541,212 Date filed: April 21, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to histamine H2-receptor antagonists such as cimetidine and related compounds such as ranitidine and famotidine that can be used for controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The preferred agent is cimetidine. The invention comprises a method in vitro as well as in vivo for controlling, i.e., prevention and/or treatment, of HIV infection, associated with the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), at pharmacological doses of these drugs commonly used for the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. The method is based on inhibiting HIV in vitro or on the administration to a host that has been exposed to HIV prior to diagnosis or has been diagnosed as having an HIV infection, of an amount of a H2 antagonist which is sufficient to exert an anti-HIV effect for a sufficient period of time. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of chemotherapeutic treatment of vital infections and is particularly directed to a method of treating retroviral infection

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and infection-associated diseases. This invention relates to histamine type 2 anti-ulcer drugs, and more particularly to cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine which are useful for treating diseases caused by retroviral infection and, therefore, the compounds as such and their chemical synthesis are not the part of the present invention. A group of viruses known as retroviruses are of particular concern because they cause diseases that are potentially lethal to an infected host. Retroviruses are a subgroup of RNA viruses that replicate by a reverse transcription mechanism using DNA polymerase that converts viral RNA into proviral DNA which becomes a part of the host cell DNA. At the present time, several retroviruses are recognized as causative agents of infections in humans and animals. For example, human T cell lymphotropic viruses of type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and (HTLV-2) are known as the causative agents of T cell leukemia and debilitating neurological diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05541212__ •

Use of N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-[2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolylmethyldithio)ethyl]guanidi ne in the preparation of cimetidine Inventor(s): Labaw; Clifford S. (Philadelphia, PA), Wellman; George R. (Wayne, PA) Assignee(s): SK&F Lab Co. (Carolina, PR) Patent Number: 4,447,621 Date filed: October 21, 1982 Abstract: A process for preparing cimetidine by sulfur extrusion from N-cyano-N'methyl-N"-[2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolylmethyldithio)ethyl]guanidine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for preparing cimetidine by sulfur extrusion from N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-[2-(5-methyl-4imidazolylmethyldithio)ethyl]guanidine and to this new disulfide intermediate. Cimetidine, N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-[2-(5-methyl-4imidazolylmethylthio)ethyl]guanidine, is a histamine H.sub.2 -receptor blocking agent of value as an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Cimetidine is widely used in the treatment of duodenal ulcers. Methods of preparing cimetidine have been described. According to the process in U.S. Pat. No. 4,013,678, cimetidine is prepared by reacting 4chloromethyl-5-methylimidazole hydrochloride with N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"-(2mercaptoethyl)guanidine in the presence of a base. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,950,333, a procedure is described for reacting 4-hydroxymethyl-5-methylimidazole hydrochloride with cysteamine hydrochloride in acid to give 4-[(2-aminoethyl)thiomethyl]-5methylimidazole dihydrochloride which is used as an intermediate to prepare cimetidine (by reaction with N-cyano-N',S-dimethylisothiourea). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04447621__

Patent Applications on Cimetidine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cimetidine: •

Combination of cimetidine and cysteine derivatives for treating cancer Inventor(s): Weidner, Morten Sloth; (Virum, DK) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030158118 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to new substances in the form of chemical complexes comprising cimetidine or a derivative thereof and a cysteine derivative and to compositions comprising said complexes or combination. The invention further relates to the therapeutic effect of such combinations in relation to treating cancer, cancer chemoprevention or the suppression of hypersensitivity and/or inflammatory reactions of a mammal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a chemical complex comprising cimetidine or a derivative thereof and a cysteine derivative. The combination of cimetidine or a derivative thereof and a cysteine derivative in the preparation of a pharmaceutical product for the treatment of cancer, chemoprevention or the suppression of hypersensitivity and inflammatory reactions of a mammal is disclosed herein. A number of drug classes are available for the treatment of cancer. Unfortunately, such drugs are associated with a number of serious side effects, e.g. immunosuppression. Cancer is caused by an uncontrolled proliferation of cells that express varying degrees of fidelity to their precursors. These cancer cells form a malignant tumour that enlarges and may spread to adjacent tissues or through blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. There are numerous forms of cancer of varying severity. For most types of cancer there is no effective treatment today. Some pharmaceuticals and dietaries have been mentioned as relevant in the treatment of cancer including anti-inflammatory agents; vitamin A, C, D, E;.beta.-carotenes; folic acid; N-acetylcysteine; and H2-antagonists (Langham and Boyle, Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer, Gut 1998, 43: 578-585). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition and method for treating the effects of diseases and maladies Inventor(s): Gelber, Daniel; (Woodland Hills, CA), Kleinberger, Richard; (Sherman Oaks, CA) Correspondence: Terry W. Kramer; Kramer & Associates; Suite 1101; 2001 JEFF. Davis HWY.; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20010043959 Date filed: January 5, 2001 Abstract: A medicinal composition for treating acid reflux disease comprises an effective amount of a pharmaceutical and an effective amount of a nutraceutical in a pharmaceutically acceptable base. The pharmaceutical is an acid-controlling pharmaceutical, such as cimetidine or ranitidine. The nutraceutical is a nutraceutical which is useful for treating stomach disorders, a nutraceutical which protects the mucosal linings of the digestive system, or a liver protectants. A method of using such a cmposition in the treatment of acid reflex disease is also disclosed.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of medicinal compositions and methods of using said compositions for treating diseases and maladies. In particular, the present invention relates to formulations comprising combinations of a pharmaceutical in combination with a nutraceutical, which when administered to a person in need thereof have the effect of increasing the beneficial effects of the pharmaceutical utilized. This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/184,351 entitled "Composition and Method For Treating The Effects of A Cold or Flu," filed on Feb. 23, 2000. Beginning in prehistoric times, humans have attempted to treat every known type of illness and malady with naturally occurring products. Such products were initially in their natural state, such as leaves, berries, roots, tree cuttings and extracts. With the advance of science, and greater understanding of chemistry, humans have been able to synthetically produce and extract a great variety of pharmaceuticals which were previously unknown or unidentified. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

SUBSTANCE TO PREVENT OR REVERSE WEIGHT GAIN INDUCED BY PSYCHOACTIVE AGENTS Inventor(s): MILLER, JON M.; (LOUISVILLE, KY) Correspondence: Donald L. Cox; Lynch, Cox, Gilman & Mahan; Aegon Center- Suite 2200; 400 W. Market; Louisville; KY; 40202; US Patent Application Number: 20030096808 Date filed: March 29, 1999 Abstract: A substance to prevent or reverse weight gain induced by psychoactive agents (10) having an antipsychotic drug (12) or mood stabilizing drug (14) in a concentration from 0.01% to 99.99% in combination with a histamine H2-receptor antagonist (16) in a concentration from 99.99% to 0.01%. The antipsychotic drug (12) is selected from a group consisting of olanzapine (12A), clozapine (12B), risperidone (12C), and quetiapine (12D). The antipsychotic drug (12) is typically in a concentration of 10% to 90%, 30% to 60% and 50%. The mood stabilizing drug (14) is selected from a group consisting of divalproex sodium (14A), valproic acid (14B), and mirtazapine (14C). The mood stabilizing drug (14) is typically in a concentration of 10% to 90%, 30% to 60% and 50%. The histamine H2-receptor antagonist (16) is selected from a group consisting of nizatidine (16A), famotidine (16B), cimetidine (16C) and ranitidine (16D). The histamine H2-receptor antagonist (16) is in a concentration of 90% to 10%. The histamine H2receptor antagonist (16) is typically in a concentration of 60% to 30% and 50%. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medications used for weight control. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of a histamine H.sub.2-receptor antagonist with antipsychotic and mood stabilizing drugs to control weight. Numerous innovations for substances to prevent or reverse weight gain have been provided in the past. Even though these innovations may be suitable for the specific individual purposes to which they address, they differ from the present invention because they fail to describe or claim at least one combination of the features depicted in the present invention. Even though these innovations may be suitable for the specific individual purposes to which they address, they would not be suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described. The present invention prevents and reverses weight gain associated with the use of olanzapine and other antipsychotic drugs. The combination of psychoactive drugs and histamine H.sub.2-receptor antagonists may represent a combined single dose delivery system or multiple drug regimen taken at

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preselected times. The psychoactive drugs are dosed as recommended by the manufacturer and the histamine H.sub.2-receptor antagonists are dosed as for use in maintenance treatment of duodenal ulcer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cimetidine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cimetidine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cimetidine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CIMETIDINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cimetidine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cimetidine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “cimetidine” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cimetidine” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “cimetidine” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis in policymaking: Cimetidine as a model : proceedings of an international symposium, November 22-24, 1981, Tarpon Springs, Florida; ISBN: 0935404589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935404589/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Cimetidine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cimetidine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cimetidine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cimetidine” (or

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synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cimetidine: •

Prescription Medicines and Surgery Source: in Cheskin, L.J. and Lacy, B.E. Healing Hearburn. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002 p. 96-112. Contact: Available from Johns Hopkins University Press. 2715 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-4363. (410) 516-6900. Fax (410) 516-6968. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.press.jhu.edu. PRICE: $17.95 for paperback; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 801868696. Summary: Heartburn is just one symptom of the disorder known as acid reflux disease, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acid repeatedly washes up into the esophagus or remains in the esophagus too long. This chapter is from a book that offers a comprehensive guide to GERD. In this chapter, the authors explain the last two parts of a 4-step treatment approach: prescription medicines and surgery. The authors describe the various options for prescription medications and then explore what is involved in surgery for treating GERD. Drugs discussed include H2 blockers (cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine), proton-pump inhibitors (lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and esomeprazole); and prokinetic agents (metoclopramide). The authors then discuss maintenance therapy and the indications for surgery, as well as briefly review the surgical techniques currently being used. The authors conclude that surgery is a reasonable option for patients with severe, refractory (resistant to treatment) GERD and for patients with complications of GERD. The chapter includes two brief illustrative case studies. 1 figure.

