Contusions: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

CONTUSIONS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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CONTUSIONS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Contusions: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00296-5 1. Contusions-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on contusions. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONTUSIONS............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Contusions .................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONTUSIONS ................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Finding Nutrition Studies on Contusions................................................................................... 23 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 24 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONTUSIONS............................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CONTUSIONS .............................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Dissertations on Contusions........................................................................................................ 33 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CONTUSIONS ............................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 35 Chapters on Contusions............................................................................................................... 36 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 39 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 41 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 45 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 49 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 49 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 55 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 55 CONTUSIONS DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................... 57 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 81

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with contusions is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about contusions, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to contusions, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on contusions. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to contusions, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on contusions. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONTUSIONS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on contusions.

Federally Funded Research on Contusions The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to contusions. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to contusions. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore contusions. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for contusions: •

Project Title: CORE--ANIMAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Dietrich, W. Dalton.; Professor; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The purpose of the Animal Core is primarily to assist investigators in animal surgery, electrophysiology, behavioral testing, and imaging. This Core facility consists

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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of personnel and equipment needed to perform procedures described in Projects 1-4. The Animal Core will conduct general animal preparation, including anesthesia, tracheotomy, catheterizations, temperature monitoring and regulation of physiological variables. The Core will assist investigators in preparing the animal models of spinal cord injury described in the individual projects. In addition, expertise is available to modify experimental animal preparations that may be required for future investigations. Personnel will also assist in the behavioral testing of the animal preparations that may be required for future investigations. Personnel will also assist in the behavioral testing of the rats following spinal cord injury, as well as in electrophysiological assessment of specific white matter tracts. Finally, this Core will provide expertise in MRI for the visualization of spinal cord contusions within the human spinal cord project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Marion, Donald W.; Professor of Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The elucidation of mechanisms of secondary brain injury (the molecular and neurochemical events that occur following impact) which contribute to the morbidity and mortality of victims of severe traumatic brain injury is best accomplished through basic science investigations using animal models of TBI. However, species-specific differences in the type and relative importance of these mechanisms must be considered prior to assuming that mechanisms found to be important in rodents contribute significantly to human secondary injury. Failure to consider and investigate this possible is one likely explanation for the inability of several recent clinical trials to demonstrate efficacy of their study drug after it showed promise in animal studies. The Clinical Core will enable the investigations of the five primary projects to correlate the findings of their basic science investigations in animal models with mechanisms of secondary brain injury in human victims of TBI by: 1. providing appropriately processed and preserved specimens of CSF, dialysate collected during microdialysis of the extracellular space, and brain tissues removed at the time of surgery for evacuation of contusions, 2. assuring high quality, consistent acute care of these patients, 3. providing comprehensive functional and neuropsychological follow-up information about these patients at 3,6 12, and 24 months after injury, and 4. maintaining a detailed clinical database for all of these patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF DIHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE ON BRAIN INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoffman, Stuart W.; Emergency Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): At present, there is no effective pharmacological agent to enhance neurobehavioral recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The longterm objective of this research is to develop a safe and effective treatment that would enhance neurorehabilitation after traumatic injuries to the central nervous system. After the initial cascade of destructive events occurs, the brain is in a state of dysfunction due to injured neurons, disrupted synapses, continuing inflammatory responses, and decreased neuronal activity. However, the brain has the capability to recover significantly from this post-injury state, if proper behavioral or pharmacological

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therapies are administered. In this proposal, it is the investigators'goal to demonstrate that dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) will significantly increase recovery of function. DHEA is a special type of steroid hormone that is synthesized both inside and outside of the nervous system in both males and females. DHEA, a known neurosteroid, can stimulate the formation of new synapses, modulate the immune system, and increase neuronal activity involved in cognitive function. These same characteristics make DHEA worth considering as potential therapy to facilitate recovery of cognitive function after brain injury. In addition, long-term administration of DHEA has shown that it produces no adverse side-effects in rodents or humans. In this proposal, the investigators will investigate whether DHEA can promote a more complete recovery of function after experimental TBI. The investigators will use a controlled cortical impactor to create bilateral medial frontal contusions in rats to model TBI. The investigators goals will be to: (1) determine whether DHEA can promote functional recovery in both males and females, a subject that has received virtually no attention in the experimental literature; (2) determine the most effective dose of DHEA; (3) determine whether treatment with DHEA can affect the morphology and survival of neurons as well as the proliferation of glial cells; and (4) determine if the effects of DHEA on recovery of function can produce a dose dependent causal effect on histological measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FORCE TRANSMISSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Meaney, David F.; Bioengineering; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The proposed project will bring together a broad team of bioengineers, neuroscientists, molecular biologists, bioinformaticists and clinical scientists to examine the molecular etiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The focus will be to study the genomic and protein expression of force transmission in the CNS, with the long term goal of treating and preventing neuronal necrosis and apoptosis in gray matter contusions, the most common form of damage in brain injured patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INOS AND TBI Principal Investigator & Institution: Kochanek, Patrick M.; Associate Professor; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a NOS isoform that is involved in the inflammatory response. iNOS may govern key mechanisms in the evolution of injury, protection and repair, including vascular regulation, inflammation, cytoprotection, cytotoxicity, and regeneration. In the traumatic brain injury (TBI), iNOS is expressed in a variety of cell types in the peri-trauma region. We performed studies examining long-term outcome after TBI and observed a powerful endogenous neuroprotectant effect of iNOS in two species. Our studies are supported by an expanding body of literature revealing important beneficial effects of iNOS in response to injury inside and outside of the CNS. The hypothesis of this proposal is that iNOS is expressed that TBI and is a powerful endogenous neuroprotectant. Specific aims are as follows: 1) Determine the time course, magnitude, and cellular localization of iNOS induction after experimental TBI in both mice and rats, 2) Test whether iNOS is an endogenous neuroprotectant and improves both histopathological and functional

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outcome after TBI, using both iNOS KO mice and iNOS inhibitors in rats. Also investigate the possibility that there is a biphasic role of iNOS after TBI, with early detrimental effects, but beneficial effects overall, 3) Test in both mice and rats if overexpression of iNOS by gene transfer with adenovirus-based vector is neuroprotective after TBI, 4) Determine in our mouse and rat models how iNOS confers its neuroprotective effects, including evaluation of downstream mediators such as cytokines, nerve growth factor (NGF), and cerebral blood flow (CBF), and 5) Define, in humans with severe TBI, the global and local production of NO, as assessed by nitrite/nitrate levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain interstitial fluid, respectively, and determine the time course, magnitude, and cellular localization of iNOS induction in human cerebral contusions. Our established CCI models will be used to produce TBI in mice and rats. Expression of iNOS will be studied using RT-PCR, enzyme activity, and immunohistochemistry. Two inhibitors of iNOS (aminoguanidine and N6(ininoethyl1)-L-lysine) and iNOS KO mice will be used. A replication deficient adenovirus that expresses human iNOS will be used to transfect brain regions in vivo, both before and after injury. Outcome evaluation will include motor and cognitive (Morris water maze) tasks, histopathology, CBF (perfusion NMR), cytokines and NGF (ELISA), and macrophage/lymphocyte infiltration (by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis). In humans with severe TBI, nitrite/nitrate levels will be used as a marker of NO in both CSF and brain interstitial fluid (microdialysis). Brain samples from patients undergoing emergency resection of contusion, will be studied using immunohistochemistry. Confirming that iNOS is a neuroprotectant, showing that overexpression of iNOS as beneficial, and defining the mechanisms involved in this effect are key steps toward the of a novel treatment. Finally, these studies will unite bench to bedside for this important mechanism in TBI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTRACELLULAR MECHANISMS OF CELL DEATH FOLLOWING TBI Principal Investigator & Institution: Raghupathi, Ramesh; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of death in individuals under the age of 45 in the United States and survivors are faced with chronic brain damage leading to debilitating behavioral dysfunction. Brain damage and behavioral dysfunction may be, in part, due to neuronal ane glial death and typical pathologies in post-mortem head-injured brains include a combination of focal contusions and diffuse axonal injury (DAI). While neuronal death is associated with contusions, death of oligodendrocytes may contribute to or occur as a result of axonal injury. Using animal models that predominantly exhibit either gray or white matter pathology, we will test the working hypotheses in this proposal that (a) neuronal and glial apoptosis contribute the pathology of clinical brain trauma, and (b) that post-traumatic apoptotic cell death is controlled via a concomitant activation of cell death-inducing proteins and inhibition of proteins that promote cell survival. The objectives of this proposal are (1) to determine the contribution of apoptotic cell death in pathology of human head injury, (2) to determine the extent of activation of the death- inducing protease, caspase-3, and the pro-apoptotic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, along with the extent of inhibition of the pro-survival extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, (3) determine the role of JNK in mediating neuronal and oligodendroglial apoptosis, and, (4) examine the possibility that neuronal and glial death following TBI in animals and