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Oral Medications Source: in Moldwin, R.M. Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide: Your Guide to the Latest Treatment Options and Coping Strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 2000. p. 81-112. Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association. 51 Monroe Street, Suite 1402, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) HELP-ICA or (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: $12.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572242108. Summary: More than 700,000 Americans have interstitial cystitis (IC), a condition that includes symptoms of recurring bladder pain and discomfort on urination. This chapter on oral medications used to treat IC is from a self care book designed to empower readers by simplifying the diagnostic and treatment process for IC. The primary object of the book is to build a framework for delivering proper care to the IC patient. Oral medications, used alone or in combination with other medications, will improve symptoms in most patients with IC. Patients may still have some symptoms while on oral medications, but they may be improved to the point where they wish to wait before undergoing more invasive therapy. Most of the medications used cause few significant side effects. The author notes that most of the medications discussed in this chapter have been used for many years but for other purposes. Medications and dosages may need to be changed due to side effects or poor responses. The author first discusses medications thought to coat the bladder's surface, including pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron), chondroitin sulfate, and glucosamine. The author then discusses the use of antidepressants (primarily to reduce pain), including amitriptyline (Elavil); selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); antihistamines, including hydroxyzine (Atarax,

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Vistaril); cromolyn sodium (Gastrocrom); cimetidine (Tagamet); antiseizure medications, including gabapentin (Neurontin), and carbamazepine (Tegretol); nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); immunosuppressants, including steroids; muscle relaxants, notably diazepam (Valium); narcotic therapy; urinary anesthetics, including phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium), atropine sulfate, benzoic acid, hyoscyamine, methenamine, methylene blue, and phenyl salicylate (Urised); anticholinergic therapy; L arginine; calcium channel blockers, including nifedipine (Procardia); and alpha blockers. The author reviews the use of each of these drugs, along with the hypothesis about why they may be of use in IC. •

Drugs and the Liver Source: in Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.335-363. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN: 0632055820. Summary: The liver is particularly concerned with drug metabolism, and especially of drugs given orally. Drugs can cause toxic effects that can mimic almost every naturally occurring liver disease in man. This chapter on drugs and the liver is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The chapter is organized into specific pathologies and their potential causes: hepato-cellular zone 3 necrosis, due to carbon tetrachloride, Amanita mushrooms, paracetamol (acetaminophen), salicylates, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and burns; hepato-cellular zone 1 necrosis, due to ferrous sulfate or phosphorus; mitochondrial cytopathies, due to sodium valproate, tetracyclines, tacrine, antiviral nucleoside analogues, and Bacillus cereus; steatohepatitis, due to perhexiline maleate, amiodarone, synthetic estrogens, and calcium channel blockers; fibrosis, due to methotrexate, other cytotoxic drugs, arsenic, vinyl chloride, vitamin A, and retinoids; vascular changes, due to sinusoidal dilatation, peliosis hepatitis, and veno-occlusive disease (VOD); acute hepatitis, due to isoniazid, methyl dopa, halothane, hydrofluorocarbons, systemic antifungals, oncology drugs, nervous system modifiers, sustained-release nicotinic acid (niacin), sulfonamides and derivatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antithyroid drugs, quinidine and quinine, troglitazone, and anti-convulsants; chronic hepatitis, due to herbal remedies and recreational drugs; canalicular cholestasis, due to cyclosporine A and ciprofloxacin; hepato-canalicular cholestasis, due to chlorpromazine, penicillins, sulfonamides, erythromycin, haloperidol, cimetidine and ranitidine, oral hypoglycemic agents, tamoxifen, other causes, and dextropropoxyphene; ductular cholestasis; biliary sludge; sclerosing cholangitis; hepatic nodules and tumors; and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, liver cancer). 28 figures. 5 tables. 170 references.

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Antiulcer Agents Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 670-678. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817X. ISSN: 0273320X. Summary: This chapter on antiulcer agents is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals. The handbook is designed to provide drug information that focuses on

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what nurses need to know by emphasizing the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetical list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetized list of its brand names. Finally comes a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration, Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are cimetidine, famotidine, lansoprazole, misoprostol, nizatidine, omeprazole, ranitidine hydrochloride, and sucralfate. •

Ulcer Prophylaxis and Treatment Source: in Pirsch, J.; Simmons, W.; Sollinger, H. Transplantation Drug Manual. 3rd ed. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience. 1999. p. 103-113. Contact: Available from Landes Bioscience. 810 South Church Street, Georgetown, TX 78626. (512) 863-7762. Fax (512) 863-0081. Website: www.landesbioscience.com. PRICE: $45.00. ISBN: 1570595933. Summary: This chapter on ulcer prophylaxis and treatment is from a transplantation drug manual, designed to help physicians safely and accurately prescribe drugs for transplant patients. Written in chart format, the chapter offers information on the brand name, company, mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, warnings, special precautions, adverse reactions, drug interactions, and dosage and administration considerations for each of the drugs covered. The first chart summarizes ulcer prophylaxis and treatment overview (the types of drugs used and their dosage and administration). The chapter then covers magnesium and aluminum hydroxide suspension; aluminum hydroxide suspension; calcium carbonate; histamine H2 receptor antagonists, including famotidine (Pepcid), ranitidine (Zantac), and cimetidine (Tagamet); proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole (Prilosec), and lansoprazole; sucralfate (Carafate); and misoprostol (Cytotec). For ease of access, all information is presented in chart or outline form.

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Interstitial Nephritis Source: in Catto, G.R.D. New Clinical Applications-Nephrology: Drugs and the Kidney. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 37-63. 1990. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $54. ISBN: 0792389182. Summary: This special report discusses the histological features, clinical presentation, putative mechanisms, clinical management, and prognosis of drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). Following a discussion of histological features, attention is given to clinical features (including acute and chronic drug-induced TIN), a comprehensive review of reports of drug-associated TIN (sulfonamides; methicillin; rifampicin; phenindione; diuretics; penicillins; cephalosporins; lithium; phenytoin; allopurinol; cimetidine; and platinum), the pathogenesis of TIN (immune complex deposition; anti-TBM antibody formation; cell-mediated mechanisms), the diagnosis of TIN, and its treatment and prognosis. A critical, authoritative assessment of published studies is made throughout the report. 135 references.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CIMETIDINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cimetidine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cimetidine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cimetidine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cimetidine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cimetidine: •

Perrigo to market Novopharm's cimetidine tablets in US Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 25, 1998

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FDA approves Duramed's cimetidine to treat ulcers Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 22, 1998

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LEK Pharmaceutical Gets FDA Appproval For Cimetidine Tablets Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 10, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cimetidine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cimetidine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cimetidine” (or synonyms).

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on cimetidine: •

Peptic Ulcer: A Twentieth Century Disease Source: Digestive Health Matters. 2(4): 1-2. Winter 2000. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. Website: www.iffgd.org. Summary: This article reviews the history of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), its diagnosis, incidence, and treatments. The greatest accomplishment of gastric acid research was the development of drugs that control stomach acid secretion. After the 1970s, the need for elective surgery declined in response to the use of H2 antagonists (cimetidine, Tagamet, and then others). In the 1990s came the development of proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, Prilosec, and then others), which could heal almost any ulcer by powerful acid suppression. However, it was not until the discovery of a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori when a peptic ulcer cure became possible. The author concludes by noting that although effective treatments are available, Helicobacter and the resulting ulcers and other diseases are still very common as lingering sources of disease, particularly in the developing world. In addition, the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (given for pain and arthritis) contributes markedly to the incidence of ulcers. The author emphasizes the need for continuing support of research with adequate funding, in order to maintain quality and advancement in medical care. 1 figure.

•

Heartburn: Don't Ignore the Fire Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 18(8): 1-3. August 2000. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. Subscription Services, P.O. Box 53889, Boulder, CO 80322-3889. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. Summary: This health newsletter article reviews heartburn, the burning sensation behind the breastbone, often accompanied by a sour taste in the back of the mouth. Heartburn is the result of stomach acid flowing up into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). The article reviews the anatomy of the stomach and esophagus, and notes the factors that can result in heartburn, including simply overeating, or a weakened or abnormally relaxed esophageal sphincter. Frequent heartburn is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); people with GERD may also experience nausea, sore throat, hoarseness, wheezing, and a cough. Untreated, GERD can lead to inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) or to a precancerous condition called Barrett's esophagus. The article focuses on practical strategies to help prevent heartburn: control weight, avoid foods or beverages that can trigger heartburn, wear loose clothing, avoid lying down for 2 hours after eating, do not smoke, chew gum

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after meals, and drink adequate water when taking medications. Along with these lifestyle changes, nonprescription drugs that reduce painful stomach acid may relieve mild and occasional heartburn. These drugs include antacids and H2 blockers such as famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid), ranitidine (Zantac), and cimetidine (Tagamet). When heartburn becomes frequent, readers are counseled to seek medical assistance. Diagnosis may include endoscopy and a pH monitoring test. After diagnosis, prescription medications may include stronger H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors such as lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix), and rabeprazole (Aciphex). Surgery may be indicated when drug therapy and lifestyle changes are not effective. One sidebar reports on new endoscopic treatments for heartburn; another sidebar cautions readers about the side effects of chronic heartburn. 1 figure.

Academic Periodicals covering Cimetidine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cimetidine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering cimetidine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for cimetidine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with cimetidine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to cimetidine: Histamine H 2-receptor Antagonists •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Axid; Axid AR; Mylanta AR Acid Reducer; Pepcid; Pepcid AC Acid Controller; Pepcid I.V.; Pepcid RPD; Tagamet; Tagamet HB; Zantac; Zantac EFFERdose Granules; Zantac EFFERdose Tablets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202283.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 13272 19 997 5 113 14406

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “cimetidine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cimetidine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cimetidine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cimetidine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cimetidine”:

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Carcinoid Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carcinoidtumors.html Esophagus Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/esophagusdisorders.html Gastroesophageal Reflux/Hiatal Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroesophagealrefluxhiatalhernia.html Interstitial Cystitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html Pancreatic Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticcancer.html Pancreatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticdiseases.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Peptic Ulcer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pepticulcer.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cimetidine. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Ulcer Healing Starts Here! Source: Philadelphia, PA: SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals. 1993. 15 p. Contact: Available from SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals. 1 Franklin Plaza, FP1320, Philadelphia, PA 19101. (800) 366-8900, ext. 5722 or (215) 751-5722. Fax (215) 751-7133. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education booklet is designed for people who are beginning ulcer treatment. The booklet provides a definition of ulcers and discusses causes, treatment, and prevention of recurrence. Specific topics addressed include the role of gastric acid in digestion; how the mucosal lining protects the stomach; gastric and duodenal ulcers; common ulcer symptoms; the role of antacids; problems with excessive gastric acid overnight; the use of cimetidine (Tagamet) to treat ulcers and to prevent

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recurrence; medicines that can aggravate ulcers, including aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and the role of lifestyle factors, including alcohol consumption, smoking, diet and nutrition, and stress. The last page of the booklet is perforated for removal and provides a chart of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be harmful to the stomach. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cimetidine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cimetidine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cimetidine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cimetidine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cimetidine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cimetidine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cimetidine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cimetidine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CIMETIDINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenitis: Inflammation of a gland. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH]

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Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH]

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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminoethyl: A protease inhibitor. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine

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triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]

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Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and

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dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anti-Ulcer Agents: Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate ulcers or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arterial embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs

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to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH]

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Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic

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weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their

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three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH]

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Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH]

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Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is

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active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH]

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Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU]

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Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsants: Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH]

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Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Creatinine clearance: A test that measures how efficiently the kidneys remove creatinine and other wastes from the blood. Low creatinine clearance indicates impaired kidney function. [NIH] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanamide: H2NCN. A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant, and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism. [NIH]

Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cystamine: A radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. It may also protect against carbon tetrachloride liver damage. [NIH] Cysteamine: A radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form cystamine. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. The bitartrate has been used for the oral treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the

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transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to guanethidine. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4hydroxylase polymorphism. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial

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relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH]

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Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

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Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein syntheis in eucaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the

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body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis: An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cellmediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH]

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Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU]

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Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flounder: Common name for two families of fish belonging to the order Pleuronectiformes and described as left-eye flounders and right-eye flounders. The latter is more commonly used in research. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH]

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Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Galactorrhoea: Excessive or spontaneous flow of milk; persistent secretion of milk irrespective of nursing. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrooesophageal: Pertaining to the stomach and oesophagus, as the gastrooesophageal junction. [EU]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Germline mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called hereditary mutation. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [NIH] Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage;

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craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hereditary mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called germline mutation. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically. [NIH] Histamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH]

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Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthermic perfusion: A procedure in which a warmed solution containing anticancer drugs is used to bathe, or is passed through the blood vessels of, the tissue or organ containing the tumor. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH]

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Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of

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psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of

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glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin

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or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipecac: A syrup made from the dried rhizomes of two different species, Cephaelis ipecacuanha and C. acuminata, belonging to the Rubiaciae family. They contain emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine and other isoquinolines. Ipecac syrup is used widely as an emetic acting both locally on the gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. [NIH]

Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is

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rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lupus Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is classified into four histologic types: mesangial, focal, diffuse, and membranous. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of

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connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU]

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Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Measles Virus: The type species of morbillivirus and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Assistance: Financing of medical care provided to public assistance recipients. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU]

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Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to lidocaine. It may have some anticonvulsant properties. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microvillus: A minute process or protrusion from the free surface of a cell. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei

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normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morbillivirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species. [NIH]

Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucosal Lining: The lining of GI tract organs that makes mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat

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(lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for migraine and for tremor. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]

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Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitrendipine: Ethyl methyl 2,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate. A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of

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chronic granulomatous disease. [NIH] Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and longterm suppression. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oesophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the

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increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Oxytocic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labor). 2. An agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. [EU]

Painful bladder syndrome: Another name for interstitial cystitis. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Insufficiency: Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and

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muscular rigidity. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentosan polysulfate: A drug used to relieve pain or discomfort associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. It is also being evaluated for its protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people undergoing radiation therapy. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs

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are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] P-Glycoprotein: A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ABC transporters. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many antineoplastic agents. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity. [NIH]

Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Picric: Dermatitis from picric acid. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of

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skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. It is generally well tolerated by patients. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polyproteins: Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH]

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Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Praziquantel: An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations. [NIH]

Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]

Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of

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action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a

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protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first

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described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH]

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Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Ranitidine Hydrochloride: Drug used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]

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Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell cancer: Cancer that develops in the lining of the renal tubules, which filter the blood and produce urine. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Plasma Flow: The amount of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit time, approximately 10% greater than effective renal plasma flow (renal plasma flow, effective). It should be differentiated from the renal blood flow (RBF) which refers to the total volume of blood flowing through the renal vasculature, while the renal plasma flow refers to the rate of plasma flow (RPF). [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH]

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Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Schistosome: Dermatitis caused by the snail parasite, Schistosoma cercariae. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the

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broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a

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subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomach Ulcer: An open sore in the lining of the stomach. Also called gastric ulcer. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress Ulcer: An upper GI ulcer from physical injury such as surgery, major burns, or critical head injury. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed

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together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which

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in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Temazepam: A benzodiazepinone that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-anxiety agent. [NIH]

Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug is used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine:

3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2-

hydroxyethyl)-4-

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methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH] Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are antithryoid agents and/or free radical scavengers. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tolmetin: An anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic similar in mode of action to indomethacin. It has been proposed as an antirheumatic agent. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living

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organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. [NIH] Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Troglitazone: A drug used in diabetes treatment that is being studied for its effect on reducing the risk of cancer cell growth in fat tissue. [NIH]

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Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes: White blood cells that have left the bloodstream and migrated into a tumor. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Uricosuric: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. An agent that promotes uricosuria. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation

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due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vinorelbine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]

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Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 123, 131, 154, 156, 165, 176, 183 Abdominal, 78, 123, 154, 159, 164, 165, 166 Acetaldehyde, 123, 124 Acetaminophen, 32, 47, 95, 123 Acetylcholine, 123, 135, 162 Acetylcysteine, 90, 123 Acne, 123, 173 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 5, 123 Acremonium, 123, 134 Acyclovir, 8, 38, 123 Adaptation, 123, 134, 160 Adenitis, 78, 123 Adenocarcinoma, 54, 59, 123, 150 Adenoma, 4, 123 Adenosine, 124, 125, 132, 166, 178 Adjuvant, 64, 124, 125 Adolescence, 124, 165 Adrenal Cortex, 124, 139, 169 Adrenergic, 124, 126, 128, 140, 142, 149, 155, 161, 169, 171, 179 Adverse Effect, 83, 124, 136, 166, 175, 182 Aerosol, 124, 177, 182 Aetiology, 43, 124 Affinity, 124, 136, 175 Agonist, 124, 142, 178 Agoraphobia, 124, 152, 164 Airway, 124, 183 Akathisia, 124, 128 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 21, 29, 124 Aldosterone, 20, 124 Alertness, 124, 132 Algorithms, 125, 130 Alimentary, 11, 21, 31, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 125, 164 Alkaline, 10, 77, 88, 125, 126, 132 Alkaloid, 125, 129, 143, 160, 171, 178 Allergic Rhinitis, 26, 125, 134, 149, 156, 178 Allopurinol, 96, 125 Alpha Particles, 125, 171 Alpha-1, 25, 125, 126 Alternative medicine, 98, 125 Aluminum, 79, 96, 125, 177 Aluminum Hydroxide, 79, 96, 125 Ambulatory Care, 38, 125 Amebiasis, 125, 159