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humans is associated with coordinate alterations in expression of multiple deathassociated genes. The association between apoptosis, determined using in situ DNA fragmentation and morphology, and cellular activation of caspase-3 and the JNK signaling pathway, will be evaluated using immunohistochemistry and biochemical assays. The anti-apoptotic effect of JNK following TBI will be tested by subjecting mice that are deficient in JNK to either gray matter or white matter injury. Finally, individual neurons and oligodendrocytes from either human head-injured tissue or injured rat brain, exhibiting activated caspase-3 (indicative of the commitment to apoptosis), will be evaluated for the expression of cell death associated genes such as p53, hsp72, c-jun, Bcl2, Bcl-x and Bax using the single cell antisense RNA amplification technique. While neurons and oligodendrocytes may share regulators of cell death, it is also likely that there might be cell-specific death processes at play. The long term goal is to use the information derived from these experiments to develop effective therapies aimed at specific cellular processes that promote cell survival or inhibit death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE AND ITS METABOLITES ON TBI Principal Investigator & Institution: Stein, Donald G.; Asa G. Candler Professor; Emergency Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: At present, there are no clinically effective treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The long-term objective of this research is to develop such a therapy that will enhance morphological and behavioral recovery of function. TBI triggers a cascade of dramatic, biochemical events leading to primary and secondary neuronal loss and dysfunction. Many of these events, such as disruption of the blood brain barrier, excitotoxicity, ischemia, oxidative stress, glial activation and the inflammatory immune response, contribute to an increase in cerebral edema, which is often severely disabling or fatal to patients. There is growing experimental evidence that, in laboratory animals, progesterone and its metabolites are safe and effective in providing neuroprotection and in reducing cerebral edema after TBI. How these neurosteroids act specifically in the central nervous system to enhance recovery of function is not yet completely understood, and this gap in our knowledge limits interest in proceeding to clinical trials. The focus of the proposed research is to extend our knowledge of how progesterone and its metabolites enhance neuronal repair and recovery of function in the damaged nervous system by controlling the events causing cerebral edema and neuronal death. We will use a model of brain injury that creates controlled contusions of the frontal cortex in rodents. We will then measure the effects of progesterone, allopregnanolone and epiallopregnanolone treatments on behavioral recovery, cytokine expression, and oxidative stress following TBI. Four projects are proposed: (1) determines whether the progesterone-related metabolites, allopregnanolone and epiallopregnanolone, have effects similar to progesterone in promoting neuroprotection and behavioral recovery after TBI; (2) examines whether the metabolites are as effective as progesterone in reducing post-injury inflammatory signals; (3) explores whether these progesteronerelated hormones modulate the temporal and spatial distribution of inflammatory cells; (4) investigates whether reducing these inflammatory signals results in the decrease of oxidative stress and neural cell death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with contusions, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “contusions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for contusions (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

Acute and long-term clinical significance of myocardial contusion following blunt thoracic trauma: results of a prospective study. Author(s): Lindstaedt M, Germing A, Lawo T, von Dryander S, Jaeger D, Muhr G, Barmeyer J. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 March; 52(3): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11901323

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Anesthetic complications during emergency noncardiac surgery in patients with documented cardiac contusions. Author(s): Baum V. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1991 February; 5(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1868186

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Angiographic changes in cerebral contusions and intracerebral hematomas. Author(s): Leeds NE, Reid ND, Rosen LM. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1966; 5: 320-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5957837

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Anton's syndrome in a patient with posttraumatic optic neuropathy and bifrontal contusions. Author(s): McDaniel KD, McDaniel LD. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1991 January; 48(1): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1986714

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Apoptosis occurs after cerebral contusions in humans. Author(s): Ng I, Yeo TT, Tang WY, Soong R, Ng PY, Smith DR. Source: Neurosurgery. 2000 April; 46(4): 949-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10764270

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Blood flow and ischemia within traumatic cerebral contusions. Author(s): von Oettingen G, Bergholt B, Gyldensted C, Astrup J. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 April; 50(4): 781-8; Discussion 788-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904029

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Blood-brain barrier damage in traumatic brain contusions. Author(s): Todd NV, Graham DI. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1990; 51: 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1708648

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Blunt chest trauma: review of selected pulmonary injuries focusing on pulmonary contusion. Author(s): Keough V, Pudelek B. Source: Aacn Clinical Issues. 2001 May; 12(2): 270-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759554

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Blunt thoracic trauma: flail chest, pulmonary contusion, and blast injury. Author(s): Wanek S, Mayberry JC. Source: Critical Care Clinics. 2004 January; 20(1): 71-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14979330

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Bone contusions of the knee: increased lesion detection with fast spin-echo MR imaging with spectroscopic fat saturation. Author(s): Kapelov SR, Teresi LM, Bradley WG, Bucciarelli NR, Murakami DM, Mullin WJ, Jordan JE. Source: Radiology. 1993 December; 189(3): 901-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8234723

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Bone contusions of the posterior lip of the medial tibial plateau (contrecoup injury) and associated internal derangements of the knee at MR imaging. Author(s): Kaplan PA, Gehl RH, Dussault RG, Anderson MW, Diduch DR. Source: Radiology. 1999 June; 211(3): 747-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10352601

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Brain contusions: the time sequence of the histological changes. Author(s): Loberg EM, Torvik A. Source: Med Sci Law. 1989 April; 29(2): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2747472

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Brain macrophages in human cortical contusions as indicator of survival period. Author(s): Oehmichen M, Eisenmenger W, Raff G, Berghaus G. Source: Forensic Science International. 1986 April; 30(4): 281-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3710334

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Brain stem contusions: differential diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. Author(s): Busch EA. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1963; 9: 18-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5852534

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Cardiac contusion diagnosed by cardiac troponin. Author(s): Moulin A, Bason-Mitchell M, Henderson SO. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 July; 20(4): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12098200