Amine, 125, 150 Amino Acids, 125, 144, 165, 167, 170, 177, 180, 181 Aminoethyl, 87, 89, 125 Amiodarone, 95, 125 Amitriptyline, 94, 126 Ammonia, 85, 125, 126 Ampulla, 126, 135, 143 Anabolic, 126 Anaesthesia, 13, 18, 34, 51, 126, 153 Analgesic, 6, 123, 126, 132, 152, 155, 160, 163, 171, 177, 179 Analog, 123, 126, 146, 159 Anaphylaxis, 32, 126 Anatomical, 126, 129, 153, 174 Anemia, 126, 146, 157 Anesthesia, 14, 37, 46, 124, 126, 139, 169, 180 Anesthetics, 95, 126, 129 Angina, 126, 161, 165, 169 Angina Pectoris, 126, 161, 169 Anginal, 126, 162 Anhydrous, 85, 126 Anions, 126, 155, 168, 177 Antagonism, 75, 126, 132, 136, 178 Anthelmintic, 126, 168 Antianginal, 125, 126 Antiarrhythmic, 125, 126, 159, 179 Antibacterial, 126, 155, 168, 176 Antibiotic, 126, 127, 132, 135, 144, 165, 176 Antibodies, 87, 127, 152 Antibody, 9, 96, 124, 127, 137, 144, 151, 152, 153, 158, 171 Anticholinergic, 95, 126, 127, 134 Anticoagulant, 30, 127, 183 Anticonvulsant, 127, 132, 159, 166, 182 Antidepressant, 126, 127, 132, 135, 146, 152 Antidote, 127, 155 Antiemetic, 60, 127, 128, 134, 149, 151, 159 Antifungal, 127, 155 Antigen, 15, 72, 124, 126, 127, 137, 141, 151, 152, 153, 158 Antigen-presenting cell, 127, 141 Antihypertensive, 127, 149, 155, 162, 179 Anti-infective, 127, 151, 163 Anti-inflammatory, 61, 90, 95, 113, 123, 127, 129, 148, 152, 153, 174, 177, 179

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Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 90, 127, 129 Antimetabolite, 123, 127, 146, 159 Antimicrobial, 38, 41, 42, 43, 127, 135 Antineoplastic, 127, 146, 159, 166, 182 Antineoplastic Agents, 127, 166, 182 Antipsychotic, 91, 127, 134, 136, 161, 173 Antipyretic, 123, 128, 171, 179 Anti-Ulcer Agents, 54, 128 Antiviral, 78, 95, 123, 128, 154, 173 Antiviral Agents, 78, 128 Anxiety, 124, 128, 151, 164, 169, 178 Aorta, 128, 133, 182 Apoptosis, 44, 128 Aqueous, 73, 81, 85, 86, 128, 130, 140, 151 Arachidonic Acid, 128, 169 Arginine, 95, 128, 162 Arterial, 15, 128, 138, 148, 151, 170, 178 Arterial embolization, 15, 128 Arteries, 128, 131, 156, 161, 171 Arterioles, 128, 131, 132, 182 Artery, 128, 131, 143, 145, 171, 182 Aspergillosis, 128, 155 Aspiration, 51, 128 Aspirin, 31, 46, 60, 66, 113, 128 Asymptomatic, 125, 129, 164 Atrial, 125, 129, 138, 180, 183 Atrial Fibrillation, 129, 183 Atrioventricular, 24, 129, 138 Atrium, 129, 133, 138, 180, 182 Atropine, 75, 95, 129, 130 Atypical, 129, 136, 173 Autacoids, 129, 153 Autodigestion, 129, 164 Autoimmune disease, 129, 160 Autologous, 64, 129 Autonomic Nervous System, 129, 130, 165, 177 B Babesiosis, 129, 171 Bacteria, 99, 126, 127, 129, 130, 136, 143, 145, 147, 149, 159, 176, 179, 181, 182 Bacterial Infections, 129, 134, 137 Bactericidal, 129, 145 Bacteriostatic, 129, 144 Barbiturate, 129, 138 Basal Ganglia, 128, 129, 135 Base, 85, 89, 90, 130, 140, 149, 155, 181 Basophil, 12, 130 Belladonna, 129, 130 Benign, 12, 84, 85, 123, 130, 149, 161, 183 Benzoic Acid, 95, 130 Bilateral, 5, 130

Bile, 11, 130, 135, 144, 147, 156, 176, 177 Bile Acids, 130, 147, 176 Bile Acids and Salts, 130 Bile duct, 130, 135 Biliary, 62, 95, 130, 135, 164 Biliary Tract, 130, 164 Bioavailability, 12, 20, 76, 81, 130 Biochemical, 5, 13, 46, 61, 127, 130, 146, 174 Biological response modifier, 130, 154 Biological Transport, 130, 141 Biomarkers, 4, 130 Biosynthesis, 128, 130, 156 Biotechnology, 8, 9, 98, 107, 130 Bismuth, 29, 50, 130 Bladder, 41, 94, 131, 139, 160, 165, 169, 181 Blastocyst, 131, 137, 143, 167 Blastomycosis, 131, 155 Bloating, 131, 153 Blood Coagulation, 131, 132 Blood Glucose, 131, 151, 154 Blood Platelets, 131, 174 Blood pressure, 127, 131, 133, 134, 148, 151, 160, 162, 171, 175 Blood vessel, 131, 133, 134, 138, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 157, 159, 165, 175, 178, 182 Blood-Brain Barrier, 131, 155, 178 Blot, 7, 131 Body Fluids, 130, 131, 175, 181 Bolus, 13, 87, 131 Bolus infusion, 131 Bone Marrow, 131, 139, 152, 157, 160 Bowel, 131, 141, 154, 166 Bowel Movement, 131, 141 Bradykinin, 131, 162 Brain Stem, 132, 138 Broad-spectrum, 132, 134 Bronchi, 132, 178, 180 Bronchial, 75, 132, 150, 178 Bronchitis, 132, 135 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 29, 132 Buccal, 132, 156 Bupropion, 33, 132 Butorphanol, 34, 132 C Caffeine, 33, 132 Calcium, 79, 95, 96, 132, 137, 139, 155, 162, 182 Calcium Carbonate, 79, 96, 132 Calcium Channel Blockers, 95, 132, 162 Capillary, 17, 27, 131, 132, 148, 182 Capsules, 132, 142, 148

187

Carbamazepine, 31, 95, 132 Carbenoxolone, 28, 133 Carbohydrate, 77, 133, 148, 167 Carbon Dioxide, 133, 140, 147, 167, 173, 182 Carcinogen, 133, 159, 179 Carcinogenesis, 38, 133, 134 Carcinogenic, 133, 153, 176 Carcinogenicity, 133, 166 Carcinoma, 4, 25, 34, 43, 45, 133 Cardiac, 28, 126, 129, 132, 133, 135, 138, 143, 145, 147, 156, 171, 176 Cardiopulmonary, 13, 28, 133 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 13, 28, 133 Cardioselective, 133, 169 Cardiotoxicity, 133, 180 Cardiovascular, 133, 161, 167, 174 Cardiovascular disease, 133, 161 Carotene, 77, 133 Carrier Proteins, 7, 133 Case report, 10, 28, 42, 133, 136 Cell Adhesion, 15, 16, 133 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 16, 133 Cell Cycle, 134, 135 Cell Death, 128, 134, 161 Cell Division, 129, 134, 158, 159, 167, 178 Cell membrane, 130, 132, 133, 134, 175 Cell proliferation, 28, 134 Cell Size, 134, 146 Central Nervous System Infections, 134, 150 Cephalosporins, 96, 134 Cerebrospinal, 39, 134 Cerebrospinal fluid, 39, 134 Cerebrovascular, 132, 133, 134, 162 Cetirizine, 134, 151 Chemoprevention, 90, 134 Chemopreventive, 4, 134 Chemoreceptor, 128, 134, 155 Chemotherapy, 38, 41, 42, 43, 134, 149 Chlorpromazine, 95, 134 Cholangitis, 95, 135 Cholecystokinin, 19, 135 Cholestasis, 44, 95, 135 Cholesterol, 130, 135, 156, 176, 178 Cholinergic, 126, 128, 135 Chondroitin sulfate, 94, 135 Chorea, 128, 135 Chromatin, 128, 135, 157, 162, 178 Chromosomal, 135, 159, 173 Chromosome, 135, 159

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 23, 135 Chronic renal, 135, 147, 181 Cinchona, 135, 171 Ciprofloxacin, 11, 30, 95, 135 Cirrhosis, 6, 13, 33, 135 Cisplatin, 48, 135 Citalopram, 42, 135 Clarithromycin, 8, 41, 135 Clear cell carcinoma, 136, 141 Clinical Medicine, 136, 168 Clinical study, 136, 138 Clinical trial, 4, 107, 136, 138, 139, 142, 160, 170, 172 Clonic, 136, 138 Cloning, 130, 136 Clozapine, 91, 136 Coagulation, 131, 136, 150, 183 Coenzyme, 136, 156 Collagen, 54, 136, 167 Collapse, 126, 136 Colloidal, 29, 136, 143, 177 Colon, 136, 137, 155 Colorectal, 4, 10, 14, 15, 28, 43, 45, 47, 90, 136, 137 Colorectal Cancer, 10, 14, 15, 28, 47, 90, 137 Common Variable Immunodeficiency, 48, 137 Complement, 137 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 67, 137 Complementary medicine, 59, 137 Computational Biology, 107, 137 Conception, 137, 145, 168 Concomitant, 16, 22, 23, 55, 137 Congenita, 137, 171 Congestion, 128, 137, 144 Conjugated, 130, 138, 140 Conjunctivitis, 138, 149, 178 Connective Tissue, 131, 136, 138, 145, 147, 148, 157, 178 Consciousness, 126, 138, 140, 141, 170 Constipation, 128, 138 Constriction, 138, 183 Contraindications, ii, 96, 138 Control group, 138, 168 Controlled clinical trial, 42, 138, 172 Controlled study, 10, 32, 40, 138 Convulsants, 95, 138 Convulsions, 127, 129, 138 Coordination, 6, 138, 160

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Cor, 40, 138, 148 Cortical, 138, 174 Corticosteroids, 54, 138, 148 Cortisol, 34, 40, 139 Coumarin, 45, 55, 139 Cranial, 139, 149, 165, 182 Craniocerebral Trauma, 139, 150 Creatinine, 10, 13, 22, 25, 41, 47, 61, 139, 181 Creatinine clearance, 10, 41, 139 Cromolyn Sodium, 95, 139 Cultured cells, 46, 139 Curare, 139, 161 Curative, 139, 162, 178 Cutaneous, 131, 139, 155, 156 Cyanamide, 87, 139 Cyanide, 139, 159 Cyclic, 132, 139, 149, 162, 169, 178 Cyclosporine, 95, 139 Cystamine, 139 Cysteamine, 87, 88, 89, 139 Cysteine, 90, 123, 139, 177 Cystine, 139 Cystitis, 94, 112, 139, 164 Cytochrome, 61, 139, 140 Cytokine, 4, 140 Cytoplasm, 128, 134, 140, 149, 157, 160, 162, 178 Cytotoxic, 95, 140, 152 Cytotoxicity, 135, 140 D Debrisoquin, 18, 140 Decarboxylation, 140, 150 Decidua, 140, 167 Defense Mechanisms, 25, 140 Degenerative, 140, 150, 160 Deletion, 128, 140 Delirium, 16, 127, 140 Dementia, 29, 123, 128, 140 Dendrites, 141, 162 Dendritic, 15, 141, 158 Dendritic cell, 15, 141 Dentifrices, 125, 141 Depressive Disorder, 141, 156 Dermatitis, 141, 151, 166, 174 DES, 21, 141 Desensitization, 141, 152 Diabetes Mellitus, 25, 141, 148 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 98, 141 Diastolic, 141, 151 Diffusion, 7, 130, 141, 153

Digestion, 18, 23, 29, 112, 125, 130, 131, 141, 142, 153, 154, 156, 164, 165, 176 Digestive system, 90, 141 Digestive tract, 133, 141, 175 Dimethyl, 141, 162 Direct, iii, 6, 101, 136, 141, 142, 148, 171, 172, 178 Disinfectant, 141, 145 Disposition, 8, 32, 36, 51, 62, 141 Distal, 141, 147 Diuresis, 132, 141, 178 Diuretic, 141, 147 Diurnal, 24, 142 Dopa, 95, 142, 155 Dopamine, 18, 128, 132, 134, 136, 142, 155, 159, 162, 173 Dorsal, 142, 144, 176 Dosage Forms, 79, 82, 83, 142 Double-blind, 3, 4, 19, 23, 26, 32, 41, 44, 62, 142 Double-blinded, 4, 142 Drug Interactions, 11, 38, 96, 102, 142 Drug Tolerance, 142, 179 Duodenum, 130, 142, 143, 147, 164, 165, 176 Dyes, 142, 146, 162 Dyskinesia, 128, 135, 142 Dyspepsia, 142, 153 Dystonia, 128, 142 E Edema, 5, 61, 142, 147, 181 Efficacy, 6, 142 Elastic, 143, 177 Elective, 99, 143 Electrolyte, 124, 140, 143, 168, 175, 181 Electrons, 130, 143, 155, 164, 171 Electrophoresis, 17, 27, 143 Emaciation, 123, 143 Emboli, 143, 183 Embolism, 143, 171, 183 Embolization, 143, 183 Embryo, 131, 143, 153, 168, 176 Embryo Transfer, 143, 168 Emetic, 143, 155 Emetine, 143, 155 Emphysema, 135, 143 Encephalopathy, 5, 143 Endemic, 143, 157, 176 Endocrine Glands, 143 Endoscope, 143 Endoscopic, 39, 100, 143 Endoscopy, 4, 100, 143

189

Endothelial cell, 15, 131, 144 Endothelium, 144, 162 Endothelium-derived, 144, 162 Enterohepatic, 144, 177 Enterohepatic Circulation, 144, 177 Environmental Health, 106, 108, 144 Enzymatic, 132, 133, 137, 144, 150 Enzyme, 64, 124, 136, 140, 144, 145, 149, 153, 156, 165, 167, 169, 170, 172, 177, 179, 180, 183 Eosinophilic, 48, 144 Epidemic, 87, 144, 176 Epidermal, 144, 158, 183 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis, 15, 144 Epithelial, 4, 7, 123, 130, 140, 144 Epithelial Cells, 7, 144 Epithelium, 144, 147 Epitope, 14, 144 Erythema, 23, 144, 181 Erythema Multiforme, 23, 144 Erythrocytes, 126, 129, 131, 144, 164, 172 Erythromycin, 95, 135, 144 Esophageal, 99, 145, 147 Esophagitis, 19, 27, 39, 46, 74, 99, 145, 147, 177 Esophagus, 94, 99, 112, 141, 145, 147, 150, 156, 163, 165, 166, 172, 176 Estrogen, 145, 169, 174, 178 Ethanol, 21, 33, 34, 40, 46, 60, 64, 124, 135, 145 Evacuation, 138, 145, 147, 164 Excipient, 77, 145 Excitability, 145, 161, 171 Excitation, 134, 145, 146, 162 Excrete, 145, 173 Exhaustion, 126, 145, 157 Exocrine, 135, 145, 164 Extracellular, 138, 145, 175 Extraction, 17, 28, 44, 145 Extrapyramidal, 124, 128, 142, 145 F Family Planning, 107, 145 Famotidine, 4, 6, 13, 16, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 35, 46, 48, 51, 79, 88, 89, 91, 94, 96, 100, 145 Fat, 128, 130, 131, 133, 138, 143, 145, 148, 156, 160, 177, 180 Fatty acids, 145, 169 Femoral, 133, 145 Femoral Artery, 133, 145 Fermentation, 124, 145 Fertilization in Vitro, 145, 168

Fetus, 145, 167, 176 Fibrosis, 60, 63, 64, 95, 145, 174 Filtration, 7, 10, 61, 145 Fistula, 146, 147 Flatus, 146, 147 Flavoring Agents, 73, 146 Flounder, 49, 146 Flow Cytometry, 12, 146 Fluorescence, 7, 146 Fluorescent Dyes, 146 Fluorouracil, 10, 54, 59, 146, 155 Fluoxetine, 42, 146 Folate, 146 Fold, 7, 78, 146, 158 Folic Acid, 56, 90, 146, 155 Free Radical Scavengers, 146, 179 Free Radicals, 60, 146 Fungistatic, 130, 147 Fungus, 134, 147 Furosemide, 33, 147 G Galactorrhoea, 26, 147 Gallbladder, 123, 130, 135, 141, 147 Ganglia, 123, 147, 161, 165, 177 Gas, 77, 126, 133, 141, 146, 147, 151, 153, 162, 163, 177, 182 Gas exchange, 147, 182 Gastric Acid, 21, 72, 75, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 89, 99, 112, 147, 159, 163 Gastric Emptying, 30, 147 Gastric Juices, 147, 165 Gastric Mucosa, 46, 54, 60, 147, 155 Gastrin, 4, 19, 21, 55, 147, 151 Gastritis, 80, 147, 177 Gastroduodenal, 37, 147 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 65, 94, 99, 112, 147 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 65, 94, 99, 147 Gastrointestinal tract, 73, 81, 82, 83, 128, 145, 147, 165, 174, 181 Gastrooesophageal, 83, 147 Gene, 4, 7, 74, 130, 148, 150 Genital, 41, 135, 136, 148 Germline mutation, 4, 148, 150 Gestation, 148, 167, 176 Giardiasis, 148, 159 Gland, 123, 124, 148, 151, 157, 164, 169, 174, 176, 179 Glomerular, 6, 10, 14, 22, 48, 61, 148, 154, 162, 173