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Cerebral blood flow and vasoresponsivity within and around cerebral contusions. Author(s): McLaughlin MR, Marion DW. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1996 November; 85(5): 871-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893726

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Cerebral contusions: re-evaluation of the mechanism of their development. Author(s): Gurdjian ES. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1976 January; 16(1): 35-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1246097

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Choroidal ischaemic infarction following ocular contusion with small framed spectacles: Hutchinson-Siegrist-Neubauer- syndrome. Author(s): Viestenz A, Kuchle M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 86(11): 1319. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386104

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Closed-globe contusion injuries of the posterior segment. Author(s): Youssri AI, Young LH. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2002 Summer; 42(3): 79-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131585

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Contusions of the heart. Author(s): DeMuth WE Jr, Baue AE, Odom JA Jr. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1967 May; 7(3): 443-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6024142

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Deep muscle contusion complicated by myositis ossificans (a.k.a. heterotopic bone). Author(s): Berg E. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 2000 November-December; 19(6): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899311

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Delayed deterioration in patients with traumatic frontal contusions. Author(s): Statham PF, Johnston RA, Macpherson P. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989 March; 52(3): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2926420

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Delayed presentation of acute compartment syndrome after contusion of the thigh. Author(s): Mithofer K, Lhowe DW, Altman GT. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2002 July; 16(6): 436-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142836

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Delayed recognition of lumbosacral fracture dislocations in the multitrauma patient: the triad of transverse process fractures, unilateral renal contusion and lumbosacral fracture dislocation. Author(s): Shen FH, Crowl A, Shuler TE, Feldenzer JA, Leivy SW. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2004 March; 56(3): 700-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15128148

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Development of glioblastoma multiforme following traumatic cerebral contusion: case report and review of literature. Author(s): Moorthy RK, Rajshekhar V. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 February; 61(2): 180-4; Discussion 184. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751638

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Diagnosing cardiac contusion: old wisdom and new insights. Author(s): Sybrandy KC, Cramer MJ, Burgersdijk C. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 May; 89(5): 485-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695446

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Diagnosis of pulmonary contusions and a bronchial laceration after a fall. Author(s): Song JK, Beaty CD. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 December; 167(6): 1510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8956587

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Double-blind, randomized, controlled study on the efficacy and safety of a novel diclofenac epolamine gel formulated with lecithin for the treatment of sprains, strains and contusions. Author(s): Mahler P, Mahler F, Duruz H, Ramazzina M, Liguori V, Mautone G. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2003; 29(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866363

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Edema fluid accumulation within necrotic brain tissue as a cause of the mass effect of cerebral contusion in head trauma patients. Author(s): Katayama Y, Kawamata T. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 323-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753461

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Effect of therapy on prognosis of cerebral contusions. Author(s): Vigouroux RP, Guillermain P. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1979; 28(1): 209. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=290152

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Electrophysiologic assessment of intracerebral contusions in closed head injury. Author(s): Konasiewicz SJ, Moulton RJ. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1994 September; 37(3): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8083895

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Estimation of the age of cutaneous contusions in child abuse. Author(s): Wilson EF. Source: Pediatrics. 1977 November; 60(5): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=917645

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Evaluation of bone contusions with fat-saturated fast spin-echo proton-density magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Lal NR, Jamadar DA, Doi K, Newman JS, Adler RS, Uri DS, Kazerooni EA. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 2000 June; 51(3): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914084

Studies

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Focal ischemia due to traumatic contusions documented by stable xenon-CT and ultrastructural studies. Author(s): Schroder ML, Muizelaar JP, Bullock MR, Salvant JB, Povlishock JT. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1995 June; 82(6): 966-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7760199

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Functional recovery after complete contusion injury to the spinal cord and transplantation of human neuroteratocarcinoma neurons in rats. Author(s): Saporta S, Makoui AS, Willing AE, Daadi M, Cahill DW, Sanberg PR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 July; 97(1 Suppl): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12120653

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Gadolinium DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral contusions. Author(s): Kushi H, Katayama Y, Shibuya T, Tsubokawa T, Kuroha T. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1994; 60: 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7976623

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Gene transfer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes functional recovery following spinal cord contusion. Author(s): Tai MH, Cheng H, Wu JP, Liu YL, Lin PR, Kuo JS, Tseng CJ, Tzeng SF. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2003 October; 183(2): 508-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552891

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Gliding contusions in nonmissile head injury in humans. Author(s): Adams JH, Doyle D, Graham DI, Lawrence AE, McLellan DR. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1986 June; 110(6): 485-8. Erratum In: Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986 November; 110(11): 1075. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3754720

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Handlebar injury causing pancreatic contusion in a pediatric patient. Author(s): Gross JA, Vaughan MM, Johnston BD, Jurkovich G. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 July; 179(1): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076940

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Head-in-motion contusions in young adults. Author(s): Kirkpatrick JB. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1983; 32: 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6581699

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Hemoptysis following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a case of lithotripsyinduced pulmonary contusion in a pediatric patient. Author(s): Tiede JM, Lumpkin EN, Wass CT, Long TR. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2003 November; 15(7): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698366

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Hypotension as a delayed complication of rupture of a branch of the superior gluteal artery, following buttock contusion. Author(s): Kligman M, Mahrer A, Avi E, Roffman M. Source: Injury. 2002 April; 33(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084654

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Images in cardiovascular medicine. Intramyocardial hemorrhage caused by myocardial contusion. Author(s): Hosaka Y, Kodama M, Chinushi M, Washizuka T, Sugiura H, Satou K, Aizawa Y. Source: Circulation. 2004 January 20; 109(2): 277. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14734505

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Immediate neurocognitive effects of concussion: graded contusion model of the mouse spinal cord using a pneumatic impact device. Author(s): Parkinson D. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 52(6): 1505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12800834

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Impairment of memory and visual-spatial orientation in children with brain contusions and compressions in the acute period of trauma. Author(s): Molodetskikh TD. Source: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 1987 September-October; 17(5): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3431690

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Independent lung ventilation in patients with unilateral pulmonary contusion. Monitoring with compliance and EtCO(2). Author(s): Cinnella G, Dambrosio M, Brienza N, Giuliani R, Bruno F, Fiore T, Brienza A. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 December; 27(12): 1860-7. Epub 2001 November 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11797020

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Injuries in pediatric patients with seatbelt contusions. Author(s): Campbell DJ, Sprouse LR 2nd, Smith LA, Kelley JE, Carr MG. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 December; 69(12): 1095-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14700298

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Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation for cardiogenic shock due to cardiac contusion in an elderly trauma patient. Author(s): Penney DJ, Bannon PG, Parr MJ. Source: Resuscitation. 2002 December; 55(3): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12458071

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Ischaemic brain lesions associated with cerebral contusions. Author(s): Sole-Llenas J, Pons-Tortella E. Source: Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1974 September; 17(5): 176-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4456230

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Kidney trauma in martial arts: a case report of kidney contusion in jujitsu. Author(s): Itagaki MW, Knight NB. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 March; 32(2): 522-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977684

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Lateral-compartment bone contusions in adolescents with intact anterior cruciate ligaments. Author(s): Snearly WN, Kaplan PA, Dussault RG. Source: Radiology. 1996 January; 198(1): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8539379

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Management of severe combined pulmonary and myocardial contusion with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): Masiakos PT, Hirsch EF, Millham FH. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2003 May; 54(5): 1012-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777920

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Mathematical simulation of gliding contusions. Author(s): Lowenhielm P. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 1975; 8(6): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1206036