190

Cimetidine

Glomerular Filtration Rate, 10, 14, 22, 48, 148, 162 Glomeruli, 148 Glomerulonephritis, 6, 148, 156 Glomerulus, 148, 161 Glucocorticoids, 7, 124, 148 Gluconeogenesis, 148 Glucose, 131, 141, 148, 149, 153, 172 Glucose Intolerance, 141, 148 Glutamate, 148, 166 Glutamic Acid, 146, 148, 162 Glycine, 130, 148, 162 Glycogen, 148, 149 Glycoprotein, 7, 37, 149, 160, 166 Glycosaminoglycan, 135, 149 Governing Board, 149, 168 Gram-negative, 149, 163 Gram-positive, 149, 163 Granisetron, 49, 149 Granule, 83, 149 Granulocytes, 130, 149, 155, 183 Grasses, 146, 149 Guanethidine, 140, 149 Guanidine, 74, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 149 Guanylate Cyclase, 149, 162 H Haematoma, 149 Haemorrhage, 73, 81, 82, 83, 149 Half-Life, 149, 161 Haloperidol, 95, 149 Hay Fever, 125, 149 Headache, 23, 132, 149, 150, 153 Headache Disorders, 150 Heartburn, 39, 40, 79, 94, 99, 150, 153 Hemodialysis, 132, 150 Hemorrhage, 74, 81, 139, 149, 150, 171 Hemostasis, 150, 174 Hepatic, 6, 33, 95, 140, 143, 150 Hepatitis, 95, 150, 165 Hepatocellular, 15, 95, 150 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 15, 95, 150 Hepatocyte, 135, 150 Hereditary, 148, 150, 160 Hereditary mutation, 148, 150 Heredity, 148, 150 Herpes, 27, 123, 150 Histamine Agonists, 150 Histamine Antagonists, 6, 150 Histidine, 150 Hoarseness, 99, 150 Hormone, 124, 138, 139, 141, 147, 151, 153, 158, 169, 173, 179

Human papillomavirus, 144, 151 Hydrogen, 124, 125, 130, 133, 151, 160, 162, 164, 170, 177 Hydrogen Peroxide, 151, 177 Hydrolysis, 135, 151, 167, 170 Hydrophobic, 78, 151 Hydroxyzine, 94, 151 Hypersecretion, 75, 151 Hypersensitivity, 90, 126, 141, 151, 173 Hypertension, 6, 132, 133, 150, 151, 161, 169, 181 Hyperthermia, 95, 151 Hyperthermic perfusion, 37, 151 Hyperthyroidism, 151, 169 Hypertrophy, 138, 151, 180 Hypnotic, 64, 129, 151 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 137, 151 Hypoglycemic, 95, 151 Hypoglycemic Agents, 95, 151 Hypotension, 13, 128, 138, 151 Hypothermia, 95, 151 Hypoxic, 151, 159 I Ibuprofen, 33, 66, 152 Idiopathic, 29, 152, 178 Ileus, 63, 152 Imidazole, 72, 75, 78, 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 150, 152, 172 Imipramine, 44, 152 Immersion, 54, 152 Immune response, 124, 127, 129, 152, 177, 182 Immune Sera, 152 Immune system, 74, 87, 127, 152, 157, 160, 182, 183 Immunity, 15, 123, 144, 152, 180 Immunization, 10, 152 Immunodeficiency, 33, 74, 88, 123, 137, 151, 152 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 137, 152 Immunologic, 152 Immunology, 37, 124, 146, 152 Immunomodulator, 22, 152 Immunosuppressant, 146, 152, 159 Immunosuppression, 90, 152, 157, 163 Immunosuppressive, 12, 152 Immunosuppressive Agents, 152 Impairment, 6, 15, 135, 140, 142, 152, 168, 170, 180 Impotence, 26, 153 In vitro, 6, 13, 29, 30, 31, 44, 45, 52, 59, 61, 69, 88, 143, 153

191

In vivo, 6, 44, 45, 59, 61, 80, 88, 153, 157, 177 Incision, 153, 154 Incompetence, 147, 153 Indigestion, 79, 153 Indomethacin, 62, 153, 179 Induction, 128, 153, 169 Infiltration, 43, 148, 153, 169 Influenza, 153, 173 Infusion, 17, 37, 153 Ingestion, 21, 24, 79, 153, 167 Inhalation, 124, 153, 167, 180 Initiation, 4, 55, 153 Inorganic, 135, 153, 157, 160 Insight, 25, 153 Insomnia, 153, 180 Insulator, 153, 161 Insulin, 7, 153, 154 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 154 Intensive Care, 13, 34, 40, 154 Interferon, 48, 54, 59, 154 Interferon-alpha, 48, 154 Interleukin-1, 5, 154 Interleukin-2, 37, 48, 54, 154 Intermittent, 15, 154 Interstitial, 94, 96, 112, 154, 161, 164, 173 Intestinal, 4, 74, 133, 135, 154, 157 Intestinal Mucosa, 135, 154 Intestine, 37, 78, 82, 130, 131, 137, 144, 154, 155 Intracellular, 132, 153, 154, 158, 162, 168, 169, 172 Intramuscular, 154, 164 Intraocular, 19, 154 Intraocular pressure, 19, 154 Intraperitoneal, 37, 154 Intravenous, 6, 9, 13, 32, 34, 46, 49, 86, 153, 154, 164 Intrinsic, 80, 124, 154 Inulin, 148, 154 Invasive, 94, 152, 154 Involuntary, 135, 155, 172 Ions, 130, 143, 149, 151, 155, 175 Ipecac, 60, 143, 155 Isoniazid, 31, 66, 95, 155 Itraconazole, 6, 155 K Kb, 106, 155 Ketoconazole, 22, 62, 74, 155 Kinetics, 32, 33, 155 L Labetalol, 13, 155

Lactation, 155, 169 Large Intestine, 137, 141, 154, 155, 172, 175 Leishmaniasis, 55, 155 Lesion, 131, 155, 178, 181 Lethal, 89, 129, 139, 155 Leucocyte, 125, 155 Leucovorin, 54, 59, 155 Leukemia, 5, 89, 155 Levamisole, 14, 87, 155 Levo, 142, 155, 179 Levodopa, 142, 155 Lidocaine, 156, 159 Ligands, 72, 133, 156 Lipid, 73, 154, 156, 161 Lithium, 96, 128, 156 Liver cancer, 95, 156 Liver Neoplasms, 156, 182 Localized, 82, 149, 153, 156, 167, 181, 182 Locomotion, 156, 167 Locomotor, 6, 156 Loratadine, 22, 156 Lovastatin, 13, 156 Low-density lipoprotein, 156 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 27, 147, 156 Lupus, 41, 156, 178 Lupus Nephritis, 41, 156 Lutein Cells, 156, 169 Lymph, 78, 90, 144, 156, 157 Lymph node, 78, 156, 157 Lymphatic, 144, 153, 156, 157, 179 Lymphatic system, 156, 157, 179 Lymphocyte Count, 123, 157 Lymphocyte Depletion, 152, 157 Lymphocyte Subsets, 33, 157 Lymphocytes, 4, 42, 44, 45, 64, 87, 123, 127, 141, 148, 152, 154, 155, 157, 179, 183 Lymphoid, 127, 138, 155, 157 M Macrophage, 154, 157 Magnesium Hydroxide, 79, 157 Maintenance therapy, 24, 62, 63, 94, 157 Malabsorption, 60, 157 Malaria, 55, 135, 157 Malaria, Falciparum, 157 Malaria, Vivax, 157 Malignant, 27, 48, 90, 123, 127, 156, 157, 161 Mammary, 7, 157, 178 Manic, 128, 156, 158, 170 Measles Virus, 87, 158 Mediate, 133, 142, 158, 172 Mediator, 135, 142, 154, 158, 175

192

Cimetidine

Medical Assistance, 100, 158 Medical Staff, 142, 158 MEDLINE, 107, 158 Megaloblastic, 146, 158 Meiosis, 158, 159 Melanocytes, 158 Melanoma, 13, 48, 158 Membrane, 50, 125, 134, 137, 144, 145, 149, 158, 160, 163, 165, 166, 167, 170, 171, 180 Membrane Proteins, 158, 170 Memory, 5, 140, 158 Meningitis, 155, 158 Menopause, 158, 169 Mental, iv, 4, 106, 108, 140, 141, 153, 158, 170, 174, 181 Mercury, 146, 158 Mesenteric, 78, 158 Mesentery, 78, 158, 159, 166 Mesolimbic, 128, 159 Meta-Analysis, 11, 159 Metabolite, 8, 38, 141, 151, 155, 156, 159 Metastasis, 15, 72, 73, 133, 159 Metastatic, 10, 28, 48, 55, 159, 174 Methotrexate, 95, 159 Methylene Blue, 95, 159 Methylguanidine, 76, 159 Metoclopramide, 60, 94, 159 Metronidazole, 37, 78, 87, 159 Mexiletine, 32, 159 Micronuclei, 44, 159 Microorganism, 159, 183 Microvillus, 50, 159 Migration, 20, 26, 159 Misoprostol, 37, 54, 96, 159 Mitochondrial Swelling, 159, 161 Mitosis, 128, 159 Modification, 80, 160 Modulator, 160, 178 Molecular, 4, 5, 80, 107, 109, 130, 137, 160, 169, 172, 177, 180 Molecule, 127, 130, 135, 136, 137, 144, 145, 149, 151, 160, 164, 172, 180 Monitor, 4, 15, 139, 160, 163 Monocytes, 154, 160 Morbillivirus, 158, 160 Morphine, 6, 160, 161, 163 Motility, 51, 153, 160, 167, 174 Motion Sickness, 160, 161 Motor nerve, 160, 161 Movement Disorders, 128, 160 Mucocutaneous, 155, 160 Mucolytic, 123, 132, 160