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Mechanisms of the mass effect of cerebral contusion: ICP monitoring and diffusion MRI study. Author(s): Kawamata T, Katayama Y, Mori T, Aoyama N, Tsubokawa T. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002; 81: 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168326

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Mixed dishomogeneous hemorrhagic brain contusions. Mapping of cerebral blood flow. Author(s): Chieregato A, Fainardi E, Tanfani A, Martino C, Pransani V, Cocciolo F, Targa L, Servadei F. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753463

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MR diagnosis of bone contusions of the knee: comparison of coronal T2-weighted fast spin-echo with fat saturation and fast spin-echo STIR images with conventional STIR images. Author(s): Arndt WF 3rd, Truax AL, Barnett FM, Simmons GE, Brown DC. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 January; 166(1): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8571859

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MR imaging of brain contusions: a comparative study with CT. Author(s): Hesselink JR, Dowd CF, Healy ME, Hajek P, Baker LL, Luerssen TG. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1988 May; 150(5): 1133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3258718

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Muscle contusion injury and myositis ossificans traumatica. Author(s): Beiner JM, Jokl P. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 October; (403 Suppl): S110-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394459

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Myocardial contusion culminating in a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle--a case report. Author(s): RuDusky BM. Source: Angiology. 2003 May-June; 54(3): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12785030

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Myocardial contusion: emergency investigation and diagnosis. Author(s): Kaye P, O'Sullivan I. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 January; 19(1): 8-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11777862

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Myocardial injury: contrasting infarction and contusion. Author(s): Pooler C, Barkman A. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2002 February; 22(1): 15-6, 18-26; Quiz 27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11852484

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Neuronal uptake of plasma proteins in brain contusions. An immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Loberg EM, Torvik A. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1992; 84(3): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1414276

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Neuroprotection by human neural progenitor cells after experimental contusion in rats. Author(s): Hagan M, Wennersten A, Meijer X, Holmin S, Wahlberg L, Mathiesen T. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 November 20; 351(3): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14623128

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Nitric oxide synthase expression after human brain contusion. Author(s): Gahm C, Holmin S, Mathiesen T. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 June; 50(6): 1319-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12015851

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Ocular contusion caused by elastic cords: a retrospective analysis using the Erlangen Ocular Contusion Registry. Author(s): Viestenz A, Kuchle M. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2002 August; 30(4): 266-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121366

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Orbital-frontal delayed hemorrhagic contusions: clinical course and neurosurgical treatment protocol. Author(s): Lee TT, Villanueva PA. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1997 October; 48(4): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9315128

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Parietal contusion and transient superior sagittal sinus occlusion presenting with cortical blindness. Author(s): Liang CL, Yang LC, Lui CC, Hsiao M, Hung KS. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 November; 53(5): 1006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435960

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Possible evaluation of treatment and prognosis in brain contusions by means of the isoenzyme creatine kinase (CK-BB) in the blood. Author(s): Nordby HK, Urdal P, Nesbakken R. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1986; 36: 142. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3467544

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Posttraumatic subchondral bone contusions and fractures of the talotibial joint: occurrence of "kissing" lesions. Author(s): Sijbrandij ES, van Gils AP, Louwerens JW, de Lange EE. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 December; 175(6): 1707-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11090408

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Procalcitonin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after severe pulmonary contusion. Author(s): Hanes SD, Boucher BA. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2002 September; 30(9): 2171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352076

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Pulmonary contusion in severe head trauma patients: impact on gas exchange and outcome. Author(s): Leone M, Albanese J, Rousseau S, Antonini F, Dubuc M, Alliez B, Martin C. Source: Chest. 2003 December; 124(6): 2261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665509

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Pulmonary contusions: management and implications for trauma nurses. Author(s): Ruth-Sahd LA. Source: J Trauma Nurs. 1997 October-December; 4(4): 90-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9644414

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Pulmonary contusions: quantifying the lesions on chest X-ray films and the factors affecting prognosis. Author(s): Tyburski JG, Collinge JD, Wilson RF, Eachempati SR. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1999 May; 46(5): 833-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10338400

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Pulmonary resections for severe pulmonary contusions secondary to high-velocity missile wounds. Author(s): Fischer RP, Geiger JP, Guernsey JM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1974 April; 14(4): 293-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4819619

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Quadriceps contusions in young athletes. Relation of severity of injury to treatment and prognosis. Author(s): Jackson DW, Feagin JA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1973 January; 55(1): 95-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4691666

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Quadriceps contusions. West Point update. Author(s): Ryan JB, Wheeler JH, Hopkinson WJ, Arciero RA, Kolakowski KR. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991 May-June; 19(3): 299-304. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1867338

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Quadriceps muscle contusion resulting in osteomyelitis of the femur in a high school football player. A case report. Author(s): Bonsell S, Freudigman PT, Moore HA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 November-December; 29(6): 81820. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734500

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rCBF in hemorrhagic, non-hemorrhagic and mixed contusions after severe head injury and its effect on perilesional cerebral blood flow. Author(s): Hoelper BM, Reinert MM, Zauner A, Doppenberg E, Bullock R. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2000; 76: 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11450009

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Regional cerebral blood flow trends in head injured patients with focal contusions and cerebral edema. Author(s): Alexander MJ, Martin NA, Khanna R, Caron M, Becker DP. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1994; 60: 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7976625

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Repeat angiography in temporal contusions. Author(s): Cronqvist S, Tylen U. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1977 March; 18(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=871085

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Severe quadriceps muscle contusions in athletes. A report of three cases. Author(s): Diaz JA, Fischer DA, Rettig AC, Davis TJ, Shelbourne KD. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 March-April; 31(2): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12642267

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Should we follow ATLS guidelines for the management of traumatic pulmonary contusion: the role of non-invasive ventilatory support. Author(s): Vidhani K, Kause J, Parr M. Source: Resuscitation. 2002 March; 52(3): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11886731

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Space occupying contusions of cerebral lobes after closed brain injury: considerations about 51 cases. Author(s): Schonauer M, Schisano G, Cimino R, Viola L. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1979 October-December; 23(4): 279-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548575

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Spinal cord contusion models. Author(s): Young W. Source: Prog Brain Res. 2002; 137: 231-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12440371

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Subchondral contusion of the knee caused by axial loading from dashboard impact: detection by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Bealle D, Johnson DL. Source: J South Orthop Assoc. 2000 Spring; 9(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132806

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Symptoms of temporal lobe contusions in the early period post-trauma. Author(s): Minderhoud JM. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1979; 28(1): 63-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=290188

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The contusion index: a quantitative approach to cerebral contusions in head injury. Author(s): Adams JH, Scott G, Parker LS, Graham DI, Doyle D. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 1980 July-August; 6(4): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7413017

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The pathophysiology and treatment of pulmonary contusions. Author(s): Fulton RL, Peter ET, Wilson JN. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1970 September; 10(9): 719-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5459958

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The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosing cardiac contusions. Author(s): Weiss RL, Brier JA, O'Connor W, Ross S, Brathwaite CM. Source: Chest. 1996 January; 109(1): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549222

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Traumatic brain contusions: a clinical role for the kinin antagonist CP-0127. Author(s): Narotam PK, Rodell TC, Nadvi SS, Bhoola KD, Troha JM, Parbhoosingh R, van Dellen JR. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1998; 140(8): 793-802; Discussion 802-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9810446

•

Traumatic contusions and intracerebral hematomas. Author(s): Ribas GC, Jane JA. Source: Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992 March; 9 Suppl 1: S265-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1588615

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Traumatic intracerebellar hemorrhagic contusions and hematomas. Author(s): D'Avella D, Cacciola F, Angileri FF, Cardali S, La Rosa G, Germano A, Tomasello F. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 2001 March; 45(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11466505

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TUNEL-positive staining of surface contusions after fatal head injury in man. Author(s): Smith FM, Raghupathi R, MacKinnon MA, McIntosh TK, Saatman KE, Meaney DF, Graham DI. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2000 November; 100(5): 537-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11045676

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Ultra-early study of edema formation in cerebral contusion using diffusion MRI and ADC mapping. Author(s): Maeda T, Katayama Y, Kawamata T, Koyama S, Sasaki J. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753462

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Ultrastructural study of brain microvessels in patients with traumatic cerebral contusions. Author(s): Vaz R, Sarmento A, Borges N, Cruz C, Azevedo I. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1997; 139(3): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9143587

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Vascular endothelial growth factor improves functional outcome and decreases secondary degeneration in experimental spinal cord contusion injury. Author(s): Widenfalk J, Lipson A, Jubran M, Hofstetter C, Ebendal T, Cao Y, Olson L. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 120(4): 951-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12927201

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Very early expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in brain oedema tissue associated with brain contusion. Author(s): Suzuki R, Fukai N, Nagashijma G, Asai JI, Itokawa H, Nagai M, Suzuki T, Fujimoto T. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753452

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Visual results, prognostic indicators, and posterior segment findings following surgery for cataract/lens subluxation-dislocation secondary to ocular contusion injuries. Author(s): Greven CM, Collins AS, Slusher MM, Weaver RG. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2002 October; 22(5): 575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12441722

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Water transport becomes uncoupled from K+ siphoning in brain contusion, bacterial meningitis, and brain tumours: immunohistochemical case review. Author(s): Saadoun S, Papadopoulos MC, Krishna S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 December; 56(12): 972-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14645363

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONTUSIONS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and contusions.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Contusions The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “contusions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “contusions” (or a synonym): •

Effect of glucose administration on contusion volume after moderate cortical impact injury in rats. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Source: Cherian, L Goodman, J C Robertson, C S J-Neurotrauma. 1998 December; 15(12): 1059-66 0897-7151

•

Functional recovery after central infusion of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in rats with spinal cord contusion injury. Author(s): Department of Medical Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Source: Lankhorst, A J Duis, S E ter Laak, M P Joosten, E A Hamers, F P Gispen, W H JNeurotrauma. 1999 April; 16(4): 323-31 0897-7151

•

Rodent model of chronic central pain after spinal cord contusion injury and effects of gabapentin. Author(s): Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA. [email protected] Source: Hulsebosch, C E Xu, G Y Perez Polo, J R Westlund, K N Taylor, C P McAdoo, D J J-Neurotrauma. 2000 December; 17(12): 1205-17 0897-7151

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

25

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONTUSIONS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to contusions. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to contusions and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “contusions” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to contusions: •

Acute poisonings with Breynia officinalis--an outbreak of hepatotoxicity. Author(s): Lin TJ, Su CC, Lan CK, Jiang DD, Tsai JL, Tsai MS. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(5): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14514003

•

An unusual pattern of bruising. Author(s): Morris R, Usatine RP. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 May; 172(5): 298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832418

•

Application of hydroelastic waves of the Chinese traditional medicine solution to the traumatotherapy. Author(s): Wu YP, Wang GR, Sha JP, Wang LG, Qu NX, Lu CY, Yu YM.

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Source: Biorheology. 1988; 25(1-2): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3196838 •

Brown-Sequard syndrome of the cervical spinal cord after chiropractic manipulation. Author(s): Lipper MH, Goldstein JH, Do HM. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998 August; 19(7): 1349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9726481

•

Bruising and the ketogenic diet: evidence for diet-induced changes in platelet function. Author(s): Berry-Kravis E, Booth G, Taylor A, Valentino LA. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2001 January; 49(1): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11198302

•

Counter-irritation marks produced by traditional chinese medical practice. their recognition and distinction from homicidal injuries. Author(s): LABROOY EB. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1965 January; 10: 94-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14330418

•

Cryokinetics in an early treatment program. Author(s): HAYDEN CA. Source: Journal of Applied Toxicology : Jat. 1964 November; 44: 990-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14225217

•

Dissociation of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials in non-comatose patients after head injury. Author(s): Chistyakov AV, Hafner H, Soustiel JF, Trubnik M, Levy G, Feinsod M. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 1999 June; 110(6): 1080-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402095

•

Effects of topical arnica gel on post-laser treatment bruises. Author(s): Alonso D, Lazarus MC, Baumann L. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 August; 28(8): 686-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174058

•

Hemodynamic chanaes after limb trauma. II. The effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae on the blood volumes of rabbit forearms following soft tissue contusion. Author(s): Zhang JY, Liu JL, Hu MZ, Chai BF.

Alternative Medicine 29

Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1980 July; 93(7): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6772391 •

Hip and pelvic injuries in the young athlete. Author(s): Waters PM, Millis MB. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1988 July; 7(3): 513-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3042159

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Homeopathic arnica for prevention of pain and bruising: randomized placebocontrolled trial in hand surgery. Author(s): Stevinson C, Devaraj VS, Fountain-Barber A, Hawkins S, Ernst E. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 February; 96(2): 60-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562974

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Homeopathic arnica. Author(s): Hughes-Games JS. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 April; 96(4): 204-5; Author Reply 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12668715

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Homeopathic arnica. Author(s): Richardson J. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 April; 96(4): 204; Author Reply 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12668714

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Letters: A variant of acupuncture technique. Author(s): Mannheim EP. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 July; 1(2): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4774372

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Life-threatening complications of spinal manipulation. Author(s): Ernst E. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 March; 32(3): 809-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11239206

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MAST augmentation of external cardiac compression: role of changing intrapleural pressure. Author(s): Lee HR, Wilder RJ, Downs P, Massion W, Blank WF. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1981 November; 10(11): 560-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7316258

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Myocardial contusion as a cause of delayed cardiac rupture. A case report. Author(s): Lassus J, Tulikoura I, Konttinen YT, Santavirta S. Source: Injury. 2001 December; 32(10): 789-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11754888

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Myoelectric evoked potentials versus locomotor recovery in chronic spinal cord injured rats. Author(s): Gruner JA, Wade CK, Menna G, Stokes BT. Source: Journal of Neurotrauma. 1993 Fall; 10(3): 327-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8258845

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Ocular hazards in agriculture. Author(s): Blake J. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1969; 1-3(1): 125-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5817875

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Pain memory. Author(s): Wilson E. Source: Manual Therapy. 1999 August; 4(3): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10513448

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Partial cardiopulmonary bypass for core rewarming in profound accidental hypothermia. Author(s): Splittgerber FH, Talbert JG, Sweezer WP, Wilson RF. Source: The American Surgeon. 1986 August; 52(8): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3729178

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The blindness of Saint Paul. Author(s): Bullock JD. Source: Ophthalmology. 1978 October; 85(10): 1044-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=368696

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The effect of bromelain therapy on episiotomy wounds--a double blind controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Howat RC, Lewis GD. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1972 October; 79(10): 951-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4563795

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The effect of exercise on the presence of leukocytes, erythrocytes and collagen fibers in skeletal muscle after contusion. Author(s): Gregory TM, Heckmann RA, Francis RS.