Mucosa, 5, 28, 147, 153, 156, 160, 169, 177 Mucosal Lining, 90, 112, 160 Mucus, 160 Multicenter study, 16, 160 Multidrug resistance, 160, 166 Multiple sclerosis, 87, 160 Muscle relaxant, 95, 161, 166, 178 Muscle Spindles, 161, 166 Muscle tension, 161 Myasthenia, 149, 161 Myelin, 160, 161 Myocardial infarction, 161, 169, 183 Myotonia, 161, 171 N Nadolol, 32, 161 Narcosis, 161 Narcotic, 95, 123, 132, 160, 161 Nausea, 99, 127, 128, 142, 153, 161, 164, 181 Necrosis, 95, 128, 161 Neoplasia, 4, 161 Neoplasm, 161, 181 Nephritis, 9, 96, 161 Nephropathy, 6, 161 Nervous System, 95, 123, 129, 132, 134, 135, 136, 147, 148, 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 174, 178 Neuroleptic, 124, 127, 136, 161 Neuromuscular, 54, 123, 161, 181 Neuronal, 5, 135, 161 Neurons, 5, 141, 147, 156, 161, 162, 177, 178 Neuropathy, 5, 162, 165 Neurosurgery, 22, 162 Neurotransmitter, 123, 124, 131, 142, 148, 150, 162, 163, 177 Neutralization, 79, 162 Neutrons, 125, 162, 171 Neutropenia, 32, 162 Neutrophils, 31, 149, 162 Niacin, 95, 162, 181 Nifedipine, 95, 162 Nimodipine, 30, 162 Nitrendipine, 26, 162 Nitric Oxide, 5, 162 Nitroblue Tetrazolium, 62, 162 Nitrofurantoin, 7, 163 Nitrogen, 125, 163, 164, 181 Nizatidine, 27, 31, 38, 48, 49, 79, 91, 94, 96, 100, 163 Norepinephrine, 124, 126, 142, 149, 162, 163

193

Nuclear, 129, 143, 161, 163, 178 Nuclei, 5, 125, 143, 159, 162, 163, 170, 178 Nucleus, 5, 128, 129, 135, 139, 140, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 170, 176 O Ocular, 163, 167 Oesophagitis, 18, 35, 36, 39, 40, 73, 80, 81, 82, 83, 163 Ointments, 142, 163 Omeprazole, 4, 12, 18, 19, 20, 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 45, 50, 94, 96, 99, 100, 163, 170 Oncology, 10, 28, 45, 55, 59, 95, 163 Ophthalmic, 19, 163 Opiate, 61, 160, 163 Opium, 160, 163 Opportunistic Infections, 123, 163 Orthostatic, 128, 163 Overdose, 63, 138, 163 Ovum, 140, 148, 163, 169 Oxidation, 139, 140, 163 Oxygenator, 133, 164 Oxytocic, 159, 164 P Painful bladder syndrome, 14, 164 Palliative, 164, 178 Pancreas, 123, 130, 141, 153, 164, 181 Pancreatic, 61, 63, 64, 112, 135, 146, 147, 164 Pancreatic Insufficiency, 61, 63, 164 Pancreatic Juice, 147, 164 Pancreatitis, 11, 164 Pancytopenia, 29, 164 Panic, 152, 164 Panic Disorder, 152, 164 Paralysis, 54, 123, 139, 164 Parenteral, 10, 17, 73, 164 Parietal, 163, 164, 166 Parkinsonism, 42, 128, 156, 164 Parturition, 165, 169 Pathologic, 5, 128, 151, 165, 170 Pathologic Processes, 128, 165 Pathologies, 95, 165 Patient Compliance, 83, 165 Patient Education, 112, 116, 118, 121, 165 Pediatrics, 39, 47, 77, 165 Penicillin, 126, 165 Pentosan polysulfate, 94, 165 Pepsin, 30, 79, 159, 165 Pepsin A, 165 Peptic, 21, 23, 24, 27, 35, 36, 39, 42, 50, 65, 75, 77, 79, 80, 99, 112, 165, 177

Peptic Ulcer, 21, 24, 27, 35, 36, 50, 65, 75, 77, 79, 80, 99, 112, 165 Peptide, 135, 136, 165, 167, 169, 170 Peptide Chain Elongation, 136, 165 Perfusion, 25, 146, 165 Perhexiline, 95, 165 Peripheral blood, 42, 44, 154, 165 Peripheral Nervous System, 74, 162, 165, 177 Peritoneal, 78, 154, 165 Peritoneal Cavity, 154, 165 Peritoneum, 159, 165, 166 Perivascular, 5, 166 Petechiae, 149, 166 P-Glycoprotein, 6, 166 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 142, 166 Pharmacodynamic, 9, 145, 166 Pharmacokinetic, 8, 9, 33, 34, 42, 49, 166 Pharmacologic, 126, 129, 149, 166, 179 Pharynx, 147, 153, 166 Phenazopyridine, 95, 166 Phenobarbital, 62, 166 Phenyl, 87, 95, 166 Phenytoin, 20, 96, 132, 166 Phlebitis, 63, 166 Phosphorus, 95, 132, 166 Physiologic, 124, 130, 142, 149, 154, 166, 169, 172, 180 Picric, 47, 166 Pigment, 158, 166 Pirenzepine, 26, 75, 167 Placenta, 34, 50, 167, 169 Plants, 125, 129, 130, 133, 148, 154, 163, 167, 179 Plasma, 10, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 45, 50, 51, 54, 55, 127, 134, 148, 150, 167, 173 Platelet Aggregation, 30, 162, 167 Platelets, 162, 164, 167 Pneumonia, 39, 43, 138, 167 Poisoning, 47, 65, 140, 158, 159, 161, 167 Polymerase, 89, 128, 167 Polymorphic, 84, 140, 167 Polymorphism, 85, 140, 167 Polyp, 4, 167 Polypeptide, 136, 165, 167, 169 Polyposis, 4, 137, 167 Polyproteins, 74, 167 Polysaccharide, 127, 149, 167 Postoperative, 23, 167 Postprandial, 10, 19, 35, 167 Post-translational, 74, 167 Potassium, 80, 124, 168, 171

194

Cimetidine

Potentiates, 154, 167, 168 Potentiating, 126, 168 Practice Guidelines, 108, 168 Praziquantel, 8, 28, 42, 168 Precancerous, 99, 134, 168 Precipitation, 85, 86, 168 Precursor, 74, 75, 128, 142, 144, 155, 163, 168, 181 Pregnancy Maintenance, 168 Pregnancy Outcome, 50, 168 Premalignant, 168 Preoperative, 13, 28, 45, 168 Prevalence, 5, 168 Primary endpoint, 4, 168 Probe, 149, 168 Probenecid, 8, 19, 38, 62, 168 Procainamide, 34, 168 Procaine, 156, 168 Progesterone, 169, 176 Progressive, 74, 87, 135, 141, 142, 161, 169, 173, 181 Projection, 140, 163, 169 Prolactin, 7, 55, 169 Prophylaxis, 22, 39, 43, 96, 128, 163, 169, 173, 183 Propranolol, 13, 32, 169, 179 Prostaglandin, 4, 159, 169 Prostaglandins A, 153, 169 Prostate, 130, 169, 181 Protease, 74, 125, 169 Protective Agents, 132, 170 Protein S, 128, 130, 136, 143, 144, 170 Proteolytic, 125, 137, 170 Protocol, 21, 48, 170 Proton Pump, 4, 67, 96, 99, 100, 163, 170 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 67, 96, 99, 100, 170 Protons, 125, 151, 170, 171 Protozoa, 155, 159, 170 Protozoan, 134, 148, 157, 170, 180 Pruritus, 151, 170, 181 Psoriasis, 44, 170, 173 Psychic, 158, 170, 174 Psychoactive, 91, 170 Psychosis, 44, 127, 170 Public Policy, 107, 171 Publishing, 8, 95, 171 Pulmonary, 29, 131, 132, 138, 144, 146, 171, 177, 182, 183 Pulmonary Embolism, 171, 183 Pulmonary hypertension, 138, 171 Pulse, 160, 171