Alternative Medicine 31

Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 February; 18(2): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7790786 •

The effects of diosmin (a benzo-pyrone) upon some high-protein oedemas: lung contusion, and burn and lymphoedema of rat legs. Author(s): Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR. Source: Agents Actions. 1985 October; 17(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4083175

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The fine structure of pulmonary contusion and the effect of various drugs. Author(s): Casley-Smith JR, Eckert P, Foldi-Borcsok E. Source: Br J Exp Pathol. 1976 October; 57(5): 487-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1087159

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The sauna and alcohol. Author(s): Ylikahri R, Heikkonen E, Soukas A. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1988; 20(4): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3218903

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Troponin T in legal medicine. Author(s): Dressler J, Felscher D, Koch R, Muller E. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 4; 352(9121): 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9800755

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to contusions; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Chinese Medicine Duyi Wei Pian Alternative names: uyiwei Tablets; Duyi wei Pian (Du Yi Wei Pian Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CONTUSIONS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to contusions. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “contusions” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on contusions, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Contusions ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to contusions. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

EFFECTS OF CONTUSIONS ON THE VASCULAR RESPONSE IN DOG SKELETAL MUSCLE. by KAMBIS, KENNETH WICKER, PHD from THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL, 1976, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7702058

•

The effects of gacyclidine treatment on the anatomical, behavioral and physiological consequences of medial frontal cortex contusions in rats by Smith, Jeffrey Sean, PhD from EMORY UNIVERSITY, 2003, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080361

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CONTUSIONS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to contusions. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on contusions include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “contusions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:5 •

Chirurgical facts relating to wounds and contusions of the head, fractures of the skull, &c. with remarks. Author: Batting, John; Year: 1760

•

Essay on some of the effects of contusions of the head. Author: Simmons, William Hayne, 1784-1870; Year: 1806

•

Observations on the nature and consequences of wounds and contusions of the head: fractures of the skull, concussions of the brain, &c. Author: by Percivall Pott.; Year: 1760

5

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Chapters on Contusions In order to find chapters that specifically relate to contusions, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and contusions using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “contusions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on contusions: •

Oral Injuries of Child Abuse Source: in Monteleone, J.A., ed. Child Abuse: Quick-Reference for Healthcare Professionals, Social Services, and Law Enforcement. St. Louis, MO: G.W. Medical Publishing, Inc. 1998. p. 95-102. Contact: Available from G.W. Medical Publishing, Inc. 2601 Metro Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63043. (800) 600-0330 or (314) 298-0330. Fax (314) 298-2820. Website: www.gwmedical.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1878060287. Summary: Injuries to the mouth and oral structures are a common factor in child abuse cases. This chapter on the oral injuries of child abuse is from a child abuse quick reference guide for health care professionals. The types of oral injuries encountered in child abuse include trauma not only to the teeth but also to supporting and surrounding oral tissues. The principal oral injuries of abuse are missing and fractured teeth (32 percent of reported cases), oral contusions (24 percent), oral lacerations (14 percent), jaw fractures (11 percent), and oral burns (5 percent). Thus, proper evaluation of an abused child must include a thorough visual oral examination and referral to the dentist as necessary. The chapter outlines oral injuries to infants, injuries to teeth, abuse injuries to oral soft tissues, and the dental implications of child neglect. 6 figures. 7 references.

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APPENDICES

39

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

6

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

40

Contusions

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

41

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

7

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

42

Contusions

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “contusions” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4330 42 725 3 0 5100

HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “contusions” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

9

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

10

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

43

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

14 Adapted 15

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

45

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on contusions can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to contusions. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to contusions. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “contusions”:

46

Contusions

Bruises http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bruises.html Child Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsafety.html Head and Brain Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbraininjuries.html Leg Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leginjuriesanddisorders.html Muscle Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/muscledisorders.html Sports Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html Sprains and Strains http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sprainsandstrains.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to contusions, the following was listed: •

Treatment Bruise Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=FA00039

•

Children Bruises Source: Virtual Hospital http://www.vh.org/pediatric/patient/pediatrics/cqqa/bruise.html

•

Organizations National Center for Injury Prevention and Control http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to contusions. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not

Patient Resources

47

organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to contusions. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with contusions. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about contusions. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

48

Contusions

Simply type in “contusions” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “contusions”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “contusions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “contusions” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

49

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

17

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

50

Contusions

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

18

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

51

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

52

Contusions

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

53

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

54

Contusions

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

55

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CONTUSIONS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Afterload: The tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU]

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Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arnica: Genus of composite-flowered plants in the family Asteraceae. The dried flower heads of Arnica montana are used externally as a counterirritant and tincture for sprains and bruises. Arnica contains volatile oils, arnicin, arnisterol, flavonoids, tannins, and resin. [NIH]

Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH]

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Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH]

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Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiogenic: Originating in the heart; caused by abnormal function of the heart. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

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Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in

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mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Comatose: Pertaining to or affected with coma. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortical Blindness: The inability to understand or interpret what is seen due to a disturbance in the cerebral associational areas, the retina, the sensory pathways, and the striate area being intact. [NIH] Counterpulsation: A technique for assisting the circulation by decreasing the afterload of the left ventricle and augmenting the diastolic pressure. It may be achieved by intra-aortic balloon, or by implanting a special pumping device in the chest, or externally by applying a negative pressure to the lower extremities during cardiac systole. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoprotection: The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of

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special organs. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Diosmin: A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

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Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Episiotomy: An incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. [NIH] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]

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Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Flail Chest: A complication of multiple rib fractures, rib and sternum fractures, or thoracic surgery. A portion of the chest wall becomes isolated from the thoracic cage and exhibits paradoxical respiration. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glioblastoma multiforme: A type of brain tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain. It grows very quickly and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Also

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called grade IV astrocytoma. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They

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are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Jaw Fractures: Fractures of the upper or lower jaw. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU]

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Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lens Subluxation: Incomplete rupture of the zonule with the displaced lens remaining behind the pupil. In dislocation, or complete rupture, the lens is displaced forward into the anterior chamber or backward into the vitreous body. When congenital, this condition is known as Ectopia lentis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of

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radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of

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muscles. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myositis Ossificans: A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]

Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal

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cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oligodendroglial: A cell that lays down myelin. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU]

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Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]

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Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]

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Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rewarming: Application of heat to correct hypothermia, accidental or induced. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH]

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Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoke Inhalation Injury: Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU]

Dictionary 77

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striate: Recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery which supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH]

78

Contusions

Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheotomy: Surgical incision of the trachea. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]

Dictionary 79

Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic. [NIH]

81

INDEX A Abdomen, 57, 61, 69, 72, 73, 77 Actin, 57, 70, 78 Adaptability, 57, 60 Adenovirus, 6, 57 Adolescence, 57, 72 Adrenal Cortex, 57, 74 Afterload, 57, 63 Albumin, 57, 73 Algorithms, 57, 59 Alternative medicine, 57 Alveoli, 57, 79 Amino Acids, 57, 72, 74 Amplification, 7, 57 Anaesthesia, 57, 68 Analgesic, 57, 64 Anatomical, 33, 58, 59 Anesthesia, 4, 8, 14, 58 Angiography, 19, 58 Animal model, 4, 6, 58 Anterior chamber, 58, 69 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 15, 58 Antibodies, 58, 67, 68 Antigens, 58, 67 Anti-inflammatory, 58, 59, 64 Antioxidant, 58, 72 Antipyretic, 58, 64 Aorta, 58, 60, 79 Apoptosis, 5, 6, 9, 58, 60 Aqueous, 58, 59, 63, 69 Arginine, 58, 71 Arnica, 28, 29, 58 Arterial, 58, 74 Artery, 14, 58, 65, 66, 77 Ascites, 58, 71 Astrocytoma, 58, 66, 67 Atrium, 59, 60, 79 Axons, 59, 64 B Basal Ganglia, 59, 66 Base, 59, 68, 77 Bilateral, 5, 59 Bile, 59, 66, 69, 76 Biochemical, 7, 59, 60 Biological Transport, 59, 64 Biotechnology, 8, 35, 41, 59 Biphasic, 6, 59 Bladder, 59, 62, 69, 78

Blood vessel, 58, 59, 60, 65, 68, 73, 76, 77, 78 Blood Volume, 28, 59 Bradykinin, 59, 71, 73 Bromelain, 30, 59 Bronchi, 59, 78 Bronchial, 12, 59 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 18, 59, 60 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, 18, 60 C Calcium, 60, 62, 78 Carbon Dioxide, 60, 66, 73, 75 Carcinogenic, 60, 76 Cardiac, 8, 10, 11, 15, 20, 29, 30, 60, 63, 65, 76 Cardiogenic, 15, 60 Cardiopulmonary, 30, 60 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 30, 60 Cardiovascular, 14, 60, 77 Carrier Proteins, 60, 73 Case report, 11, 15, 16, 19, 30, 60, 61 Caspase, 6, 60 Cataract, 22, 60 Catheter, 60, 69 Caudal, 60, 74 Causal, 5, 60 Cause of Death, 6, 60, 76 Cell, 5, 6, 7, 13, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79 Cell Death, 6, 7, 58, 60, 71 Cell Survival, 6, 60 Central Nervous System, 4, 7, 60, 66 Cerebral, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 29, 59, 61, 63, 66, 77 Cerebral hemispheres, 59, 61, 66 Cerebrospinal, 6, 61 Cerebrospinal fluid, 6, 61 Cerebrum, 61 Cervical, 28, 61 Cervix, 61 Chest wall, 61, 66 Chiropractic, 28, 61 Cholesterol, 59, 61, 76 Chromatin, 58, 61 Chromosomal, 57, 61 Chronic, 6, 24, 30, 61, 68 Clear cell carcinoma, 61, 64 Clinical study, 61, 63

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Contusions

Clinical trial, 3, 4, 7, 41, 61, 63, 74, 75 Cloning, 59, 61 Coagulation, 60, 61, 73 Cofactor, 61, 74 Collagen, 30, 59, 61, 73, 74 Comatose, 28, 62 Complement, 62, 73 Complementary and alternative medicine, 27, 32, 62 Complementary medicine, 27, 62 Compliance, 14, 62 Computational Biology, 41, 62 Concomitant, 6, 62 Connective Tissue, 62, 63, 66, 69 Constriction, 63, 68 Contraindications, ii, 63 Contrast medium, 58, 63 Controlled clinical trial, 30, 63 Controlled study, 12, 63 Corpus, 63, 74, 79 Corpus Luteum, 63, 74 Cortex, 7, 33, 63, 72 Cortical, 5, 10, 17, 24, 63, 71, 76 Cortical Blindness, 17, 63 Counterpulsation, 15, 63 Creatine, 17, 63 Creatine Kinase, 17, 63 Creatinine, 63 Cutaneous, 12, 63 Cyclic, 63, 67, 71 Cytokine, 7, 63 Cytoplasm, 58, 63, 77 Cytoprotection, 5, 63 Cytotoxicity, 5, 63 D Deletion, 58, 64 Dementia, 64 Dendrites, 64, 71 DES, 64 Diagnostic procedure, 64 Dialysate, 4, 64 Diastolic, 63, 64 Diclofenac, 12, 64 Diclofenac Sodium, 64 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 6, 64 Diffusion, 15, 21, 59, 64, 68 Diosmin, 31, 64 Direct, iii, 64, 75, 77 Dislocation, 11, 64, 69 Dorsal, 64, 74 Dura mater, 64, 70, 72

E Echocardiography, 20, 64 Edema, 7, 12, 19, 21, 64, 71 Efficacy, 4, 12, 64 Elastic, 17, 65 Elastin, 62, 65 Embolus, 65, 68 Embryo, 65, 68 Endogenous, 5, 65 Endothelium, 65, 71 Endothelium-derived, 65, 71 Environmental Health, 40, 42, 65 Enzyme, 6, 59, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74 Enzyme Inhibitors, 65, 73 Episiotomy, 30, 65 Erythrocyte Volume, 59, 65 Erythrocytes, 30, 65 Evacuation, 4, 65 Excitotoxicity, 7, 65 Exogenous, 65 Extracellular, 4, 6, 62, 63, 65, 70, 76 Extracellular Space, 4, 65, 70 Extracorporeal, 14, 15, 65 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 15, 65 Eye Infections, 57, 65 F Family Planning, 41, 65 Fat, 9, 12, 16, 65, 69, 76 Femoral, 60, 66 Femoral Artery, 60, 66 Femur, 19, 58, 66, 77 Fibrinogen, 66, 73 Flail Chest, 9, 66 Flatus, 66 G Gallbladder, 66, 69 Ganglia, 66, 71 Gap Junctions, 66, 77 Gas, 18, 60, 64, 66, 71, 75, 79 Gas exchange, 18, 66, 75, 79 Gastrin, 66, 67 Gene, 6, 13, 35, 57, 59, 66 Gene Therapy, 57, 66 Glioblastoma, 11, 66 Glioblastoma multiforme, 11, 66 Glucose, 24, 67, 75 Glutamate, 65, 67 Gonadal, 67, 76 Governing Board, 67, 74 Grade, 67 Guanylate Cyclase, 67, 71

83

H Heart failure, 67, 71 Hemodialysis, 64, 67 Hemoglobin, 65, 67 Hemorrhage, 14, 67 Hepatotoxicity, 27, 67 Heredity, 66, 67 Hormone, 5, 24, 64, 66, 67, 74 Hydroxylysine, 62, 67 Hydroxyproline, 62, 67 Hypothermia, 30, 67, 75 I Immune response, 7, 67 Immune system, 5, 58, 67, 69, 78, 79 Immunoglobulins, 67, 73 Immunohistochemistry, 6, 7, 68 In situ, 7, 68 In vitro, 66, 68 In vivo, 6, 66, 68, 70 Incision, 65, 68, 78 Induction, 5, 68 Infarction, 10, 16, 68 Infection, 65, 68, 69, 71, 79 Infiltration, 6, 68 Inflammation, 5, 57, 58, 65, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75 Infusion, 24, 68 Interstitial, 6, 60, 65, 68 Intracellular, 68, 71 Intravenous, 68 Invasive, 19, 68, 69 Ischemia, 7, 9, 13, 68 Isoenzyme, 17, 63, 68 J Jaw Fractures, 36, 68 K Kb, 40, 68 L Laceration, 12, 68 Lens, 22, 60, 69, 79 Lens Subluxation, 22, 69 Lesion, 9, 69, 76 Life cycle, 59, 69 Ligament, 58, 69 Lip, 9, 69 Lipid, 69, 72 Lipid Peroxidation, 69, 72 Lithotripsy, 14, 69 Liver, 57, 59, 66, 67, 69 Localization, 5, 68, 69 Localized, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73 Locomotion, 69, 73