Purpura, 149, 171 Putrefaction, 159, 171 Pyrithiamine, 5, 171 Q Quinidine, 95, 135, 171 Quinine, 95, 135, 171 R Race, 142, 159, 171 Racemic, 142, 171 Radiation, 44, 126, 139, 146, 151, 152, 159, 165, 171, 172 Radiation therapy, 165, 171 Radioactive, 149, 151, 163, 171, 172 Radiolabeled, 7, 171, 172 Randomized, 4, 6, 10, 11, 16, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 142, 172 Randomized clinical trial, 23, 172 Randomized Controlled Trials, 11, 172 Ranitidine Hydrochloride, 96, 172 Reabsorption, 144, 168, 172 Reagent, 88, 172 Receptors, Serotonin, 172, 174 Recombinant, 5, 172 Rectum, 131, 136, 137, 141, 146, 147, 155, 169, 172 Recurrence, 29, 40, 63, 112, 134, 167, 172 Red blood cells, 144, 172, 175 Reductase, 156, 159, 172 Refer, 1, 132, 137, 150, 156, 161, 162, 170, 172, 179 Reflex, 90, 161, 172 Reflux, 11, 18, 19, 26, 35, 36, 39, 40, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 94, 147, 172, 177 Refractory, 28, 39, 94, 172 Regimen, 8, 35, 40, 42, 83, 91, 142, 165, 172 Regurgitation, 79, 147, 150, 173 Relapse, 18, 50, 173 Relaxant, 166, 173 Reliability, 61, 173 Remission, 157, 172, 173 Renal cell cancer, 45, 173 Renal cell carcinoma, 28, 55, 173 Renal failure, 54, 64, 140, 173 Renal Plasma Flow, 7, 173 Renal tubular, 6, 168, 173 Reproductive cells, 148, 150, 173 Respiration, 133, 134, 138, 139, 160, 173 Retinoids, 95, 173 Retrovirus, 74, 88, 173 Rheumatoid, 42, 173 Rheumatoid arthritis, 42, 173 Rimantadine, 8, 173

195

Risperidone, 91, 173 S Salicylate, 95, 174 Saline, 132, 174 Saliva, 174 Salivary, 141, 167, 174 Salivary glands, 141, 174 Salivation, 75, 174 Schistosome, 168, 174 Schizophrenia, 173, 174 Sclerosis, 87, 160, 174 Screening, 136, 174 Secondary tumor, 159, 174 Secretory, 163, 174 Sedative, 126, 129, 151, 152, 174 Seizures, 20, 64, 132, 140, 166, 174 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 174, 178 Self Care, 94, 174 Semisynthetic, 135, 174 Sensibility, 126, 174 Sequence Homology, 74, 174 Sequencing, 74, 174 Serotonin, 94, 126, 128, 135, 136, 146, 149, 162, 172, 173, 174, 181 Serum, 4, 21, 22, 24, 27, 44, 47, 137, 152, 156, 157, 175 Sex Characteristics, 124, 175 Shock, 126, 175, 180 Side effect, 6, 26, 75, 90, 94, 100, 101, 124, 128, 133, 134, 135, 175, 177, 179 Signs and Symptoms, 173, 175, 181 Skeletal, 139, 161, 171, 175 Skeleton, 169, 175 Sludge, 95, 175 Small intestine, 78, 84, 142, 148, 151, 154, 175 Smoking Cessation, 132, 175 Smooth muscle, 129, 132, 150, 160, 175, 177 Social Security, 172, 175 Sodium, 16, 25, 54, 57, 60, 76, 79, 80, 88, 91, 94, 95, 124, 162, 171, 172, 175, 182 Sodium Bicarbonate, 60, 79, 175 Sodium Channels, 171, 175, 182 Solvent, 44, 145, 166, 175, 180 Soma, 175 Somatic, 4, 124, 158, 160, 165, 175 Specialist, 113, 175 Species, 130, 139, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 171, 174, 175, 180, 181, 182 Spectrum, 155, 176

Sperm, 135, 148, 150, 173, 176 Sphincter, 99, 176 Spinal cord, 132, 134, 135, 138, 161, 162, 165, 172, 176, 177 Spinal Nerves, 165, 176 Spontaneous Abortion, 168, 176 Sporadic, 4, 176 Stabilization, 166, 176 Steady state, 33, 176 Sternum, 79, 176 Steroid, 130, 139, 176 Stillbirth, 168, 176 Stimulant, 132, 150, 176, 178 Stimulus, 145, 172, 176, 179 Stomach Ulcer, 83, 176 Strand, 167, 176 Stress, 39, 43, 47, 54, 113, 129, 139, 161, 173, 176, 182 Stress Ulcer, 39, 43, 176 Structure-Activity Relationship, 6, 176 Stupor, 161, 177 Subacute, 153, 177 Subarachnoid, 149, 177 Subclinical, 153, 174, 177 Subcutaneous, 48, 142, 164, 177 Substance P, 144, 159, 174, 177 Substrate, 140, 177 Sucralfate, 27, 39, 46, 50, 54, 96, 177 Suction, 145, 177 Sulfur, 89, 177 Sulindac, 4, 177 Superoxide, 31, 62, 177 Superoxide Dismutase, 62, 177 Suppression, 87, 90, 99, 163, 177 Surfactant, 76, 177 Suspensions, 82, 84, 177 Sympathetic Nervous System, 129, 162, 177 Symptomatic, 18, 45, 63, 164, 178 Synapse, 124, 178, 180 Synergistic, 80, 169, 178 Systemic, 6, 32, 95, 102, 126, 128, 131, 140, 153, 156, 171, 175, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 156, 178 Systolic, 151, 178 T Tachycardia, 13, 178 Tacrine, 31, 95, 178 Tamoxifen, 13, 95, 174, 178 Tardive, 128, 135, 178 Telophase, 159, 178 Temazepam, 39, 178

196

Cimetidine

Terfenadine, 11, 178 Thalamus, 5, 178 Theophylline, 11, 17, 19, 23, 30, 41, 50, 54, 64, 178 Therapeutics, 11, 13, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 50, 102, 178 Thermal, 6, 64, 162, 178 Thiamine, 5, 171, 178 Thiourea, 87, 179 Third Ventricle, 178, 179 Threshold, 145, 151, 179 Thrombin, 167, 179 Thymus, 152, 157, 179 Thyroid, 95, 151, 179 Timolol, 19, 179 Tolerance, 6, 148, 179 Tolmetin, 37, 179 Tone, 138, 179 Tonic, 138, 179 Topical, 145, 151, 175, 179 Toxic, iv, 95, 129, 135, 139, 140, 149, 152, 162, 179 Toxicity, 133, 142, 158, 163, 166, 177, 179, 182 Toxicology, 34, 44, 60, 62, 64, 108, 179 Toxin, 179 Trachea, 132, 166, 179, 180 Transcriptase, 74, 173, 180 Transfection, 130, 180 Transfer Factor, 152, 180 Translation, 144, 180 Translational, 180 Translocation, 136, 144, 180 Transmitter, 6, 123, 142, 158, 163, 180 Transplantation, 14, 22, 96, 135, 143, 152, 157, 180 Trauma, 140, 145, 161, 164, 180 Tremor, 161, 164, 179, 180 Triazolam, 36, 180 Trichloroethylene, 62, 180 Trichomoniasis, 159, 180 Tricuspid Atresia, 138, 180 Tricyclic, 126, 135, 152, 180 Trigger zone, 128, 155, 180 Troglitazone, 95, 180 Tryptophan, 136, 174, 181 Tuberculosis, 155, 156, 181 Tuberculostatic, 155, 181 Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, 42, 181 Tumor marker, 130, 181 Tumour, 13, 14, 28, 90, 181

Tunica, 160, 181 U Ulcer, 10, 12, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 60, 61, 63, 72, 75, 76, 80, 86, 89, 92, 96, 99, 112, 142, 159, 167, 176, 177, 181 Ulceration, 25, 62, 73, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 165, 181 Unconscious, 126, 140, 181 Uraemia, 164, 181 Uremia, 173, 181 Urethra, 169, 181 Uric, 125, 181 Uricosuric, 168, 181 Urinary, 7, 95, 135, 139, 163, 166, 167, 181, 183 Urinary tract, 163, 166, 181 Urinary tract infection, 163, 181 Urine, 7, 47, 51, 131, 139, 141, 149, 173, 181 Urticaria, 126, 134, 151, 156, 178, 181 V Vaccine, 10, 124, 170, 182 Vagina, 141, 182 Vagotomy, 10, 182 Valproic Acid, 91, 182 Vascular, 5, 72, 95, 126, 132, 144, 150, 153, 162, 167, 181, 182 Vascular Resistance, 126, 182 Vasculitis, 164, 182 Vasodilator, 131, 142, 150, 162, 165, 182 Vein, 154, 163, 166, 182 Venous, 10, 170, 180, 182, 183 Venous blood, 10, 182 Venous Thrombosis, 182, 183 Ventricle, 129, 138, 171, 178, 179, 180, 182 Ventricular, 125, 138, 180, 182 Venules, 131, 132, 182 Verapamil, 44, 51, 182 Veterinary Medicine, 54, 107, 182 Vinca Alkaloids, 182 Vinorelbine, 63, 182 Vinyl Chloride, 95, 182 Viral, 15, 49, 74, 78, 87, 89, 123, 128, 153, 173, 182, 183 Viral Proteins, 74, 182 Virus, 27, 33, 74, 87, 88, 123, 128, 134, 151, 154, 182, 183 Virus Diseases, 128, 183 Viscera, 159, 175, 183 Visceral, 129, 155, 166, 183 Viscosity, 80, 123, 183

197

Vitro, 7, 88, 183 Vivo, 157, 183 W Warfarin, 25, 48, 183 Warts, 14, 15, 32, 41, 43, 49, 151, 183 Wheezing, 99, 183

White blood cell, 127, 130, 157, 160, 162, 181, 183 Windpipe, 166, 179, 183 Wound Healing, 133, 183 X Xanthine, 125, 183 Xanthine Oxidase, 125, 183

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Cimetidine

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