Locomotor, 30, 69 Luxation, 64, 69 Lymph, 61, 65, 69 Lymph node, 61, 69 Lymphatic, 65, 68, 69, 71 Lysine, 6, 67, 69 M Macrophage, 6, 69 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 12, 13, 20, 69 Malignant, 66, 70 Meat, 59, 70 Medial, 5, 9, 33, 70, 75, 77 MEDLINE, 41, 70 Membrane, 62, 65, 70, 73, 75, 77, 79 Memory, 14, 30, 64, 70 Meninges, 60, 64, 70 Meningitis, 22, 70 Menstrual Cycle, 70, 74 Mental, iv, 3, 40, 42, 64, 70, 74 Microdialysis, 4, 6, 70 Mitochondrial Swelling, 70, 71 Mitosis, 58, 70 Molecular, 4, 5, 41, 43, 59, 62, 66, 70 Molecule, 59, 62, 65, 70, 72, 78 Morphological, 7, 65, 70 Morphology, 5, 7, 60, 70 Mucolytic, 59, 70 Myelin, 70, 72 Myosin, 70, 78 Myositis, 11, 16, 71 Myositis Ossificans, 11, 16, 71 N Necrosis, 5, 58, 66, 68, 71 Nerve Growth Factor, 6, 71 Nervous System, 5, 7, 60, 71, 78 Neural, 7, 17, 71 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 64, 71 Neurologic, 66, 71 Neuronal, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 71 Neurons, 4, 7, 13, 64, 65, 66, 71, 77 Neuropathy, 8, 71 Nitric Oxide, 5, 71 Nuclear, 59, 66, 71 Nuclei, 66, 69, 70, 71 Nucleus, 58, 61, 63, 71 O Ocular, 10, 17, 22, 30, 71 Oedema, 22, 71 Oligodendroglial, 6, 72 Opacity, 60, 72 Ossification, 71, 72

84

Contusions

Osteomyelitis, 19, 72 Ovum, 63, 69, 72, 74 Oxidation, 58, 69, 72 Oxidative Stress, 7, 72 Oxygenator, 60, 65, 72 P Pachymeningitis, 70, 72 Pancreas, 72 Pancreatic, 13, 72 Paradoxical, 66, 72 Pathologic, 58, 72 Pathologic Processes, 58, 72 Pathologies, 6, 72 Pathophysiology, 20, 72 Pediatrics, 12, 46, 72 Pelvic, 29, 72 Pelvis, 57, 72, 78 Peptide, 72, 74 Percutaneous, 69, 72 Perfusion, 6, 73 Peritoneal, 58, 64, 71, 73 Peritoneal Cavity, 58, 72, 73 Peritoneal Dialysis, 64, 73 Pharmacologic, 58, 73, 78 Phospholipids, 65, 73 Physiologic, 70, 73, 75 Placenta, 73, 74 Plants, 58, 60, 67, 70, 73, 75, 78 Plasma, 17, 57, 58, 59, 66, 67, 73 Plasma protein, 17, 57, 73 Plasma Volume, 59, 73 Platelet Aggregation, 71, 73 Platelets, 71, 73 Pleural, 72, 73 Pleural cavity, 72, 73 Pneumonia, 63, 73 Polypeptide, 61, 66, 74 Posterior, 9, 10, 22, 64, 65, 72, 74 Postsynaptic, 74, 77 Post-traumatic, 6, 74 Practice Guidelines, 42, 74 Presynaptic, 74, 77 Probe, 70, 74 Progesterone, 7, 74, 76 Progression, 58, 74 Progressive, 64, 71, 74 Proline, 62, 67, 74 Prospective study, 8, 74 Protease, 6, 74 Protein C, 57, 74, 78 Protein S, 35, 59, 74

Proteins, 6, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 Protocol, 17, 74 Psychiatry, 11, 74, 79 Public Policy, 41, 74 Pulmonary, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 31, 59, 75, 76, 77, 79 Pulmonary Artery, 75, 79 Pupil, 69, 75 Pyogenic, 72, 75 R Randomized, 12, 29, 64, 75 Recombinant, 75, 78 Recovery of Function, 5, 7, 75 Rectum, 66, 75 Refer, 1, 62, 69, 75 Regeneration, 5, 75 Regimen, 64, 75 Resection, 6, 75 Respiration, 60, 66, 75 Respiratory failure, 65, 75 Respiratory Physiology, 75, 79 Retina, 22, 63, 69, 75, 79 Retrospective, 17, 75 Rewarming, 30, 75 Risk factor, 74, 75 S Sagittal, 17, 75 Saline, 59, 75 Saponins, 75, 76 Screening, 61, 75 Secretory, 76, 77 Seizures, 66, 76 Sequela, 64, 76 Serum, 57, 62, 63, 76 Shock, 14, 15, 69, 76, 78 Skeletal, 30, 63, 76, 78 Skeleton, 57, 66, 76, 77 Skull, 35, 76, 77 Small intestine, 67, 76 Smoke Inhalation Injury, 65, 76 Sodium, 64, 76 Soft tissue, 28, 36, 76 Specialist, 47, 76 Species, 4, 5, 70, 76, 77, 78, 79 Spectroscopic, 9, 76 Spinal cord, 4, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 58, 60, 61, 64, 70, 71, 72, 76 Sternum, 66, 76 Steroid, 5, 75, 76 Stomach, 66, 67, 73, 76, 77 Stress, 7, 72, 77

85

Striate, 63, 77 Subcutaneous, 64, 71, 77 Subspecies, 76, 77 Synapses, 4, 77 Synaptic, 77 Synaptic Vesicles, 77 Systemic, 58, 68, 71, 77 Systole, 63, 77 T Temporal, 7, 19, 20, 77 Temporal Lobe, 20, 77 Thigh, 11, 66, 77 Thoracic, 8, 9, 66, 77 Thoracic Surgery, 66, 77 Thrombosis, 74, 77 Tibia, 58, 77 Tissue, 7, 12, 22, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78 Topical, 28, 77 Torsion, 68, 77 Toxic, iv, 63, 71, 76, 78 Toxicology, 27, 28, 42, 78 Trachea, 59, 78 Tracheotomy, 4, 78 Transfection, 59, 66, 78 Transmitter, 77, 78 Transplantation, 13, 78 Trauma, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 28, 36, 71, 75, 78 Triad, 11, 78

Tropomyosin, 78 Troponin, 10, 31, 78 Tryptophan, 62, 78 U Urine, 59, 63, 78 Uterus, 61, 63, 74, 78 V Vaccine, 74, 78 Vagina, 61, 64, 78 Vaginal, 65, 78 Vascular, 5, 8, 21, 22, 64, 65, 68, 71, 73, 78 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 21, 22, 78 Vasodilators, 71, 78 Vector, 6, 78 Vegetative, 64, 78 Venous, 71, 74, 78 Ventilation, 14, 79 Ventricle, 16, 63, 75, 79 Vertebrae, 76, 79 Veterinary Medicine, 41, 79 Viruses, 57, 65, 78, 79 Vitreous, 69, 75, 79 Vitreous Body, 69, 75, 79 Vivo, 79 W White blood cell, 69, 79 X Xenograft, 58, 79 Xenon, 13, 79

86

Contusions

87

88

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